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wiki/concepts/Segregation-Of-Duties.md
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---
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title: "Segregation of Duties"
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type: concept
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tags: [finance, accounting, compliance, controls]
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sources: [finance-bookkeeper-controller]
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last_updated: 2026-05-02
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---
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## Definition
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职责分离(Segregation of Duties,SoD)是内部控制的基本原则,要求将一项业务流程中的关键职责分配给不同的人,以防止错误和欺诈。
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## Core Rule
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> "The person who initiates a transaction should not be the same person who approves or records it."
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## Three Key Functions
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1. **Authorization**(授权):谁有权发起或批准交易
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2. **Custody**(保管):谁实际接触资产(现金、存货等)
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3. **Recording**(记录):谁在会计系统中记录交易
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## Practical Application
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- 出纳员不能同时负责银行调节
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- 采购员不能同时负责供应商付款审批
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- 工资专员不能同时负责工资银行账户
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- Controller 不应审批自己记录的 journal entries
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## SOX Perspective
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SOX 404 要求管理层评估和测试关键财务报告控制的有效性,职责分离是评估的核心控制点之一。
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## Implementation in AI Agents
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在 AI Agent 系统中,职责分离体现为:
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- 不同 Agent 负责不同财务职能(如 AP Agent 处理发票,Bookkeeper Controller 审核并记录)
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- 审批工作流需要多 Agent 确认
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- 交易记录与交易审批由不同 Agent 完成
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## Related Concepts
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- [[Internal Controls]]
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- [[Audit Readiness]]
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- [[GAAP-Compliance]]
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