--- title: "GasOptimization" type: concept tags: [] last_updated: 2026-05-01 --- ## Definition Gas Optimization 是指在 EVM 智能合约开发中,通过技术手段降低合约执行和部署的 Gas 消耗,直接减少用户费用和以太坊网络的负担。由于每个区块的 Gas 上限固定,优化 Gas 消耗也是提高协议吞吐量的关键。 ## Core Gas Costs (EVM) | 操作 | Cold Access | Warm Access | |------|-------------|-------------| | SLOAD(读取存储) | 2100 gas | 100 gas | | SSTORE new(写入新槽) | 20000 gas | - | | SSTORE update(更新槽) | 5000 gas | 2900 gas | | CALL(外部调用) | 2600 gas + 被调函数 gas | 100 gas | | CREATE(创建合约) | 32000 gas | - | ## Key Patterns ### 1. Storage Packing(存储打包) 将多个小类型打包进同一 32 字节槽,节省 SSTORE 次数: ```solidity // ✅ Good: 2 个变量共享一个槽 struct PackedData { uint128 amount; // 16 bytes uint128 id; // 16 bytes → 同槽 } ``` ### 2. Calldata over Memory ```solidity // ✅ Good: calldata 只读,节省拷贝 function processIds(uint256[] calldata ids) external pure {} // ❌ Bad: memory 需要拷贝到内存 function processIds(uint256[] memory ids) external pure {} ``` ### 3. Custom Errors over Require Strings ```solidity // ✅ Good: 节省 ~50 gas/revert error InsufficientBalance(uint256 requested, uint256 available); require(balance >= amount, "Insufficient balance"); // ❌ Bad: 错误信息存储在字节码中 require(balance >= amount, "Insufficient balance for this operation"); ``` ### 4. Immutable over Constant(运行时) ```solidity uint256 public constant MAX_SUPPLY = 1_000_000; // 编译时常量 address public immutable owner; // 运行时只设置一次 ``` ### 5. External over Public - External 函数:调用时参数通过 calldata 传递 - Public 函数:需要检查是否内部调用,参数通过 memory 传递 - 仅被内部调用 → public;仅被外部调用 → external ### 6. Unchecked Math(Safe Math) ```solidity unchecked { counter++; } // 已知 counter 不会溢出 ``` ## Sources - [[engineering-solidity-smart-contract-engineer]]