Files
nexus/sreweekly/articles/427/05-the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much.html
2026-09-12 17:23:01 +08:00

1114 lines
116 KiB
HTML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters
This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
<title>The problem with a root cause is that it explains too much &#8211; Surfing Complexity</title>
<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
<!-- Async WordPress.com Remote Login -->
<script id="wpcom_remote_login_js">
var wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth = '';
function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( element_id ) {
var dom_node = document.getElementById( element_id );
if ( dom_node ) { dom_node.parentNode.removeChild( dom_node ); }
}
function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( class_name ) {
var dom_nodes = document.querySelectorAll( '.' + class_name );
for ( var i = 0; i < dom_nodes.length; i++ ) {
dom_nodes[ i ].parentNode.removeChild( dom_nodes[ i ] );
}
}
function wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup() {
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( "wpcom_remote_login_msg" );
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_js" );
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_iframe" );
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_styles" );
}
// Watch for messages back from the remote login
window.addEventListener( "message", function( e ) {
if ( e.origin === "https://r-login.wordpress.com" ) {
var data = {};
try {
data = JSON.parse( e.data );
} catch( e ) {
wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
return;
}
if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN' ) {
// Clean up the login check iframe
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
var id_regex = new RegExp( /^[0-9]+$/ );
var token_regex = new RegExp( /^.*|.*|.*$/ );
if (
token_regex.test( data.token )
&& id_regex.test( data.wpcomid )
) {
// We have everything we need to ask for a login
var script = document.createElement( "script" );
script.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
script.src = '/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=validate'
+ '&wpcomid=' + data.wpcomid
+ '&token=' + encodeURIComponent( data.token )
+ '&host=' + window.location.protocol
+ '//' + window.location.hostname
+ '&postid=3727'
+ '&is_singular=1';
document.body.appendChild( script );
}
return;
}
// Safari ITP, not logged in, so redirect
if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REDIRECT' ) {
window.location = 'https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=' + window.location.href;
return;
}
// Safari ITP, storage access failed, remove the request
if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REMOVE' ) {
var css_zap = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 782px ) { html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } }';
var style_zap = document.createElement( 'style' );
style_zap.type = 'text/css';
style_zap.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css_zap ) );
document.body.appendChild( style_zap );
var e = document.getElementById( 'wpcom_request_access_iframe' );
e.parentNode.removeChild( e );
document.cookie = 'wordpress_com_login_access=denied; path=/; max-age=31536000';
return;
}
// Safari ITP
if ( data.msg === 'REQUEST_ACCESS' ) {
console.log( 'request access: safari' );
// Check ITP iframe enable/disable knob
if ( wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth !== 'safari_itp_iframe' ) {
return;
}
// If we are in a "private window" there is no ITP.
var private_window = false;
try {
var opendb = window.openDatabase( null, null, null, null );
} catch( e ) {
private_window = true;
}
if ( private_window ) {
console.log( 'private window' );
return;
}
var iframe = document.createElement( 'iframe' );
iframe.id = 'wpcom_request_access_iframe';
iframe.setAttribute( 'scrolling', 'no' );
iframe.setAttribute( 'sandbox', 'allow-storage-access-by-user-activation allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation' );
iframe.src = 'https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=request_access&origin=' + encodeURIComponent( data.origin ) + '&wpcomid=' + encodeURIComponent( data.wpcomid );
var css = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 46px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 46px !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 660px ) { html { margin-top: 71px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 71px !important; } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { display: block; height: 71px !important; } } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { border: 0px; height: 46px; position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: #23282d; } ';
var style = document.createElement( 'style' );
style.type = 'text/css';
style.id = 'wpcom_request_access_styles';
style.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css ) );
document.body.appendChild( style );
document.body.appendChild( iframe );
}
if ( data.msg === 'DONE' ) {
wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
}
}
}, false );
// Inject the remote login iframe after the page has had a chance to load
// more critical resources
window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function( e ) {
var iframe = document.createElement( "iframe" );
iframe.style.display = "none";
iframe.setAttribute( "scrolling", "no" );
iframe.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
iframe.src = "https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php"
+ "?wpcom_remote_login=key"
+ "&origin=aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJmaW5nY29tcGxleGl0eS5ibG9n"
+ "&wpcomid=30291541"
+ "&time=" + Math.floor( Date.now() / 1000 );
document.body.appendChild( iframe );
}, false );
</script>
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s2.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s1.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Surfing Complexity &raquo; Feed" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Surfing Complexity &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/comments/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Surfing Complexity &raquo; The problem with a root cause is that it explains too&nbsp;much Comments Feed" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/feed/" />
<script type="text/javascript">
/* <![CDATA[ */
function addLoadEvent(func) {
var oldonload = window.onload;
if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {
window.onload = func;
} else {
window.onload = function () {
oldonload();
func();
}
}
}
/* ]]> */
</script>
<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css">
img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
</style>
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2-1' href='/_static/??-eJxtjEsKgDAMBS9kjbqwuBDPUtog9o9J8fpaEQSRBw8GhoEjC50iY2QIRWRf1i0SWOSstHsYQkr1TPFIsKNXjEbkRPyhVhM18J/0m8M3fFPVlzD3UnbTtWG0J2CTNNk=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css">
img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css">
:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}:root .has-text-align-center{text-align:center}:root .has-text-align-left{text-align:left}:root .has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-break:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-color],[style*=";border-color"],[style*="; border-color"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-color],[style*=";border-top-color"],[style*="; border-top-color"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-color],[style*=";border-right-color"],[style*="; border-right-color"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-color],[style*=";border-bottom-color"],[style*="; border-bottom-color"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-color],[style*=";border-left-color"],[style*="; border-left-color"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-width],[style*=";border-width"],[style*="; border-width"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-width],[style*=";border-top-width"],[style*="; border-top-width"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-width],[style*=";border-right-width"],[style*="; border-right-width"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-width],[style*=";border-bottom-width"],[style*="; border-bottom-width"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-width],[style*=";border-left-width"],[style*="; border-left-width"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/common.min.css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-quote-inline-css">
.wp-block-quote{box-sizing:border-box;overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)),.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)){margin-bottom:1em;padding:0 1em}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) p{font-size:1.5em;font-style:italic;line-height:1.6}.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) cite,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large:where(:not(.is-style-plain)) footer{font-size:1.125em;text-align:right}.wp-block-quote>cite{display:block}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/quote/style.min.css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-quote-theme-inline-css">
.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-right){border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote:where(.has-text-align-center){border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote:where(.is-style-plain){border:none}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/quote/theme.min.css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-image-inline-css">
.wp-block-image>a,.wp-block-image>figure>a{display:inline-block}.wp-block-image img{box-sizing:border-box;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}@media not (prefers-reduced-motion){.wp-block-image img.hide{visibility:hidden}.wp-block-image img.show{animation:show-content-image .4s}}.wp-block-image[style*=border-radius] img,.wp-block-image[style*=border-radius]>a{border-radius:inherit}.wp-block-image.has-custom-border img{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-image.aligncenter{text-align:center}.wp-block-image.alignfull>a,.wp-block-image.alignwide>a{width:100%}.wp-block-image.alignfull img,.wp-block-image.alignwide img{height:auto;width:100%}.wp-block-image .aligncenter,.wp-block-image .alignleft,.wp-block-image .alignright,.wp-block-image.aligncenter,.wp-block-image.alignleft,.wp-block-image.alignright{display:table}.wp-block-image .aligncenter>figcaption,.wp-block-image .alignleft>figcaption,.wp-block-image .alignright>figcaption,.wp-block-image.aligncenter>figcaption,.wp-block-image.alignleft>figcaption,.wp-block-image.alignright>figcaption{caption-side:bottom;display:table-caption}.wp-block-image .alignleft{float:left;margin:.5em 1em .5em 0}.wp-block-image .alignright{float:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em}.wp-block-image .aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-image :where(figcaption){margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.wp-block-image.is-style-circle-mask img{border-radius:9999px}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)) or (-webkit-mask-image:none){.wp-block-image.is-style-circle-mask img{border-radius:0;-webkit-mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="50"/></svg>');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="50"/></svg>');mask-mode:alpha;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center;-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-size:contain;mask-size:contain}}:root :where(.wp-block-image.is-style-rounded img,.wp-block-image .is-style-rounded img){border-radius:9999px}.wp-block-image figure{margin:0}.wp-lightbox-container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.wp-lightbox-container img{cursor:zoom-in}.wp-lightbox-container img:hover+button{opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button{align-items:center;backdrop-filter:blur(16px) saturate(180%);background-color:rgba(90,90,90,.25);border:none;border-radius:4px;cursor:zoom-in;display:flex;height:20px;justify-content:center;opacity:0;padding:0;position:absolute;right:16px;text-align:center;top:16px;width:20px;z-index:100}@media not (prefers-reduced-motion){.wp-lightbox-container button{transition:opacity .2s ease}}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus-visible{outline:3px auto rgba(90,90,90,.25);outline:3px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;outline-offset:3px}.wp-lightbox-container button:hover{cursor:pointer;opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus{opacity:1}.wp-lightbox-container button:focus,.wp-lightbox-container button:hover,.wp-lightbox-container button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background-color:rgba(90,90,90,.25);border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay{box-sizing:border-box;cursor:zoom-out;height:100vh;left:0;overflow:hidden;position:fixed;top:0;visibility:hidden;width:100%;z-index:100000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-button{align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-family:inherit;gap:8px;justify-content:center;line-height:1;min-height:40px;min-width:40px;padding:0 4px;position:absolute;right:calc(env(safe-area-inset-right) + 16px);top:calc(env(safe-area-inset-top) + 16px);z-index:5000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-button:focus,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-button:hover,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-button:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-button:has(.wp-lightbox-close-text:not([hidden])) .wp-lightbox-close-icon svg{height:1em;width:1em}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-close-icon svg{display:block}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev{align-items:center;bottom:16px;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-family:inherit;gap:4px;justify-content:center;line-height:1;min-height:40px;min-width:40px;padding:0 8px;position:absolute;z-index:2000002}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next[hidden],.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev[hidden]{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev{bottom:50%;transform:translateY(-50%)}}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next:focus,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next:hover,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background),.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev:focus,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev:hover,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev:not(:hover):not(:active):not(.has-background){background:none;border:none;padding:0 8px}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next:has(.wp-lightbox-navigation-text:not([hidden])) .wp-lightbox-navigation-icon svg,.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev:has(.wp-lightbox-navigation-text:not([hidden])) .wp-lightbox-navigation-icon svg{display:block;height:1.5em;width:1.5em}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-prev{left:calc(env(safe-area-inset-left) + 16px)}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-button-next{right:calc(env(safe-area-inset-right) + 16px)}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-lightbox-navigation-icon svg{vertical-align:middle}.wp-lightbox-overlay .lightbox-image-container{height:var(--wp--lightbox-container-height);left:50%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);transform-origin:top left;width:var(--wp--lightbox-container-width);z-index:2000001}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;height:100%;justify-content:center;margin:0;position:relative;transform-origin:0 0;width:100%;z-index:3000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image img{height:var(--wp--lightbox-image-height);min-height:var(--wp--lightbox-image-height);min-width:var(--wp--lightbox-image-width);width:var(--wp--lightbox-image-width)}.wp-lightbox-overlay .wp-block-image figcaption{display:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay button{background:none;border:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay .scrim{background-color:#fff;height:100%;opacity:.9;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:2000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active{visibility:visible}@media not (prefers-reduced-motion){.wp-lightbox-overlay.active{animation:turn-on-visibility .25s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active img{animation:turn-on-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.show-closing-animation:not(.active){animation:turn-off-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.show-closing-animation:not(.active) img{animation:turn-off-visibility .25s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active{animation:none;opacity:1;visibility:visible}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-in .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .scrim{animation:turn-on-visibility .4s forwards}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active){animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-out .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active) .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active) .scrim{animation:turn-off-visibility .4s forwards}}@keyframes show-content-image{0%{visibility:hidden}99%{visibility:hidden}to{visibility:visible}}@keyframes turn-on-visibility{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes turn-off-visibility{0%{opacity:1;visibility:visible}99%{opacity:0;visibility:visible}to{opacity:0;visibility:hidden}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-in{0%{transform:translate(calc((-100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width))/2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale))}to{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1)}}@keyframes lightbox-zoom-out{0%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) scale(1);visibility:visible}99%{visibility:visible}to{transform:translate(calc((-100vw + var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width))/2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale));visibility:hidden}}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/image/style.min.css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-image-theme-inline-css">
:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/image/theme.min.css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-latest-posts-inline-css">
.wp-block-latest-posts{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-latest-posts.alignleft{margin-right:2em}.wp-block-latest-posts.alignright{margin-left:2em}.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list{list-style:none}.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list li{clear:both;overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid:not(.is-layout-grid){display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid:not(.is-layout-grid) li{margin:0 1.25em 1.25em 0;width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-2:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(50% - .625em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-2:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-3:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(33.33333% - .83333em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-3:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(3n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-4:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(25% - .9375em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-4:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(4n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-5:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(20% - 1em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-5:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(5n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-6:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(16.66667% - 1.04167em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-6:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(6n){margin-right:0}}@media (max-width:600px){.wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-grid[class*=columns-]:not(.has-native-responsive-grid){grid-template-columns:1fr}}:root :where(.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid){padding:0}:root :where(.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list){padding-left:0}.wp-block-latest-posts__post-author,.wp-block-latest-posts__post-date{display:block;font-size:.8125em}.wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt,.wp-block-latest-posts__post-full-content{margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image a{display:inline-block}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image img{height:auto;max-width:100%;width:auto}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.alignleft{float:left;margin-right:1em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.alignright{float:right;margin-left:1em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.aligncenter{margin-bottom:1em;text-align:center}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/latest-posts/style.min.css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-list-inline-css">
ol,ul{box-sizing:border-box}:root :where(.wp-block-list.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/list/style.min.css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-paragraph-inline-css">
.is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/paragraph/style.min.css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-search-inline-css">
.wp-block-search__button{margin-left:10px;word-break:normal}.wp-block-search__button.has-icon{line-height:0}.wp-block-search__button svg{fill:currentColor;height:1.25em;min-height:24px;min-width:24px;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:1.25em}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{display:flex;flex:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;max-width:100%}:where(.wp-block-search__label){width:100%}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;justify-content:center;margin-left:0;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{min-width:0!important;transition-property:width}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__input{flex-basis:100%;transition-duration:.3s}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{overflow:hidden}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__input{border-left-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important;flex-basis:0;flex-grow:0;margin:0;min-width:0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;width:0!important}:where(.wp-block-search__input){-webkit-appearance:initial;-moz-appearance:initial;appearance:none;border:1px solid #949494;flex-grow:1;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;min-width:3rem;padding:8px;text-decoration:unset!important;text-transform:inherit}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input{border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0 4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input:focus{outline:none}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}.wp-block-search.aligncenter .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{margin:auto}.wp-block[data-align=right] .wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{float:right}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/search/style.min.css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-search-theme-inline-css">
:where(.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label){font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/search/theme.min.css */
</style>
<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css-extra">
.has-text-align-justify {
text-align:justify;
}
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
/*# sourceURL=wp-block-library-inline-css */
</style>
<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css">
.wp-block-button__link{background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-size:1.125em;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff}.wp-block-accordion-heading{margin:0}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle{background-color:inherit!important;color:inherit!important}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus,.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:hover{background-color:inherit!important;border:none;box-shadow:none;color:inherit;padding:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20,1em) 0;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-text-color){color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-background){background-color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:focus,.wp-block-tab:hover{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-tab:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/classic.min.css */
</style>
<style id="coblocks-inline-format-inline-css">
.uppercase{text-transform:uppercase}
/*# sourceURL=coblocks-inline-format-inline-css */
</style>
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-12-1' href='/_static/??-eJx9jEEOAiEQBD/kQECjeDC+ZWEnijIwYWA3/l72op689KFTVXplCCU3zE1z6reYRYfiUwlP0VYZpwxIJE4IFRd10HOU9iFA2iuhCiI7/ROiDt9WxfETT20jCOc4YUIa2D9t5eGA91xRBMZS7ATtPkTZvCtdzNEZt7f2fHq8Afl7R7w=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--medium-blue: #0087be;--wp--preset--color--bright-blue: #00aadc;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: #4d4d4b;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: #b3b3b1;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,0) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}.wp-block-button{--wp--preset--dimension--25: 25%;--wp--preset--dimension--50: 50%;--wp--preset--dimension--75: 75%;--wp--preset--dimension--100: 100%;}:where(body) { margin: 0; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-medium-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-blue) !important;}.has-bright-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--bright-blue) !important;}.has-dark-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-medium-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-blue) !important;}.has-bright-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--bright-blue) !important;}.has-dark-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-medium-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-blue) !important;}.has-bright-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--bright-blue) !important;}.has-dark-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;}
:where(.wp-block-latest-posts.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-latest-posts.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
</style>
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-14-1' href='/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin/moon/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-mu-wpcom/src/build/verbum-comments/verbum-comments.css?m=1785895867i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='verbum-gutenberg-css-css' href='https://widgets.wp.com/verbum-block-editor/block-editor.css?ver=1771405207' media='all' />
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-16-1' href='/_static/??-eJydkNEKwjAMRX/IGh0D7YP4KbLV2GVr09J2DP/ebAgOFB/2Eu59OPcmgSkqE7ggF/Cjim60xBl6LLExw9uDD4HhRmzAImMiIfJvuTc572AVWjr0mCGOLRDfMaIMLkq8o9xhUhXk8nS4BRQEWhfMsKl2PmepVlM0wX9FrN6RUGqsSLt0fuw/yGJQslxTSJ63NurhGkozevWX4+lcaX3Qte5fvXGUcQ==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='print-css-17-1' href='/wp-content/mu-plugins/global-print/global-print.css?m=1465851035i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='print' />
<style id="jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css">
:root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;}
/*# sourceURL=jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css */
</style>
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-20-1' href='/_static/??-eJyNjcEKAjEMRH/ImhVlqwfxU6TbhrZrmhTTIv69u+JFvHgZ5sHwBh7VeOGG3KB0U6nHzAoztur87cNQRNYInVBBk7tjcCE83zVz3HrVDfxvumb2MPVMAVR8dmRIougX/DhbwrK8pwNEksnROriU884e9+PJDnaYXxwFS20=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script id="jetpack_related-posts-js-extra">
var related_posts_js_options = {"post_heading":"h4"};
//# sourceURL=jetpack_related-posts-js-extra
</script>
<script id="wpcom-actionbar-placeholder-js-extra">
var actionbardata = {"siteID":"30291541","postID":"3727","siteURL":"https://surfingcomplexity.blog","xhrURL":"https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"e8f3aebd24","isLoggedIn":"","statusMessage":"","subsEmailDefault":"instantly","proxyScriptUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/wpcom-proxy-request.js?m=1513050504i&amp;ver=20211021","shortlink":"https://wp.me/p236df-Y7","i18n":{"followedText":"New posts from this site will now appear in your \u003Ca href=\"https://wordpress.com/reader\"\u003EReader\u003C/a\u003E","foldBar":"Collapse this bar","unfoldBar":"Expand this bar","shortLinkCopied":"Shortlink copied to clipboard."}};
//# sourceURL=wpcom-actionbar-placeholder-js-extra
</script>
<script id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before">
var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https://s1.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin/moon/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-mu-wpcom/src/build/"};
//# sourceURL=jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before
</script>
<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='/_static/??/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/moon/_inc/build/related-posts/related-posts.min.js,/wp-content/js/rlt-proxy.js?m=1788798821j'></script>
<script id="rlt-proxy-js-after">
rltInitialize( {"token":null,"iframeOrigins":["https:\/\/widgets.wp.com"]} );
//# sourceURL=rlt-proxy-js-after
</script>
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://lorinhochstein.wordpress.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress.com" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/p236df-Y7' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/oembed/?format=json&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fsurfingcomplexity.blog%2F2024%2F05%2F26%2Fthe-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much%2F&amp;for=wpcom-auto-discovery" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/xml+oembed" href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/oembed/?format=xml&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fsurfingcomplexity.blog%2F2024%2F05%2F26%2Fthe-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much%2F&amp;for=wpcom-auto-discovery" />
<!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="The problem with a root cause is that it explains too much" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/" />
<meta property="og:description" content="The recent performance of the stock market brings to mind the comment of a noted economist who was once asked whether the market is a good leading indicator of general economic activity. Wonderful,…" />
<meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-05-26T19:25:01+00:00" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-06-04T03:31:12+00:00" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Surfing Complexity" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image.png" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="572" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="282" />
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/WordPresscom" />
<meta name="twitter:text:title" content="The problem with a root cause is that it explains too&nbsp;much" />
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image.png?w=640" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<!-- End Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
<link rel='openid.server' href='https://surfingcomplexity.blog/?openidserver=1' />
<link rel='openid.delegate' href='https://surfingcomplexity.blog/' />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/osd.xml" title="Surfing Complexity" />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://s1.wp.com/opensearch.xml" title="WordPress.com" />
<link rel="pingback" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/xmlrpc.php"> <style type="text/css">
.recentcomments a {
display: inline !important;
padding: 0 !important;
margin: 0 !important;
}
table.recentcommentsavatartop img.avatar, table.recentcommentsavatarend img.avatar {
border: 0px;
margin: 0;
}
table.recentcommentsavatartop a, table.recentcommentsavatarend a {
border: 0px !important;
background-color: transparent !important;
}
td.recentcommentsavatarend, td.recentcommentsavatartop {
padding: 0px 0px 1px 0px;
margin: 0px;
}
td.recentcommentstextend {
border: none !important;
padding: 0px 0px 2px 10px;
}
.rtl td.recentcommentstextend {
padding: 0px 10px 2px 0px;
}
td.recentcommentstexttop {
border: none;
padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px;
}
.rtl td.recentcommentstexttop {
padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px;
}
</style>
<meta name="description" content="The recent performance of the stock market brings to mind the comment of a noted economist who was once asked whether the market is a good leading indicator of general economic activity. Wonderful, he replied sarcastically, it has predicted nine of the last four recessions. – Alfred L. Malabre Jr., 1968 March 4, The Wall&hellip;" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=32" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=120" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=120" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=120" />
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-0-5' href='/_static/??-eJyNjMEKhDAMBX9IfaiIXsRPWdxskGqbFNPi7y+CevY4wzA4YkkqiSUh5DL6vDgxrJziTNvFCKqCjxPC1yttBjtc5L0iswLvD0F/2bOB5l2zsX+iW5zDKYx1P3RN07b1sP4BKPs7aw==&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
</head>
<body class="wp-singular post-template-default single single-post postid-3727 single-format-standard wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-pubindependent-publisher-2 customizer-styles-applied has-sidebar jetpack-reblog-enabled">
<div id="page" class="hfeed site">
<a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a>
<div id="hero-header" class="site-hero-section">
<header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner">
<div class="inner">
<div class="site-branding">
<a class="site-logo-link" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/">
<img referrerpolicy="no-referrer" alt='Unknown&#039;s avatar' src='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=80&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G' srcset='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=80&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G 1x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=120&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G 1.5x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=160&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G 2x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=240&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G 3x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=320&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G 4x' class='avatar avatar-80 site-logo-image' height='80' width='80' loading='eager' decoding='async' /> </a><!-- .site-logo-link -->
<p class="site-title"><a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/" rel="home">Surfing Complexity</a></p>
<p class="site-description">Lorin Hochstein&#039;s ramblings about software, complex systems, and incidents.</p>
</div><!-- .site-branding -->
</div><!-- .inner -->
</header><!-- #masthead -->
</div>
<div id="content-wrapper" class="content-wrapper">
<div id="content" class="site-content">
<div id="primary" class="content-area">
<main id="main" class="site-main" role="main">
<article id="post-3727" class="post-3727 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-incidents">
<header class="entry-header">
<h1 class="entry-title">The problem with a root cause is that it explains too&nbsp;much</h1> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta">
<span class="byline">
<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/author/lorinh/" rel="author">Lorin Hochstein</a> </span>
<span class="cat-links">
<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/category/systems/incidents/" rel="category tag">incidents</a> </span><!-- .cat-links -->
<span class="published-on">
<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-05-26T12:25:01-07:00">May 26, 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-06-03T20:31:12-07:00">June 3, 2024</time> </span>
<span class="word-count">4 Minutes</span> </div><!-- .entry-meta -->
<div class="entry-content">
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The recent performance of the stock market brings to mind the comment of a noted economist who was once asked whether the market is a good leading indicator of general economic activity. Wonderful, he replied sarcastically, it has predicted nine of the last four recessions. – Alfred L. Malabre Jr., 1968 March 4, The Wall Street Journal</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In response to my <a href="/2024/05/25/the-error-term-isnt-pareto-distributed/">previous post</a>, Peter Ludemann made the <a href="https://mathstodon.xyz/@PeterLudemann/112508573499274573">following observation</a> on Mastodon:</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image.png"><img data-attachment-id="3731" data-permalink="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/image-11/" data-orig-file="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image.png" data-orig-size="572,282" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" data-image-title="image" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image.png?w=572" width="572" height="282" src="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image.png?w=572" alt="" class="wp-image-3731" srcset="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image.png 572w, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image.png?w=150 150w, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image.png?w=300 300w" sizes="(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px" /></a></figure>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This post makes the case for why I would still call these <em>contributors</em> rather than <em>root causes</em>, even though they certainly sound root-cause-y. (They&#8217;re also fantastic examples of <em>risks</em> that are very common in the types of systems we work in, but that&#8217;s not the topic of this particular post).</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Let&#8217;s take the first one, &#8220;a configuration system that makes mistakes easy.&#8221; I&#8217;d ask the question, &#8220;does an incident occur every single time somebody uses the configuration system?&#8221; I don&#8217;t know the details of the particular incident(s) that Peter is alluding to, but I&#8217;m willing to bet that this isn&#8217;t true. Rather, I assume what he is saying is that the configuration system is fundamentally unsafe in some way (e.g., it&#8217;s too easy to unintentionally take a dangerous action), and every once in a while a dangerous mistake would happen and an incident would occur.</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What this means is that <strong><em>the unsafe configuration system by itself isn&#8217;t sufficient for the incident to occur</em></strong>! The config system enables incidents to occur, but it doesn&#8217;t, by itself, create the incident. Rather, it&#8217;s a combination of the configuration system, and some other factors, that trigger incidents. Maybe incidents only manifests when there is a particular action a user is trying to take, or maybe some people know how to work around the sharp edges and others don&#8217;t, or other things.</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This may sound like sophistry. After all, the configuration system is an unsafe operator interface. The lesson from an incident is that we should fix it! However, here&#8217;s the problem with that line of thinking. The truth is that there are <em>many</em> types of these sorts of problems in a system. I like to call these problems <em>vulnerabilities</em>, even though people usually reserve that term in a security context. Peter gives three examples, but our systems are really shot through with these sorts of vulnerabilities. There are all sorts of unsafe operator interfaces, <a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/03/26/the-problem-with-invariants-is-that-they-change-over-time/">assumptions that have become invalidated with change</a>, dangerous potential interactions between components, and so on. These vulnerabilities are the sorts of issues that the safety researcher James Reason referred to as <em>latent pathogens</em>. Reason is the one who proposed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_cheese_model">Swiss cheese model</a>, with the latent pathogens being the holes in the cheese. </p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">My problem with labeling these vulnerabilities as <em>root causes</em> is that this obscures how our systems actually spend most of their time up, even though these vulnerabilities are always present. Let&#8217;s say you were able to identify every vulnerability you had in a system. If you label each one as a root cause of an outage, then your system should be down all of the time, because these vulnerabilities are all present in your system!</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But your system <em>isn&#8217;t</em> down all of the time: in fact, it&#8217;s up more often than it&#8217;s down, even though these vulnerabilities are omnipresent. <strong><em>And the reason your system is up more than it&#8217;s down is that these vulnerabilities are not, by themselves, sufficient to take down a system.</em></strong> If you label these vulnerabilities as root causes, you make it impossible to understand to how your system actually succeeds. And if you don&#8217;t know how it succeeds, you can&#8217;t understand how it fails. You&#8217;re like the economist predicting recessions that don&#8217;t happen.</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Now, whether we label these vulnerabilities as <em>root causes</em> or not, they clearly represent a risk to your system. But we have an additional problem: <a href="/2020/01/19/there-is-no-escape-from-the-adaptive-universe/">we live in the adaptive universe</a>. That means we don&#8217;t actually have the resources (in particular, the time) to identify and patch all of these vulnerabilities. And, even if we could stop the world, find them all, and fix them all, and start the world again, our system keeps changing over time, and new vulnerabilities would set in. And that doesn&#8217;t even take into account how <a href="/2017/06/24/a-conjecture-on-why-reliable-systems-fail/">patching these vulnerabilities can create new ones</a>. The adaptive universe also teaches us that our work will inevitably introduce new vulnerabilities because we only have a finite amount of time to actually do that work. Mistaking problems with individual components with the general problem of finite resources is the <a href="/2023/04/15/missing-the-forest-for-the-trees-the-component-substitution-fallacy/">component substitution fallacy</a>. </p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In short, labeling vulnerabilities as <em>root causes</em> is dangerous because it blinds us to the nature of how complex systems manage to stay up and running most of the time, even though vulnerabilities within the system are always with us. Now, these vulnerabilities are still risks! However, they may or may not manifest as incidents. In addition, we can’t predict which ones will bite us, and we don’t have the resources to root all of them out. We use &#8220;this just bit us so we should address it because otherwise it will bite us again&#8221; a heuristic, but it&#8217;s an implicit one. What we should be asking is &#8220;given that we have limited resources, is spending the time addressing this particular vulnerability worth the opportunity cost of delaying other work?&#8221; </p>
<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
data-shared="sharing-twitter-3727"
class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/?share=twitter"
target="_blank"
aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-3727"
>
<span id="sharing-twitter-3727" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
<span>X</span>
</a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
data-shared="sharing-facebook-3727"
class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon"
href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/?share=facebook"
target="_blank"
aria-labelledby="sharing-facebook-3727"
>
<span id="sharing-facebook-3727" hidden>Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span>
<span>Facebook</span>
</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-30291541-3727-6aa4ee8e5e712' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20260912#blog_id=30291541&amp;post_id=3727&amp;origin=lorinhochstein.wordpress.com&amp;obj_id=30291541-3727-6aa4ee8e5e712&amp;domain=surfingcomplexity.blog' data-name='like-post-frame-30291541-3727-6aa4ee8e5e712' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div>
<div id='jp-relatedposts' class='jp-relatedposts' >
</div></div> </div><!-- .entry-content -->
<div class="entry-footer">
</div><!-- .entry-footer -->
<div class="entry-author-wrapper">
<div class="entry-author author-avatar-show">
<div class="author-avatar">
<img referrerpolicy="no-referrer" alt='Unknown&#039;s avatar' src='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=80&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G' srcset='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=80&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G 1x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=120&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G 1.5x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=160&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G 2x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=240&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G 3x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/f2641f12e815a54896f8f2ac04660c52efb896e09131390ad2a6f2f5fca81432?s=320&#038;d=identicon&#038;r=G 4x' class='avatar avatar-80' height='80' width='80' decoding='async' /> </div><!-- .author-avatar -->
<div class="author-heading">
<h2 class="author-title">
Published by <span class="author-name">Lorin Hochstein</span> </h2>
</div><!-- .author-heading -->
<p class="author-bio">
<a class="author-link" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/author/lorinh/" rel="author">
View all posts by Lorin Hochstein </a>
</p><!-- .author-bio -->
</div><!-- .entry-auhtor -->
<div class="site-posted-on">
<strong>Published</strong>
<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-05-26T12:25:01-07:00">May 26, 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-06-03T20:31:12-07:00">June 3, 2024</time> </div><!-- .site-posted-on -->
</div>
</article><!-- #post-## -->
<nav class="navigation post-navigation" aria-label="Posts">
<h2 class="screen-reader-text">Post navigation</h2>
<div class="nav-links"><div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/25/the-error-term-isnt-pareto-distributed/" rel="prev"><span class="meta-nav screen-reader-text">Previous Post</span> The error term isn&#8217;t Pareto&nbsp;distributed</a></div><div class="nav-next"><a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/you-cant-judge-risk-in-hindsight/" rel="next"><span class="meta-nav screen-reader-text">Next Post</span> You can&#8217;t judge risk in&nbsp;hindsight</a></div></div>
</nav>
<div id="comments" class="comments-area">
<h2 class="comments-title">
One thought on &ldquo;<span>The problem with a root cause is that it explains too&nbsp;much</span>&rdquo; </h2><!-- .comments-title -->
<ol class="comment-list">
<li id="comment-9434" class="pingback even thread-even depth-1">
<div class="comment-body">
Pingback: <a href="https://sreweekly.com/sre-weekly-issue-427/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">SRE Weekly Issue #427 &#8211; SRE WEEKLY</a> </div>
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
</ol><!-- .comment-list -->
<div id="respond" class="comment-respond">
<h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a comment <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/#respond" style="display:none;">Cancel reply</a></small></h3><form action="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form">
<div class="comment-form__verbum transparent"></div><div class="verbum-form-meta"><input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='3727' id='comment_post_ID' />
<input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' />
<input type="hidden" name="highlander_comment_nonce" id="highlander_comment_nonce" value="4affefa77f" />
<input type="hidden" name="verbum_show_subscription_modal" value="" /></div><p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="a6d82218e8" /></p><p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>&#916;<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_1" name="ak_js" value="66"/><script>
document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() );
</script>
</p></form> </div><!-- #respond -->
</div><!-- #comments -->
</main><!-- #main -->
</div><!-- #primary -->
<div id="secondary" class="widget-area" role="complementary">
<aside id="block-3" class="widget widget_block widget_search"><form role="search" method="get" action="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/" class="wp-block-search__button-outside wp-block-search__text-button wp-block-search" ><label class="wp-block-search__label" for="wp-block-search__input-1" >Search</label><div class="wp-block-search__inside-wrapper" ><input class="wp-block-search__input" id="wp-block-search__input-1" placeholder="" value="" type="search" name="s" required /><button aria-label="Search" class="wp-block-search__button wp-element-button" type="submit" >Search</button></div></form></aside><aside id="block-7" class="widget widget_block">
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://lorinhochstein.org">lorinhochstein.org</a></li>
<li><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/norootcause.surfingcomplexity.com">Bluesky</a></li>
<li><a href="https://hachyderm.io/@norootcause">Mastodon</a></li>
</ul>
</aside><aside id="block-4" class="widget widget_block widget_recent_entries"><ul class="wp-block-latest-posts__list wp-block-latest-posts is-layout-flow wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-flow"><li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2026/09/01/thoughts-on-the-buildkite-aug-25-incident/">Thoughts on the Buildkite Aug 25&nbsp;incident</a></li>
<li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2026/08/29/quick-thoughts-on-github-actions-aug-26-incident/">Quick thoughts on GitHub Actions Aug 26&nbsp;incident</a></li>
<li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2026/08/29/omnipresent-availability-risks-in-cloud-software/">Omnipresent availability risks in cloud&nbsp;software</a></li>
<li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2026/08/22/wild-ai-related-reliability-incidents-are-coming/">Wild AI-related reliability incidents are&nbsp;coming</a></li>
<li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2026/08/19/github-autoscaling-and-the-component-substitution-fallacy/">GitHub, autoscaling, and the component substitution&nbsp;fallacy</a></li>
</ul></aside></div><!-- #secondary -->
</div><!-- #content -->
<footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="site-info">
<a href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_blog" rel="nofollow">Blog at WordPress.com.</a>
</div><!-- .site-info -->
</footer><!-- #colophon -->
</div><!-- #content-wrapper -->
</div><!-- #page -->
<!-- -->
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/files/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/pub/independent-publisher-2/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script id="grofiles-cards-js" src="//0.gravatar.com/js/hovercards/hovercards.min.js?ver=202637d1133547e8a1f2801609f51cef12522abe7f6647d869e9fbc974fe356a37e613"></script>
<script id="wpgroho-js-extra">
var WPGroHo = {"my_hash":""};
//# sourceURL=wpgroho-js-extra
</script>
<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='/wp-content/mu-plugins/gravatar-hovercards/wpgroho.js?m=1610363240i'></script>
<script>
// Initialize and attach hovercards to all gravatars
( function() {
function init() {
if ( typeof Gravatar === 'undefined' ) {
return;
}
if ( typeof Gravatar.init !== 'function' ) {
return;
}
Gravatar.profile_cb = function ( hash, id ) {
WPGroHo.syncProfileData( hash, id );
};
Gravatar.my_hash = WPGroHo.my_hash;
Gravatar.init(
'body',
'#wp-admin-bar-my-account',
{
i18n: {
'Edit your profile →': 'Edit your profile →',
'View profile →': 'View profile →',
'Contact': 'Contact',
'Send money': 'Send money',
'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.': 'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.',
'Gravatar not found.': 'Gravatar not found.',
'Too Many Requests.': 'Too Many Requests.',
'Internal Server Error.': 'Internal Server Error.',
'Is this you?': 'Is this you?',
'Claim your free profile.': 'Claim your free profile.',
'Email': 'Email',
'Home Phone': 'Home Phone',
'Work Phone': 'Work Phone',
'Cell Phone': 'Cell Phone',
'Contact Form': 'Contact Form',
'Calendar': 'Calendar',
},
}
);
}
if ( document.readyState !== 'loading' ) {
init();
} else {
document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', init );
}
} )();
</script>
<div style="display:none">
<div class="grofile-hash-map-c690634d340d85fb40ac03668259ff1c">
</div>
</div>
<div id="actionbar" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"
class="actnbr-pub-independent-publisher-2 actnbr-has-follow actnbr-has-actions">
<ul>
<li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden">
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-comment" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/#comments">
<svg class="gridicon gridicons-comment" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M12 16l-5 5v-5H5c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2V5c0-1.1.9-2 2-2h14c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2v9c0 1.1-.9 2-2 2h-7z"/></g></svg> <span>Comment </span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden">
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-reblog" href="">
<svg class="gridicon gridicons-reblog" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M22.086 9.914L20 7.828V18c0 1.105-.895 2-2 2h-7v-2h7V7.828l-2.086 2.086L14.5 8.5 19 4l4.5 4.5-1.414 1.414zM6 16.172V6h7V4H6c-1.105 0-2 .895-2 2v10.172l-2.086-2.086L.5 15.5 5 20l4.5-4.5-1.414-1.414L6 16.172z"/></g></svg><span>Reblog</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden">
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-follow " href="">
<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m4 4.5h12v6.5h1.5v-6.5-1.5h-1.5-12-1.5v1.5 10.5c0 1.1046.89543 2 2 2h7v-1.5h-7c-.27614 0-.5-.2239-.5-.5zm10.5 2h-9v1.5h9zm-5 3h-4v1.5h4zm3.5 1.5h-1v1h1zm-1-1.5h-1.5v1.5 1 1.5h1.5 1 1.5v-1.5-1-1.5h-1.5zm-2.5 2.5h-4v1.5h4zm6.5 1.25h1.5v2.25h2.25v1.5h-2.25v2.25h-1.5v-2.25h-2.25v-1.5h2.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg>
<span>Subscribe</span>
</a>
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-following no-display" href="">
<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16 4.5H4V15C4 15.2761 4.22386 15.5 4.5 15.5H11.5V17H4.5C3.39543 17 2.5 16.1046 2.5 15V3H17.5V12.5H16V4.5ZM5.5 6.5H14.5V8H5.5V6.5ZM5.5 9.5H9.5V11H5.5V9.5ZM12 11H13V12H12V11ZM10.5 9.5H14.5V13.5H10.5V9.5ZM5.5 12H9.5V13.5H5.5V12Z" fill="#008A20"></path><path d="M19.5303 15.0303L15.5 19.0605L12.9697 16.5303L14.0303 15.4697L15.5 16.9395L18.4697 13.9697L19.5303 15.0303Z" fill="#008A20"></path></svg>
<span>Subscribed</span>
</a>
<div class="actnbr-popover tip tip-top-left actnbr-notice" id="follow-bubble">
<div class="tip-arrow"></div>
<div class="tip-inner actnbr-follow-bubble">
<ul>
<li class="actnbr-sitename">
<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog">
<img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=50' srcset='https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=50 1x, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=75 1.5x, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=100 2x, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=120 3x, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=120 4x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /> Surfing Complexity </a>
</li>
<div class="actnbr-message no-display"></div>
<form method="post" action="https://subscribe.wordpress.com" accept-charset="utf-8" style="display: none;">
<div class="actnbr-follow-count">Join 263 other subscribers</div>
<div>
<input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Enter your email address" class="actnbr-email-field" aria-label="Enter your email address" />
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe" />
<input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="30291541" />
<input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/" />
<input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="actionbar-follow" />
<input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="0db45c92b7" /> <div class="actnbr-button-wrap">
<button type="submit" value="Sign me up">
Sign me up </button>
</div>
</form>
<li class="actnbr-login-nudge">
<div>
Already have a WordPress.com account? <a href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fr-login.wordpress.com%2Fremote-login.php%3Faction%3Dlink%26back%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fsurfingcomplexity.blog%252F2024%252F05%252F26%252Fthe-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much%252F">Log in now.</a> </div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="actnbr-ellipsis actnbr-hidden">
<svg class="gridicon gridicons-ellipsis" height="24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7 12c0 1.104-.896 2-2 2s-2-.896-2-2 .896-2 2-2 2 .896 2 2zm12-2c-1.104 0-2 .896-2 2s.896 2 2 2 2-.896 2-2-.896-2-2-2zm-7 0c-1.104 0-2 .896-2 2s.896 2 2 2 2-.896 2-2-.896-2-2-2z"/></g></svg> <div class="actnbr-popover tip tip-top-left actnbr-more">
<div class="tip-arrow"></div>
<div class="tip-inner">
<ul>
<li class="actnbr-sitename">
<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog">
<img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=50' srcset='https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=50 1x, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=75 1.5x, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=100 2x, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=120 3x, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/surfer_1f3c4.png?w=120 4x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /> Surfing Complexity </a>
</li>
<li class="actnbr-folded-follow">
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-follow " href="">
<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m4 4.5h12v6.5h1.5v-6.5-1.5h-1.5-12-1.5v1.5 10.5c0 1.1046.89543 2 2 2h7v-1.5h-7c-.27614 0-.5-.2239-.5-.5zm10.5 2h-9v1.5h9zm-5 3h-4v1.5h4zm3.5 1.5h-1v1h1zm-1-1.5h-1.5v1.5 1 1.5h1.5 1 1.5v-1.5-1-1.5h-1.5zm-2.5 2.5h-4v1.5h4zm6.5 1.25h1.5v2.25h2.25v1.5h-2.25v2.25h-1.5v-2.25h-2.25v-1.5h2.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg>
<span>Subscribe</span>
</a>
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-following no-display" href="">
<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16 4.5H4V15C4 15.2761 4.22386 15.5 4.5 15.5H11.5V17H4.5C3.39543 17 2.5 16.1046 2.5 15V3H17.5V12.5H16V4.5ZM5.5 6.5H14.5V8H5.5V6.5ZM5.5 9.5H9.5V11H5.5V9.5ZM12 11H13V12H12V11ZM10.5 9.5H14.5V13.5H10.5V9.5ZM5.5 12H9.5V13.5H5.5V12Z" fill="#008A20"></path><path d="M19.5303 15.0303L15.5 19.0605L12.9697 16.5303L14.0303 15.4697L15.5 16.9395L18.4697 13.9697L19.5303 15.0303Z" fill="#008A20"></path></svg>
<span>Subscribed</span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="actnbr-signup"><a href="https://wordpress.com/start/">Sign up</a></li>
<li class="actnbr-login"><a href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fr-login.wordpress.com%2Fremote-login.php%3Faction%3Dlink%26back%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fsurfingcomplexity.blog%252F2024%252F05%252F26%252Fthe-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much%252F">Log in</a></li>
<li class="actnbr-shortlink">
<a href="https://wp.me/p236df-Y7">
<span class="actnbr-shortlink__text">Copy shortlink</span>
<span class="actnbr-shortlink__icon"><svg class="gridicon gridicons-checkmark" height="16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M9 19.414l-6.707-6.707 1.414-1.414L9 16.586 20.293 5.293l1.414 1.414"/></g></svg></span>
</a>
</li>
<li class="flb-report">
<a href="https://wordpress.com/abuse/?report_url=https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
Report this content </a>
</li>
<li class="actnbr-reader">
<a href="https://wordpress.com/reader/blogs/30291541/posts/3727">
View post in Reader </a>
</li>
<li class="actnbr-subs">
<a href="https://subscribe.wordpress.com/">Manage subscriptions</a>
</li>
<li class="actnbr-fold"><a href="">Collapse this bar</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<script>
window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function( event ) {
var link = document.createElement( "link" );
link.href = "/wp-content/mu-plugins/actionbar/actionbar.css?v=20250116";
link.type = "text/css";
link.rel = "stylesheet";
document.head.appendChild( link );
var script = document.createElement( "script" );
script.src = "/wp-content/mu-plugins/actionbar/actionbar.js?v=20250204";
document.body.appendChild( script );
} );
</script>
<div id="jp-carousel-loading-overlay" style="display: none;">
<div id="jp-carousel-loading-wrapper">
<span id="jp-carousel-library-loading"><svg class="jetpack-spinner" width="40" height="40" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="46" fill="none" stroke="#ddd" stroke-width="8"/><path d="M 50 4 A 46 46 0 0 1 96 50" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="8" stroke-linecap="round"><animateTransform attributeName="transform" type="rotate" dur="1.4s" from="0 50 50" to="360 50 50" repeatCount="indefinite"/></path></svg></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="jp-carousel-overlay" style="display: none;">
<div class="jp-carousel-container">
<!-- The Carousel Swiper -->
<div
class="jp-carousel-wrap swiper jp-carousel-swiper-container jp-carousel-transitions"
itemscope
itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageGallery">
<div class="jp-carousel swiper-wrapper"></div>
<div class="jp-swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev">
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<mask id="maskPrev" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="9" height="12">
<path d="M16.2072 16.59L11.6496 12L16.2072 7.41L14.8041 6L8.8335 12L14.8041 18L16.2072 16.59Z" fill="white"/>
</mask>
<g mask="url(#maskPrev)">
<rect x="0.579102" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
</g>
</svg>
</div>
<div class="jp-swiper-button-next swiper-button-next">
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<mask id="maskNext" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="8" height="12">
<path d="M8.59814 16.59L13.1557 12L8.59814 7.41L10.0012 6L15.9718 12L10.0012 18L8.59814 16.59Z" fill="white"/>
</mask>
<g mask="url(#maskNext)">
<rect x="0.34375" width="23.8822" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
</g>
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<!-- The main close buton -->
<div class="jp-carousel-close-hint">
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<mask id="maskClose" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="5" y="5" width="15" height="14">
<path d="M19.3166 6.41L17.9135 5L12.3509 10.59L6.78834 5L5.38525 6.41L10.9478 12L5.38525 17.59L6.78834 19L12.3509 13.41L17.9135 19L19.3166 17.59L13.754 12L19.3166 6.41Z" fill="white"/>
</mask>
<g mask="url(#maskClose)">
<rect x="0.409668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
</g>
</svg>
</div>
<!-- Image info, comments and meta -->
<div class="jp-carousel-info">
<div class="jp-carousel-info-footer">
<div class="jp-carousel-pagination-container">
<div class="jp-swiper-pagination swiper-pagination"></div>
<div class="jp-carousel-pagination"></div>
</div>
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container">
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-caption"></div>
</div>
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-icons-container">
<a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-info" aria-label="Toggle photo metadata visibility">
<span class="jp-carousel-icon">
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<mask id="maskInfo" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.7537 2C7.26076 2 2.80273 6.48 2.80273 12C2.80273 17.52 7.26076 22 12.7537 22C18.2466 22 22.7046 17.52 22.7046 12C22.7046 6.48 18.2466 2 12.7537 2ZM11.7586 7V9H13.7488V7H11.7586ZM11.7586 11V17H13.7488V11H11.7586ZM4.79292 12C4.79292 16.41 8.36531 20 12.7537 20C17.142 20 20.7144 16.41 20.7144 12C20.7144 7.59 17.142 4 12.7537 4C8.36531 4 4.79292 7.59 4.79292 12Z" fill="white"/>
</mask>
<g mask="url(#maskInfo)">
<rect x="0.8125" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
</g>
</svg>
</span>
</a>
<a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-comments" aria-label="Toggle photo comments visibility">
<span class="jp-carousel-icon">
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<mask id="maskComments" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.3271 2H20.2486C21.3432 2 22.2388 2.9 22.2388 4V16C22.2388 17.1 21.3432 18 20.2486 18H6.31729L2.33691 22V4C2.33691 2.9 3.2325 2 4.3271 2ZM6.31729 16H20.2486V4H4.3271V18L6.31729 16Z" fill="white"/>
</mask>
<g mask="url(#maskComments)">
<rect x="0.34668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
</g>
</svg>
<span class="jp-carousel-has-comments-indicator" aria-label="This image has comments."></span>
</span>
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="jp-carousel-info-extra">
<div class="jp-carousel-info-content-wrapper">
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container">
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-title"></div>
</div>
<div class="jp-carousel-comments-wrapper">
<div id="jp-carousel-comments-loading">
<span>Loading Comments...</span>
</div>
<div class="jp-carousel-comments"></div>
<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-container">
<span id="jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner"><svg class="jetpack-spinner" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><circle cx="50" cy="50" r="46" fill="none" stroke="#ddd" stroke-width="8"/><path d="M 50 4 A 46 46 0 0 1 96 50" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="8" stroke-linecap="round"><animateTransform attributeName="transform" type="rotate" dur="1.4s" from="0 50 50" to="360 50 50" repeatCount="indefinite"/></path></svg></span>
<div id="jp-carousel-comment-post-results"></div>
<form id="jp-carousel-comment-form">
<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" class="screen-reader-text">Write a Comment...</label>
<textarea
name="comment"
class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-textarea"
id="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field"
placeholder="Write a Comment..."
></textarea>
<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-submit-and-info-wrapper">
<div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as">
<fieldset>
<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field">Email (Required)</label>
<input type="text" name="email" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field">Name (Required)</label>
<input type="text" name="author" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field">Website</label>
<input type="text" name="url" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field" />
</fieldset>
</div>
<input
type="submit"
name="submit"
class="jp-carousel-comment-form-button"
id="jp-carousel-comment-form-button-submit"
value="Post Comment" />
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<div class="jp-carousel-image-meta">
<div class="jp-carousel-title-and-caption">
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-info">
<div class="jp-carousel-caption" itemprop="caption description"></div>
</div>
<div class="jp-carousel-photo-description"></div>
</div>
<a class="jp-carousel-image-download" href="#" aria-label="Download image" target="_blank" style="display: none;">
<svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<mask id="mask0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="3" width="19" height="18">
<path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.84615 5V19H19.7775V12H21.7677V19C21.7677 20.1 20.8721 21 19.7775 21H5.84615C4.74159 21 3.85596 20.1 3.85596 19V5C3.85596 3.9 4.74159 3 5.84615 3H12.8118V5H5.84615ZM14.802 5V3H21.7677V10H19.7775V6.41L9.99569 16.24L8.59261 14.83L18.3744 5H14.802Z" fill="white"/>
</mask>
<g mask="url(#mask0)">
<rect x="0.870605" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/>
</g>
</svg>
<span class="jp-carousel-download-text"></span>
</a>
<div class="jp-carousel-image-map" style="display: none;"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2024/05/26/the-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much/":3727};
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
(function () {
var wpcom_reblog = {
source: 'toolbar',
toggle_reblog_box_flair: function (obj_id, post_id) {
// Go to site selector. This will redirect to their blog if they only have one.
const postEndpoint = `https://wordpress.com/post`;
// Ideally we would use the permalink here, but fortunately this will be replaced with the
// post permalink in the editor.
const originalURL = `${ document.location.href }?page_id=${ post_id }`;
const url =
postEndpoint +
'?url=' +
encodeURIComponent( originalURL ) +
'&is_post_share=true' +
'&v=5';
const redirect = function () {
if (
! window.open( url, '_blank' )
) {
location.href = url;
}
};
if ( /Firefox/.test( navigator.userAgent ) ) {
setTimeout( redirect, 0 );
} else {
redirect();
}
},
};
window.wpcom_reblog = wpcom_reblog;
})();
</script>
<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='/wp-content/mu-plugins/likes/queuehandler.js?m=1741961244i'></script>
<script id="wp-hooks-js" src="/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/scripts/hooks/index.min.js?m=1788785546i&#038;ver=f0f188028580e8dc1255"></script>
<script id="wp-i18n-js" src="/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/scripts/i18n/index.min.js?m=1788785546i&#038;ver=1dfe7db3940c23ea9216"></script>
<script id="wp-i18n-js-after">
wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } );
//# sourceURL=wp-i18n-js-after
</script>
<script id="verbum-settings-js-before">
window.VerbumComments = {"Log in or provide your name and email to leave a reply.":"Log in or provide your name and email to leave a reply.","Log in or provide your name and email to leave a comment.":"Log in or provide your name and email to leave a comment.","Receive web and mobile notifications for posts on this site.":"Receive web and mobile notifications for posts on this site.","Name":"Name","Email (address never made public)":"Email (address never made public)","Website (optional)":"Website (optional)","Leave a reply. (log in optional)":"Leave a reply. (log in optional)","Leave a comment. (log in optional)":"Leave a comment. (log in optional)","Log in to leave a reply.":"Log in to leave a reply.","Log in to leave a comment.":"Log in to leave a comment.","Logged in via %s":"Logged in via %s","Log out":"Log out","Your browser is blocking the cookies needed to log in and comment here. Allow cookies in your privacy settings, then reload the page.":"Your browser is blocking the cookies needed to log in and comment here. Allow cookies in your privacy settings, then reload the page.","Email":"Email","(Address never made public)":"(Address never made public)","Instantly":"Instantly","Daily":"Daily","Reply":"Reply","Comment":"Comment","WordPress":"WordPress","Weekly":"Weekly","Notify me of new posts":"Notify me of new posts","Email me new posts":"Email me new posts","Email me new comments":"Email me new comments","Cancel":"Cancel","Write a comment...":"Write a comment...","Write a reply...":"Write a reply...","Website":"Website","Optional":"Optional","We'll keep you in the loop!":"We'll keep you in the loop!","Loading your comment...":"Loading your comment...","Discover more from":"Discover more from Surfing Complexity","Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.":"Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.","Continue reading":"Continue reading","Never miss a beat!":"Never miss a beat!","Interested in getting blog post updates? Simply click the button below to stay in the loop!":"Interested in getting blog post updates? Simply click the button below to stay in the loop!","Enter your email address":"Enter your email address","Subscribe":"Subscribe","Comment sent successfully":"Comment sent successfully","Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.":"Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.","hovercardi18n":{"Edit your profile \u2192":"Edit your profile \u2192","View profile \u2192":"View profile \u2192","Contact":"Contact","Send money":"Send money","Gravatar not found.":"Gravatar not found.","This profile is private.":"This profile is private.","Too Many Requests.":"Too Many Requests.","Internal Server Error.":"Internal Server Error.","Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.":"Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile."},"siteId":30291541,"postId":3727,"mustLogIn":false,"requireNameEmail":true,"commentRegistration":false,"connectURL":"https://lorinhochstein.wordpress.com/public.api/connect/?action=request\u0026domain=surfingcomplexity.blog","logoutURL":"https://lorinhochstein.wordpress.com/wp-login.php?action=logout\u0026_wpnonce=b263a00deb","homeURL":"https://surfingcomplexity.blog/","subscribeToBlog":true,"subscribeToComment":true,"isJetpackCommentsLoggedIn":false,"jetpackUsername":"","jetpackUserId":0,"jetpackSignature":"","jetpackAvatar":"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/?s=96\u0026amp;d=identicon\u0026amp;r=G","enableBlocks":true,"enableSubscriptionModal":true,"currentLocale":"en","isJetpackComments":false,"allowedBlocks":["core/paragraph","core/list","core/code","core/list-item","core/quote","core/image","core/embed","core/quote","core/code"],"embedNonce":"2db44e3fcc","verbumBundleUrl":"/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin/moon/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-mu-wpcom/src/features/verbum-comments/dist/index.js","isRTL":false,"vbeCacheBuster":1771405207,"iframeUniqueId":0,"colorScheme":false}
//# sourceURL=verbum-settings-js-before
</script>
<script data-wp-strategy="defer" defer id="verbum-dynamic-loader-js" src="/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin/moon/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-mu-wpcom/src/build/verbum-comments/assets/dynamic-loader.js?m=1772518873i&#038;minify=false&#038;ver=8b5296f9195db92c42e4"></script>
<script id="coblocks-loader-js-extra">
var wpcom_coblocks_js = {"coblocks_masonry_js":"https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/2.18.1-simple-rev.4/dist/js/coblocks-masonry.min.js?m=1681832297i","coblocks_lightbox_js":"https://s2.wp.com/wp-content/plugins/coblocks/2.18.1-simple-rev.4/dist/js/coblocks-lightbox.min.js?m=1681832297i","jquery_core_js":"/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js","jquery_migrate_js":"/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js","masonry_js":"/wp-includes/js/masonry.min.js","imagesloaded_js":"/wp-includes/js/imagesloaded.min.js"};
var coblocksLigthboxData = {"closeLabel":"Close Gallery","leftLabel":"Previous","rightLabel":"Next"};
//# sourceURL=coblocks-loader-js-extra
</script>
<script id="jetpack-carousel-js-extra">
var jetpackSwiperLibraryPath = {"url":"/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/moon/_inc/blocks/swiper.js"};
var jetpackCarouselStrings = {"widths":[370,700,1000,1200,1400,2000],"is_logged_in":"","lang":"en","ajaxurl":"https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"fd1855488a","display_exif":"1","display_comments":"1","single_image_gallery":"1","single_image_gallery_media_file":"","background_color":"black","comment":"Comment","post_comment":"Post Comment","write_comment":"Write a Comment...","loading_comments":"Loading Comments...","image_label":"Open image in full-screen.","download_original":"View full size \u003Cspan class=\"photo-size\"\u003E{0}\u003Cspan class=\"photo-size-times\"\u003E\u00d7\u003C/span\u003E{1}\u003C/span\u003E","no_comment_text":"Please be sure to submit some text with your comment.","no_comment_email":"Please provide an email address to comment.","no_comment_author":"Please provide your name to comment.","comment_post_error":"Sorry, but there was an error posting your comment. Please try again later.","comment_approved":"Your comment was approved.","comment_unapproved":"Your comment is in moderation.","camera":"Camera","aperture":"Aperture","shutter_speed":"Shutter Speed","focal_length":"Focal Length","copyright":"Copyright","comment_registration":"0","require_name_email":"1","login_url":"https://lorinhochstein.wordpress.com/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fsurfingcomplexity.blog%2F2024%2F05%2F26%2Fthe-problem-with-a-root-cause-is-that-it-explains-too-much%2F","blog_id":"30291541","meta_data":["camera","aperture","shutter_speed","focal_length","copyright"],"stats_query_args":"blog=30291541&v=wpcom&tz=-7&user_id=0&subd=lorinhochstein","is_public":"1"};
//# sourceURL=jetpack-carousel-js-extra
</script>
<script id="sharing-js-js-extra">
var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"};
//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-extra
</script>
<script id="jetpack-script-data-js-before">
window.JetpackScriptData = {"site":{"host":"wpcom","is_wpcom_platform":true}};
//# sourceURL=jetpack-script-data-js-before
</script>
<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='/_static/??-eJydkN1uwjAMhV9oaYBtwC4mHgWZxIDb/Cl2YLz90kJZhaZp4iaKj+3v2NbnpEwMgkF0cuVAgbWJOxdNx3rRzNfNXDH55FBlPDVv2hKLbn+KlItgMTeeQtPyi57w5IgeWaey0xQsJqxPEFVjR3zErBY9KMCJDiAUn+znjpJyFDq1j6aw2tPXCKJgXLEVMczrfd+dMbnLk9NWnmaTKYk6pwp8RPiixhu2KAlMp6o0lN4S2scYxuT2VD1i1lAkehAhc28DZhTWu0LO3sWbtQWBfzhPDbf95FeYgRwLo7vXjcJvN5lgoSP2KOq1mV1xo7DPQ7H9o3e0uJ7iIXx+FT5CRgvWXoYvhcNth43/nK/Wq4/32Xq5bL8B61oT8g=='></script>
<script id="sharing-js-js-after">
window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "twitter" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350";
window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "facebook" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400";
//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-after
</script>
<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
{"baseUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?m=1783090810i&ver=7.1.1-alpha-63555"}}
</script>
<script type="module">
/*! This file is auto-generated */
var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))});
//# sourceURL=/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
</script>
<iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20260912#ver=20260912' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe>
<div id='likes-other-gravatars' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
<script src="//stats.wp.com/w.js?69" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript">
_tkq = window._tkq || [];
_stq = window._stq || [];
_tkq.push(['storeContext', {'blog_id':'30291541','blog_tz':'-7','user_lang':'en','blog_lang':'en','user_id':'0'}]);
// Prevent sending pageview tracking from WP-Admin pages.
_stq.push(['view', {'blog':'30291541','v':'wpcom','tz':'-7','user_id':'0','post':'3727','subd':'lorinhochstein'}]);
_stq.push(['extra', {'crypt':'UE5tW3cvZGRTd1VXTHx0Q0pyYT89K3QrZXh+YlZCT3lNLEN2NzQ2Njh8QTJiL1BzZVh+MTlwZTc3TkdTOFRnU0szQW1JRDNWXXZWanJ3XTl4VUZXRjZhNiZhc1h3aTBvZC5rSklvMTRvX3U0QyxEd0tOS19HSkFHUVVmP3JJTXZFZGVWdVREPyUlb3VVdFM2ZCUyd0xxNjhyfnkzZFRLK0dhT2lsK0c5VmhWdFV2JjRiS2l+NXx5QXRMMnR+PW9NL0s1QWVaNFsmV25OOVksMFBxNENBLQ=='}]);
_stq.push([ 'clickTrackerInit', '30291541', '3727' ]);
</script>
<noscript><img src="https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" style="height:1px;width:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;bottom:1px;" alt="" /></noscript>
<meta id="bilmur" property="bilmur:data" content="" data-provider="wordpress.com" data-service="simple" data-site-tz="America/Los_Angeles" data-custom-props="{&quot;logged_in&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;wptheme&quot;:&quot;pub\/independent-publisher-2&quot;,&quot;wptheme_is_block&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}" >
<script defer src="/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?i=17&amp;m=202637"></script>
<script>
(function() {
'use strict';
const fetches = {};
const promises = {};
const urls = {
'wp-polyfill': '/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?m=1786440387i&ver=3.15.0',
'verbum': '/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin/moon/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-mu-wpcom/src/build/verbum-comments/verbum-comments.js?m=1788898305i&minify=false&ver=3d6130a57c3104d5bc3b'
};
const loaders = {
'verbum': () => {
fetchExternalScript('wp-polyfill');
fetchExternalScript('verbum');
promises['wp-polyfill'] = promises['wp-polyfill'] || loadWPScript('wp-polyfill');
promises['verbum'] = promises['verbum'] || promises['wp-polyfill'].then( () => loadWPScript('verbum') );
return promises['verbum'];
},
};
const scriptExtras = {
};
window.WP_Enqueue_Dynamic_Script = {
loadScript: (handle) => {
if (!loaders[handle]) {
console.error('WP_Enqueue_Dynamic_Script: unregistered script `' + handle + '`.');
}
return loaders[handle]();
}
};
function fetchExternalScript(handle) {
if (!urls[handle]) {
return Promise.resolve();
}
fetches[handle] = fetches[handle] || fetch(urls[handle], { mode: 'no-cors' });
return fetches[handle];
}
function runExtraScript(handle, type, index) {
const id = 'wp-enqueue-dynamic-script:' + handle + ':' + type + ':' + (index + 1);
const template = document.getElementById(id);
if (!template) {
return Promise.reject();
}
const script = document.createElement( 'script' );
script.innerHTML = template.innerHTML;
document.body.appendChild( script );
return Promise.resolve();
}
function loadExternalScript(handle) {
if (!urls[handle]) {
return Promise.resolve();
}
return fetches[handle].then(() => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const script = document.createElement('script');
script.onload = () => resolve();
script.onerror = (e) => reject(e);
script.src = urls[handle];
document.body.appendChild(script);
});
});
}
function loadExtra(handle, pos) {
const count = (scriptExtras[handle] && scriptExtras[handle][pos]) || 0;
let promise = Promise.resolve();
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
promise = promise.then(() => runExtraScript(handle, pos, i));
}
return promise;
}
function loadWPScript(handle) {
// Core loads scripts in this order. See: https://github.com/WordPress/WordPress/blob/a59eb9d39c4fcba834b70c9e8dfd64feeec10ba6/wp-includes/class-wp-scripts.php#L428.
return loadExtra(handle, 'translations')
.then(() => loadExtra(handle, 'before'))
.then(() => loadExternalScript(handle))
.then(() => loadExtra(handle, 'after'));
}
} )();
</script>
</body>
</html>
<!--
generated in 0.163 seconds
119607 bytes batcached for 300 seconds
-->