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---
title: "GasOptimization"
type: concept
tags: []
last_updated: 2026-05-01
---
## Definition
Gas Optimization 是指在 EVM 智能合约开发中,通过技术手段降低合约执行和部署的 Gas 消耗,直接减少用户费用和以太坊网络的负担。由于每个区块的 Gas 上限固定,优化 Gas 消耗也是提高协议吞吐量的关键。
## Core Gas Costs (EVM)
| 操作 | Cold Access | Warm Access |
|------|-------------|-------------|
| SLOAD读取存储 | 2100 gas | 100 gas |
| SSTORE new写入新槽 | 20000 gas | - |
| SSTORE update更新槽 | 5000 gas | 2900 gas |
| CALL外部调用 | 2600 gas + 被调函数 gas | 100 gas |
| CREATE创建合约 | 32000 gas | - |
## Key Patterns
### 1. Storage Packing存储打包
将多个小类型打包进同一 32 字节槽,节省 SSTORE 次数:
```solidity
// ✅ Good: 2 个变量共享一个槽
struct PackedData {
uint128 amount; // 16 bytes
uint128 id; // 16 bytes → 同槽
}
```
### 2. Calldata over Memory
```solidity
// ✅ Good: calldata 只读,节省拷贝
function processIds(uint256[] calldata ids) external pure {}
// ❌ Bad: memory 需要拷贝到内存
function processIds(uint256[] memory ids) external pure {}
```
### 3. Custom Errors over Require Strings
```solidity
// ✅ Good: 节省 ~50 gas/revert
error InsufficientBalance(uint256 requested, uint256 available);
require(balance >= amount, "Insufficient balance");
// ❌ Bad: 错误信息存储在字节码中
require(balance >= amount, "Insufficient balance for this operation");
```
### 4. Immutable over Constant运行时
```solidity
uint256 public constant MAX_SUPPLY = 1_000_000; // 编译时常量
address public immutable owner; // 运行时只设置一次
```
### 5. External over Public
- External 函数:调用时参数通过 calldata 传递
- Public 函数:需要检查是否内部调用,参数通过 memory 传递
- 仅被内部调用 → public仅被外部调用 → external
### 6. Unchecked MathSafe Math
```solidity
unchecked { counter++; } // 已知 counter 不会溢出
```
## Sources
- [[engineering-solidity-smart-contract-engineer]]