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wiki/concepts/Infrastructure-as-Code.md

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+# Infrastructure as Code (IaC)
+
+## Definition
+Infrastructure as Code is the practice of managing and provisioning infrastructure through machine-readable configuration files rather than manual processes.
+
+## Key Principles
+- **Version Control**: All infrastructure configurations are stored in version control
+- **Idempotency**: Running the same configuration produces the same result
+- **Automation**: Infrastructure provisioning is automated and repeatable
+- **Documentation**: Code serves as documentation
+
+## Tools
+- **Terraform**: Multi-cloud IaC tool using HCL
+- **Ansible**: Configuration management and orchestration
+- **CloudFormation**: AWS-native infrastructure provisioning
+- **Pulumi**: IaC using general-purpose programming languages
+- **Terragrunt**: Wrapper for Terraform providing organization
+
+## Best Practices
+1. Use modules for reusable components
+2. Separate state management (remote state with locking)
+3. Implement proper access controls
+4. Use workspaces for environment separation
+5. Enable drift detection
+6. Implement automated testing for IaC
+
+## IaC Across DevOps Maturity Levels
+
+| Maturity | IaC Maturity |
+|----------|-------------|
+| Phase 1 | Manual infrastructure management, servers managed individually, error-prone and slow |
+| Phase 2 | Version control used for environments and configurations, but provisioning still manual |
+| Phase 3 | Most infrastructure automated, provisioning repeatable and reliable |
+| Phase 4 | Immutable infrastructure — old servers replaced rather than updated, managed through CI/CD pipelines |
+| Phase 5 | Full automation, zero human intervention, infrastructure changes flow through automated pipelines |
+
+## Sources
+- [[sources/cloud-devop-maturity-guideline.md]]
+- [[sources/devops-maturity-model-from-traditional-it-to-advanced-devops.md]]
+
+## Related Concepts
+- [[concepts/DevOps-Maturity]]
+- [[concepts/CI-CD-Pipeline]]
+- [[concepts/GitOps]]
+- [[concepts/Scalability]]
+- [[concepts/Cloud-Native]]
+
+## Ingested
+- Date: 2026-04-21
+- Date: 2026-04-24 (updated with maturity level progression)