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title: "Formal Verification"
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type: concept
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tags: [smart-contract, security, verification]
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sources: [blockchain-security-auditor]
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last_updated: 2026-04-20
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---
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## Definition
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形式化验证(Formal Verification)是使用数学方法证明智能合约正确性的技术,通过对代码进行形式化建模并验证其满足指定属性。
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## Methods
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- **Symbolic Execution**:符号执行,遍历代码路径
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- **Model Checking**:模型检验,验证有限状态机
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- **Theorem Proving**:定理证明,数学推导证明
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## Tools
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- **Certora**:以太坊智能合约形式化验证
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- **Halmos**:符号执行工具
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- **KEVM**:EVM 形式化规范
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- **Mythril**:符号执行分析
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## Use Cases
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- 验证协议不变量(如 total shares × price = total assets)
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- 证明访问控制逻辑正确性
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- 验证数学公式实现正确性
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- 穷举攻击路径
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## Limitations
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- 状态空间爆炸问题
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- 需要形式化规范(specification)
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- 工具和专家稀缺
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- 无法证明元编程安全性
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## Connections
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- [[Static Analysis]] ← complements ← [[Formal Verification]]
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- [[Smart Contract Security]] ← enables ← [[Formal Verification]]
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