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Confusion over medicine names threatens&nbsp;lives
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<time datetime="2018-11-29T10:37:39Z" itemprop="datePublished" content="2018-11-29T10:37:39Z">Published: November 29, 2018 5:37am EST</time>
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Sometimes the only way of telling similar medication apart is by name.
<span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/woman-reading-prescription-bottle-520321924?src=xRlsHdpIt8nnVKCyVIyJUA-1-3">alekso94/Shutterstock</a></span>
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<p>While most medication is prescribed and taken without any problems, 237m <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-43161929">medication errors</a> still take place every year in England alone. Most of these errors are minor and might not reach a patient, but some can make people <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-42735588">very unwell</a> or even <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/22/medical-errors-third-leading-cause-of-death-in-america.html">be fatal</a>. There may be several reasons why these mistakes happen, but my research looks into the problems that similar looking or sounding names of medication can cause. Over 8,000 generic names and thousands more brand names are used for medicines in the UK alone, so it isn’t surprising that many medication names are very similar and can be confused. </p>
<p>In <a href="https://www.jenonline.org/article/S0099-1767(05)00437-X/pdf">one English language case</a> of a lookalike name confusion error, reported in 2004, a patient was prescribed morphine but was mistakenly administered hydromorphone – which is five times stronger than morphine. In effect, it caused a dangerous and fatal overdose and the patient sadly died on their way home from hospital. </p>
<p>Looking into this case, the complexity of medication error is revealed. When the nurse was getting the medication out of the cupboard, she was distracted by another patient climbing off a stretcher and quickly popped the ampoule in her pocket. She returned, filled the syringe, forgot the reconciliation record, and gave the medication to the patient. She remembered seeing “morph 10” on the ampoule and presumed she had picked up the correct medication (morphine).</p>
<p>In fact, she had picked up hydromorphone because the ampoules were almost identical, and the names were very similar. Hydromorphone was not normally stored in that cupboard, and the hospital had no guidelines in place for monitoring patients after taking narcotics. This created a perfect storm for error. </p>
<h2>Human errors</h2>
<p>Popular <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1117770/">human error theory</a> separates error reduction strategies into the person approach and the system approach. The person approach would blame the nurse, proposing that she was distracted, careless or even negligent. The system approach would look at the wider context. Was the ward understaffed? Why were key monitoring guidelines not in place? Why were medications with similar names but different strengths stored together and presented in lookalike packaging? This second approach applies what is known as a Swiss cheese model to error reduction. Humans are fallible, and we need to have multiple system defences – slices of cheese – to guard against an error getting through to a patient.</p>
<p>There are lots of ways to reduce confusion errors between lookalike medication names, for example, computerised prescribing systems or barcoding. Another way is to use <a href="https://www.longwoods.com/content/18465">different fonts</a> or text formats to print and display similar names. <a href="https://www.ismp.org/recommendations/tall-man-letters-list">Tallman lettering</a>, for instance, uses capital letters to distinguish between similar parts of names – as in hydrOXYzine and hydrALAzine. Distractions and interruptions can also be reduced, and understaffing and heavy workloads avoided. We could also ensure that medications with lookalike or soundalike names and packaging are not stored together.</p><div class="slot clear" data-id="17">
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<p>But this is avoiding the problem. Every year, hundreds of new names are created for medications, and we can reduce similarities between them before they are approved. The words that make up medication names are linguistic strings that can be analysed to identify traits which correlate with similarity. Most names involved in lookalike errors appear in reciprocal pairs, with each having been mistaken for its counterpart (as shown in the table below). This reveals inbuilt similarity, regardless of external environmental influences.</p>
<h2>Confusing language</h2>
<figure class="align-right zoomable">
<a role="button" aria-label="Zoomable image" aria-haspopup="dialog" href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/246583/original/file-20181120-161644-1tasums.PNG?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:48.10126582278481%;--background-color:#838383"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/246583/original/file-20181120-161644-1tasums.PNG?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip" class="native-lazy" loading="lazy" srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/246583/original/file-20181120-161644-1tasums.PNG?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=289&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/246583/original/file-20181120-161644-1tasums.PNG?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=289&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/246583/original/file-20181120-161644-1tasums.PNG?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=289&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/246583/original/file-20181120-161644-1tasums.PNG?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=363&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/246583/original/file-20181120-161644-1tasums.PNG?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=363&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/246583/original/file-20181120-161644-1tasums.PNG?ixlib=rb-4.1.1&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=363&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div></a>
<figcaption>
<span class="caption">Medications which have been involved in lookalike errors.</span>
<span class="attribution"><span class="source">Rachel Bryan</span></span>
</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>By looking at medication errors from a linguistics angle, we can see that once the names exist and are being used, risk is unavoidable. In <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145431">one study</a>, we looked at the guidelines used by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in creating <a href="http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/en/">international medication names</a>, and the names’ linguistic features. The WHO uses a system of word parts (“stems”) to show drug class. Beta blockers such as propanolol end in -olol, for example. These stems are <a href="http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/stembook/en/">organised into families</a>, and users exploit this hierarchy to recognise and remember the names. For example, omalizumab is related pharmacologically to bevacizumab and trastuzumab.</p>
<p>Our <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145431">research team has found</a> the guidelines to be very vague, and there is a worrying contradiction. Names that show their pharmacological grouping are usable and memorable, but they are also easily confused because they share strings of letters.</p>
<p>Almost half of the medication names we have analysed have an inconsistent use of pharmacological stems, such as using suffixes for some groups, and infixes or free-floating affixes in others but without signalling any rationale for the difference. For example, <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145431.t007">“vir” is used to indicate antivirals</a>, but it sometimes appears in the middle of the name (for example, maraviroc) so it is often almost impossible for a user to identify the pharmacological group. In addition, one in every five of the medication names we looked at were only distinguishable from other names by a single letter, leaving huge potential for confusion.</p>
<p><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0145431">We have recommended</a> that the WHO rework their guidelines to be measurable and more simple. They are currently vague and unquantifiable, so almost impossible to follow. We have also recommended that names are measured for similarity before they are approved – but see no evidence of this being adopted to date, despite WHO recently launching a <a href="http://www.who.int/patientsafety/medication-safety/en/">global patient safety challenge</a> to halve major medication-related harm in the next five years.</p>
<p>Medication errors are a serious health care issue, but by looking at the root cause of confusion error and suggesting safer names we can hopefully reduce the prevalence of this problem.</p>
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N{constructor(){this.observers={}}on(e,t){return e.split(" ").forEach((e=>{this.observers[e]||(this.observers[e]=new Map);const s=this.observers[e].get(t)||0;this.observers[e].set(t,s+1)})),this}off(e,t){this.observers[e]&&(t?this.observers[e].delete(t):delete this.observers[e])}once(e,t){const s=(...i)=>{t(...i),this.off(e,s)};return this.on(e,s),this}emit(e,...t){if(this.observers[e]){Array.from(this.observers[e].entries()).forEach((([e,s])=>{for(let i=0;i<s;i++)e(...t)}))}if(this.observers["*"]){Array.from(this.observers["*"].entries()).forEach((([s,i])=>{for(let n=0;n<i;n++)s(e,...t)}))}}}class E extends N{constructor(e,t={ns:["translation"],defaultNS:"translation"}){super(),this.data=e||{},this.options=t,void 0===this.options.keySeparator&&(this.options.keySeparator="."),void 0===this.options.ignoreJSONStructure&&(this.options.ignoreJSONStructure=!0)}addNamespaces(e){this.options.ns.includes(e)||this.options.ns.push(e)}removeNamespaces(e){const t=this.options.ns.indexOf(e);t>-1&&this.options.ns.splice(t,1)}getResource(e,t,s,i={}){const n=void 0!==i.keySeparator?i.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator,o=void 0!==i.ignoreJSONStructure?i.ignoreJSONStructure:this.options.ignoreJSONStructure;let r;e.includes(".")?r=e.split("."):(r=[e,t],s&&(Array.isArray(s)?r.push(...s):h(s)&&n?r.push(...s.split(n)):r.push(s)));const a=b(this.data,r);return a||t||s||!e.includes(".")||(e=r[0],t=r[1],s=r.slice(2).join(".")),!a&&o&&h(s)?j(this.data?.[e]?.[t],s,n):a}addResource(e,t,s,i,n={silent:!1}){const o=void 0!==n.keySeparator?n.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator;let r=[e,t];s&&(r=r.concat(o?s.split(o):s)),e.includes(".")&&(r=e.split("."),i=t,t=r[1]),this.addNamespaces(t),v(this.data,r,i),n.silent||this.emit("added",e,t,s,i)}addResources(e,t,s,i={silent:!1}){for(const i in s)(h(s[i])||Array.isArray(s[i]))&&this.addResource(e,t,i,s[i],{silent:!0});i.silent||this.emit("added",e,t,s)}addResourceBundle(e,t,s,i,n,o={silent:!1,skipCopy:!1}){let r=[e,t];e.includes(".")&&(r=e.split("."),i=s,s=t,t=r[1]),this.addNamespaces(t);let a=b(this.data,r)||{};o.skipCopy||(s=JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(s))),i?k(a,s,n):a={...a,...s},v(this.data,r,a),o.silent||this.emit("added",e,t,s)}removeResourceBundle(e,t){this.hasResourceBundle(e,t)&&delete this.data[e][t],this.removeNamespaces(t),this.emit("removed",e,t)}hasResourceBundle(e,t){return void 0!==this.getResource(e,t)}getResourceBundle(e,t){return t||(t=this.options.defaultNS),this.getResource(e,t)}getDataByLanguage(e){return this.data[e]}hasLanguageSomeTranslations(e){const t=this.getDataByLanguage(e);return!!(t&&Object.keys(t)||[]).find((e=>t[e]&&Object.keys(t[e]).length>0))}toJSON(){return this.data}}var A={processors:{},addPostProcessor(e){this.processors[e.name]=e},handle(e,t,s,i,n){return e.forEach((e=>{t=this.processors[e]?.process(t,s,i,n)??t})),t}};const T=Symbol("i18next/PATH_KEY");function F(e,t){const{[T]:s}=e(function(){const e=[],t=Object.create(null);let s;return t.get=(i,n)=>(s?.revoke?.(),n===T?e:(e.push(n),s=Proxy.revocable(i,t),s.proxy)),Proxy.revocable(Object.create(null),t).proxy}()),i=t?.keySeparator??".",n=t?.nsSeparator??":",o="strict"===t?.enableSelector;if(s.length>1&&n){const e=t?.ns,r=o?Array.isArray(e)?e:e?[e]:null:Array.isArray(e)?e:null;if(r){if((o?r:r.length>1?r.slice(1):[]).includes(s[0]))return`${s[0]}${n}${s.slice(1).join(i)}`}}return s.join(i)}const V=e=>!h(e)&&"boolean"!=typeof e&&"number"!=typeof e;class I extends N{constructor(e,t={}){super(),((e,t,s)=>{e.forEach((e=>{t[e]&&(s[e]=t[e])}))})(["resourceStore","languageUtils","pluralResolver","interpolator","backendConnector","i18nFormat","utils"],e,this),this.options=t,void 0===this.options.keySeparator&&(this.options.keySeparator="."),this.logger=C.create("translator"),this.checkedLoadedFor={}}changeLanguage(e){e&&(this.language=e)}exists(e,t={interpolation:{}}){const s={...t};if(null==e)return!1;const i=this.resolve(e,s);if(void 0===i?.res)return!1;const n=V(i.res);return!1!==s.returnObjects||!n}extractFromKey(e,t){let s=void 0!==t.nsSeparator?t.nsSeparator:this.options.nsSeparator;void 0===s&&(s=":");const i=void 0!==t.keySeparator?t.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator;let n=t.ns||this.options.defaultNS||[];const o=s&&e.includes(s),r=!(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator||t.keySeparator||this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator||t.nsSeparator||((e,t,s)=>{t=t||"",s=s||"";const i=L.filter((e=>!t.includes(e)&&!s.includes(e)));if(0===i.length)return!0;const n=O.getRegExp(`(${i.map((e=>"?"===e?"\\?":e)).join("|")})`);let o=!n.test(e);if(!o){const t=e.indexOf(s);t>0&&!n.test(e.substring(0,t))&&(o=!0)}return o})(e,s,i));if(o&&!r){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);if(t&&t.length>0)return{key:e,namespaces:h(n)?[n]:n};const o=e.split(s);(s!==i||s===i&&this.options.ns.includes(o[0]))&&(n=o.shift()),e=o.join(i)}return{key:e,namespaces:h(n)?[n]:n}}translate(e,t,s){let i="object"==typeof t?{...t}:t;if("object"!=typeof i&&this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler&&(i=this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler(arguments)),"object"==typeof i&&(i={...i}),i||(i={}),null==e)return"";"function"==typeof e&&(e=F(e,{...this.options,...i})),Array.isArray(e)||(e=[String(e)]),e=e.map((e=>"function"==typeof e?F(e,{...this.options,...i}):String(e)));const n=void 0!==i.returnDetails?i.returnDetails:this.options.returnDetails,o=void 0!==i.keySeparator?i.keySeparator:this.options.keySeparator,{key:r,namespaces:a}=this.extractFromKey(e[e.length-1],i),l=a[a.length-1];let c=void 0!==i.nsSeparator?i.nsSeparator:this.options.nsSeparator;void 0===c&&(c=":");const u=i.lng||this.language,p=i.appendNamespaceToCIMode||this.options.appendNamespaceToCIMode;if("cimode"===u?.toLowerCase())return p?n?{res:`${l}${c}${r}`,usedKey:r,exactUsedKey:r,usedLng:u,usedNS:l,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(i)}:`${l}${c}${r}`:n?{res:r,usedKey:r,exactUsedKey:r,usedLng:u,usedNS:l,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(i)}:r;const d=this.resolve(e,i);let g=d?.res;const f=d?.usedKey||r,y=d?.exactUsedKey||r,m=void 0!==i.joinArrays?i.joinArrays:this.options.joinArrays,v=!this.i18nFormat||this.i18nFormat.handleAsObject,b=void 0!==i.count&&!h(i.count),k=I.hasDefaultValue(i),x=b?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,i.count,i):"",S=i.ordinal&&b?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,i.count,{ordinal:!1}):"",w=b&&!i.ordinal&&0===i.count,L=w&&i[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]||i[`defaultValue${x}`]||i[`defaultValue${S}`]||i.defaultValue;let O=g;v&&!g&&k&&(O=L);const j=V(O),P=Object.prototype.toString.apply(O);if(!(v&&O&&j)||["[object Number]","[object Function]","[object RegExp]"].includes(P)||h(m)&&Array.isArray(O))if(v&&h(m)&&Array.isArray(g))g=g.join(m),g&&(g=this.extendTranslation(g,e,i,s));else{let t=!1,n=!1;!this.isValidLookup(g)&&k&&(t=!0,g=L),this.isValidLookup(g)||(n=!0,g=r);const a=(i.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey||this.options.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey)&&n?void 0:g,h=k&&L!==g&&this.options.updateMissing;if(n||t||h){if(this.logger.log(h?"updateKey":"missingKey",u,l,b&&!h?`${r}${this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,i.count,i)}`:r,h?L:g),o){const e=this.resolve(r,{...i,keySeparator:!1});e&&e.res&&this.logger.warn("Seems the loaded translations were in flat JSON format instead of nested. Either set keySeparator: false on init or make sure your translations are published in nested format.")}let e=[];const t=this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng,i.lng||this.language);if("fallback"===this.options.saveMissingTo&&t&&t[0])for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++)e.push(t[s]);else"all"===this.options.saveMissingTo?e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(i.lng||this.language):e.push(i.lng||this.language);const s=(e,t,s)=>{const n=k&&s!==g?s:a;this.options.missingKeyHandler?this.options.missingKeyHandler(e,l,t,n,h,i):this.backendConnector?.saveMissing&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing(e,l,t,n,h,i),this.emit("missingKey",e,l,t,g)};this.options.saveMissing&&(this.options.saveMissingPlurals&&b?e.forEach((e=>{const t=this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(e,i);w&&i[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]&&!t.includes(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`)&&t.push(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`),t.forEach((t=>{s([e],r+t,i[`defaultValue${t}`]||L)}))})):s(e,r,L))}g=this.extendTranslation(g,e,i,d,s),n&&g===r&&this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey&&(g=`${l}${c}${r}`),(n||t)&&this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler&&(g=this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey?`${l}${c}${r}`:r,t?g:void 0,i))}else{if(!i.returnObjects&&!this.options.returnObjects){this.options.returnedObjectHandler||this.logger.warn("accessing an object - but returnObjects options is not enabled!");const e=this.options.returnedObjectHandler?this.options.returnedObjectHandler(f,O,{...i,ns:a}):`key '${r} (${this.language})' returned an object instead of string.`;return n?(d.res=e,d.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(i),d):e}if(o){const e=Array.isArray(O),t=e?[]:{},s=e?y:f;for(const e in O)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(O,e)){const n=`${s}${o}${e}`;t[e]=k&&!g?this.translate(n,{...i,defaultValue:V(L)?L[e]:void 0,joinArrays:!1,ns:a}):this.translate(n,{...i,joinArrays:!1,ns:a}),t[e]===n&&(t[e]=O[e])}g=t}}return n?(d.res=g,d.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(i),d):g}extendTranslation(e,t,s,i,n){if(this.i18nFormat?.parse)e=this.i18nFormat.parse(e,{...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...s},s.lng||this.language||i.usedLng,i.usedNS,i.usedKey,{resolved:i});else if(!s.skipInterpolation){s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.init({...s,interpolation:{...this.options.interpolation,...s.interpolation}});const o=h(e)&&(void 0!==s?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?s.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);let r;if(o){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);r=t&&t.length}let a=s.replace&&!h(s.replace)?s.replace:s;if(this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(a={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...a}),e=this.interpolator.interpolate(e,a,s.lng||this.language||i.usedLng,s),o){const t=e.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);r<(t&&t.length)&&(s.nest=!1)}!s.lng&&i&&i.res&&(s.lng=this.language||i.usedLng),!1!==s.nest&&(e=this.interpolator.nest(e,((...e)=>n?.[0]!==e[0]||s.context?this.translate(...e,t):(this.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${e[0]} in key: ${t[0]}`),null)),s)),s.interpolation&&this.interpolator.reset()}const o=s.postProcess||this.options.postProcess,r=h(o)?[o]:o;return null!=e&&r?.length&&!1!==s.applyPostProcessor&&(e=A.handle(r,e,t,this.options&&this.options.postProcessPassResolved?{i18nResolved:{...i,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(s)},...s}:s,this)),e}resolve(e,t={}){let s,i,n,o,r;return h(e)&&(e=[e]),Array.isArray(e)&&(e=e.map((e=>"function"==typeof e?F(e,{...this.options,...t}):e))),e.forEach((e=>{if(this.isValidLookup(s))return;const a=this.extractFromKey(e,t),l=a.key;i=l;let c=a.namespaces;this.options.fallbackNS&&(c=c.concat(this.options.fallbackNS));const u=void 0!==t.count&&!h(t.count),p=u&&!t.ordinal&&0===t.count,d=void 0!==t.context&&(h(t.context)||"number"==typeof t.context)&&""!==t.context,g=t.lngs?t.lngs:this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t.lng||this.language,t.fallbackLng);c.forEach((e=>{this.isValidLookup(s)||(r=e,this.checkedLoadedFor[`${g[0]}-${e}`]||!this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(r)||(this.checkedLoadedFor[`${g[0]}-${e}`]=!0,this.logger.warn(`key "${i}" for languages "${g.join(", ")}" won't get resolved as namespace "${r}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),g.forEach((i=>{if(this.isValidLookup(s))return;o=i;const r=[l];if(this.i18nFormat?.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(r,l,i,e,t);else{let e;u&&(e=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(i,t.count,t));const s=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,n=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(u&&(t.ordinal&&e.startsWith(n)&&r.push(l+e.replace(n,this.options.pluralSeparator)),r.push(l+e),p&&r.push(l+s)),d){const i=`${l}${this.options.contextSeparator||"_"}${t.context}`;r.push(i),u&&(t.ordinal&&e.startsWith(n)&&r.push(i+e.replace(n,this.options.pluralSeparator)),r.push(i+e),p&&r.push(i+s))}}let a;for(;a=r.pop();)this.isValidLookup(s)||(n=a,s=this.getResource(i,e,a,t))})))}))})),{res:s,usedKey:i,exactUsedKey:n,usedLng:o,usedNS:r}}isValidLookup(e){return!(void 0===e||!this.options.returnNull&&null===e||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===e)}getResource(e,t,s,i={}){return this.i18nFormat?.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(e,t,s,i):this.resourceStore.getResource(e,t,s,i)}getUsedParamsDetails(e={}){const t=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],s=e.replace&&!h(e.replace);let i=s?e.replace:e;if(s&&void 0!==e.count&&(i={...i,count:e.count}),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(i={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...i}),!s){i={...i};for(const e of t)delete i[e]}return i}static hasDefaultValue(e){for(const t in e)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t)&&t.startsWith("defaultValue")&&void 0!==e[t])return!0;return!1}}class D{constructor(e){this.options=e,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=C.create("languageUtils"),this.resolveHierarchyCache={}}clearCache(){this.resolveHierarchyCache={}}getScriptPartFromCode(e){if(!(e=P(e))||!e.includes("-"))return null;const t=e.split("-");return 2===t.length?null:(t.pop(),"x"===t[t.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(t.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(e){if(!(e=P(e))||!e.includes("-"))return e;const t=e.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(t[0])}formatLanguageCode(e){if(h(e)&&e.includes("-")){let t;try{t=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(e)[0]}catch(e){}return t&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(t=t.toLowerCase()),t||(this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e)}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e}isSupportedCode(e){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(e=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.includes(e)}getBestMatchFromCodes(e){if(!e)return null;let t;return e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.formatLanguageCode(e);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(s)||(t=s)})),!t&&this.options.supportedLngs&&e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.getScriptPartFromCode(e);if(this.isSupportedCode(s))return t=s;const i=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);if(this.isSupportedCode(i))return t=i;t=this.options.supportedLngs.find((e=>e===i||!(!e.includes("-")&&!i.includes("-"))&&(!(!e.includes("-")||i.includes("-")||e.slice(0,e.indexOf("-"))!==i)||!!(e.startsWith(i)&&i.length>1))))})),t||(t=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),t}getFallbackCodes(e,t){if(!e)return[];if("function"==typeof e&&(e=e(t)),h(e)&&(e=[e]),Array.isArray(e))return e;if(!t)return e.default||[];let s=e[t];return s||(s=e[this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.formatLanguageCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e.default),s||[]}toResolveHierarchy(e,t){const s=this.options.fallbackLng,i=Array.isArray(s)?s.join("|"):s;i!==this._cachedFallbackLng&&(this.resolveHierarchyCache={},this._cachedFallbackLng=i);const n=void 0===t||!1===t||h(t),o=void 0===t&&"function"==typeof this.options.fallbackLng;let r=null;if(h(e)&&n&&!o){let s;s=void 0===t?"undefined":!1===t?"boolean:false":`string:${t}`,r=`${e.length}:${e}|${s}`}if(null!==r){const e=this.resolveHierarchyCache[r];if(void 0!==e)return e.slice()}const a=this.getFallbackCodes((!1===t?[]:t)||this.options.fallbackLng||[],e),l=[],c=e=>{e&&(this.isSupportedCode(e)?l.push(e):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${e}`))};return h(e)&&(e.includes("-")||e.includes("_"))?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&c(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&c(this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&c(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))):h(e)&&c(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),a.forEach((e=>{l.includes(e)||c(this.formatLanguageCode(e))})),null!==r?(this.resolveHierarchyCache[r]=l,l.slice()):l}}const M={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5},H={select:e=>1===e?"one":"other",resolvedOptions:()=>({pluralCategories:["one","other"]})};class U{constructor(e,t={}){this.languageUtils=e,this.options=t,this.logger=C.create("pluralResolver"),this.pluralRulesCache={}}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(e,t={}){const s=P("dev"===e?"en":e),i=t.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",n=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:s,type:i});if(n in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[n];let o;try{o=new Intl.PluralRules(s,{type:i})}catch(s){if("undefined"==typeof Intl)return this.logger.error("No Intl support, please use an Intl polyfill!"),H;if(!e.match(/-|_/))return H;const i=this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);o=this.getRule(i,t)}return this.pluralRulesCache[n]=o,o}needsPlural(e,t={}){let s=this.getRule(e,t);return s||(s=this.getRule("dev",t)),s?.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(e,t,s={}){return this.getSuffixes(e,s).map((e=>`${t}${e}`))}getSuffixes(e,t={}){let s=this.getRule(e,t);return s||(s=this.getRule("dev",t)),s?s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((e,t)=>M[e]-M[t])).map((e=>`${this.options.prepend}${t.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${e}`)):[]}getSuffix(e,t,s={}){const i=this.getRule(e,s);return i?`${this.options.prepend}${s.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${i.select(t)}`:(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${e}`),this.getSuffix("dev",t,s))}}const K=(e,t,s,i=".",n=!0)=>{let o=((e,t,s)=>{const i=b(e,s);return void 0!==i?i:b(t,s)})(e,t,s);return!o&&n&&h(s)&&(o=j(e,s,i),void 0===o&&(o=j(t,s,i))),o};class z{constructor(e={}){this.logger=C.create("interpolator"),this.options=e,this.format=e?.interpolation?.format||(e=>e),this.init(e)}init(e={}){e.interpolation||(e.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:t,escapeValue:s,useRawValueToEscape:i,prefix:n,prefixEscaped:o,suffix:r,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:l,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:u,nestingPrefix:h,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:d,nestingSuffixEscaped:g,nestingOptionsSeparator:f,maxReplaces:y,alwaysFormat:m}=e.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==t?t:w,this.escapeValue=void 0===s||s,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==i&&i,this.prefix=n?x(n):o||"{{",this.suffix=r?x(r):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=l||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":u?x(u):"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c?x(c):"",this.nestingPrefix=h?x(h):p||x("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=d?x(d):g||x(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=f||",",this.maxReplaces=y||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==m&&m,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const e=(e,t)=>e?.source===t?(e.lastIndex=0,e):new RegExp(t,"g");this.regexp=e(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=e(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=e(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}((?:[^()"']+|"[^"]*"|'[^']*'|\\((?:[^()]|"[^"]*"|'[^']*')*\\))*?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(e,t,s,i){let n,o,r;const a=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},l=e=>{if(!e.includes(this.formatSeparator)){const n=K(t,a,e,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(n,void 0,s,{...i,...t,interpolationkey:e}):n}const n=e.split(this.formatSeparator),o=n.shift().trim(),r=n.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(K(t,a,o,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),r,s,{...i,...t,interpolationkey:o})};this.resetRegExp(),!this.escapeValue&&"string"==typeof e&&/\$t\([^)]*\{[^}]*\{\{/.test(e)&&this.logger.warn("nesting options string contains interpolated variables with escapeValue: false — if any of those values are attacker-controlled they can inject additional nesting options (e.g. redirect lng/ns). Sanitise untrusted input before passing it to t(), or keep escapeValue: true.");const c=i?.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,u=void 0!==i?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?i.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:e=>e},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:e=>this.escapeValue?this.escape(e):e}].forEach((t=>{for(r=0;n=t.regex.exec(e);){const s=n[1].trim();if(o=l(s),void 0===o)if("function"==typeof c){const t=c(e,n,i);o=h(t)?t:""}else if(i&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(i,s))o="";else{if(u){o=n[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${s} for interpolating ${e}`),o=""}else h(o)||this.useRawValueToEscape||(o=d(o));const a=t.safeValue(o);if(e=e.replace(n[0],a.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$")),u?(t.regex.lastIndex+=a.length,t.regex.lastIndex-=n[0].length):t.regex.lastIndex=0,r++,r>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),e}nest(e,t,s={}){let i,n,o;const r=(e,t)=>{const s=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(!e.includes(s))return e;const i=e.split(new RegExp(`${x(s)}[ ]*{`));let n=`{${i[1]}`;e=i[0],n=this.interpolate(n,o);const r=n.match(/'/g),a=n.match(/"/g);((r?.length??0)%2==0&&!a||(a?.length??0)%2!=0)&&(n=n.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{o=JSON.parse(n),t&&(o={...t,...o})}catch(t){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${e}`,t),`${e}${s}${n}`}return o.defaultValue&&o.defaultValue.includes(this.prefix)&&delete o.defaultValue,e};for(;i=this.nestingRegexp.exec(e);){let a=[];o={...s},o=o.replace&&!h(o.replace)?o.replace:o,o.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete o.defaultValue;const l=/{.*}/s.test(i[1])?i[1].lastIndexOf("}")+1:i[1].indexOf(this.formatSeparator);if(-1!==l&&(a=i[1].slice(l).split(this.formatSeparator).map((e=>e.trim())).filter(Boolean),i[1]=i[1].slice(0,l)),n=t(r.call(this,i[1].trim(),o),o),n&&i[0]===e&&!h(n))return n;h(n)||(n=d(n)),n||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${i[1]} for nesting ${e}`),n=""),a.length&&(n=a.reduce(((e,t)=>this.format(e,t,s.lng,{...s,interpolationkey:i[1].trim()})),n.trim())),e=e.replace(i[0],n),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return e}}const B=e=>{const t={};return(s,i,n)=>{let o=n;n&&n.interpolationkey&&n.formatParams&&n.formatParams[n.interpolationkey]&&n[n.interpolationkey]&&(o={...o,[n.interpolationkey]:void 0});const r=i+JSON.stringify(o);let a=t[r];return a||(a=e(P(i),n),t[r]=a),a(s)}},_=e=>(t,s,i)=>e(P(s),i)(t);class q{constructor(e={}){this.logger=C.create("formatter"),this.options=e,this.init(e)}init(e,t={interpolation:{}}){this.formatSeparator=t.interpolation.formatSeparator||",";const s=t.cacheInBuiltFormats?B:_;this.formats={number:s(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),currency:s(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.NumberFormat(e,{...t,style:"currency"});return e=>s.format(e)})),datetime:s(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)})),relativetime:s(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e,t.range||"day")})),list:s(((e,t)=>{const s=new Intl.ListFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)}))}}add(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=t}addCached(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=B(t)}format(e,t,s,i={}){if(!t)return e;if(null==e)return e;const n=t.split(this.formatSeparator),o=[];for(let e=0;e<n.length;e++){let t=n[e];for(;t.indexOf("(")>-1&&!t.includes(")")&&e+1<n.length;)t=`${t}${this.formatSeparator}${n[++e]}`;o.push(t)}return o.reduce(((e,t)=>{const{formatName:n,formatOptions:o}=(e=>{let t=e.toLowerCase().trim();const s={};if(e.includes("(")){const i=e.split("(");t=i[0].toLowerCase().trim();const n=i[1].slice(0,-1);"currency"!==t||n.includes(":")?"relativetime"!==t||n.includes(":")?n.split(";").forEach((e=>{if(e){const[t,...i]=e.split(":"),n=i.join(":").trim().replace(/^'+|'+$/g,""),o=t.trim();s[o]||(s[o]=n),"false"===n&&(s[o]=!1),"true"===n&&(s[o]=!0),isNaN(n)||(s[o]=parseInt(n,10))}})):s.range||(s.range=n.trim()):s.currency||(s.currency=n.trim())}return{formatName:t,formatOptions:s}})(t);if(this.formats[n]){let t=e;try{const r=i?.formatParams?.[i.interpolationkey]||{},a=r.locale||r.lng||i.locale||i.lng||s;t=this.formats[n](e,a,{...o,...i,...r})}catch(e){this.logger.warn(e)}return t}return this.logger.warn(`there was no format function for ${n}`),e}),e)}}class J extends N{constructor(e,t,s,i={}){super(),this.backend=e,this.store=t,this.services=s,this.languageUtils=s.languageUtils,this.options=i,this.logger=C.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=i.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=i.maxRetries>=0?i.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=i.retryTimeout>=1?i.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend?.init?.(s,i.backend,i)}queueLoad(e,t,s,i){const n={},o={},r={},a={};return e.forEach((e=>{let i=!0;t.forEach((t=>{const r=`${e}|${t}`;!s.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(e,t)?this.state[r]=2:this.state[r]<0||(1===this.state[r]?void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0):(this.state[r]=1,i=!1,void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0),void 0===n[r]&&(n[r]=!0),void 0===a[t]&&(a[t]=!0)))})),i||(r[e]=!0)})),(Object.keys(n).length||Object.keys(o).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:o,pendingCount:Object.keys(o).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:i}),{toLoad:Object.keys(n),pending:Object.keys(o),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(r),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(e,t,s){const i=e.split("|"),n=i[0],o=i[1];t&&this.emit("failedLoading",n,o,t),!t&&s&&this.store.addResourceBundle(n,o,s,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[e]=t?-1:2,t&&s&&(this.state[e]=0);const r={};this.queue.forEach((s=>{((e,t,s)=>{const{obj:i,k:n}=m(e,t,Object);i[n]=i[n]||[],i[n].push(s)})(s.loaded,[n],o),((e,t)=>{void 0!==e.pending[t]&&(delete e.pending[t],e.pendingCount--)})(s,e),t&&s.errors.push(t),0!==s.pendingCount||s.done||(Object.keys(s.loaded).forEach((e=>{r[e]||(r[e]={});const t=s.loaded[e];t.length&&t.forEach((t=>{void 0===r[e][t]&&(r[e][t]=!0)}))})),s.done=!0,s.errors.length?s.callback(s.errors):s.callback())})),this.emit("loaded",r),this.queue=this.queue.filter((e=>!e.done))}read(e,t,s,i=0,n=this.retryTimeout,o){if(!e.length)return o(null,{});if(this.readingCalls>=this.maxParallelReads)return void this.waitingReads.push({lng:e,ns:t,fcName:s,tried:i,wait:n,callback:o});this.readingCalls++;const r=(r,a)=>{if(this.readingCalls--,this.waitingReads.length>0){const e=this.waitingReads.shift();this.read(e.lng,e.ns,e.fcName,e.tried,e.wait,e.callback)}r&&a&&i<this.maxRetries?setTimeout((()=>{this.read(e,t,s,i+1,2*n,o)}),n):o(r,a)},a=this.backend[s].bind(this.backend);if(2!==a.length)return a(e,t,r);try{const s=a(e,t);s&&"function"==typeof s.then?s.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,s)}catch(e){r(e)}}prepareLoading(e,t,s={},i){if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources."),i&&i();h(e)&&(e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e)),h(t)&&(t=[t]);const n=this.queueLoad(e,t,s,i);if(!n.toLoad.length)return n.pending.length||i(),null;n.toLoad.forEach((e=>{this.loadOne(e)}))}load(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{},s)}reload(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{reload:!0},s)}loadOne(e,t=""){const s=e.split("|"),i=s[0],n=s[1];this.read(i,n,"read",void 0,void 0,((s,o)=>{s&&this.logger.warn(`${t}loading namespace ${n} for language ${i} failed`,s),!s&&o&&this.logger.log(`${t}loaded namespace ${n} for language ${i}`,o),this.loaded(e,s,o)}))}saveMissing(e,t,s,i,n,o={},r=()=>{}){if(!this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(t)){if(null!=s&&""!==s){if(this.backend?.create){const a={...o,isUpdate:n},l=this.backend.create.bind(this.backend);if(l.length<6)try{let n;n=5===l.length?l(e,t,s,i,a):l(e,t,s,i),n&&"function"==typeof n.then?n.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,n)}catch(e){r(e)}else l(e,t,s,i,r,a)}e&&e[0]&&this.store.addResource(e[0],t,s,i)}}else this.logger.warn(`did not save key "${s}" as the namespace "${t}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")}}const X=()=>({debug:!1,initAsync:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,supportedLngs:!1,nonExplicitSupportedLngs:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",enableSelector:!1,partialBundledLanguages:!1,saveMissing:!1,updateMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",saveMissingPlurals:!0,missingKeyHandler:!1,missingInterpolationHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,postProcessPassResolved:!1,returnNull:!1,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:!1,parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:e=>{let t={};if("object"==typeof e[1]&&(t=e[1]),h(e[1])&&(t.defaultValue=e[1]),h(e[2])&&(t.tDescription=e[2]),"object"==typeof e[2]||"object"==typeof e[3]){const s=e[3]||e[2];Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{t[e]=s[e]}))}return t},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",nestingOptionsSeparator:",",maxReplaces:1e3,skipOnVariables:!0},cacheInBuiltFormats:!0}),W=e=>(h(e.ns)&&(e.ns=[e.ns]),h(e.fallbackLng)&&(e.fallbackLng=[e.fallbackLng]),h(e.fallbackNS)&&(e.fallbackNS=[e.fallbackNS]),e.supportedLngs&&!e.supportedLngs.includes("cimode")&&(e.supportedLngs=e.supportedLngs.concat(["cimode"])),e),Y=()=>{};class G extends N{constructor(e={},t){var s;if(super(),this.options=W(e),this.services={},this.logger=C,this.modules={external:[]},s=this,Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(s)).forEach((e=>{"function"==typeof s[e]&&(s[e]=s[e].bind(s))})),t&&!this.isInitialized&&!e.isClone){if(!this.options.initAsync)return this.init(e,t),this;setTimeout((()=>{this.init(e,t)}),0)}}init(e={},t){this.isInitializing=!0,"function"==typeof e&&(t=e,e={}),null==e.defaultNS&&e.ns&&(h(e.ns)?e.defaultNS=e.ns:e.ns.includes("translation")||(e.defaultNS=e.ns[0]));const s=X();this.options={...s,...this.options,...W(e)},this.options.interpolation={...s.interpolation,...this.options.interpolation},void 0!==e.keySeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator=e.keySeparator),void 0!==e.nsSeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator=e.nsSeparator),"function"!=typeof this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler&&(this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler=s.overloadTranslationOptionHandler);const i=e=>e?"function"==typeof e?new e:e:null;if(!this.options.isClone){let e;this.modules.logger?C.init(i(this.modules.logger),this.options):C.init(null,this.options),e=this.modules.formatter?this.modules.formatter:q;const t=new D(this.options);this.store=new E(this.options.resources,this.options);const s=this.services;s.logger=C,s.resourceStore=this.store,s.languageUtils=t,s.pluralResolver=new U(t,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator}),e&&(s.formatter=i(e),s.formatter.init&&s.formatter.init(s,this.options),this.options.interpolation.format=s.formatter.format.bind(s.formatter)),s.interpolator=new z(this.options),s.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)},s.backendConnector=new J(i(this.modules.backend),s.resourceStore,s,this.options),s.backendConnector.on("*",((e,...t)=>{this.emit(e,...t)})),this.modules.languageDetector&&(s.languageDetector=i(this.modules.languageDetector),s.languageDetector.init&&s.languageDetector.init(s,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.modules.i18nFormat&&(s.i18nFormat=i(this.modules.i18nFormat),s.i18nFormat.init&&s.i18nFormat.init(this)),this.translator=new I(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",((e,...t)=>{this.emit(e,...t)})),this.modules.external.forEach((e=>{e.init&&e.init(this)}))}if(this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,t||(t=Y),this.options.fallbackLng&&!this.services.languageDetector&&!this.options.lng){const e=this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng);e.length>0&&"dev"!==e[0]&&(this.options.lng=e[0])}this.services.languageDetector||this.options.lng||this.logger.warn("init: no languageDetector is used and no lng is defined");["getResource","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle","getDataByLanguage"].forEach((e=>{this[e]=(...t)=>this.store[e](...t)}));["addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle"].forEach((e=>{this[e]=(...t)=>(this.store[e](...t),this)}));const n=p(),o=()=>{const e=(e,s)=>{this.isInitializing=!1,this.isInitialized&&!this.initializedStoreOnce&&this.logger.warn("init: i18next is already initialized. You should call init just once!"),this.isInitialized=!0,this.options.isClone||this.logger.log("initialized",this.options),this.emit("initialized",this.options),n.resolve(s),t(e,s)};if((this.languages||this.isLanguageChangingTo)&&!this.isInitialized)return e(null,this.t.bind(this));this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng,e)};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initAsync?o():setTimeout(o,0),n}loadResources(e,t=Y){let s=t;const i=h(e)?e:this.language;if("function"==typeof e&&(s=e),!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages){if("cimode"===i?.toLowerCase()&&(!this.options.preload||0===this.options.preload.length))return s();const e=[],t=t=>{if(!t)return;if("cimode"===t)return;this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t).forEach((t=>{"cimode"!==t&&(e.includes(t)||e.push(t))}))};if(i)t(i);else{this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach((e=>t(e)))}this.options.preload?.forEach?.((e=>t(e))),this.services.backendConnector.load(e,this.options.ns,(e=>{e||this.resolvedLanguage||!this.language||this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language),s(e)}))}else s(null)}reloadResources(e,t,s){const i=p();return"function"==typeof e&&(s=e,e=void 0),"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t=void 0),e||(e=this.languages),t||(t=this.options.ns),s||(s=Y),this.services.backendConnector.reload(e,t,(e=>{i.resolve(),s(e)})),i}use(e){if(!e)throw new Error("You are passing an undefined module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");if(!e.type)throw new Error("You are passing a wrong module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");return"backend"===e.type&&(this.modules.backend=e),("logger"===e.type||e.log&&e.warn&&e.error)&&(this.modules.logger=e),"languageDetector"===e.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=e),"i18nFormat"===e.type&&(this.modules.i18nFormat=e),"postProcessor"===e.type&&A.addPostProcessor(e),"formatter"===e.type&&(this.modules.formatter=e),"3rdParty"===e.type&&this.modules.external.push(e),this}setResolvedLanguage(e){if(e&&this.languages&&!["cimode","dev"].includes(e)){for(let e=0;e<this.languages.length;e++){const t=this.languages[e];if(!["cimode","dev"].includes(t)&&this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(t)){this.resolvedLanguage=t;break}}this.resolvedLanguage||this.languages.includes(e)||!this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(e)||(this.resolvedLanguage=e,this.languages.unshift(e))}}changeLanguage(e,t){this.isLanguageChangingTo=e;const s=p();this.emit("languageChanging",e);const i=e=>{this.language=e,this.languages=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e),this.resolvedLanguage=void 0,this.setResolvedLanguage(e)},n=(n,o)=>{o?this.isLanguageChangingTo===e&&(i(o),this.translator.changeLanguage(o),this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,this.emit("languageChanged",o),this.logger.log("languageChanged",o)):this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,s.resolve(((...e)=>this.t(...e))),t&&t(n,((...e)=>this.t(...e)))},o=t=>{e||t||!this.services.languageDetector||(t=[]);const s=h(t)?t:t&&t[0],o=this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(s)?s:this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(h(t)?[t]:t);o&&(this.language||i(o),this.translator.language||this.translator.changeLanguage(o),this.services.languageDetector?.cacheUserLanguage?.(o)),this.loadResources(o,(e=>{n(e,o)}))};return e||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!e&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?0===this.services.languageDetector.detect.length?this.services.languageDetector.detect().then(o):this.services.languageDetector.detect(o):o(e):o(this.services.languageDetector.detect()),s}getFixedT(e,t,s,i){const n=i?.scopeNs,o=(e,t,...i)=>{let r;r="object"!=typeof t?this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([e,t].concat(i)):{...t},r.lng=r.lng||o.lng,r.lngs=r.lngs||o.lngs;const a=void 0!==r.ns&&null!==r.ns;r.ns=r.ns||o.ns,""!==r.keyPrefix&&(r.keyPrefix=r.keyPrefix||s||o.keyPrefix);const l={...this.options,...r};Array.isArray(n)&&!a&&(l.ns=n),"function"==typeof r.keyPrefix&&(r.keyPrefix=F(r.keyPrefix,l));const c=this.options.keySeparator||".";let u;return r.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(e)?u=e.map((e=>("function"==typeof e&&(e=F(e,l)),`${r.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`))):("function"==typeof e&&(e=F(e,l)),u=r.keyPrefix?`${r.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`:e),this.t(u,r)};return h(e)?o.lng=e:o.lngs=e,o.ns=t,o.keyPrefix=s,o}t(...e){return this.translator?.translate(...e)}exists(...e){return this.translator?.exists(...e)}setDefaultNamespace(e){this.options.defaultNS=e}hasLoadedNamespace(e,t={}){if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not initialized",this.languages),!1;if(!this.languages||!this.languages.length)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18n.languages were undefined or empty",this.languages),!1;const s=t.lng||this.resolvedLanguage||this.languages[0],i=!!this.options&&this.options.fallbackLng,n=this.languages[this.languages.length-1];if("cimode"===s.toLowerCase())return!0;const o=(e,t)=>{const s=this.services.backendConnector.state[`${e}|${t}`];return-1===s||0===s||2===s};if(t.precheck){const e=t.precheck(this,o);if(void 0!==e)return 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e.toLowerCase().indexOf("-latn")>1?"ltr":["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].includes(t.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))||e.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(e={},t){const s=new G(e,t);return s.createInstance=G.createInstance,s}cloneInstance(e={},t=Y){const s=e.forkResourceStore;s&&delete e.forkResourceStore;const i={...this.options,...e,isClone:!0},n=new G(i);void 0===e.debug&&void 0===e.prefix||(n.logger=n.logger.clone(e));if(["store","services","language"].forEach((e=>{n[e]=this[e]})),n.services={...this.services},n.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},s){const e=Object.keys(this.store.data).reduce(((e,t)=>(e[t]={...this.store.data[t]},e[t]=Object.keys(e[t]).reduce(((s,i)=>(s[i]={...e[t][i]},s)),e[t]),e)),{});n.store=new E(e,i),n.services.resourceStore=n.store}if(e.interpolation){const t={...X().interpolation,...this.options.interpolation,...e.interpolation},s={...i,interpolation:t};n.services.interpolator=new z(s)}return n.translator=new I(n.services,i),n.translator.on("*",((e,...t)=>{n.emit(e,...t)})),n.init(i,t),n.translator.options=i,n.translator.backendConnector.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},n}toJSON(){return{options:this.options,store:this.store,language:this.language,languages:this.languages,resolvedLanguage:this.resolvedLanguage}}}const Q=G.createInstance();Q.createInstance,Q.dir,Q.init,Q.loadResources,Q.reloadResources,Q.use,Q.changeLanguage,Q.getFixedT,Q.t,Q.exists,Q.setDefaultNamespace,Q.hasLoadedNamespace,Q.loadNamespaces,Q.loadLanguages;var Z=s(40694),ee=s(41705);function te(e,t){var 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