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<h1 class="entry-title">Common ground breakdown in&nbsp;Uvalde</h1> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta">
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<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/author/lorinh/" rel="author">Lorin Hochstein</a> </span>
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<time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2022-07-24T10:36:36-07:00">July 24, 2022</time> </span>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to the <a href="/2022/07/23/uvalde/">interim report</a> on the elementary school shooting in Uvalde, there were 376(!) law enforcement officers that responded. How do we make sense of the fact it took such a long to neutralize the shooter? One way is to see the problem as what the researchers Klein, Feltovich, and Woods refer to as a <a href="https://jeffreymbradshaw.net/publications/Common_Ground_Single.pdf">fundamental common ground breakdown</a>. </p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The term &#8220;common ground&#8221; refers to a kind of shared understanding between people who are coordinating in some way, so that the participants can predict each other&#8217;s future actions. To take a simple example, if you and I are playing a board game, &#8220;<em>whose turn is next</em>&#8221; would be part of the common ground.</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For a group of people to coordinate, they need to maintain common ground, shared understanding of the situation and what actions they expect others to take.</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Because incidents are dynamic and the respondents have access to different information, a common risk during incidents is the erosion of common ground. One particular risk is what Klein et al refer to as <em><strong>confusion over who knows what</strong></em>.</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">During the shooting at Uvalde, many of the officers believed that Chief Arrodondo was the incident commander:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><em>The general consensus of witnesses interviewed by the Committee was that officers on the scene either<strong> assumed that Chief Arredondo was in charge,</strong> or that they could not tell that anybody was in charge of a scene described by several witnesses as “chaos” or a “cluster.”</em></p><cite>Interim report, p62</cite></blockquote>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But Arredondo saw himself in the role of a responder trying to resolve the situation directly, not as an incident commander working on coordination.</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>[W]hile you’re in there, you don’t title yourself &#8230; .I know our policy states you’re the incident commander. My approach and thought was responding as a police officer. And so I didn’t title myself. But once I got in there and we took that fire, back then, I realized, we need some things. We’ve got to get in that door. We need an extraction tool. We need those keys. As far as &#8230; I’m talking about the command part &#8230; the people that went in, there was a big group of them outside that door. I have no idea who they were and how they walked in or anything. I kind of – I wasn’t given that direction.<br>***<br>you can always hope and pray that there’s an incident command post outside. I just didn’t have access to that. I didn’t know anything about that.</p><cite>Interim report, p63</cite></blockquote>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Here&#8217;s another example of how common ground got eroded: different understandings of the situation based on whether you were inside or outside. </p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>Also, the misinformation reported to officers on the outside likely prevented some of them from taking a more assertive role. For example, many officers were told to stay out of the building because Chief Arredondo was inside a room with the attacker actively negotiating.</p><cite>Interim report, p63</cite></blockquote>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Another challenge that Klein et al discuss is communication problems, which we also see in Uvalde. In a <a href="/2022/07/23/the-fog-of-war-in-uvalde/">previous post</a>, I wrote about how Chief Arredondo believed that the shooter was barricaded alone in the room. There was evidence to the contrary, but that information didn&#8217;t reach him during the incident.</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>There was a series of phone calls with a student inside Room 112, initiated by the student calling 911 at 12:03 p.m. Radio traffic communicated to those officers who could hear it the fact that a student had called from within the classroom. Several witnesses indicated that they were aware of this, but not Chief Arredondo.</p><cite>Interim report, p62</cite></blockquote>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In particular, the police radios didn&#8217;t work properly inside of the school, a fact that is mentioned multiple times in the report (emphasis mine)</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>An effective incident commander located away from the drama unfolding inside the building would have realized that <strong>radios were mostly ineffective</strong>, and that responders needed other lines of communication to communicate important information like the victims’ phone calls from inside the classrooms.</p><cite>Interim report, p8</cite></blockquote>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>Uvalde CISD police officers commonly carried two radios: one for the school district, and another “police radio” which transmitted communications from various local law enforcement agencies. While the school district radios tended to work reliably, <strong>the police radios worked more intermittently</strong> depending on where they were used.</p><cite>Interim report, p14</cite></blockquote>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>Upon entering the building, the officers tried but were <strong>unable to communicate on their radios.</strong></p><cite>Interim report, p51</cite></blockquote>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>As mentioned in the narratives above, there were important events happening outside the north and south ends of the west building. In part due to the <strong>difficulty of maintaining radio communications within the building</strong>, not everybody inside the building received all of this information.</p><cite>Interim report, p62</cite></blockquote>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><strong>Radio communication was ineffective</strong>, so something else was needed for decisionmakers to receive critical information, such as the fact that victims had called from inside the rooms with the attacker.</p><cite>Interim report, p64</cite></blockquote>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Fundamental common ground breakdown is an ever-present danger whenever we coordinate, and it&#8217;s especially dangerous during incidents. The shooting in Uvalde is a painful reminder of this failure mode. </p>
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Pingback: <a href="https://fde.cat/index.php/2022/08/15/sre-weekly-issue-334/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">SRE Weekly Issue #334 &#8211; FDE</a> </div>
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