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wiki/concepts/Polanyi-Exchange.md
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title: "Polanyi Exchange"
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type: concept
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tags: ["anthropology", "economy", "exchange", "polanyi", "anthropological-economy"]
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last_updated: 2026-04-25
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---
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## Definition
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Polanyi 交换分类——Karl Polanyi 将前工业社会的交换系统分为三种类型:**互惠**(reciprocity)、**再分配**(redistribution)和**市场**(market),三者嵌入不同的社会结构中,非市场经济是常态。
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## Core Framework
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- **互惠(Reciprocity)**:对称性群体之间的双向给予和回报(家庭、友谊、礼物经济)
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- **再分配(Redistribution)**:中心集权机构收集资源后统一分配(国家税收/公共服务、部落首领的仓库)
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- **市场(Market)**:供给-需求-价格机制调节交换(Polanyi 认为在 20 世纪之前极少见)
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- **嵌入性(Embeddedness)**:前工业社会中,经济交换嵌入社会关系、宗教义务和政治结构中
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## Key Thinkers
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- Karl Polanyi(《大转型》作者,经济人类学奠基人)
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- [[Marcel-Mauss]](《礼物》对互惠的早期分析)
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- Marshall Sahlins(部落社会的互惠分类)
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## Connections
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- [[Anthropologist-Agent]] ← uses_framework ← [[Polanyi-Exchange]]
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- [[Gift-Economy]] ← foundational_for ← [[Polanyi-Exchange]]
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- [[Cultural-Ecology]] ← shapes ← [[Polanyi-Exchange]]
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- [[Functionalism]] ← explains ← [[Polanyi-Exchange]]
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