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href="mailto:?subject=Setting%20SLOs:%20observability%20using%20custom%20metrics&amp;body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20on%20the%20Cloud%20Blog:%0A%0ASetting%20SLOs:%20observability%20using%20custom%20metrics%0A%0ASee%20how%20you%20can%20set%20service-level%20objectives%20%28SLOs%29%20for%20complex%20services%20for%20better%20cloud%20monitoring.%20Part%20of%20SRE%20tips%20series.%0A%0Ahttps://cloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools/observability-using-custom-metrics" track-name="email"track-type="social share"track-metadata-eventdetail="mailto:?subject=Setting SLOs: observability using custom metrics&amp;body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20on%20the%20Cloud%20Blog:%0A%0ASetting SLOs: observability using custom metrics%0A%0ASee how you can set service-level objectives (SLOs) for complex services for better cloud monitoring. Part of SRE tips series.%0A%0Acloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools/observability-using-custom-metrics"track-metadata-module="social icons" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><svg class="nRhiJb-Bz112c nRhiJb-Bz112c-OWXEXe-DX2B6 nRhiJb-Bz112c-OWXEXe-nSuQf" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M20 4H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v12c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h16c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V6c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm-.8 2L12 10.8 4.8 6h14.4zM4 18V7.87l8 5.33 8-5.33V18H4z"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div><section class="nRhiJb-DARUcf"><div class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-wNfPc-ma6Yeb nRhiJb-DbgRPb-wNfPc-cGMI2b"><section class="DA9Qj nRhiJb-ObfsIf nRhiJb-fmcmS-oXtfBe"><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-c5RTEf"></div><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-qWD73c"><h5 class="cHE8Ub Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-qWD73c">Cindy Quach</h5><p class="nRhiJb-qJTHM khCp7b">Site Reliability Engineer</p></div></section></div></section><div class="nRhiJb-DARUcf"><div class="nRhiJb-ObfsIf nRhiJb-DbgRPb-wNfPc-ma6Yeb nRhiJb-DbgRPb-qWD73c-cGMI2b"><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-ibL1re dzoHJ"></div><div class="OYL9D nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-OiUrBf" jsname="tx2NYc"><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="M0Q3Qb" data-is-cws-richtext="true" class=" "><p>If you’ve embarked on your site reliability engineering (SRE) journey, you’ve likely started using service-level objectives (<a href="https://cloud.google.com/solutions/defining-SLOs">SLOs</a>) to bring customer-focused metrics into your monitoring, perhaps even utilizing Service Monitoring as discussed in “<a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools/practical-guide-to-setting-slos">Setting SLOs: a step-by-step guide</a>.” Once you're able to decrease your alert volume, your oncallers are experiencing less operational overhead and are focused on what matters to your business—your customers. But now, you’ve run into a problem: one of your services is too complex and you’re unable to find a good indicator of customer happiness using Google Cloud Monitoring-provided metrics.</p><p>This is a common problem, but not one without a solution. In this blog post, we’re going to look at how you can create service-level objectives for services that require custom metrics. We will utilize the help of service monitoring <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools/practical-guide-to-setting-slos">again</a>, but this time, instead of setting SLOs in the UI, we will look at using infrastructure as code with Terraform. </p><p><b>Exploring an example service: stock trader</b></p><p>For this example, we have a back-end service that processes stock market trades for buying and selling stocks. Customers submit their trades via a web front end, and their requests are sent to this back-end service for the actual orders to be completed. This service is built on Google Compute Engine. Since the web front end is managed by a different team, we are going to be responsible for setting the SLOs for our back-end service. In this example, the customers are the teams responsible for the services that interact with the back-end service, such as the front-end web app team.</p><p>This team really cares that our service is available, because without it customers aren’t able to make trades. They also care that trades are processed quickly. So we’ll look at using an availability service-level indicator (SLI) and a latency SLI. For this example, we will only focus on creating SLOs for an availability SLI—or, in other words, the proportion of successful responses to all responses. The trade execution process can return the following status codes: 0 (OK), 1 (FAILED), or 2 (ERROR UNKNOWN). So, if we get a 0 status code, then the request succeeds.</p><p>Now we need to come up with what metrics we are going to measure and where we are going to measure them. However, this is where the problem lies.</p><p>There’s <a href="https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/api/metrics_gcp#gcp-compute">a full list of metrics</a> provided by Compute Engine.You might think that instance/uptime shows how long the VM has been running, so it’s a good metric to indicate when a back-end service is available. This is a common mistake, though—if a VM is not running, but no one is making trades, does that mean your customers are unhappy with your service? No. What about the opposite situation: What if the VM is running, but trades aren’t being processed? You’ll quickly find out the answer to that by the number of angry investors at your doorstep. So using instance/uptime is not a good indicator of customer happiness here. </p><p>You can look at the Compute Engine metrics list and try to justify other metrics like instance/network, instance/disk, etc. to represent your customer happiness, but you’d most likely be out of luck. While there are lots of metrics available in Cloud Monitoring, sometimes custom metrics are needed to gain better observability into our services. </p><p><b>Creating custom metrics with OpenCensus</b></p><p>There are various ways that you can create <a href="https://cloud.google.com/solutions/integrating-monitoring-logging-trace-observability-and-alerting">custom metrics to export to Cloud Monitoring</a>, but we recommend using OpenCensus for its idiomatic API, open-source flexibility and ease of use. For this example, we’ve already instrumented the application code using the OpenCensus libraries. We’ve created two <a href="https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/custom-metrics/open-census">custom metrics using OpenCensus</a>: one metric that aggregates the total number of responses with /OpenCensus/total_count and another one, /OpenCensus/success_count, that aggregates the number of successful responses.</p><p>So now, the availability SLI will look like this:</p>The proportion of <code>/OpenCensus/success_count to /OpenCensus/total_count</code> measured at the application level.</div></section><section class="QzPuud"><div><section><figure class="NEBdNd"><section class="PBkdHd DhGbH" jscontroller="SCGBie" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH H05fDc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/1_HC1AVzF.max-600x600.png" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/1_HC1AVzF.max-600x600.png" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><section class="glue-modal glue-modal--dark QHdDac" role="dialog" aria-modal="true"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH H05fDc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/1_HC1AVzF.max-600x600.png" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/1_HC1AVzF.max-600x600.png" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><button class="glue-modal__close-btn" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close this modal"></button></section></section></figure></section></div></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="M0Q3Qb" data-is-cws-richtext="true" class=" "><p>Once these custom metrics are exported, we can see them in Cloud Monitoring:</p></div></section><section class="QzPuud"><div><section><figure class="NEBdNd"><section class="PBkdHd DhGbH" jscontroller="SCGBie" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/2_xAFqJbv.max-1200x1200.jpg" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/2_xAFqJbv.max-1200x1200.jpg" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><section class="glue-modal glue-modal--dark QHdDac" role="dialog" aria-modal="true"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/2_xAFqJbv.max-1200x1200.jpg" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/2_xAFqJbv.max-1200x1200.jpg" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><button class="glue-modal__close-btn" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close this modal"></button></section></section></figure></section></div></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="M0Q3Qb" data-is-cws-richtext="true" class=" "><p><b>Setting the SLO with Terraform</b></p><p>With application-level custom metrics exported to Cloud Monitoring, we can begin to monitor our SLOs with Service Monitoring. Since we are creating configurations, we want to source-control them so that everyone on the team knows what’s been added, removed or modified. There are many ways to set your SLO configurations in Service Monitoring, such as using gcloud commands, Python and Golang libraries, or using a <a href="https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/service-monitoring/using-api">REST API</a>. But in this example, we will be utilizing <a href="https://cloud.google.com/community/tutorials/getting-started-on-gcp-with-terraform">Terraform</a> and the <a href="https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/google/r/monitoring_slo.html" target="_blank">google_monitoring_slo resource</a>. Since this is configuration-as-code we can take advantage of a <a href="https://cloud.google.com/solutions/devops/devops-tech-version-control">version control system</a> to help track our changes, perform rollbacks, etc. </p><p>Here’s what the Terraform configuration looks like:</p></div></section><section class="QzPuud"><div><section><figure class="NEBdNd"><section class="PBkdHd DhGbH" jscontroller="SCGBie" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/3_TL7pMhq.max-900x900.jpg" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/3_TL7pMhq.max-900x900.jpg" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><section class="glue-modal glue-modal--dark QHdDac" role="dialog" aria-modal="true"><img class="JcsBte mZzdH ZOnyjc" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/3_TL7pMhq.max-900x900.jpg" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/3_TL7pMhq.max-900x900.jpg" jsname='P3Vluc' jsaction="click:HTIlC" loading="lazy"/><button class="glue-modal__close-btn" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close this modal"></button></section></section></figure></section></div></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="resource &quot;google_monitoring_custom_service&quot; &quot;trading-backend&quot; {
service_id = &quot;stock-trader-srv&quot;
display_name = &quot;Stock Trader Service&quot;
}
resource &quot;google_monitoring_slo&quot; &quot;request_based_slo&quot; {
service = google_monitoring_custom_service.trading-backend.service_id
slo_id = &quot;availability-slo&quot;
display_name = &quot;Availability SLO with request base SLI (good total ratio)&quot;
goal = 0.999
rolling_period_days = 28
request_based_sli {
good_total_ratio {
good_service_filter = join(&quot; AND &quot;, [
&quot;metric.type=\&quot;custom.googleapis.com/opencensus/success_count\&quot;&quot;,
&quot;resource.type=\&quot;gce_instance\&quot;&quot;,
&quot;resource.label.\&quot;project_id\&quot;=\&quot;my-project\&quot;&quot;,
])
total_service_filter = join(&quot; AND &quot;, [
&quot;metric.type=\&quot;custom.googleapis.com/opencensus/total_count\&quot;&quot;,
&quot;resource.type=\&quot;gce_instance\&quot;&quot;,
&quot;resource.label.\&quot;project_id\&quot;=\&quot;my-project\&quot;&quot;,
])
}
}
}" soy-skip ssk='4:dXrt'><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">resource &quot;google_monitoring_custom_service&quot; &quot;trading-backend&quot; {
service_id = &quot;stock-trader-srv&quot;
display_name = &quot;Stock Trader Service&quot;
}
resource &quot;google_monitoring_slo&quot; &quot;request_based_slo&quot; {
service = google_monitoring_custom_service.trading-backend.service_id
slo_id = &quot;availability-slo&quot;
display_name = &quot;Availability SLO with request base SLI (good total ratio)&quot;
goal = 0.999
rolling_period_days = 28
request_based_sli {
good_total_ratio {
good_service_filter = join(&quot; AND &quot;, [
&quot;metric.type=\&quot;custom.googleapis.com/opencensus/success_count\&quot;&quot;,
&quot;resource.type=\&quot;gce_instance\&quot;&quot;,
&quot;resource.label.\&quot;project_id\&quot;=\&quot;my-project\&quot;&quot;,
])
total_service_filter = join(&quot; AND &quot;, [
&quot;metric.type=\&quot;custom.googleapis.com/opencensus/total_count\&quot;&quot;,
&quot;resource.type=\&quot;gce_instance\&quot;&quot;,
&quot;resource.label.\&quot;project_id\&quot;=\&quot;my-project\&quot;&quot;,
])
}
}
}</textarea></div></div></div></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="M0Q3Qb" data-is-cws-richtext="true" class=" "><p>Let’s explore the main components:</p><ul><li><p><code>resource “google_monitoring_slo”</code> allows us to create a Terraform resource for Service Monitoring.</p></li><li><p><code>goal = 0.999</code> sets an SLO target or goal of 99.9%</p></li><li><p><code>rolling_period_days = 28</code> sets a rolling SLO target window of 28 days</p></li><li><p><code>request_based_sli</code> is the meat and potatoes of our SLI. We want to specify an SLI that measures the count of successful requests divided by the count of total requests.</p></li><ul><li><p><code>good_total_ratio</code> allows us to simply compute the ratio of successful or good requests to all requests. We specify this number by providing two TimeSeries monitoring filters for what constitutes a <code>good_service_filter</code>. In this case, “/opencensus/success_count” is joined with our project identification and resource type. You want to be as precise as you can with your filter so that you only end up with one result. Then do the same for the <code>total_service_filter</code>, which filters for all your total requests.</p></li></ul></ul><p>Once the Terraform configuration is applied, the newly created SLO is in the Service Monitoring dashboard for our project (as shown in the figure below). We can even make changes to this SLO at any time by editing our Terraform configuration and re-applying it-simple!</p></div></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="M0Q3Qb" data-is-cws-richtext="true" class=" "><p><b>Setting a burn-rate alert with Terraform</b></p><p>Once we’ve created our SLO, we will need to create <a href="https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/service-monitoring/alerting-on-budget-burn-rate">burn-rate alerts</a> to notify us when we’re close to exhausting the error budget. The <a href="https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/google/r/monitoring_alert_policy.html" target="_blank">google_monitoring_alert_policy</a> resource can do this:</p></div></section><section class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><section><div class="kg99be" jscontroller="vkZm2d" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-text-to-copy="resource &quot;google_monitoring_alert_policy&quot; &quot;alert_policy&quot; {
display_name = &quot;Stock Trader Service Alert Policy&quot;
combiner = &quot;AND&quot;
conditions {
display_name = &quot;SLO burn rate alert for availability SLO with a threshold of 2&quot;
condition_threshold {
filter = &quot;select_slo_burn_rate(\&quot;projects/my-project/services/stock-trader-srv/serviceLevelObjectives/availability-slo\&quot;, 60m)&quot;
threshold_value = &quot;2&quot;
duration = &quot;0s&quot;
comparison = &quot;COMPARISON_GT&quot;
}
}
notification_channels = [
&quot;projects/my-project/notificationChannels/8123308861952647107&quot;,
]
documentation {
content = &quot;SLO burn for the past 60m exceeded twice the acceptable budget burn rate.&quot;
mime_type = &quot;text/markdown&quot;
}
}" soy-skip ssk='4:dXrt'><div jsaction="click:VTVhdd" class="GaRnv"><svg class="" viewBox="0 0 20 20" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" height=20 widdht=20><path d="M7.979 14.667c-.458 0-.84-.153-1.146-.459a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-.458-1.125V3.938c0-.459.153-.84.458-1.146.306-.306.688-.459 1.146-.459h6.625c.445 0 .823.156 1.136.469.312.313.468.691.468 1.136v9.145c0 .445-.156.82-.468 1.125a1.564 1.564 0 0 1-1.136.459H7.979Zm0-1.334h6.625c.083 0 .15-.024.198-.073a.239.239 0 0 0 .073-.177V3.938a.265.265 0 0 0-.073-.198.268.268 0 0 0-.198-.073H7.979a.268.268 0 0 0-.198.073.266.266 0 0 0-.073.198v9.145c0 .07.024.129.073.177a.267.267 0 0 0 .198.073ZM4.875 17.75a1.53 1.53 0 0 1-1.125-.458 1.532 1.532 0 0 1-.458-1.125V5.729h1.333v10.438c0 .07.024.128.073.177a.24.24 0 0 0 .177.073h7.937v1.333H4.875ZM7.708 3.667v9.666-9.666Z" fill="#1a73e8"/></svg></div><div jscontroller="M2lJBf" jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" data-enable-content-editable-input-style="false" data-enable-line-wrapping data-read-only><div class="hg3Lgc qs41qe BEXrzd" data-loadingmessage="Loading..." jscontroller="GFartf" jsaction="animationend:kWijWc;dyRcpb:dyRcpb" data-active="true" jsname="aZ2wEe"><div class="eBrXtc" aria-live="polite" jsname="vyyg5">Loading...</div><div jsname="Hxlbvc" class="JdM54e"><div class="aopPX ZqnFk co39ub"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fxjES Cn087"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX ZHXbZe hfsr6b"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div><div class="aopPX fDBOYb EjXFBf"><div class="e2XBBf uEtL3"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="LqC3Y"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div><div class="e2XBBf QR7YS"><div class="kPEoYc GOJTSe"></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><textarea jsname="bqeLof" class="Fdco1c">resource &quot;google_monitoring_alert_policy&quot; &quot;alert_policy&quot; {
display_name = &quot;Stock Trader Service Alert Policy&quot;
combiner = &quot;AND&quot;
conditions {
display_name = &quot;SLO burn rate alert for availability SLO with a threshold of 2&quot;
condition_threshold {
filter = &quot;select_slo_burn_rate(\&quot;projects/my-project/services/stock-trader-srv/serviceLevelObjectives/availability-slo\&quot;, 60m)&quot;
threshold_value = &quot;2&quot;
duration = &quot;0s&quot;
comparison = &quot;COMPARISON_GT&quot;
}
}
notification_channels = [
&quot;projects/my-project/notificationChannels/8123308861952647107&quot;,
]
documentation {
content = &quot;SLO burn for the past 60m exceeded twice the acceptable budget burn rate.&quot;
mime_type = &quot;text/markdown&quot;
}
}</textarea></div></div></div></section></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="M0Q3Qb" data-is-cws-richtext="true" class=" "><p>Let’s explore the main components:</p><ul><li><p><code>conditions</code> determine what criteria must be met to open an incident.</p></li><ul><li><p><code>filter = “select_slo_burn_rate”</code> is the filter we will use to create SLO burn-based alerts. It takes two arguments: the target SLO and a lookback period.</p></li><li><p><code>threshold</code> is the error budget consumption rate. If a service uses a burn rate of 1, this means that it is consuming the error budget at a rate that will completely exhaust the error budget by the end of the SLO window.</p></li></ul><li><p><code>notification_channels</code> will use existing notification channels when the alerting policy is triggered. You can create <a href="https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/google/r/monitoring_notification_channel.html" target="_blank">notification_channels with Terraform</a>, but here we’ll use an existing one.</p></li><li><p><code>documentation</code> is the information sent when the condition is violated to help recipients diagnose the problem.</p></li></ul></div></section><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="M0Q3Qb" data-is-cws-richtext="true" class=" "><p>Now that you’ve looked at how to create SLOs out of the box with service monitoring, and how to create SLOs for custom metrics to get better observability for your customer-focused metrics, you’re well on your way to creating quality SLOs for your own services. </p><p>You can learn more about the <a href="https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/service-monitoring">Service Monitoring API</a> to help you accomplish other tasks such as setting windows-based 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Part of SRE tips series.\",\"image\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-2600x2600.jpg\",\"author\":[{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Cindy Quach\",\"url\":\"\"}],\"datePublished\":\"2020-07-10\",\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Google Cloud\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://www.gstatic.com/cgc/google-cloud-logo.svg\"}},\"url\":\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools/observability-using-custom-metrics\",\"keywords\":[\"Management Tools\",\"Google Cloud\"],\"timeRequired\":\"PT5M\"}\u003c/script\u003e"],["Setting SLOs: observability using custom metrics"],null,null,[[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIf you’ve embarked on your site reliability engineering (SRE) journey, you’ve likely started using service-level objectives (\u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/solutions/defining-SLOs\"\u003eSLOs\u003c/a\u003e) to bring customer-focused metrics into your monitoring, perhaps even utilizing Service Monitoring as discussed in “\u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools/practical-guide-to-setting-slos\"\u003eSetting SLOs: a step-by-step guide\u003c/a\u003e.” Once you're able to decrease your alert volume, your oncallers are experiencing less operational overhead and are focused on what matters to your business—your customers. But now, you’ve run into a problem: one of your services is too complex and you’re unable to find a good indicator of customer happiness using Google Cloud Monitoring-provided metrics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is a common problem, but not one without a solution. In this blog post, we’re going to look at how you can create service-level objectives for services that require custom metrics. We will utilize the help of service monitoring \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools/practical-guide-to-setting-slos\"\u003eagain\u003c/a\u003e, but this time, instead of setting SLOs in the UI, we will look at using infrastructure as code with Terraform. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExploring an example service: stock trader\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor this example, we have a back-end service that processes stock market trades for buying and selling stocks. Customers submit their trades via a web front end, and their requests are sent to this back-end service for the actual orders to be completed. This service is built on Google Compute Engine. Since the web front end is managed by a different team, we are going to be responsible for setting the SLOs for our back-end service. In this example, the customers are the teams responsible for the services that interact with the back-end service, such as the front-end web app team.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis team really cares that our service is available, because without it customers aren’t able to make trades. They also care that trades are processed quickly. So we’ll look at using an availability service-level indicator (SLI) and a latency SLI. For this example, we will only focus on creating SLOs for an availability SLI—or, in other words, the proportion of successful responses to all responses. The trade execution process can return the following status codes: 0 (OK), 1 (FAILED), or 2 (ERROR UNKNOWN). So, if we get a 0 status code, then the request succeeds.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNow we need to come up with what metrics we are going to measure and where we are going to measure them. However, this is where the problem lies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere’s \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/api/metrics_gcp#gcp-compute\"\u003ea full list of metrics\u003c/a\u003e provided by Compute Engine.You might think that instance/uptime shows how long the VM has been running, so it’s a good metric to indicate when a back-end service is available. This is a common mistake, though—if a VM is not running, but no one is making trades, does that mean your customers are unhappy with your service? No. What about the opposite situation: What if the VM is running, but trades aren’t being processed? You’ll quickly find out the answer to that by the number of angry investors at your doorstep. So using instance/uptime is not a good indicator of customer happiness here. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYou can look at the Compute Engine metrics list and try to justify other metrics like instance/network, instance/disk, etc. to represent your customer happiness, but you’d most likely be out of luck. While there are lots of metrics available in Cloud Monitoring, sometimes custom metrics are needed to gain better observability into our services. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCreating custom metrics with OpenCensus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are various ways that you can create \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/solutions/integrating-monitoring-logging-trace-observability-and-alerting\"\u003ecustom metrics to export to Cloud Monitoring\u003c/a\u003e, but we recommend using OpenCensus for its idiomatic API, open-source flexibility and ease of use. For this example, we’ve already instrumented the application code using the OpenCensus libraries. We’ve created two \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/custom-metrics/open-census\"\u003ecustom metrics using OpenCensus\u003c/a\u003e: one metric that aggregates the total number of responses with /OpenCensus/total_count and another one, /OpenCensus/success_count, that aggregates the number of successful responses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSo now, the availability SLI will look like this:\u003c/p\u003eThe proportion of \u003ccode\u003e/OpenCensus/success_count to /OpenCensus/total_count\u003c/code\u003e measured at the application level."]]],[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[[null,""],["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/1_HC1AVzF.max-600x600.png",null,null,"https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/1_HC1AVzF.max-600x600.png"],null,2]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eOnce these custom metrics are exported, we can see them in Cloud Monitoring:\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[[null,""],["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/2_xAFqJbv.max-1200x1200.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/2_xAFqJbv.max-1100x1100.jpg 1060w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/2_xAFqJbv.max-1200x1200.jpg 1184w"," 1060px, 1184px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/2_xAFqJbv.max-1200x1200.jpg"],null,3]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSetting the SLO with Terraform\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith application-level custom metrics exported to Cloud Monitoring, we can begin to monitor our SLOs with Service Monitoring. Since we are creating configurations, we want to source-control them so that everyone on the team knows what’s been added, removed or modified. There are many ways to set your SLO configurations in Service Monitoring, such as using gcloud commands, Python and Golang libraries, or using a \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/service-monitoring/using-api\"\u003eREST API\u003c/a\u003e. But in this example, we will be utilizing \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/community/tutorials/getting-started-on-gcp-with-terraform\"\u003eTerraform\u003c/a\u003e and the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/google/r/monitoring_slo.html\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003egoogle_monitoring_slo resource\u003c/a\u003e. Since this is configuration-as-code we can take advantage of a \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/solutions/devops/devops-tech-version-control\"\u003eversion control system\u003c/a\u003e to help track our changes, perform rollbacks, etc. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHere’s what the Terraform configuration looks like:\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[[[null,""],["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/3_TL7pMhq.max-900x900.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/3_TL7pMhq.max-900x900.jpg 850w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/3_TL7pMhq.max-900x900.jpg 850w"," 850px, 850px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/3_TL7pMhq.max-900x900.jpg"],null,3]]],[["resource \"google_monitoring_custom_service\" \"trading-backend\" {\r\n service_id \u003d \"stock-trader-srv\"\r\n display_name \u003d \"Stock Trader Service\"\r\n}\r\n\r\nresource \"google_monitoring_slo\" \"request_based_slo\" {\r\n service \u003d google_monitoring_custom_service.trading-backend.service_id\r\n slo_id \u003d \"availability-slo\"\r\n display_name \u003d \"Availability SLO with request base SLI (good total ratio)\"\r\n\r\n goal \u003d 0.999\r\n rolling_period_days \u003d 28\r\n\r\n request_based_sli {\r\n good_total_ratio {\r\n good_service_filter \u003d join(\" AND \", [\r\n \"metric.type\u003d\\\"custom.googleapis.com/opencensus/success_count\\\"\",\r\n \"resource.type\u003d\\\"gce_instance\\\"\",\r\n \"resource.label.\\\"project_id\\\"\u003d\\\"my-project\\\"\",\r\n ])\r\n total_service_filter \u003d join(\" AND \", [\r\n \"metric.type\u003d\\\"custom.googleapis.com/opencensus/total_count\\\"\",\r\n \"resource.type\u003d\\\"gce_instance\\\"\",\r\n \"resource.label.\\\"project_id\\\"\u003d\\\"my-project\\\"\",\r\n ])\r\n }\r\n }\r\n}",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLet’s explore the main components:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003eresource “google_monitoring_slo”\u003c/code\u003e allows us to create a Terraform resource for Service Monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003egoal \u003d 0.999\u003c/code\u003e sets an SLO target or goal of 99.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003erolling_period_days \u003d 28\u003c/code\u003e sets a rolling SLO target window of 28 days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003erequest_based_sli\u003c/code\u003e is the meat and potatoes of our SLI. We want to specify an SLI that measures the count of successful requests divided by the count of total requests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003egood_total_ratio\u003c/code\u003e allows us to simply compute the ratio of successful or good requests to all requests. We specify this number by providing two TimeSeries monitoring filters for what constitutes a \u003ccode\u003egood_service_filter\u003c/code\u003e. In this case, “/opencensus/success_count” is joined with our project identification and resource type. You want to be as precise as you can with your filter so that you only end up with one result. Then do the same for the \u003ccode\u003etotal_service_filter\u003c/code\u003e, which filters for all your total requests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnce the Terraform configuration is applied, the newly created SLO is in the Service Monitoring dashboard for our project (as shown in the figure below). We can even make changes to this SLO at any time by editing our Terraform configuration and re-applying it-simple!\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSetting a burn-rate alert with Terraform\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnce we’ve created our SLO, we will need to create \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/service-monitoring/alerting-on-budget-burn-rate\"\u003eburn-rate alerts\u003c/a\u003e to notify us when we’re close to exhausting the error budget. The \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/google/r/monitoring_alert_policy.html\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003egoogle_monitoring_alert_policy\u003c/a\u003e resource can do this:\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[["resource \"google_monitoring_alert_policy\" \"alert_policy\" {\r\n display_name \u003d \"Stock Trader Service Alert Policy\"\r\n combiner \u003d \"AND\"\r\n conditions {\r\n display_name \u003d \"SLO burn rate alert for availability SLO with a threshold of 2\"\r\n condition_threshold {\r\n filter \u003d \"select_slo_burn_rate(\\\"projects/my-project/services/stock-trader-srv/serviceLevelObjectives/availability-slo\\\", 60m)\"\r\n\t threshold_value \u003d \"2\"\r\n duration \u003d \"0s\"\r\n comparison \u003d \"COMPARISON_GT\"\r\n }\r\n }\r\n notification_channels \u003d [\r\n \t\"projects/my-project/notificationChannels/8123308861952647107\",\r\n ]\r\n documentation {\r\n \tcontent \u003d \"SLO burn for the past 60m exceeded twice the acceptable budget burn rate.\"\r\n\tmime_type \u003d \"text/markdown\"\r\n }\r\n}",null,[null,""]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eLet’s explore the main components:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003econditions\u003c/code\u003e determine what criteria must be met to open an incident.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003efilter \u003d “select_slo_burn_rate”\u003c/code\u003e is the filter we will use to create SLO burn-based alerts. It takes two arguments: the target SLO and a lookback period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003ethreshold\u003c/code\u003e is the error budget consumption rate. If a service uses a burn rate of 1, this means that it is consuming the error budget at a rate that will completely exhaust the error budget by the end of the SLO window.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003enotification_channels\u003c/code\u003e will use existing notification channels when the alerting policy is triggered. You can create \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.terraform.io/docs/providers/google/r/monitoring_notification_channel.html\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003enotification_channels with Terraform\u003c/a\u003e, but here we’ll use an existing one.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003edocumentation\u003c/code\u003e is the information sent when the condition is violated to help recipients diagnose the problem.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e"]]],[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eNow that you’ve looked at how to create SLOs out of the box with service monitoring, and how to create SLOs for custom metrics to get better observability for your customer-focused metrics, you’re well on your way to creating quality SLOs for your own services. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYou can learn more about the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/monitoring/service-monitoring\"\u003eService Monitoring API\u003c/a\u003e to help you accomplish other tasks such as setting windows-based alerts and more.\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Management Tools","Setting SLOs: a step-by-step guide","See how to use SRE principles to keep customers happy with your service, using the right service-level objectives (SLOs).",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-900x900.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-500x500.jpg 410w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-900x900.jpg 820w"," 410px, 820px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-900x900.jpg"],null,8,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools/practical-guide-to-setting-slos",null,1,[["Cindy Quach","Site Reliability Engineer"]],null,"41310"]]]],[["Infrastructure Modernization","New AI-powered quick assessments in Migration Center turbocharge modernization","New, AI-powered Quick Assessments in Migration Center deliver near-instant TCO modeling and automated service mapping.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/19_-_Infrastructure_Modernization_o5CKMmf.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/19_-_Infrastructure_Modernization_o5CKMmf.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/19_-_Infrastructure_Modernization_o5CKMmf.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/19_-_Infrastructure_Modernization_o5CKMmf.max-700x700.jpg"],null,2,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure-modernization/ai-powered-quick-assessments-in-migration-center",null,1,[["Jeff Welsch","Principal, Product Management, Enterprise Migration \u0026 Growth"],["Rajesh Rathod","Lead Group Product Manager"]],null,"59326"],["Databases","Introducing Database Operations Agents: The future of autonomous database management","A closer look at AI-powered database operations agents for setting up and onboarding AlloyDB, Bigtable, Cloud SQL, Spanner, as well as managing them.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/10_-_Databases.max-700x700.jpg"],null,6,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/deep-dive-on-new-ai-powered-database-agents",null,1,[["Niranjan Shivprasad","Group Product Manager"],["Nitesh Mehta","Senior Product Manager"]],null,"59140"],["Management Tools","Anomaly detection using dynamic thresholds and two-year-long alerts in Cloud Monitoring","Long-lookback alert policies for PromQL cover up to two years of metrics in Cloud Monitoring for year-over-year and quarter-over-quarter analysis.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-700x700.jpg"],null,6,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools/cloud-monitoring-adds-long-lookback-alert-policies-for-promql",null,1,[["Lee Yanco","Senior Product Manager"],["Daniel Koss","Staff Software Engineer"]],null,"59049"],["Management Tools","From query to action: Introducing SQL alerting in Cloud Monitoring Observability Analytics","Cloud Monitoring Observability Analytics lets you create alerts from (and get alerted about) analytical SQL queries of logs and traces.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/21_-_Management_Tools_EI9iqlb.max-700x700.jpg"],null,4,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools/alert-with-sql-in-cloud-monitoring-observability-analytics",null,1,[["Joy Wang","Senior Product Manager"],["Mark Stahl","Staff software engineer"]],null,"59038"]],null,"Management Tools",null,[["Management Tools","https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/management-tools","management-tools",[],["en"],"Products"],["Google Cloud","https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp","gcp",[],["en"],"Products"]],null,null,5,null,41400], 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