484 lines
293 KiB
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293 KiB
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<title data-rh="true">Scale is the only problem left - by Jos Visser</title>
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<meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:player" content="https://josvisser.substack.com/embed/podcast/scale-is-the-only-problem-left?autoplay=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:player:width" content="1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:player:height" content="1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:text:player_width" content="1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:text:player_height" content="1"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Scale is the only problem left"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="Scale is the only problem left"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="But the effort curve is not linear…"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="But the effort curve is not linear…"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="But the effort curve is not linear…"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G4KI!,w_1200,h_600,c_fill,f_jpg,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-video.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fvideo_upload%2Fpost%2F172058391%2F5bd2b7e5-fc43-47fb-ac87-4fd3c774d069%2Ftranscoded-00001.png"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y4oY!,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fjosvisser.substack.com%2Fapi%2Fv1%2Fpost_preview%2F172058391%2Ftwitter.jpg%3Fversion%3D4"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:modified_time" content="2025-08-27T13:31:11.339Z"/>
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10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><div class="label">Share</div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-16 pc-reset"><div class="postContentWrapper-MYe7fH"><div class="dt-post-body"><div class="available-content"><div dir="auto" class="body markup"><p><em><span>(Like this article? Read more </span><a href="https://josvisser.substack.com/">Wednesday Wisdom</a><span>! No time to read? No worries! This article is also available as a </span><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/3dl5l7fOGmMCNUqxHkJ7qY">podcast</a><span>). You can also ask your questions to our specially trained </span><a href="https://chatgpt.com/g/g-677076fcad6c8191bd0124f7b3284a9f-midweek-muse">GPT</a><span>!</span></em></p><p><span>One of the topics that is on my mind a lot these days is the </span><a href="https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/our-self-inflicted-cloud-crisis/">discussion</a><span> that is going on in Europe about their dependency on US hyperscalers and the perceived need for a “sovereign cloud”. I got many thoughts about why Europe is unable to get a decent sized cloud or AI business off the ground, but these thoughts are more opinion than wisdom and so a better fit for my other publication: </span><a href="https://josvisser2.substack.com/">Thursday Thoughts</a><span>.</span></p><blockquote><p><a href="https://josvisser2.substack.com/">Thursday Thoughts</a><span> is an irregular and infrequent article series that is more opinionated than </span><a href="https://josvisser.substack.com/">Wednesday Wisdom</a><span>. Subscribe today!</span></p></blockquote><p><span>An interesting aspect of this </span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7323009615930048513?updateEntityUrn=urn%3Ali%3Afs_updateV2%3A%28urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7323009615930048513%2CFEED_DETAIL%2CEMPTY%2CDEFAULT%2Cfalse%29">discussion</a><span> are the posts on LinkedIn by people who claim that there is no need to use US hyperscalers at all because “There is <</span><a href="https://www.stackit.de/en/">European company XYZ</a><span>> which is really good” or “You can just </span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7357490871820283904/">do it all yourself</a><span> using open source tools like </span><a href="https://nextcloud.com/">NextCloud</a><span>”. What these posters either conveniently ignore or do not seem to understand is the problem of scale.</span></p><p><span>Until quite recently, technology was not powerful enough to solve even a single organization’s set of administrative and business problems. At the start of my career, I worked in the IT organization of a large Dutch bank and we would regularly have to tell internal customers that what they wanted was not possible, not even on </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_3090">our whopping four core mainframe</a><span> with its equally whopping 64MB of internal memory and our impressive array of 1.8GB disks. Fortunately, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law">Gordon Moore</a><span> came to the rescue and by now there is pretty much no administrative or business problem that cannot be solved using the computers, networks, and storage devices that a reasonable amount of money can buy.</span></p><p><span>How come then that there are still many organizations with IT problems? For instance, the Dutch IRS is suffering from perpetual </span><a href="https://ibestuur.nl/artikel/een-programmeertaal-uit-de-jaren-tachtig-legt-vernieuwing-belastingdienst-lam/">problems</a><span> with their IT infrastructure, which is apparently even endangering the continuation of tax collection.</span></p><blockquote><p>At first sight this sounds amazing, but I guarantee you that if that happens the joy will last only five minutes because any advanced Western country’s economy is intricately interlinked with the government’s cash flow.</p></blockquote><p><span>In a similar vein, a project to automate the Dutch court system’s core business processes </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366951834_Digitising_the_Judicial_Sector_A_Case_Study_of_the_Dutch_KEI_Programme">failed</a><span> grandiosely. And lest you think that this is a government-only problem: Shipyard </span><a href="https://www.damen.com/companies/naval">Damen Naval</a><span> recently got itself into financial trouble because of </span><a href="https://nltimes.nl/2025/07/10/mps-approve-eu270-million-government-support-damen-shipyards">problems</a><span> in their design software that are plaguing the timely delivery of six frigates for the German navy.</span></p><p><span>None of these examples are about things that are fundamentally impossible. The tax code is intricate, but not beyond expression in computer code. The court system’s internal workings might be arcane, but we have been doing courts since before the Romans so we kind of know how to do that. And the design software for naval frigates is surely not simple, but humanity has built complicated things before using similar software. These organizations are </span><em>not</em><span> struggling to fit their problem into their computers’ and networks’ physical limitations.</span></p><p>Instead, the problem at hand is scale.</p><p><span>For years, I ran our company’s email server using approximately the </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/sendmail-Nutshell-Handbook-Costales-Paperback/dp/B011DBS9KM">same software</a><span> that the large email providers of the day used. At first this was easy, but pretty soon it became a hassle as we got more employees and also more spam, more email viruses, and more phishing attempts. As our email infrastructure became more complicated and more load bearing for our company, we started getting occasional reports from customers asking why we hadn’t responded to their emails? When that happened, it usually turned out that for <insert technical reason here>, the email hadn’t made it to the intended recipient’s inbox. Eventually, we ditched our own email solution and took out a subscription with a big US hyperscaler. Since that fateful decision we have had zero problems with email and have spent zero effort keeping that email flowing. The big American hyperscaler isn’t exactly cheap, but cheaper than me or one of my colleagues spending an hour a week keeping email going and definitely cheaper than missing a business opportunity because the email didn’t arrive.</span></p><p>The problem, again, is scale.</p><p><span>Running your own email infrastructure for an </span><em>occasional</em><span> email is not a problem. But running a reliable and secure email service for a larger group of people </span><em>is</em><span> a problem. And running an email service for thousands of people or more is a really </span><em>big</em><span> problem. It stands to reason that more users and more requirements requires more effort, but unfortunately that effort curve is not linear. The scale versus effort curve has a weird shape with all sorts of inflection points that represent an abrupt step in size and complexity that requires a vast increase in the effort needed to evolve the solution to a place where further growth is possible.</span></p><p>Let’s look at running IT services for a company. Running a few services on a single computer is usually a small effort. But, as the environment grows, you immediately hit the first inflection point as you need to go from one to two computers. The reason for the extra effort is that most of the techniques you use to keep a single computer running do not work well once you have two computers. Suddenly you have a software and configuration file distribution problem. Or you might need load balancing, failover, or replication. These are solvable problems though and if you know what you are doing (always a good idea), you’ll get this up and running soon enough.</p><p><span>The tools and techniques that you instituted for two computers will keep you in good stead as you grow to more computers, but there comes a point where they don’t suffice anymore and you need to come up with </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlCbFu5dpc8">something completely different</a><span>. It might happen at ten computers, maybe at fifty, but depending on the exact circumstances, there will come a time where your solution doesn’t scale anymore. At this point, you might need to start thinking about using </span><a href="https://kubernetes.io/">Kubernetes</a><span>. Or maybe your shell scripts to distribute software need to be replaced by </span><a href="https://netflixtechblog.com/global-continuous-delivery-with-spinnaker-2a6896c23ba7">Spinnaker</a><span>. And your PostgreSQL database might need to be replaced by some distributed database or key/value store. These solutions will help you grow some more, but eventually there might even come a time when these tools no longer work and you have reached another inflection point.</span></p><p><span>At one of my employers we reached a point where we needed to run a large and tightly connected set of services at a scale that </span><a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/best-practices/cluster-large/">defied Kubernetes</a><span>. What are you going to do then? What’s the alternative? It is of course possible to design and run a cluster that allows for more machines than Kubernetes’ measly 5,000 nodes: </span><a href="https://engineering.fb.com/2019/06/06/data-center-engineering/twine/">Facebook</a><span> does it, </span><a href="https://research.google/pubs/large-scale-cluster-management-at-google-with-borg/">Google</a><span> does it, AWS does it. But it is not exactly trivial.</span></p><p><span>These inflection points happen in every growth curve and represent the fact that every solution has an applicable range around a sweet spot. The entire curve is made up of these ranges, but the solutions are often fundamentally different for each range and often do not form a continuous spectrum. When you reach the upper limit of what a solution can do, you need to start doing something else altogether. At the scale of US hyperscalers there is stuff happening that is completely incomprehensible to almost everyone who hasn’t worked in these environments. As I used to tell potential candidates: “At our scale, </span><em>everything</em><span> is difficult”.</span></p><p>Way back when I was at Google interviewing candidates for SRE roles, one of the things that we were looking for was whether people understood the problems of scale. For that reason, our interview questions were often of the nature: “Please design a system to keep a set of configuration files in sync across ten million machines distributed in 100 datacenters, one of which is on the moon.” That is the kind of question that separates the professionals from the novices. To design a system for that problem size, you need a completely new way of thinking and probably nothing you ever worked with works for that scale. Not the software, not even the architecture or design patterns. It is also a good sort of question to weed out candidates who just cannot deal with that scale.</p><blockquote><p>One candidate kept muttering to themselves: “That is really a lot of machines. … Wow, …. That's a lot. Of machines…”</p></blockquote><p><span>One of the issues at large scale is that it exacerbates a lot of failure modes that you can just brush under the carpet at the lower end of the curve. When you have ten million machines, </span><em>every</em><span> possible problem occurs. Machines improbably freeze for two minutes and then wake up as if nothing happened. There will be CRC-defying bit errors in RAM and data transfer. Some machines will inexplicably run outdated versions of the software. Some others will mysteriously have a data rate of 1200 baud (despite having a 10 Gbps ethernet card). Operating at scale means that you need to take </span><em>every</em><span> eventuality into account.</span></p><p>Operating at scale also means that you need to think about your requirements differently. Things that are relatively easy to do for a small group of users in a single location are physically impossible to pull off for a large group of users who are distributed across the world. Consistency is often the first thing to go out of the window. Latency is usually next, given that the speed of light is a mere foot per nanosecond.</p><p><span>Scale also impacts organizational processes. Figuring out a new way of sharing documents within your team is easy, but as the group of people grows and grows, it becomes an impossible project as a larger group makes it exponentially harder to figure out the requirements, prioritize them appropriately, and reach consensus. Just like a larger technological base makes every rare event a regular occurrence, a larger user base makes every human condition a fact of life that you have to deal with. I have had the privilege to work in the HR department of a large tech company with millions of employees across dozens of countries. When you have that many employees, </span><em>everything</em><span> happens. People with duplicate social security numbers, people with the same name and same date of birth, people without an address, people without an </span><em>email</em><span> address or cell phone, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononym">people without a last name</a><span>. You name it, we had it! The problems at that scale were such that no standard HR system worked for us and so we kept ourselves quite busy building our own.</span></p><p><span>Scale makes everything hard. Remember that when someone </span><a href="https://www.cio.com/article/3974083/it-leaders-on-doges-bold-cobol-ambitions-pure-folly.html">proposes to rewrite all of the government’s COBOL programs</a><span> in a few months or wanst to </span><a href="https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/20/amid-calls-for-sovereign-eu-tech-stack-evroc-raises-55m-to-build-a-hyperscale-cloud-in-europe/">build a European hyperscaler</a><span> from scratch. With the current state of technology the problems might be physically solvable, but that does not mean at all it’ll be easy.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png" width="470" height="50.85245901639344" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":66,"width":610,"resizeWidth":470,"bytes":null,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p><em>Wednesday Wisdom is off the scale! 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href="https://josvisser.substack.com/p/know-thyself" data-testid="post-preview-title" class="pencraft pc-reset color-pub-primary-text-NyXPlw font-pub-headings-FE5byy clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-2-kM02pu reset-IxiVJZ">Know thyself</a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-inline pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-1-eSN73l reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><time datetime="2026-07-01T19:40:33.439Z" class="date-rtYe1v">Jul 1</time> <span class="dividerChar-SbAJEi">•</span> <span class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ"><a href="https://substack.com/@josvisser" class="link-HFGLqU">Jos Visser</a></span></div></div></div></div><div tabindex="0" aria-label="Post preview for Security is not just a feeling" role="article" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-padding-8 pc-position-relative pc-reset pc-borderRadius-sm container-H2dyKk"><div class="pencraft 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0.134078 4.54749 0.393296L15.1575 6.54302C15.9531 7.00782 16.3106 7.39218 16.3106 8C16.3106 8.61676 15.9531 9.00112 15.1575 9.45698L4.54749 15.6067C4.10056 15.8659 3.75196 16 3.35866 16Z"></path></g></svg></button></div><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZMQ!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d472662-2f02-4173-8dde-a3d886317059_1619x971.jpeg 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZMQ!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d472662-2f02-4173-8dde-a3d886317059_1619x971.jpeg 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZMQ!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d472662-2f02-4173-8dde-a3d886317059_1619x971.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZMQ!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d472662-2f02-4173-8dde-a3d886317059_1619x971.jpeg 450w" sizes="(min-width:768px) 50vw, 100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZMQ!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d472662-2f02-4173-8dde-a3d886317059_1619x971.jpeg" sizes="(min-width:768px) 50vw, 100vw" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZMQ!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d472662-2f02-4173-8dde-a3d886317059_1619x971.jpeg 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZMQ!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d472662-2f02-4173-8dde-a3d886317059_1619x971.jpeg 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZMQ!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d472662-2f02-4173-8dde-a3d886317059_1619x971.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YZMQ!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d472662-2f02-4173-8dde-a3d886317059_1619x971.jpeg 450w" width="150" height="150" style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="img-OACg1c image-nBNbRY pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-4 pc-reset"><a style="font-size:calc(15px * var(--font_size_headings_multiplier, 1));line-height:calc(1em * var(--font_size_headings_line_height_ratio, 1.3333333333333333));" tabindex="-1" href="https://josvisser.substack.com/p/security-is-not-just-a-feeling" data-testid="post-preview-title" class="pencraft pc-reset color-pub-primary-text-NyXPlw font-pub-headings-FE5byy clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-2-kM02pu reset-IxiVJZ">Security is not just a feeling</a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-inline pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-1-eSN73l reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><time datetime="2026-06-24T07:16:27.750Z" class="date-rtYe1v">Jun 24</time> <span class="dividerChar-SbAJEi">•</span> <span class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ"><a href="https://substack.com/@josvisser" class="link-HFGLqU">Jos Visser</a></span></div></div></div></div><div tabindex="0" aria-label="Post preview for How to start a remote SRE team" role="article" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-padding-8 pc-position-relative pc-reset pc-borderRadius-sm container-H2dyKk"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-reset"><div style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="image-UySkN_ container-XxSyR3"><div style="transition:opacity var(--animation-timing-fast) var(--animation-smooth);" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-opacity-100 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-inset-0 pc-reset"><button style="width:32px;height:32px;" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="n" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft video-player-play-pause-button media-XfKJl4 size_md-gCDS3o priority_primary-RfbeYt iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_primary-RfbeYt rounded-SYxRdz"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="stroke:none;" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-label="Play" class="videoIcon-pEKkgy"><g><path d="M3.35866 16C2.58101 16 2 15.4101 2 14.4447V1.55531C2 0.598883 2.58101 0 3.35866 0C3.75196 0 4.10056 0.134078 4.54749 0.393296L15.1575 6.54302C15.9531 7.00782 16.3106 7.39218 16.3106 8C16.3106 8.61676 15.9531 9.00112 15.1575 9.45698L4.54749 15.6067C4.10056 15.8659 3.75196 16 3.35866 16Z"></path></g></svg></button></div><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gILg!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cded40-f522-4317-9553-ce19f0e660a2_1536x1024.jpeg 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gILg!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cded40-f522-4317-9553-ce19f0e660a2_1536x1024.jpeg 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gILg!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cded40-f522-4317-9553-ce19f0e660a2_1536x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gILg!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cded40-f522-4317-9553-ce19f0e660a2_1536x1024.jpeg 450w" sizes="(min-width:768px) 50vw, 100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gILg!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cded40-f522-4317-9553-ce19f0e660a2_1536x1024.jpeg" sizes="(min-width:768px) 50vw, 100vw" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gILg!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cded40-f522-4317-9553-ce19f0e660a2_1536x1024.jpeg 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gILg!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cded40-f522-4317-9553-ce19f0e660a2_1536x1024.jpeg 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gILg!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cded40-f522-4317-9553-ce19f0e660a2_1536x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gILg!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cded40-f522-4317-9553-ce19f0e660a2_1536x1024.jpeg 450w" width="150" height="150" style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="img-OACg1c image-nBNbRY pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-4 pc-reset"><a style="font-size:calc(15px * var(--font_size_headings_multiplier, 1));line-height:calc(1em * var(--font_size_headings_line_height_ratio, 1.3333333333333333));" tabindex="-1" href="https://josvisser.substack.com/p/how-to-start-a-remote-sre-team" data-testid="post-preview-title" class="pencraft pc-reset color-pub-primary-text-NyXPlw font-pub-headings-FE5byy clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-2-kM02pu reset-IxiVJZ">How to start a remote SRE team</a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-inline pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-1-eSN73l reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><time datetime="2026-06-17T13:11:09.393Z" class="date-rtYe1v">Jun 17</time> <span class="dividerChar-SbAJEi">•</span> <span class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ"><a href="https://substack.com/@josvisser" class="link-HFGLqU">Jos Visser</a></span></div></div></div></div><div tabindex="0" aria-label="Post preview for On writing interview feedback" role="article" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-padding-8 pc-position-relative pc-reset pc-borderRadius-sm container-H2dyKk"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-reset"><div style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="image-UySkN_ container-XxSyR3"><div style="transition:opacity var(--animation-timing-fast) var(--animation-smooth);" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-opacity-100 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-inset-0 pc-reset"><button style="width:32px;height:32px;" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="n" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft video-player-play-pause-button media-XfKJl4 size_md-gCDS3o priority_primary-RfbeYt iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_primary-RfbeYt rounded-SYxRdz"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="stroke:none;" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-label="Play" class="videoIcon-pEKkgy"><g><path d="M3.35866 16C2.58101 16 2 15.4101 2 14.4447V1.55531C2 0.598883 2.58101 0 3.35866 0C3.75196 0 4.10056 0.134078 4.54749 0.393296L15.1575 6.54302C15.9531 7.00782 16.3106 7.39218 16.3106 8C16.3106 8.61676 15.9531 9.00112 15.1575 9.45698L4.54749 15.6067C4.10056 15.8659 3.75196 16 3.35866 16Z"></path></g></svg></button></div><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G8At!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c90daf0-e686-47db-b5b2-c3dac431d67d_1536x1024.jpeg 150w, 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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G8At!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c90daf0-e686-47db-b5b2-c3dac431d67d_1536x1024.jpeg" sizes="(min-width:768px) 50vw, 100vw" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G8At!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c90daf0-e686-47db-b5b2-c3dac431d67d_1536x1024.jpeg 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G8At!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c90daf0-e686-47db-b5b2-c3dac431d67d_1536x1024.jpeg 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G8At!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c90daf0-e686-47db-b5b2-c3dac431d67d_1536x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G8At!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8c90daf0-e686-47db-b5b2-c3dac431d67d_1536x1024.jpeg 450w" width="150" height="150" style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="img-OACg1c image-nBNbRY pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-4 pc-reset"><a style="font-size:calc(15px * var(--font_size_headings_multiplier, 1));line-height:calc(1em * var(--font_size_headings_line_height_ratio, 1.3333333333333333));" tabindex="-1" href="https://josvisser.substack.com/p/on-writing-interview-feedback" data-testid="post-preview-title" class="pencraft pc-reset color-pub-primary-text-NyXPlw font-pub-headings-FE5byy clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-2-kM02pu reset-IxiVJZ">On writing interview feedback</a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-inline pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-1-eSN73l reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><time datetime="2026-06-10T13:09:10.515Z" class="date-rtYe1v">Jun 10</time> <span class="dividerChar-SbAJEi">•</span> <span class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ"><a href="https://substack.com/@josvisser" class="link-HFGLqU">Jos Visser</a></span></div></div></div></div><div tabindex="0" aria-label="Post preview for A possible future of software engineering" role="article" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-padding-8 pc-position-relative pc-reset pc-borderRadius-sm container-H2dyKk"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-reset"><div style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="image-UySkN_ container-XxSyR3"><div style="transition:opacity var(--animation-timing-fast) var(--animation-smooth);" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-opacity-100 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-inset-0 pc-reset"><button style="width:32px;height:32px;" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="n" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft video-player-play-pause-button media-XfKJl4 size_md-gCDS3o priority_primary-RfbeYt iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_primary-RfbeYt rounded-SYxRdz"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="stroke:none;" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-label="Play" class="videoIcon-pEKkgy"><g><path d="M3.35866 16C2.58101 16 2 15.4101 2 14.4447V1.55531C2 0.598883 2.58101 0 3.35866 0C3.75196 0 4.10056 0.134078 4.54749 0.393296L15.1575 6.54302C15.9531 7.00782 16.3106 7.39218 16.3106 8C16.3106 8.61676 15.9531 9.00112 15.1575 9.45698L4.54749 15.6067C4.10056 15.8659 3.75196 16 3.35866 16Z"></path></g></svg></button></div><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rkYP!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07cb0b9a-6d4d-41fd-91ad-7d72db8c806b_1536x1024.jpeg 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rkYP!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07cb0b9a-6d4d-41fd-91ad-7d72db8c806b_1536x1024.jpeg 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rkYP!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07cb0b9a-6d4d-41fd-91ad-7d72db8c806b_1536x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rkYP!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07cb0b9a-6d4d-41fd-91ad-7d72db8c806b_1536x1024.jpeg 450w" sizes="(min-width:768px) 50vw, 100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rkYP!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07cb0b9a-6d4d-41fd-91ad-7d72db8c806b_1536x1024.jpeg" sizes="(min-width:768px) 50vw, 100vw" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rkYP!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07cb0b9a-6d4d-41fd-91ad-7d72db8c806b_1536x1024.jpeg 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rkYP!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07cb0b9a-6d4d-41fd-91ad-7d72db8c806b_1536x1024.jpeg 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rkYP!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07cb0b9a-6d4d-41fd-91ad-7d72db8c806b_1536x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rkYP!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F07cb0b9a-6d4d-41fd-91ad-7d72db8c806b_1536x1024.jpeg 450w" width="150" height="150" style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="img-OACg1c image-nBNbRY pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-4 pc-reset"><a style="font-size:calc(15px * var(--font_size_headings_multiplier, 1));line-height:calc(1em * var(--font_size_headings_line_height_ratio, 1.3333333333333333));" tabindex="-1" href="https://josvisser.substack.com/p/a-possible-future-of-software-engineering" data-testid="post-preview-title" class="pencraft pc-reset color-pub-primary-text-NyXPlw font-pub-headings-FE5byy clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-2-kM02pu reset-IxiVJZ">A possible future of software engineering</a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-inline pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-1-eSN73l reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><time datetime="2026-06-03T13:20:32.018Z" class="date-rtYe1v">Jun 3</time> <span class="dividerChar-SbAJEi">•</span> <span class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ"><a href="https://substack.com/@josvisser" class="link-HFGLqU">Jos Visser</a></span></div></div></div></div><div tabindex="0" aria-label="Post preview for Coding with AI tools is still hard!" role="article" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-padding-8 pc-position-relative pc-reset pc-borderRadius-sm container-H2dyKk"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-reset"><div style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="image-UySkN_ container-XxSyR3"><div style="transition:opacity var(--animation-timing-fast) var(--animation-smooth);" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-opacity-100 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-inset-0 pc-reset"><button style="width:32px;height:32px;" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="n" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft video-player-play-pause-button 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwij!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F156c56dd-188c-42ce-b59e-dd983d7f4654_1536x1024.jpeg 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwij!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F156c56dd-188c-42ce-b59e-dd983d7f4654_1536x1024.jpeg 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwij!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F156c56dd-188c-42ce-b59e-dd983d7f4654_1536x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwij!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F156c56dd-188c-42ce-b59e-dd983d7f4654_1536x1024.jpeg 450w" sizes="(min-width:768px) 50vw, 100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwij!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F156c56dd-188c-42ce-b59e-dd983d7f4654_1536x1024.jpeg" sizes="(min-width:768px) 50vw, 100vw" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwij!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F156c56dd-188c-42ce-b59e-dd983d7f4654_1536x1024.jpeg 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwij!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F156c56dd-188c-42ce-b59e-dd983d7f4654_1536x1024.jpeg 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwij!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F156c56dd-188c-42ce-b59e-dd983d7f4654_1536x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uwij!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F156c56dd-188c-42ce-b59e-dd983d7f4654_1536x1024.jpeg 450w" width="150" height="150" style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="img-OACg1c image-nBNbRY pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-4 pc-reset"><a style="font-size:calc(15px * var(--font_size_headings_multiplier, 1));line-height:calc(1em * var(--font_size_headings_line_height_ratio, 1.3333333333333333));" tabindex="-1" href="https://josvisser.substack.com/p/coding-with-ai-tools-is-still-hard" data-testid="post-preview-title" class="pencraft pc-reset color-pub-primary-text-NyXPlw font-pub-headings-FE5byy clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-2-kM02pu reset-IxiVJZ">Coding with AI tools is still hard!</a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-inline pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-1-eSN73l reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><time datetime="2026-05-27T13:36:41.338Z" class="date-rtYe1v">May 27</time> <span class="dividerChar-SbAJEi">•</span> <span class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ"><a href="https://substack.com/@josvisser" class="link-HFGLqU">Jos Visser</a></span></div></div></div></div><div tabindex="0" aria-label="Post preview for A tiny history of software engineering" role="article" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-padding-8 pc-position-relative pc-reset pc-borderRadius-sm container-H2dyKk"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-reset"><div style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="image-UySkN_ container-XxSyR3"><div style="transition:opacity var(--animation-timing-fast) var(--animation-smooth);" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-opacity-100 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-inset-0 pc-reset"><button style="width:32px;height:32px;" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="n" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft video-player-play-pause-button media-XfKJl4 size_md-gCDS3o priority_primary-RfbeYt iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_primary-RfbeYt rounded-SYxRdz"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="stroke:none;" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-label="Play" class="videoIcon-pEKkgy"><g><path d="M3.35866 16C2.58101 16 2 15.4101 2 14.4447V1.55531C2 0.598883 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LK4g!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cce2ef-23ba-4afd-8fd0-b8aa07e67b58_1536x1024.jpeg 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LK4g!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cce2ef-23ba-4afd-8fd0-b8aa07e67b58_1536x1024.jpeg 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LK4g!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cce2ef-23ba-4afd-8fd0-b8aa07e67b58_1536x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LK4g!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F67cce2ef-23ba-4afd-8fd0-b8aa07e67b58_1536x1024.jpeg 450w" width="150" height="150" style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="img-OACg1c image-nBNbRY pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-4 pc-reset"><a style="font-size:calc(15px * var(--font_size_headings_multiplier, 1));line-height:calc(1em * var(--font_size_headings_line_height_ratio, 1.3333333333333333));" tabindex="-1" href="https://josvisser.substack.com/p/a-tiny-history-of-software-engineering" data-testid="post-preview-title" class="pencraft pc-reset color-pub-primary-text-NyXPlw font-pub-headings-FE5byy clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-2-kM02pu reset-IxiVJZ">A tiny history of software engineering</a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-inline pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq clamp-y7pNm8 clamp-1-eSN73l reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><time datetime="2026-05-20T13:05:08.334Z" class="date-rtYe1v">May 20</time> <span class="dividerChar-SbAJEi">•</span> <span class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ"><a href="https://substack.com/@josvisser" class="link-HFGLqU">Jos Visser</a></span></div></div></div></div><div tabindex="0" aria-label="Post preview for The whooshing sound of deadlines..." role="article" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-padding-8 pc-position-relative pc-reset pc-borderRadius-sm container-H2dyKk"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-reset"><div style="aspect-ratio:1;" class="image-UySkN_ container-XxSyR3"><div style="transition:opacity var(--animation-timing-fast) var(--animation-smooth);" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-opacity-100 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-inset-0 pc-reset"><button style="width:32px;height:32px;" tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="n" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft video-player-play-pause-button 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M7tk!,w_150,h_150,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43972b45-3a86-4454-b375-4d870eab37db_1536x1024.png 150w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M7tk!,w_300,h_300,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43972b45-3a86-4454-b375-4d870eab37db_1536x1024.png 300w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M7tk!,w_424,h_424,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43972b45-3a86-4454-b375-4d870eab37db_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M7tk!,w_450,h_450,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43972b45-3a86-4454-b375-4d870eab37db_1536x1024.png 450w" sizes="(min-width:768px) 50vw, 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the effort curve is not linear\u2026\",\"body_html\":\"<p><em>(Like this article? Read more <a href=\\\"https://josvisser.substack.com/\\\">Wednesday Wisdom</a>! No time to read? No worries! This article is also available as a <a href=\\\"https://open.spotify.com/show/3dl5l7fOGmMCNUqxHkJ7qY\\\">podcast</a>). You can also ask your questions to our specially trained <a href=\\\"https://chatgpt.com/g/g-677076fcad6c8191bd0124f7b3284a9f-midweek-muse\\\">GPT</a>!</em></p><p>One of the topics that is on my mind a lot these days is the <a href=\\\"https://berthub.eu/articles/posts/our-self-inflicted-cloud-crisis/\\\">discussion</a> that is going on in Europe about their dependency on US hyperscalers and the perceived need for a \u201Csovereign cloud\u201D. I got many thoughts about why Europe is unable to get a decent sized cloud or AI business off the ground, but these thoughts are more opinion than wisdom and so a better fit for my other publication: <a href=\\\"https://josvisser2.substack.com/\\\">Thursday Thoughts</a>.</p><blockquote><p><a href=\\\"https://josvisser2.substack.com/\\\">Thursday Thoughts</a> is an irregular and infrequent article series that is more opinionated than <a href=\\\"https://josvisser.substack.com/\\\">Wednesday Wisdom</a>. Subscribe today!</p></blockquote><p>An interesting aspect of this <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7323009615930048513?updateEntityUrn=urn%3Ali%3Afs_updateV2%3A%28urn%3Ali%3Aactivity%3A7323009615930048513%2CFEED_DETAIL%2CEMPTY%2CDEFAULT%2Cfalse%29\\\">discussion</a> are the posts on LinkedIn by people who claim that there is no need to use US hyperscalers at all because \u201CThere is <<a href=\\\"https://www.stackit.de/en/\\\">European company XYZ</a>> which is really good\u201D or \u201CYou can just <a href=\\\"https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7357490871820283904/\\\">do it all yourself</a> using open source tools like <a href=\\\"https://nextcloud.com/\\\">NextCloud</a>\u201D. What these posters either conveniently ignore or do not seem to understand is the problem of scale.</p><p>Until quite recently, technology was not powerful enough to solve even a single organization\u2019s set of administrative and business problems. At the start of my career, I worked in the IT organization of a large Dutch bank and we would regularly have to tell internal customers that what they wanted was not possible, not even on <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_3090\\\">our whopping four core mainframe</a> with its equally whopping 64MB of internal memory and our impressive array of 1.8GB disks. Fortunately, <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law\\\">Gordon Moore</a> came to the rescue and by now there is pretty much no administrative or business problem that cannot be solved using the computers, networks, and storage devices that a reasonable amount of money can buy.</p><p>How come then that there are still many organizations with IT problems? For instance, the Dutch IRS is suffering from perpetual <a href=\\\"https://ibestuur.nl/artikel/een-programmeertaal-uit-de-jaren-tachtig-legt-vernieuwing-belastingdienst-lam/\\\">problems</a> with their IT infrastructure, which is apparently even endangering the continuation of tax collection.</p><blockquote><p>At first sight this sounds amazing, but I guarantee you that if that happens the joy will last only five minutes because any advanced Western country\u2019s economy is intricately interlinked with the government\u2019s cash flow.</p></blockquote><p>In a similar vein, a project to automate the Dutch court system\u2019s core business processes <a href=\\\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366951834_Digitising_the_Judicial_Sector_A_Case_Study_of_the_Dutch_KEI_Programme\\\">failed</a> grandiosely. And lest you think that this is a government-only problem: Shipyard <a href=\\\"https://www.damen.com/companies/naval\\\">Damen Naval</a> recently got itself into financial trouble because of <a href=\\\"https://nltimes.nl/2025/07/10/mps-approve-eu270-million-government-support-damen-shipyards\\\">problems</a> in their design software that are plaguing the timely delivery of six frigates for the German navy.</p><p>None of these examples are about things that are fundamentally impossible. The tax code is intricate, but not beyond expression in computer code. The court system\u2019s internal workings might be arcane, but we have been doing courts since before the Romans so we kind of know how to do that. And the design software for naval frigates is surely not simple, but humanity has built complicated things before using similar software. These organizations are <em>not</em> struggling to fit their problem into their computers\u2019 and networks\u2019 physical limitations.</p><p>Instead, the problem at hand is scale.</p><p>For years, I ran our company\u2019s email server using approximately the <a href=\\\"https://www.amazon.com/sendmail-Nutshell-Handbook-Costales-Paperback/dp/B011DBS9KM\\\">same software</a> that the large email providers of the day used. At first this was easy, but pretty soon it became a hassle as we got more employees and also more spam, more email viruses, and more phishing attempts. As our email infrastructure became more complicated and more load bearing for our company, we started getting occasional reports from customers asking why we hadn\u2019t responded to their emails? When that happened, it usually turned out that for <insert technical reason here>, the email hadn\u2019t made it to the intended recipient\u2019s inbox. Eventually, we ditched our own email solution and took out a subscription with a big US hyperscaler. Since that fateful decision we have had zero problems with email and have spent zero effort keeping that email flowing. The big American hyperscaler isn\u2019t exactly cheap, but cheaper than me or one of my colleagues spending an hour a week keeping email going and definitely cheaper than missing a business opportunity because the email didn\u2019t arrive.</p><p>The problem, again, is scale.</p><p>Running your own email infrastructure for an <em>occasional</em> email is not a problem. But running a reliable and secure email service for a larger group of people <em>is</em> a problem. And running an email service for thousands of people or more is a really <em>big</em> problem. It stands to reason that more users and more requirements requires more effort, but unfortunately that effort curve is not linear. The scale versus effort curve has a weird shape with all sorts of inflection points that represent an abrupt step in size and complexity that requires a vast increase in the effort needed to evolve the solution to a place where further growth is possible.</p><p>Let\u2019s look at running IT services for a company. Running a few services on a single computer is usually a small effort. But, as the environment grows, you immediately hit the first inflection point as you need to go from one to two computers. The reason for the extra effort is that most of the techniques you use to keep a single computer running do not work well once you have two computers. Suddenly you have a software and configuration file distribution problem. Or you might need load balancing, failover, or replication. These are solvable problems though and if you know what you are doing (always a good idea), you\u2019ll get this up and running soon enough.</p><p>The tools and techniques that you instituted for two computers will keep you in good stead as you grow to more computers, but there comes a point where they don\u2019t suffice anymore and you need to come up with <a href=\\\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlCbFu5dpc8\\\">something completely different</a>. It might happen at ten computers, maybe at fifty, but depending on the exact circumstances, there will come a time where your solution doesn\u2019t scale anymore. At this point, you might need to start thinking about using <a href=\\\"https://kubernetes.io/\\\">Kubernetes</a>. Or maybe your shell scripts to distribute software need to be replaced by <a href=\\\"https://netflixtechblog.com/global-continuous-delivery-with-spinnaker-2a6896c23ba7\\\">Spinnaker</a>. And your PostgreSQL database might need to be replaced by some distributed database or key/value store. These solutions will help you grow some more, but eventually there might even come a time when these tools no longer work and you have reached another inflection point.</p><p>At one of my employers we reached a point where we needed to run a large and tightly connected set of services at a scale that <a href=\\\"https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/best-practices/cluster-large/\\\">defied Kubernetes</a>. What are you going to do then? What\u2019s the alternative? It is of course possible to design and run a cluster that allows for more machines than Kubernetes\u2019 measly 5,000 nodes: <a href=\\\"https://engineering.fb.com/2019/06/06/data-center-engineering/twine/\\\">Facebook</a> does it, <a href=\\\"https://research.google/pubs/large-scale-cluster-management-at-google-with-borg/\\\">Google</a> does it, AWS does it. But it is not exactly trivial.</p><p>These inflection points happen in every growth curve and represent the fact that every solution has an applicable range around a sweet spot. The entire curve is made up of these ranges, but the solutions are often fundamentally different for each range and often do not form a continuous spectrum. When you reach the upper limit of what a solution can do, you need to start doing something else altogether. At the scale of US hyperscalers there is stuff happening that is completely incomprehensible to almost everyone who hasn\u2019t worked in these environments. As I used to tell potential candidates: \u201CAt our scale, <em>everything</em> is difficult\u201D.</p><p>Way back when I was at Google interviewing candidates for SRE roles, one of the things that we were looking for was whether people understood the problems of scale. For that reason, our interview questions were often of the nature: \u201CPlease design a system to keep a set of configuration files in sync across ten million machines distributed in 100 datacenters, one of which is on the moon.\u201D That is the kind of question that separates the professionals from the novices. To design a system for that problem size, you need a completely new way of thinking and probably nothing you ever worked with works for that scale. Not the software, not even the architecture or design patterns. It is also a good sort of question to weed out candidates who just cannot deal with that scale.</p><blockquote><p>One candidate kept muttering to themselves: \u201CThat is really a lot of machines. \u2026 Wow, \u2026. That's a lot. Of machines\u2026\u201D</p></blockquote><p>One of the issues at large scale is that it exacerbates a lot of failure modes that you can just brush under the carpet at the lower end of the curve. When you have ten million machines, <em>every</em> possible problem occurs. Machines improbably freeze for two minutes and then wake up as if nothing happened. There will be CRC-defying bit errors in RAM and data transfer. Some machines will inexplicably run outdated versions of the software. Some others will mysteriously have a data rate of 1200 baud (despite having a 10 Gbps ethernet card). Operating at scale means that you need to take <em>every</em> eventuality into account.</p><p>Operating at scale also means that you need to think about your requirements differently. Things that are relatively easy to do for a small group of users in a single location are physically impossible to pull off for a large group of users who are distributed across the world. Consistency is often the first thing to go out of the window. Latency is usually next, given that the speed of light is a mere foot per nanosecond.</p><p>Scale also impacts organizational processes. Figuring out a new way of sharing documents within your team is easy, but as the group of people grows and grows, it becomes an impossible project as a larger group makes it exponentially harder to figure out the requirements, prioritize them appropriately, and reach consensus. Just like a larger technological base makes every rare event a regular occurrence, a larger user base makes every human condition a fact of life that you have to deal with. I have had the privilege to work in the HR department of a large tech company with millions of employees across dozens of countries. When you have that many employees, <em>everything</em> happens. People with duplicate social security numbers, people with the same name and same date of birth, people without an address, people without an <em>email</em> address or cell phone, <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononym\\\">people without a last name</a>. You name it, we had it! The problems at that scale were such that no standard HR system worked for us and so we kept ourselves quite busy building our own.</p><p>Scale makes everything hard. Remember that when someone <a href=\\\"https://www.cio.com/article/3974083/it-leaders-on-doges-bold-cobol-ambitions-pure-folly.html\\\">proposes to rewrite all of the government\u2019s COBOL programs</a> in a few months or wanst to <a href=\\\"https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/20/amid-calls-for-sovereign-eu-tech-stack-evroc-raises-55m-to-build-a-hyperscale-cloud-in-europe/\\\">build a European hyperscaler</a> from scratch. With the current state of technology the problems might be physically solvable, but that does not mean at all it\u2019ll be easy.</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png\\\" width=\\\"470\\\" height=\\\"50.85245901639344\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":66,"width":610,"resizeWidth":470,"bytes":null,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!y0nr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa1c85e7-5d94-4140-bd9e-3ffcf89f1d6d_610x66.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class=\\\"subscription-widget-wrap-editor\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"url":"https://josvisser.substack.com/subscribe?","text":"Subscribe","language":"en"}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"SubscribeWidgetToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"subscription-widget show-subscribe\\\"><div class=\\\"preamble\\\"><p class=\\\"cta-caption\\\"><em>Wednesday Wisdom is off the scale! 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