2883 lines
142 KiB
HTML
2883 lines
142 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<meta name="description" content="Horizontal scaling only works for the parts of your system that are parallel. Find and shrink the serial fraction before adding more infrastructure.">
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<meta name="keywords" content="Scalability">
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<meta property="og:description" content="Horizontal scaling only works for the parts of your system that are parallel. Find and shrink the serial fraction before adding more infrastructure.">
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<meta property="og:site_name" content="dzone.com">
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<meta property="og:title" content="The Myth of Horizontal Scalability">
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://dzone.com/articles/the-myth-of-horizontal-scalability">
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<meta property="og:image" content="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/storage/article-thumb/18924931-thumb.jpg">
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<meta property="og:type" content="article">
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<meta name="twitter:site" content="@DZoneInc">
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/storage/article-thumb/18924931-thumb.jpg">
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<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="Horizontal scaling only works for the parts of your system that are parallel. Find and shrink the serial fraction before adding more infrastructure.">
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="The Myth of Horizontal Scalability">
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<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
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<meta name="google-site-verification" content="kndbhxcupfEqWmZclhCpB6vlgOs7QSmx2UHAGGnP2mA">
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||
<meta name="df-verify" content="df0d76632b4543">
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<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/favicon.png">
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<link rel="image_src" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/storage/article-thumb/18924931-thumb.jpg">
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://dzone.com/articles/the-myth-of-horizontal-scalability">
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<title>The Myth of Horizontal Scalability</title>
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<link rel="preload" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/font/fontello.woff?11773374" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/icons.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/static/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/article/global.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/header-updated/styles.css">
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<style>
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:root {
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--xs-size: 2px;
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--sm-size: 5px;
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--md-size: 10px;
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--lg-size: 15px;
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--xl-size: 25px;
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--sm-border-size: 8px;
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--sm-font-size: 13px;
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--sm-plus-font-size: 16px;
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--md-font-size: 18px;
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--lg-font-size: 22px;
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--xl-font-size: 26px;
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}
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/* Display Quick-Access Classes */
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.display-none { display: none; }
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.display-block { display: block; }
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.display-inline { display: inline; }
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.display-inline-block { display: inline-block; }
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/* Margin Quick-Access Classes */
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.m-xs { margin: var(--xs-size); }
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.m-sm { margin: var(--sm-size); }
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.m-md { margin: var(--md-size); }
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.m-lg { margin: var(--lg-size); }
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.m-xl { margin: var(--xl-size); }
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.mt-xs, .my-xs { margin-top: var(--xs-size); }
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||
.mr-xs, .mx-xs { margin-right: var(--xs-size); }
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.mb-xs, .my-xs { margin-bottom: var(--xs-size); }
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||
.ml-xs, .mx-xs { margin-left: var(--xs-size); }
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||
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.mt-sm, .my-sm { margin-top: var(--sm-size); }
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||
.mr-sm, .mx-sm { margin-right: var(--sm-size); }
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.mb-sm, .my-sm { margin-bottom: var(--sm-size); }
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.ml-sm, .mx-sm { margin-left: var(--sm-size); }
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||
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.mt-md, .my-md { margin-top: var(--md-size); }
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||
.mr-md, .mx-md { margin-right: var(--md-size); }
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.mb-md, .my-md { margin-bottom: var(--md-size); }
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.ml-md, .mx-md { margin-left: var(--md-size); }
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.mt-lg, .my-lg { margin-top: var(--lg-size); }
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.mr-lg, .mx-lg { margin-right: var(--lg-size); }
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.mb-lg, .my-lg { margin-bottom: var(--lg-size); }
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.ml-lg, .mx-lg { margin-left: var(--lg-size); }
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.mt-xl, .my-xl { margin-top: var(--xl-size); }
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.mr-xl, .mx-xl { margin-right: var(--xl-size); }
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.mb-xl, .my-xl { margin-bottom: var(--xl-size); }
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.ml-xl, .mx-xl { margin-left: var(--xl-size); }
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.ml-auto, .mx-auto { margin-left: auto; }
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.mr-auto, .mx-auto { margin-right: auto; }
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.mt-auto, .my-auto { margin-top: auto; }
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.mb-auto, .my-auto { margin-bottom: auto; }
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||
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.my-none, .mt-none { margin-top: 0 !important; }
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||
.mx-none, .mr-none { margin-right: 0 !important; }
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||
.my-none, .mb-none { margin-bottom: 0 !important; }
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||
.mx-none, .ml-none { margin-left: 0 !important; }
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/* Padding Quick-Access Classes */
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||
.p-xs { padding: var(--xs-size); }
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.p-sm { padding: var(--sm-size); }
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.p-md { padding: var(--md-size); }
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.p-lg { padding: var(--lg-size); }
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.p-xl { padding: var(--xl-size); }
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.pt-xs, .py-xs { padding-top: var(--xs-size); }
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.pr-xs, .px-xs { padding-right: var(--xs-size); }
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.pb-xs, .py-xs { padding-bottom: var(--xs-size); }
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.pl-xs, .px-xs { padding-left: var(--xs-size); }
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.pt-sm, .py-sm { padding-top: var(--sm-size); }
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.pr-sm, .px-sm { padding-right: var(--sm-size); }
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||
.pb-sm, .py-sm { padding-bottom: var(--sm-size); }
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.pl-sm, .px-sm { padding-left: var(--sm-size); }
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.pt-md, .py-md { padding-top: var(--md-size); }
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.pr-md, .px-md { padding-right: var(--md-size); }
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.pb-md, .py-md { padding-bottom: var(--md-size); }
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.pl-md, .px-md { padding-left: var(--md-size); }
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.pt-lg, .py-lg { padding-top: var(--lg-size); }
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.pr-lg, .px-lg { padding-right: var(--lg-size); }
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.pb-lg, .py-lg { padding-bottom: var(--lg-size); }
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.pl-lg, .px-lg { padding-left: var(--lg-size); }
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.pt-xl, .py-xl { padding-top: var(--xl-size); }
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.pr-xl, .px-xl { padding-right: var(--xl-size); }
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.pb-xl, .py-xl { padding-bottom: var(--xl-size); }
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||
.pl-xl, .px-xl { padding-left: var(--xl-size); }
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||
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||
.py-none, .pt-none { padding-top: 0 !important; }
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||
.px-none, .pr-none { padding-right: 0 !important; }
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||
.py-none, .pb-none { padding-bottom: 0 !important; }
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||
.px-none, .pl-none { padding-left: 0 !important; }
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||
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||
/* Flex Quick-Access Classes */
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||
.flex {
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||
display: flex;
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||
}
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||
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||
.flex-column {
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display: flex;
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||
flex-direction: column;
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||
}
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||
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.flex-column-reverse {
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||
display: flex;
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||
flex-direction: column-reverse;
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||
}
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||
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||
.flex-row {
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||
display: flex;
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||
flex-direction: row;
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||
}
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||
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||
.flex-row-reverse {
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||
display: flex;
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||
flex-direction: row-reverse;
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||
}
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||
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.flex-wrap {
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||
flex-wrap: wrap;
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||
}
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||
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||
.flex-grow {
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flex-grow: 1;
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}
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||
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.align-center { align-items: center; }
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||
.align-end { align-items: flex-end; }
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||
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.content-center {
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align-content: center;
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||
}
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.justify-center { justify-content: center; }
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||
.justify-start { justify-content: flex-start; }
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.justify-end { justify-content: flex-end; }
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.justify-around { justify-content: space-around; }
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||
.justify-between { justify-content: space-between; }
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||
.justify-evenly { justify-content: space-evenly; }
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||
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.gap-sm { gap: var(--sm-size); }
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||
.gap-md { gap: var(--md-size); }
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||
.gap-lg { gap: var(--lg-size); }
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||
.gap-xl { gap: var(--xl-size); }
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||
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||
/* Display Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.inline-block { display: inline-block; }
|
||
|
||
/* Font Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.font-xl { font-size: var(--xl-font-size); }
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||
.font-lg { font-size: var(--lg-font-size); }
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||
.font-md { font-size: var(--md-font-size); }
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||
.font-sm-plus { font-size: var(--sm-plus-font-size); }
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.font-sm { font-size: var(--sm-font-size); }
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||
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||
.font-strike { text-decoration: line-through; }
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||
.font-underline { text-decoration: underline; }
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||
.font-overline { text-decoration: overline; }
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||
|
||
.font-italic { font-style: italic; }
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||
.font-bold { font-weight: bold; }
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||
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||
.font-black { color: #000000; }
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||
.font-white { color: #ffffff; }
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||
.font-gray { color: var(--brand-gray-text); }
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||
.font-danger { color: var(--header-dropdown-button-bg-danger); }
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||
.font-center { text-align: center; }
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||
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||
.no-wrap { white-space: nowrap; }
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||
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||
/* Consistent headings between h and non-h tags */
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||
.heading {
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||
margin-top: 0;
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||
margin-bottom: var(--md-size);
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||
}
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||
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||
.heading.font-xl { line-height: var(--xl-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-lg { line-height: var(--lg-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-md { line-height: var(--md-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-sm-plus { line-height: var(--sm-plus-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-sm { line-height: var(--sm-font-size); }
|
||
|
||
/* Font Clamp Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.line-clamp,
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||
.line-clamp-2,
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||
.line-clamp-3,
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||
.line-clamp-4,
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||
.line-clamp-5 {
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||
display: -webkit-box;
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||
-webkit-line-clamp: 4;
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||
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
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||
overflow: hidden;
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||
text-overflow: ellipsis;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.line-clamp-2 { -webkit-line-clamp: 2 !important; }
|
||
.line-clamp-3 { -webkit-line-clamp: 3 !important; }
|
||
.line-clamp-4 { -webkit-line-clamp: 4 !important; }
|
||
.line-clamp-5 { -webkit-line-clamp: 5 !important; }
|
||
|
||
/* User-Select Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.select-none { user-select: none; }
|
||
|
||
/* Position Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.absolute { position: absolute; }
|
||
.relative { position: relative; }
|
||
.float-left { float: left; }
|
||
.float-right { float: right; }
|
||
|
||
.pos-top { top: 0; }
|
||
.pos-right { right: 0; }
|
||
.pos-bottom { bottom: 0; }
|
||
.pos-left { left: 0; }
|
||
|
||
.va-top { vertical-align: top; }
|
||
.va-middle { vertical-align: middle; }
|
||
.va-bottom { vertical-align: bottom; }
|
||
|
||
/* Transition Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.trans-linear-quick {
|
||
transition: all 0.15s linear;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Background Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.bg-gray { background: #cccccc; }
|
||
.bg-white { background-color: white; }
|
||
.bg-none { background: none; }
|
||
|
||
/* Border Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.border-gray { border: 1px solid #cccccc; }
|
||
.tab-pane.border-gray { border: 1px solid #ddd; }
|
||
.no-border, .border-none { border: none !important; }
|
||
|
||
.bt-none { border-top: none !important; }
|
||
.br-none { border-right: none !important; }
|
||
.bb-none { border-bottom: none !important; }
|
||
.bl-none { border-left: none !important; }
|
||
|
||
/* Border Radius Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
|
||
.round-t-sm, .round-tl-sm { border-top-left-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-t-sm, .round-tr-sm { border-top-right-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-b-sm, .round-bl-sm { border-bottom-left-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-b-sm, .round-br-sm { border-bottom-right-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-sm { border-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-fully { border-radius: 50%; }
|
||
|
||
/* Misc Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.haikei {
|
||
position: relative;
|
||
background-image: url('https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/polygon-scatter-haikei-shapes.svg');
|
||
background-repeat: no-repeat;
|
||
background-size: cover;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.haikei:before {
|
||
content: '';
|
||
position:absolute;
|
||
top: 0;
|
||
left: 0;
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
height: 100%;
|
||
background-color: var(--color-event-background);
|
||
z-index: -1;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.margin-auto-center {
|
||
display: block;
|
||
margin-left: auto;
|
||
margin-right: auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.flex-auto-center {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
margin-left: auto;
|
||
margin-right: auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.mw-1100 { max-width: 1100px; }
|
||
.mw-1300 { max-width: 1300px; }
|
||
.full-width { width: 100%; }
|
||
|
||
.h-separator {
|
||
background-color: #cccccc;
|
||
height: 1px;
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
margin: 5px auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.no-spacing {
|
||
margin: 0 !important;
|
||
padding: 0 !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.inherit-color { color: inherit; }
|
||
|
||
.inherit-decoration { text-decoration: inherit; }
|
||
|
||
/* Table Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.table-border-gray tr:not(:last-child) {
|
||
border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
table.full-width tr td:last-child {
|
||
width:100%;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Animation Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
@keyframes anim-spin {
|
||
0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
|
||
100% { transform: rotate(359deg); }
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.anim-spin {
|
||
display: inline-block;
|
||
animation: anim-spin 2s infinite linear;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.hov-pointer { cursor: pointer; }
|
||
.hov-brighten:hover { filter: brightness(1.2); }
|
||
.hov-darken:hover { filter: brightness(0.95); }
|
||
.hov-underline:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
|
||
|
||
/* Small tweaks related to components when using these styles */
|
||
.nav-tabs {
|
||
border-bottom: none;
|
||
}
|
||
.tab-content > .flex-column.active,
|
||
.tab-content > .flex-row.active {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Alpine components with x-cloak should not be visible by default until conditionals kick in */
|
||
[x-cloak] { display: none !important; }
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/alpine-components/modal.css">
|
||
<script defer src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/alpinejs/3.13.2/cdn.min.js"></script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
document.addEventListener('alpine:init', () => {
|
||
Alpine.store('article', {
|
||
id: null,
|
||
engagement: {
|
||
open: false,
|
||
page: 1,
|
||
users: [],
|
||
additional: true,
|
||
loading: false,
|
||
initializing: false,
|
||
unauthorized: false,
|
||
enqueued: null,
|
||
dequeued: null,
|
||
|
||
reset() {
|
||
this.open = false;
|
||
this.page = 1;
|
||
this.users.splice(0);
|
||
this.additional = true;
|
||
this.loading = false;
|
||
this.initializing = false;
|
||
this.enqueued = null;
|
||
this.dequeued = null;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
enqueue(user) {
|
||
this.dequeued = null;
|
||
this.enqueued = user;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
dequeue(user) {
|
||
this.enqueued = null;
|
||
this.dequeued = user;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
add(user) {
|
||
this.users.push(user);
|
||
this.enqueued = null;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
remove(user) {
|
||
const index = this.users.findIndex(u => u.id === user.id);
|
||
|
||
if (index !== -1) {
|
||
this.users.splice(index, 1);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
this.dequeued = null;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
contains(user) {
|
||
return this.users.filter(u => u.id === user.id).length;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
Alpine.effect(() => {
|
||
const store = Alpine.store('article');
|
||
if (!store.engagement.additional && store.engagement.enqueued) {
|
||
if (!store.engagement.contains(store.engagement.enqueued)) {
|
||
store.engagement.add(store.engagement.enqueued);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
Alpine.effect(() => {
|
||
const store = Alpine.store('article');
|
||
if (store.engagement.page && store.engagement.dequeued) {
|
||
store.engagement.remove(store.engagement.dequeued);
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
});
|
||
</script></head>
|
||
<body x-data>
|
||
<div class="skybox skybox-closeBtn dz_skybox" data-gpt-slot="skybox" id="div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-99"></div>
|
||
<header id="ftl-header">
|
||
<div class="header-top">
|
||
<div class="header-container">
|
||
<div class="pull-left logo-container">
|
||
<div class="logo">
|
||
<a class="inner" href="/">
|
||
<picture>
|
||
<source srcset="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz_logo_2021_cropped.webp" type="image/webp">
|
||
<source srcset="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz_logo_2021_cropped.png" type="image/png">
|
||
<img src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz_logo_2021_cropped.png" width="181" height="56" alt="DZone">
|
||
</picture>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="pull-right login-and-search">
|
||
<div id="authenticated-block" class="logged-in">
|
||
<div class="welcome-back">Thanks for visiting DZone today,</div>
|
||
<div id="user-header" class="user-info">
|
||
<button class="user-avatar">
|
||
<span id="header-username" class="username"></span>
|
||
<img id="header-avatar" src="" alt="user avatar">
|
||
</button>
|
||
<div id="user-dropdown" class="browse-user-menu">
|
||
<div class="user-content">
|
||
<a id="header-user-plug" href="#" class="user-description"></a>
|
||
<a id="header-user-edit" href="#" class="edit-profile">Edit Profile</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<ul class="user-actions">
|
||
<li id="first-user-action">
|
||
<a id="header-dropdown-manage-email" href="#">Manage Email Subscriptions</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/articles/how-to-submit-a-post-to-dzone?utm_source=DZone&utm_medium=user_dropdown&utm_campaign=how_to_post">
|
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How to Post to DZone
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/articles/dzones-article-submission-guidelines">
|
||
Article Submission Guidelines
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="bottom">
|
||
<a href="/users/logout.html" class="sign-out">Sign Out</a>
|
||
<a id="dropdown-view-profile" href="#" class="view-profile">View Profile</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="post-content">
|
||
<button id="post-button" class="post-content--button">
|
||
<span class="post-class">Post</span>
|
||
<i class="icon-plus"></i>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div id="post-menu" class="posting-links">
|
||
<div class="posting-links-menu">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<img src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz-postarticle.svg" width="15" height="18" style="width: 15px; height: 18px;">
|
||
<a href="/content/article/post.html">Post an Article</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a id="drafts-link" href="#">Manage My Drafts</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="unauthenticated-block">
|
||
<div class="dz-intro">Over 2 million developers have joined DZone.</div>
|
||
<div class="mobile-invisible sign-in-join">
|
||
<a href="/users/login.html">Log In</a>
|
||
<span class="dz-intro-span">/</span>
|
||
<a href="/static/registration.html">Join</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<a class="join-icon" href="/users/login.html" aria-label="User">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide svg-user lucide-user-icon lucide-user">
|
||
<path d="M19 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H9a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2"></path>
|
||
<circle cx="12" cy="7" r="4"></circle>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
document.addEventListener('alpine:init', () => {
|
||
Alpine.data('searchDrawer', () => ({
|
||
open: false,
|
||
query: '',
|
||
minCharsMet: false,
|
||
|
||
toggleVisibility() {
|
||
this.open = !this.open;
|
||
if (this.open) {
|
||
this.$nextTick(() => {
|
||
this.$refs.query.focus();
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
updateSearchValue() {
|
||
if (!this.query || !this.query.length || this.query.length < 3) {
|
||
this.minCharsMet = false;
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
this.minCharsMet = true;
|
||
localStorage.setItem('ls.searchValue', this.query);
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
searchSite() {
|
||
if (this.minCharsMet) {
|
||
window.location = '/search';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}));
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<div class="headerSearch" x-data="searchDrawer()" x-cloak>
|
||
<button class="btn-search dropdown-toggle" x-on:click="toggleVisibility()" aria-label="Search">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide svg-search lucide-search-icon lucide-search">
|
||
<path d="m21 21-4.34-4.34"></path>
|
||
<circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</button>
|
||
<template x-teleport=".header-container">
|
||
<div id="search-drawer" x-show="open" x-on:click.outside="open = false" x-transition>
|
||
<div class="search-input">
|
||
<input type="text"
|
||
placeholder="Search"
|
||
autofocus="autofocus"
|
||
x-model="query"
|
||
x-ref="query"
|
||
x-on:input.change="updateSearchValue()"
|
||
x-on:keyup.enter="searchSite()"
|
||
>
|
||
<button x-on:click="searchSite()" x-bind:disabled="!minCharsMet">
|
||
<span>Search</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="search-footer">
|
||
Please enter at least three characters to search
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</template>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div> </div>
|
||
<div class="header-bottom">
|
||
<div class="header-bottom-container">
|
||
<a class="resource-link" href="/refcardz">Refcards</a>
|
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<a class="resource-link" href="/trendreports">Trend Reports</a>
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||
<div class="resource-link link-menu">
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||
<a href="/events">Events</a>
|
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<a href="/events/video-library">Video Library</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<nav class="header-menu-bar">
|
||
<div class="header-menu resource-category">
|
||
<a href="/refcardz">Refcards</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator resource-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu resource-category">
|
||
<a href="/trendreports">Trend Reports</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator resource-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu resource-category no-bottom-radius" data-click-activation>
|
||
<p class="menu-label">Events</p>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<div class="header-menu-columns">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/events">View Events</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/events/video-library">Video Library</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu zone-menu" data-click-activation>
|
||
<p class="menu-label">Zones <i class="icon-down-dir icon-closed"></i><i class="icon-right-dir icon-open"></i></p>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<div class="header-menu-columns">
|
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<div class="header-menu-column-item">
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/culture-and-methodologies">Culture and Methodologies</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/agile">Agile</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/career-development">Career Development</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/methodologies">Methodologies</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/team-management">Team Management</a>
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="header-menu-column-item">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/data-engineering">Data Engineering</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/ai-ml">AI/ML</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/big-data">Big Data</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/data">Data</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/databases">Databases</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/iot">IoT</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-column-item">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/software-design-and-architecture">Software Design and Architecture</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/cloud-architecture">Cloud Architecture</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/containers">Containers</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/integration">Integration</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/microservices">Microservices</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/performance">Performance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/security">Security</a>
|
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</div>
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<div class="header-menu-column-item">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/coding">Coding</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/frameworks">Frameworks</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/java">Java</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/javascript">JavaScript</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/languages">Languages</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/tools">Tools</a>
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="header-menu-column-item">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/testing-deployment-and-maintenance">Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/deployment">Deployment</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/devops-and-cicd">DevOps and CI/CD</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/maintenance">Maintenance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/monitoring-and-observability">Monitoring and Observability</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/testing-tools-and-frameworks">Testing, Tools, and Frameworks</a>
|
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</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-column-item sponsored">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="javascript:void(0)">Partner Zones</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/hubs/build-ai-agents-that-are-ready-for-production/">Build AI Agents That Are Ready for Production</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="1">
|
||
<a href="/culture-and-methodologies">Culture and Methodologies</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/agile">Agile</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/career-development">Career Development</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/methodologies">Methodologies</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/team-management">Team Management</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="2">
|
||
<a href="/data-engineering">Data Engineering</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/ai-ml">AI/ML</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/big-data">Big Data</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/data">Data</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/databases">Databases</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/iot">IoT</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="3">
|
||
<a href="/software-design-and-architecture">Software Design and Architecture</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/cloud-architecture">Cloud Architecture</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/containers">Containers</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/integration">Integration</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/microservices">Microservices</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/performance">Performance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/security">Security</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="4">
|
||
<a href="/coding">Coding</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/frameworks">Frameworks</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/java">Java</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/javascript">JavaScript</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/languages">Languages</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/tools">Tools</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="5">
|
||
<a href="/testing-deployment-and-maintenance">Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/deployment">Deployment</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/devops-and-cicd">DevOps and CI/CD</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/maintenance">Maintenance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/monitoring-and-observability">Monitoring and Observability</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/testing-tools-and-frameworks">Testing, Tools, and Frameworks</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category sponsored" tabindex="6">
|
||
<a href="javascript:void(0)">Partner Zones</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items sponsored">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/hubs/build-ai-agents-that-are-ready-for-production/">Build AI Agents That Are Ready for Production</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
const csrf = {
|
||
parameter: 'TH_CSRF',
|
||
header: 'X-TH-CSRF',
|
||
token: '7928818386666632164'
|
||
}; // set csrf for auth-status script
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
|
||
handleRedirects();
|
||
handleMenus();
|
||
handleMobileMenuHeights();
|
||
handleGotoLinks();
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
function isHidden(element) {
|
||
try {
|
||
return window.getComputedStyle(element).display === 'none';
|
||
} catch (_) {
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function getLink(element) {
|
||
if (element.hasAttribute('data-goto')) {
|
||
return element.getAttribute('data-goto');
|
||
}
|
||
return element.href;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function isLeftClick(event) {
|
||
if (event.altKey || event.shiftKey) {
|
||
return false;
|
||
} else if ('buttons' in event || 'which' in event) {
|
||
return event.buttons === 1 || event.which === 1;
|
||
} else {
|
||
return (event.button === 1 || (event.type === 'click'));
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleRedirects() {
|
||
const redirections = [...document.querySelectorAll('[data-activate-menu]'), ...document.querySelectorAll('[data-click-target]')];
|
||
|
||
redirections.forEach(function(element) {
|
||
const menuSelector = element.getAttribute('data-activate-menu') || element.getAttribute('data-click-target');
|
||
const redirectingElement = document.querySelector(menuSelector);
|
||
if (redirectingElement) {
|
||
element.style.cursor = 'pointer';
|
||
const redirect = function(e) {
|
||
if (redirectingElement.hasAttribute('href') || redirectingElement.hasAttribute('data-goto')) {
|
||
if (redirectingElement.hasAttribute('data-new-window') || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) {
|
||
window.open(getLink(redirectingElement), '_blank');
|
||
} else {
|
||
window.open(getLink(redirectingElement), '_self');
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
const evt = new e.constructor(e.type, e);
|
||
redirectingElement.dispatchEvent(evt);
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
element.addEventListener('mouseup', redirect);
|
||
element.addEventListener('mousedown', (e) => e.preventDefault());
|
||
element.addEventListener('click', (e) => e.preventDefault());
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleMenus() {
|
||
const menuElements = [
|
||
...document.querySelectorAll('.header-menu > a'),
|
||
...document.querySelectorAll('.header-menu > p.menu-label')
|
||
];
|
||
|
||
let scrollYMemory = -1;
|
||
|
||
function scrollToMemory() {
|
||
if (scrollYMemory !== -1) {
|
||
setTimeout(function() {
|
||
window.scrollTo(0, scrollYMemory);
|
||
scrollYMemory = -1;
|
||
}, 10);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function hideMenus() {
|
||
// unfocus menus & items, and set the menus to non-visible.
|
||
menuElements.forEach(function (element) {
|
||
element.blur();
|
||
element.parentElement.blur();
|
||
element.parentElement.classList.remove('menu-opened');
|
||
const menuItems = element.parentElement.querySelector('.header-menu-items');
|
||
if (menuItems) {
|
||
menuItems.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
const wasHidden = document.body.style.overflowY === 'hidden';
|
||
document.body.style.overflowY = 'auto';
|
||
if (wasHidden) {
|
||
scrollToMemory();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function isEventOutsideMenu(e) {
|
||
return e.target.closest && !e.target.closest('.header-menu') && !e.target.closest('[data-activate-menu]');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Handle mobile menu toggling
|
||
menuElements.forEach(function(element) {
|
||
const menu = element.parentElement;
|
||
const headerItems = menu.querySelector('.header-menu-items');
|
||
const menuEntries = headerItems ? headerItems.querySelectorAll('.header-menu-item') : [];
|
||
|
||
const focus = function() {
|
||
menu.focus();
|
||
menu.classList.add('menu-opened');
|
||
if (headerItems) {
|
||
headerItems.style.display = 'block';
|
||
}
|
||
if (menu.classList.contains('zone-menu')) {
|
||
scrollYMemory = window.scrollY;
|
||
document.body.style.overflowY = 'hidden';
|
||
} else {
|
||
scrollYMemory = -1;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const unfocus = function() {
|
||
menu.blur();
|
||
menu.classList.remove('menu-opened');
|
||
if (headerItems) {
|
||
headerItems.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
const wasHidden = document.body.style.overflowY === 'hidden';
|
||
document.body.style.overflowY = 'auto';
|
||
if (wasHidden) {
|
||
scrollToMemory();
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const toggleMenuVisibility = function(e) {
|
||
if ((e.type === 'click' || e.type === 'mouseup') && !isLeftClick(e)) {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
const hidden = isHidden(headerItems);
|
||
if (menu.hasAttribute('data-click-activation')) { // handle click activated toggling
|
||
if (hidden) {
|
||
hideMenus(); // hide other open menus first
|
||
focus();
|
||
} else {
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
}
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
} else if (hidden) {
|
||
hideMenus(); // hide other open menus first
|
||
focus();
|
||
e.preventDefault(); // prevent 'click' event from firing when menu is hidden
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
element.addEventListener('touchend', toggleMenuVisibility);
|
||
element.addEventListener('mouseup', toggleMenuVisibility);
|
||
|
||
// Add hover events to non-click-activated menus, even though CSS should cover it.
|
||
if (!menu.hasAttribute('data-click-activation')) {
|
||
menu.addEventListener('mouseover', function () {
|
||
hideMenus(); // hide other open menus first
|
||
focus();
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
menu.addEventListener('mouseout', function (e) {
|
||
if (isEventOutsideMenu(e)) {
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Hide menu when child is clicked
|
||
menuEntries.forEach(function(menuEntry) {
|
||
const linkToItem = function(e) {
|
||
if (e.type === 'mousedown' || e.type === 'click') {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
if (e.type === 'mouseup' && !isLeftClick(e)) {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
window.open(getLink(menuEntry), (e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) ? '_blank' : (menuEntry.target || '_self'));
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const linkToMobileItem = function(e) {
|
||
if (e.type === 'touchstart') {
|
||
menuEntry.setAttribute('data-touchmove', false);
|
||
} else if (e.type === 'touchmove') {
|
||
menuEntry.setAttribute('data-touchmove', true);
|
||
} else if (e.type === 'touchend' && (!menuEntry.hasAttribute('data-touchmove') || menuEntry.getAttribute('data-touchmove').toLowerCase() === 'false')) {
|
||
window.open(getLink(menuEntry), (e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) ? '_blank' : (menuEntry.target || '_self'));
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('mousedown', linkToItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('mouseup', linkToItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('click', linkToItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('touchstart', linkToMobileItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('touchmove', linkToMobileItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('touchend', linkToMobileItem);
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
function hideIfNonMenuBounds(e) {
|
||
if (isEventOutsideMenu(e)) {
|
||
hideMenus();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
addEventListener('mousemove', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('touchend', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('mouseup', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('mousedown', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('click', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleMobileMenuHeights() {
|
||
function setAppHeight() {
|
||
document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--app-height', window.innerHeight + 'px');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
addEventListener('resize', function() {
|
||
setAppHeight();
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
setAppHeight();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleGotoLinks() {
|
||
// Add anchor mimicking to elements with data-goto attributes
|
||
// This addresses SEO concerns of linking to noindex pages by allowing JS to handle the URL
|
||
const anchorElements = document.querySelectorAll('*[data-goto]');
|
||
anchorElements.forEach((anchorElement) => {
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mouseover', () => {
|
||
anchorElement.style.cursor = 'pointer';
|
||
anchorElement.style.textDecoration = 'underline';
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mouseout', () => {
|
||
anchorElement.style.cursor = 'unset';
|
||
anchorElement.style.textDecoration = 'unset';
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mouseup', (e) => {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mousedown', (e) => {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
const anchorHref = anchorElement.getAttribute('data-goto');
|
||
if (anchorElement.hasAttribute('data-new-window') || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) {
|
||
window.open(anchorHref, '_blank');
|
||
} else {
|
||
window.open(anchorHref, '_self');
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
</script><script>
|
||
const authenticatedBlock = document.querySelector('#authenticated-block');
|
||
const unauthenticatedBlock = document.querySelector('#unauthenticated-block');
|
||
|
||
let authenticated = {
|
||
isAuthenticated: false,
|
||
isAdmin: false,
|
||
user: {
|
||
id: null,
|
||
name: null,
|
||
url: null,
|
||
profileImage: null,
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
fetch('/services/internal/data/articles-getAuthenticationStatus', {
|
||
headers: {
|
||
'Accept': 'application/json'
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
.then(function (result) {
|
||
return result.json()
|
||
})
|
||
.then(function (result) {
|
||
const res = result.result.data
|
||
if (!res.authenticated) {
|
||
unauthenticatedBlock.classList.add('shown')
|
||
} else {
|
||
authenticated.user.id = res.id;
|
||
authenticated.user.name = res.realName;
|
||
authenticated.user.url = res.profileUrl;
|
||
authenticated.user.profileImage = res.avatar;
|
||
authenticated.user.jobTitle = res.jobTitle;
|
||
authenticated.user.companyName = res.companyName;
|
||
|
||
bindProps('#header-username', null, null, (res.firstName || res.username), null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-avatar', null, res.avatar, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-user-plug', res.profileUrl, null, res.realName, null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-user-edit', '/users/' + res.id + '/edit.html', null, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-dropdown-manage-email', '/newsletters/' + res.id + '/manage.html', null, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#dropdown-view-profile', res.profileUrl, null, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#drafts-link', '/users/' + res.id + '/drafts.html', null, null, null)
|
||
|
||
if (res.isAdmin) {
|
||
// Construct backwards so the #after call places elements in the correct order
|
||
const firstUserAction = document.querySelector('#first-user-action')
|
||
const adminConsoleItem = document.createElement('li')
|
||
const adminConsoleLink = createLink('/dzone/staff/index.html', 'Admin Console')
|
||
adminConsoleItem.appendChild(adminConsoleLink)
|
||
firstUserAction.after(adminConsoleItem)
|
||
|
||
const moderationItem = document.createElement('li')
|
||
const moderationLink = createLink('/moderation/list.html', 'Moderation')
|
||
moderationItem.appendChild(moderationLink)
|
||
firstUserAction.after(moderationItem)
|
||
|
||
const bountyModerationItem = document.createElement('li')
|
||
const bountyModerationLink = createLink('/moderation/bounties', 'Bounty Moderation')
|
||
bountyModerationItem.appendChild(bountyModerationLink)
|
||
firstUserAction.after(bountyModerationItem)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
authenticated.isAuthenticated = res.authenticated;
|
||
authenticated.isAdmin = res.isAdmin;
|
||
|
||
authenticatedBlock.classList.add('shown')
|
||
}
|
||
}).catch(function (result) {
|
||
console.error(result)
|
||
})
|
||
|
||
/**
|
||
* Binds different properties to the selected element.
|
||
*
|
||
* @param selector - Selector to select the element
|
||
* @param href - href attribute value
|
||
* @param src - src attribute value
|
||
* @param innerHTML - innerHTML property value
|
||
* @param innerText - innerText property value
|
||
*/
|
||
function bindProps(selector, href, src, innerHTML, innerText) {
|
||
const element = document.querySelector(selector)
|
||
if (element) {
|
||
if (href) element.href = href
|
||
if (src) element.src = src
|
||
if (innerHTML) element.innerHTML = innerHTML
|
||
if (innerText) element.innerText = innerText
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/**
|
||
* Creates a new link element.
|
||
*
|
||
* @param href - href attribute value
|
||
* @param innerText - innerText property value
|
||
* @returns {HTMLAnchorElement} The generated link element
|
||
*/
|
||
function createLink(href, innerText) {
|
||
const link = document.createElement('a')
|
||
link.href = href
|
||
link.innerText = innerText
|
||
|
||
return link
|
||
}
|
||
</script><script>
|
||
const userHeader = document.querySelector('#user-header')
|
||
const userDropdown = document.querySelector('#user-dropdown')
|
||
const postDropdown = document.querySelector('#post-button')
|
||
const postMenu = document.querySelector('#post-menu')
|
||
|
||
let userDropdownOpen = false
|
||
let postDropdownOpen = false
|
||
|
||
document.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
|
||
if (postDropdown && postDropdown.contains(event.target)) {
|
||
setUserDropdown(false)
|
||
setPostDropdown(!postDropdownOpen)
|
||
} else if (userHeader && userHeader.contains(event.target)) {
|
||
setPostDropdown(false)
|
||
setUserDropdown(!userDropdownOpen)
|
||
} else {
|
||
setUserDropdown(false)
|
||
setPostDropdown(false)
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
|
||
function setUserDropdown(value) {
|
||
userDropdownOpen = value
|
||
if (userDropdownOpen) {
|
||
if (userDropdown) {
|
||
userDropdown.classList.add('open')
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
if (userDropdown) {
|
||
userDropdown.classList.remove('open')
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function setPostDropdown(value) {
|
||
postDropdownOpen = value
|
||
if (postDropdownOpen) {
|
||
if (postMenu) {
|
||
postMenu.classList.add('open')
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
if (postMenu) {
|
||
postMenu.classList.remove('open')
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</script><script>
|
||
document.addEventListener("alpine:init", () => {
|
||
Alpine.store('global', {
|
||
executeHttp(path, body, method) {
|
||
const options = {
|
||
method: method,
|
||
headers: {
|
||
[csrf.header]: csrf.token
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
if (method !== 'GET') {
|
||
options.body = JSON.stringify(body);
|
||
options.headers = {
|
||
...options.headers,
|
||
'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
|
||
fetch(path, options)
|
||
.then(res => {
|
||
if (!res.ok) {
|
||
reject(res);
|
||
} else {
|
||
resolve(res);
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
.catch(err => reject(err));
|
||
});
|
||
},
|
||
getFromService(path) {
|
||
return this.executeHttp(path, null, 'GET');
|
||
},
|
||
postToService(path, body = {}) {
|
||
return this.executeHttp(path, body, 'POST');
|
||
},
|
||
putToService(path, body = {}) {
|
||
return this.executeHttp(path, body, 'PUT');
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/colors.css">
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/article/styles.css">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="body-container">
|
||
<div id="announcement-container-outer">
|
||
<div id="announcement-previous">
|
||
<i class="icon-angle-left"></i>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="announcement-next">
|
||
<i class="icon-angle-right"></i>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="announcement-container">
|
||
<div class="announcement announcement-count-1"
|
||
data-position="1">
|
||
<div class="body"><p><strong>Could your team report a vulnerability within 24 hours? </strong>Find out on September 23.</p></div>
|
||
<div class="spacer"></div>
|
||
<a href="https://cvent.me/O32zXR?utm_source=Announcements&utm_medium=DzoneWeb&utm_campaign=QtGroup-0923" target="_blank">
|
||
<button>Assess Your CRA Readiness</button>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" async>
|
||
(function() {
|
||
let announcementPosition = 1;
|
||
let minAnnouncementPosition = -1;
|
||
let maxAnnouncementPosition = -1;
|
||
|
||
const announcementPrevBtn = document.querySelector('#announcement-previous');
|
||
const announcementNextBtn = document.querySelector('#announcement-next');
|
||
|
||
function withAnnouncements(callback) {
|
||
const announcements = document.querySelectorAll('#announcement-container .announcement');
|
||
for (let announcement of announcements) {
|
||
callback(announcement);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function initAnnouncementVars() {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--mobile-announcement-separator-width', '1px');
|
||
withAnnouncements(function(announcement) {
|
||
const pos = parseInt(announcement.getAttribute('data-position'));
|
||
minAnnouncementPosition = minAnnouncementPosition === -1 ? pos : Math.min(minAnnouncementPosition, pos);
|
||
maxAnnouncementPosition = maxAnnouncementPosition === -1 ? pos : Math.max(maxAnnouncementPosition, pos);
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
if (document.querySelector('.announcementBarContainer')) {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--body-top-padding', '0');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (maxAnnouncementPosition <= 0) {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--body-top-padding', '0');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
sizeToFullWhenOneEntryOnMobile();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function setAnnouncementPosition(position) {
|
||
if (window.outerWidth >= 890) {
|
||
return; // we do not need to change the position, since we can display everything on desktop.
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Make the announcement cyclical
|
||
if (minAnnouncementPosition !== -1 && maxAnnouncementPosition !== -1) {
|
||
if (position > maxAnnouncementPosition) {
|
||
position = minAnnouncementPosition; // overflow to the first announcement
|
||
} else if (position < minAnnouncementPosition) {
|
||
position = maxAnnouncementPosition; // underflow to the last announcement
|
||
}
|
||
announcementPosition = position;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const shownAnnouncements = [];
|
||
|
||
let reverseFlex = false; // should only be true when the first and last items are showing
|
||
|
||
// Now that the position is valid, apply the transforms
|
||
withAnnouncements(function(announcement) {
|
||
const pos = parseInt(announcement.getAttribute('data-position'));
|
||
const isWrapped = position === maxAnnouncementPosition && pos === minAnnouncementPosition; // showing first + last at same time
|
||
const doesNextQualify = window.outerWidth >= 500 && (pos === position + 1 || isWrapped);
|
||
|
||
if (pos === position || doesNextQualify) {
|
||
shownAnnouncements.push(announcement);
|
||
} else {
|
||
announcement.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
announcement.style.opacity = 0.0;
|
||
|
||
if (isWrapped) {
|
||
reverseFlex = true;
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
for (let announcement of shownAnnouncements) {
|
||
announcement.style.display = 'flex';
|
||
announcement.style.opacity = 1.0;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const announcementContainer = document.querySelector('#announcement-container');
|
||
if (announcementContainer) {
|
||
announcementContainer.style.flexDirection = reverseFlex ? 'row-reverse' : 'row';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function resetAnnouncements() {
|
||
announcementPosition = 1;
|
||
const announcementContainer = document.querySelector('#announcement-container');
|
||
if (announcementContainer) {
|
||
announcementContainer.style.flexDirection = 'row';
|
||
}
|
||
withAnnouncements(function(announcement) {
|
||
announcement.style.opacity = 1.0;
|
||
announcement.style.display = 'flex';
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function sizeToFullWhenOneEntryOnMobile() {
|
||
if (maxAnnouncementPosition <= 2 && announcementPrevBtn && announcementNextBtn) {
|
||
announcementPrevBtn.style.display = maxAnnouncementPosition === 2 && window.outerWidth < 500 ? 'flex' : 'none';
|
||
announcementNextBtn.style.display = maxAnnouncementPosition === 2 && window.outerWidth < 500 ? 'flex' : 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
if (maxAnnouncementPosition === 1 && window.outerWidth >= 500 && window.outerWidth < 890) {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--mobile-announcement-separator-width', '0');
|
||
document.querySelector('#announcement-container .announcement').style.maxWidth = '100%';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function resetAnnouncementsOnResize() {
|
||
announcementPosition = 1; // we want to reset the announcement position every resize
|
||
if (window.outerWidth >= 890) { // 4 announcements can be shown (215px * 4) + separator padding
|
||
resetAnnouncements();
|
||
} else { // if we're still on mobile, set the position to normalize things after resize
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition);
|
||
sizeToFullWhenOneEntryOnMobile();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
window.addEventListener('resize', resetAnnouncementsOnResize);
|
||
|
||
initAnnouncementVars();
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition); // sets the min & max positions as well as initializes transforms
|
||
|
||
if (announcementPrevBtn) {
|
||
announcementPrevBtn.onclick = function() {
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition - 1);
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (announcementNextBtn) {
|
||
announcementNextBtn.onclick = function() {
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition + 1);
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
})(); </script>
|
||
<div id="ftl-article" class="trending-article-body">
|
||
<aside class="trending-sidebar" aria-labelledby="related-sidebar-heading">
|
||
<div class="trending">
|
||
<h2 id="related-sidebar-heading">Related</h2>
|
||
<div class="trending-separator"></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/compass-part-10-oscal-mapping-compliance-scalability" class="related-link">Compliance Automated Standard Solution (COMPASS), Part 10: How OSCAL Mapping Paves the Way for Continuous Compliance Scalability</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/designing-a-scalable-fanout-service" class="related-link">When One Giant Payload Must Serve Many Small Consumers: Designing a Scalable Fanout Service</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/designing-and-operating-single-tenant-architecture" class="related-link">Designing and Operating Single-Tenant Architectures at Scale</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/hybrid-cloud-vs-multi-cloud" class="related-link">Hybrid Cloud vs Multi-Cloud: Choosing the Right Strategy for AI Scalability and Security</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</aside>
|
||
<div class="container-fluid body trending-article-fluid">
|
||
<div class="row">
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"articleBody": "There's a particular kind of confidence that sets in after you've watched Kubernetes spin up a dozen fresh pods in under a minute. You've done the work. You've containerized everything, written your Helm charts, set your HPA thresholds. The architecture diagram shows twelve clean boxes behind a load balancer, arrows flowing neatly left to right, and some unspecified cloud thing in the corner labeled \"DB\" — as if that box were inert, as if it were just furniture. Then traffic doubles. And the database CPU pegs at 99%. The pods multiply. The database CPU stays at 99%. Orders queue. Latency climbs from 80ms to 800ms to \"we need to page someone.\" What you've built, effectively, is a more efficient funnel for funneling work into a drain that cannot drain faster. You poured fuel on the bottleneck. Amdahl's Law is taught in every undergraduate systems course and ignored in roughly the same proportion of production architectures. The math is almost insultingly simple: if 10% of your work is serial — meaning it must happen in sequence, on one node, under one lock — then no matter how many parallel workers you add, you cannot speed that work up by more than 10×. Ever. The ceiling isn't a soft limit you can engineer around. It's a hard asymptote baked into the nature of the workload. Most engineers nod at this in class and then go design a checkout service with a single Postgres writer anyway. The failure mode is seductive because it's invisible until it isn't. Stateless API tiers scale magnificently. Kubernetes autoscaling works exactly as advertised for work that is genuinely embarrassingly parallel — request parsing, JWT validation, template rendering, lightweight computation. You add nodes, throughput climbs, p99 latency holds, everything looks like success. The graph of requests-per-second trends up and to the right and someone makes a slide about it. The shared state is where your bottlenecks hide. Not the stateless tier. Not the load balancer. The shared parts: the single writer, the global lock, the config service that every pod hammers on startup, the session store that wasn't supposed to be stateful but became stateful over eighteen months of accumulated convenience. Consider what actually happens inside a relational database under load. The write path isn't a pipeline that gets faster with more concurrent input — it's a serialized process that writes to a WAL, acquires row-level locks, flushes pages, updates indexes, and emits replication events, approximately in that order, approximately one batch at a time. You can tune buffer pool sizes and checkpoint intervals and connection pool settings, and all of that buys real headroom — but the fundamental serialization of writes is load-bearing in the consistency guarantees you're almost certainly relying on. You can't parallelize it away without changing what the database is. So more API pods mean more concurrent connections, mean more concurrent write requests, mean more lock contention, mean more time each transaction spends waiting rather than executing, mean higher CPU burn on mutex overhead, mean slower individual transactions, mean longer queue depths, mean the exact inverse of what the autoscaler was supposed to deliver. One e-commerce team I know about spent three quarters optimizing their checkout service — caching product lookups, moving to async order confirmation emails, replacing synchronous third-party payment polling with webhooks. They were diligent, thoughtful engineers. The checkout service became genuinely fast: 40ms p50, 120ms p99 under moderate load. Then they ran a Black Friday load test and watched the inventory database fall over at roughly 3× their target throughput. All that work on the checkout service had made it more efficient at generating writes to a table that couldn't absorb more writes. The optimization surfaced the real limit faster. That's not irony — that's Amdahl's Law working as specified. The inventory table was the chokepoint because inventory management has an inherent consistency requirement that their product owners correctly insisted on: you cannot oversell. You cannot allow two concurrent purchases of the last unit. This is a serializable constraint, and serializable constraints require serialization somewhere in the stack. You can push that serialization around, but you can't make it disappear. What the team needed wasn't faster checkout — they needed to think hard about where the serialization lived and whether it was doing unnecessary work. In their case, much of it was. The inventory update was holding a row lock for the entire duration of a downstream API call to a fulfillment service — a call that averaged 200ms and occasionally spiked to two seconds during peak load. The lock existed because some engineer, probably under time pressure, had placed the fulfillment call inside the transaction boundary. There was no good reason for it to be there. Extracting it — making the inventory decrement optimistic, publishing a fulfillment event to Kafka, handling the rare cases of downstream failure with compensating transactions — reduced their lock hold times from ~200ms to ~2ms. Suddenly the writer wasn't the bottleneck anymore, because the writer wasn't doing two seconds of work per transaction. This is the kind of change that isn't visible in an architecture diagram but matters enormously at runtime. The diagram still showed \"DB\" in a box. The vocabulary of distributed systems is full of words that promise more than they deliver. \"Microservices\" suggests independence; in practice, microservices that share a database or coordinate on every request are a distributed monolith with extra latency and a much harder debugging story. \"Event-driven\" suggests decoupling; in practice, synchronous consumers on an event bus are just RPC with more steps. \"Stateless\" suggests horizontal scalability; in practice, stateless services frequently externalize their state into a shared Redis instance that becomes the new bottleneck, just with different error messages. None of these patterns are wrong. They're right, conditionally. The condition is usually something like \"and also you've correctly identified where your coordination actually lives and designed that part deliberately.\" Engineers skip the second half of that sentence. Sticky sessions are an instructive case. The naive cure for session stickiness is to move sessions into Redis. Fine, that works. But now you've traded CPU spikes on individual app servers for hot keys in Redis if any session becomes pathologically large or pathologically active. The right design usually involves making the session genuinely stateless — encoding enough authorization and preference context into a signed JWT to avoid the session lookup entirely on most requests. That's not always possible; sometimes session state is legitimately large or mutable. But the question is worth asking before you build the Redis cluster. Similarly, read replicas are a classic scaling lever for read-heavy workloads, and they genuinely work. But they introduce replication lag, which means reads can return stale data, which means some fraction of your application logic is now reasoning about eventually-consistent state whether you've accounted for that or not. If your application was written assuming strong consistency — if the code does a write followed immediately by a read and expects the read to reflect the write — you've now introduced a subtle, intermittent, load-dependent bug. It will not appear in development. It will not appear in staging. It will appear in production at 2am during a traffic spike, and it will look like a race condition in code that hasn't changed in six months. Eventual consistency is not free. It relocates complexity from the database to the application tier and from the infrastructure layer to the reasoning layer. Whether that trade-off is worth it depends on the workload and the team's ability to reason clearly about distributed state. Pretending the trade-off doesn't exist is how you get six-month-long debugging sagas. CQRS and Event Sourcing are tools that genuinely address the scalability problem, and they're frequently misapplied in ways that create new versions of the same problem. The insight behind CQRS — separate your write model from your read model — is sound: writes require consistency and coordination; reads require latency and throughput. Why force the same data model to serve both masters? Separate them, let each be optimized for its actual use case, project the write model into whatever read model shape serves the query patterns. But. CQRS requires that you process events in order, reliably, with at-least-once delivery and idempotent consumers. Building that correctly is a real engineering problem. The event bus becomes a critical dependency. The projection code becomes complex and fragile. Debugging is harder because the causal chain between a write and its visible effect now crosses multiple services, multiple queues, potentially multiple data stores. Teams that adopt CQRS because they read a blog post about scalability often end up with lower throughput and far more operational complexity than the write-heavy Postgres setup they replaced. The pattern is right. The prerequisite is honest assessment of whether your team has the operational maturity to run it. That prerequisite is usually glossed over. What would a careful builder actually do on Monday morning? First: identify the serial fraction. Not by intuition, by measurement. Distributed tracing — Jaeger, Zipkin, Honeycomb, whatever your stack supports — will show you exactly which spans are sequential and which are parallelizable. You're looking for long chains where each span depends on the completion of the previous one, especially if those chains cross service boundaries. A checkout flow that does: auth token validate → cart fetch → inventory lock → payment charge → inventory decrement → order record → fulfillment event, all sequentially, has a serial fraction close to 1.0 regardless of how many pods the stateless services run on. Second: scrutinize lock hold times. Every lock in your system is a serialization point. How long does it hold? Is it holding longer than it needs to because work that could happen outside the transaction is happening inside it? This is the most common and most tractable bottleneck — not architecture, just discipline about transaction scope. Third: question the consistency requirements. Not to eliminate them — some consistency requirements are load-bearing, non-negotiable, correct. But some have been inherited from an earlier version of the system where they made sense and now they're just habit. \"We've always locked that row\" is not a consistency requirement. It's a pattern. The requirement is the business invariant underneath it. Sometimes you can satisfy the same invariant with an optimistic approach: attempt the update assuming no conflict, detect conflict after the fact, retry or compensate. That works when conflicts are rare. Whether conflicts are rare is an empirical question. Fourth: load test both tiers. Load test the stateless tier and the database tier separately, and then together. You want to know the saturation point of each component independently. If the DB saturates at 5000 writes/second and your app tier can generate 20,000 writes/second with eight pods, adding a ninth pod doesn't help you. It just costs you cloud spend. Fifth: don't add complexity before you understand the current limit. The temptation when facing a scalability problem is to reach for the sophisticated tool — partition the data, add a Kafka topic, introduce CQRS. Sometimes that's right. More often there's a simpler change that doubles throughput without increasing operational surface area: a missing index, an unnecessary serializable isolation level on a read-mostly query, a connection pool set to 10 connections when the DB can handle 200. Do the boring work first. Save the interesting work for problems that actually require it. There's a version of this essay that ends with a tidy framework, a numbered list of scalability principles, a checklist you can print and post near the whiteboard. I'm skeptical of that version. Scalability problems are context-specific in ways that make generalized frameworks feel reassuring but behave unreliably. The e-commerce team's problem was lock hold time. The next team's problem might be connection pool exhaustion, or hot shards in a Cassandra cluster, or a chatty service graph where adding instances multiplies cross-node traffic superlinearly, or a configuration service that becomes a synchronization bottleneck as pods start up, or something nobody has named yet. What generalizes is the habit of thought: assume there's a serial fraction; find it; measure it; shrink it before adding parallelism. Everything else is execution. The \"adding servers\" instinct isn't wrong — it's incomplete. Horizontal scaling works. 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<p>Horizontal scaling only works for the parts of your system that are parallel. Find and shrink the serial fraction before adding more infrastructure.</p>
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<div class="content-html"><p style="text-align: justify;">There's a particular kind of confidence that sets in after you've watched <a href="https://dzone.com/articles/demystifying-kubernetes">Kubernetes</a> spin up a dozen fresh pods in under a minute. You've done the work. You've containerized everything, written your Helm charts, set your HPA thresholds. The architecture diagram shows twelve clean boxes behind a load balancer, arrows flowing neatly left to right, and some unspecified cloud thing in the corner labeled "DB" — as if that box were inert, as if it were just furniture.</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Then traffic doubles. And the database CPU pegs at 99%.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">The pods multiply. The database CPU stays at 99%. Orders queue. Latency climbs from 80ms to 800ms to "we need to page someone." What you've built, effectively, is a more efficient funnel for funneling work into a drain that cannot drain faster. You poured fuel on the bottleneck.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Amdahl's Law is taught in every undergraduate systems course and ignored in roughly the same proportion of production architectures. The math is almost insultingly simple: if 10% of your work is serial — meaning it <em>must</em> happen in sequence, on one node, under one lock — then no matter how many parallel workers you add, you cannot speed that work up by more than 10×. Ever. The ceiling isn't a soft limit you can engineer around. It's a hard asymptote baked into the nature of the workload. Most engineers nod at this in class and then go design a checkout service with a single Postgres writer anyway.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">The failure mode is seductive because it's invisible until it isn't. Stateless API tiers scale magnificently. Kubernetes autoscaling works exactly as advertised for work that is genuinely embarrassingly parallel — request parsing, JWT validation, template rendering, lightweight computation. You add nodes, throughput climbs, p99 latency holds, everything looks like success. The graph of requests-per-second trends up and to the right and someone makes a slide about it.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">The shared state is where your bottlenecks hide. Not the stateless tier. Not the load balancer. The <em>shared</em> parts: the single writer, the global lock, the config service that every pod hammers on startup, the session store that wasn't supposed to be stateful but became stateful over eighteen months of accumulated convenience.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Consider what actually happens inside a relational database under load. The write path isn't a pipeline that gets faster with more concurrent input — it's a serialized process that writes to a WAL, acquires row-level locks, flushes pages, updates indexes, and emits replication events, approximately in that order, approximately one batch at a time. You can tune buffer pool sizes and checkpoint intervals and connection pool settings, and all of that buys real headroom — but the fundamental serialization of writes is load-bearing in the consistency guarantees you're almost certainly relying on. You can't parallelize it away without changing what the database <em>is</em>.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">So more API pods mean more concurrent connections, mean more concurrent write requests, mean more lock contention, mean more time each transaction spends waiting rather than executing, mean higher CPU burn on mutex overhead, mean slower individual transactions, mean longer queue depths, mean the exact inverse of what the autoscaler was supposed to deliver.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">One e-commerce team I know about spent three quarters optimizing their checkout service — caching product lookups, moving to async order confirmation emails, replacing synchronous third-party payment polling with webhooks. They were diligent, thoughtful engineers. The checkout service became genuinely fast: 40ms p50, 120ms p99 under moderate load. Then they ran a Black Friday load test and watched the inventory database fall over at roughly 3× their target throughput. All that work on the checkout service had made it more efficient at generating writes to a table that couldn't absorb more writes. The optimization surfaced the real limit faster. That's not irony — that's Amdahl's Law working as specified.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">The inventory table was the chokepoint because inventory management has an inherent consistency requirement that their product owners correctly insisted on: you cannot oversell. You cannot allow two concurrent purchases of the last unit. This is a serializable constraint, and serializable constraints require serialization somewhere in the stack. You can push that serialization around, but you can't make it disappear. What the team needed wasn't faster checkout — they needed to think hard about <em>where</em> the serialization lived and whether it was doing unnecessary work.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">In their case, much of it was. The inventory update was holding a row lock for the entire duration of a downstream API call to a fulfillment service — a call that averaged 200ms and occasionally spiked to two seconds during peak load. The lock existed because some engineer, probably under time pressure, had placed the fulfillment call inside the transaction boundary. There was no good reason for it to be there. Extracting it — making the inventory decrement optimistic, publishing a fulfillment event to Kafka, handling the rare cases of downstream failure with compensating transactions — reduced their lock hold times from ~200ms to ~2ms. Suddenly the writer wasn't the bottleneck anymore, because the writer wasn't doing two seconds of work per transaction.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">This is the kind of change that isn't visible in an architecture diagram but matters enormously at runtime. The diagram still showed "DB" in a box.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">The vocabulary of distributed systems is full of words that promise more than they deliver. "<a href="https://dzone.com/articles/effective-microservice-boundaries-practical-tips">Microservices</a>" suggests independence; in practice, microservices that share a database or coordinate on every request are a distributed monolith with extra latency and a much harder debugging story. "Event-driven" suggests decoupling; in practice, synchronous consumers on an event bus are just RPC with more steps. "Stateless" suggests horizontal scalability; in practice, stateless services frequently externalize their state into a shared Redis instance that becomes the new bottleneck, just with different error messages.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">None of these patterns are wrong. They're right, conditionally. The condition is usually something like "and also you've correctly identified where your coordination actually lives and designed that part deliberately." Engineers skip the second half of that sentence.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sticky sessions are an instructive case. The naive cure for session stickiness is to move sessions into Redis. Fine, that works. But now you've traded CPU spikes on individual app servers for hot keys in Redis if any session becomes pathologically large or pathologically active. The right design usually involves making the session genuinely stateless — encoding enough authorization and preference context into a signed JWT to avoid the session lookup entirely on most requests. That's not always possible; sometimes session state is legitimately large or mutable. But the question is worth asking before you build the Redis cluster.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Similarly, read replicas are a classic scaling lever for read-heavy workloads, and they genuinely work. But they introduce replication lag, which means reads can return stale data, which means some fraction of your application logic is now reasoning about eventually-consistent state whether you've accounted for that or not. If your application was written assuming strong consistency — if the code does a write followed immediately by a read and expects the read to reflect the write — you've now introduced a subtle, intermittent, load-dependent bug. It will not appear in development. It will not appear in staging. It will appear in production at 2am during a traffic spike, and it will look like a race condition in code that hasn't changed in six months.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Eventual consistency is not free. It relocates complexity from the database to the application tier and from the infrastructure layer to the reasoning layer. Whether that trade-off is worth it depends on the workload and the team's ability to reason clearly about distributed state. Pretending the trade-off doesn't exist is how you get six-month-long debugging sagas.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">CQRS and Event Sourcing are tools that genuinely address the scalability problem, and they're frequently misapplied in ways that create new versions of the same problem. The insight behind CQRS — separate your write model from your read model — is sound: writes require consistency and coordination; reads require latency and throughput. Why force the same data model to serve both masters? Separate them, let each be optimized for its actual use case, project the write model into whatever read model shape serves the query patterns.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">But. CQRS requires that you process events in order, reliably, with at-least-once delivery and idempotent consumers. Building that correctly is a real engineering problem. The event bus becomes a critical dependency. The projection code becomes complex and fragile. <a href="https://dzone.com/articles/effective-debugging-techniques-for-software-develo">Debugging</a> is harder because the causal chain between a write and its visible effect now crosses multiple services, multiple queues, potentially multiple data stores. Teams that adopt CQRS because they read a blog post about scalability often end up with lower throughput and far more operational complexity than the write-heavy Postgres setup they replaced.</p>
|
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<p style="text-align: justify;">The pattern is right. The prerequisite is honest assessment of whether your team has the operational maturity to run it. That prerequisite is usually glossed over.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What would a careful builder actually do on Monday morning?</strong></p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">First: identify the serial fraction. Not by intuition, by measurement. Distributed tracing — Jaeger, Zipkin, Honeycomb, whatever your stack supports — will show you exactly which spans are sequential and which are parallelizable. You're looking for long chains where each span depends on the completion of the previous one, especially if those chains cross service boundaries. A checkout flow that does: auth token validate → cart fetch → inventory lock → payment charge → inventory decrement → order record → fulfillment event, all sequentially, has a serial fraction close to 1.0 regardless of how many pods the stateless services run on.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Second: scrutinize lock hold times. Every lock in your system is a serialization point. How long does it hold? Is it holding longer than it needs to because work that could happen outside the transaction is happening inside it? This is the most common and most tractable bottleneck — not architecture, just discipline about transaction scope.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Third: question the consistency requirements. Not to eliminate them — some consistency requirements are load-bearing, non-negotiable, correct. But some have been inherited from an earlier version of the system where they made sense and now they're just habit. "We've always locked that row" is not a consistency requirement. It's a pattern. The requirement is the business invariant underneath it. Sometimes you can satisfy the same invariant with an optimistic approach: attempt the update assuming no conflict, detect conflict after the fact, retry or compensate. That works when conflicts are rare. Whether conflicts are rare is an empirical question.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Fourth: load test both tiers. Load test the stateless tier <em>and</em> the database tier <em>separately</em>, and then together. You want to know the saturation point of each component independently. If the DB saturates at 5000 writes/second and your app tier can generate 20,000 writes/second with eight pods, adding a ninth pod doesn't help you. It just costs you cloud spend.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">Fifth: don't add complexity before you understand the current limit. The temptation when facing a scalability problem is to reach for the sophisticated tool — partition the data, add a Kafka topic, introduce CQRS. Sometimes that's right. More often there's a simpler change that doubles throughput without increasing operational surface area: a missing index, an unnecessary serializable isolation level on a read-mostly query, a connection pool set to 10 connections when the DB can handle 200. Do the boring work first. Save the interesting work for problems that actually require it.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">There's a version of this essay that ends with a tidy framework, a numbered list of scalability principles, a checklist you can print and post near the whiteboard. I'm skeptical of that version. Scalability problems are context-specific in ways that make generalized frameworks feel reassuring but behave unreliably. The e-commerce team's problem was lock hold time. The next team's problem might be connection pool exhaustion, or hot shards in a Cassandra cluster, or a chatty service graph where adding instances multiplies cross-node traffic superlinearly, or a configuration service that becomes a synchronization bottleneck as pods start up, or something nobody has named yet.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">What generalizes is the habit of thought: assume there's a serial fraction; find it; measure it; shrink it before adding parallelism. Everything else is execution.</p>
|
||
<p style="text-align: justify;">The "adding servers" instinct isn't wrong — it's incomplete. Horizontal scaling works. It just doesn't work everywhere, uniformly, automatically, without understanding which parts of your system are fundamentally not horizontal. The servers multiply. The bottleneck doesn't care.</p></div>
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this.$store.article.engagement.open = false;
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
updateStore() {
|
||
if (this.nodeId !== this.$store.article.id) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.reset();
|
||
this.$store.article.id = this.nodeId;
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
fetchEngagements() {
|
||
if (this.$store.article.engagement.loading || !this.$store.article.engagement.additional) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.loading = true;
|
||
this.$store.global.getFromService('/services/nodes/' + this.$store.article.id + '/engagements?page=' + this.$store.article.engagement.page)
|
||
.then(res => {
|
||
res.json().then(data => {
|
||
for (let user of data.engagements) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.users.push(user);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.additional = data.additional;
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.page++;
|
||
});
|
||
})
|
||
.catch(err => {
|
||
err.json().then(data => {
|
||
if (data.error?.code === 4011) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.unauthorized = true;
|
||
} else {
|
||
this.$store.modal_engagement_error.open();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
})
|
||
.finally(() => {
|
||
// Allow the loader to gracefully exit
|
||
setTimeout(() => {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.loading = false;
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.initializing = false;
|
||
}, 200);
|
||
});
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
formatJobData(user) {
|
||
if (user.profile.jobTitle && user.profile.companyName) {
|
||
return user.profile.jobTitle + ', ' + user.profile.companyName;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (user.profile.jobTitle) {
|
||
return user.profile.jobTitle;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (user.profile.companyName) {
|
||
return user.profile.companyName;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return null;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
isDataUnavailable() {
|
||
return !this.$store.article.engagement.initializing && !this.$store.article.engagement.users.length;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
isFooterShowing() {
|
||
return !this.$store.article.engagement.initializing
|
||
&& this.$store.article.engagement.additional
|
||
&& this.$store.article.engagement.page > 1;
|
||
}
|
||
}));
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alpine-overlay" x-cloak x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error._open">
|
||
<div id="modal_engagement_error"
|
||
class="alpine-modal"
|
||
role="dialog"
|
||
tabindex="-1"
|
||
x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error._open"
|
||
x-on:click.self="$store.modal_engagement_error.dismissible && $store.modal_engagement_error.close()"
|
||
x-cloak
|
||
x-transition
|
||
>
|
||
<div class="dz-style modal-inner centered relative">
|
||
<button x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.closeable"
|
||
class="btn-close"
|
||
x-on:click="$store.modal_engagement_error.close()"
|
||
aria-label="Close">
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.title" class="modal-header p-sm mt-sm mb-md">
|
||
<div class="title " x-text="$store.modal_engagement_error.title"></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="modal-content py-md px-lg" x-bind:class="{ 'has-top-border': $store.modal_engagement_error.title }">
|
||
<p x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.bodyText" class="my-none" x-text="$store.modal_engagement_error.bodyText"></p>
|
||
<p>The likes didn't load as expected. Please refresh the page and try again.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.options.length" class="modal-footer p-sm">
|
||
<template x-for="option in $store.modal_engagement_error.options">
|
||
<button x-show="option.canDisplay" x-text="option.text"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
x-bind:id="'button_modal_engagement_error_' + option.index"
|
||
x-bind:class="option.classList"
|
||
x-on:click="option.onClick"
|
||
x-bind:disabled="option.isDisabled"
|
||
></button>
|
||
</template>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
document.addEventListener("alpine:init", () => {
|
||
Alpine.store("modal_engagement_error", {
|
||
_open: false,
|
||
title: "Oops! Something Went Wrong",
|
||
bodyText: null,
|
||
options: [{"action":"dismiss","text":"Close"}],
|
||
closeable: true,
|
||
dismissible: true,
|
||
open(data) {
|
||
if (data) {
|
||
if (data.title) {
|
||
this.title = data.title;
|
||
}
|
||
if (data.bodyText) {
|
||
this.bodyText = data.bodyText;
|
||
}
|
||
if (data.options) {
|
||
this.options = data.options;
|
||
}
|
||
if (data.dismissAfterMs) {
|
||
setTimeout(() => this._open = false, data.dismissAfterMs);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
this.updateOptions();
|
||
this._open = true;
|
||
},
|
||
close() {
|
||
// Manually click the buttons in which should run on dismiss.
|
||
// This is to keep the context. Calling this[option.action]() will not work.
|
||
for (let option of this.options) {
|
||
if (option.runOnDismiss) {
|
||
const element = document.querySelector('#button_modal_engagement_error_' + option.index);
|
||
element.click();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
this._open = false;
|
||
},
|
||
updateOptions() {
|
||
const btnStyle = this.options.length === 2 ? ' btn-default' : '';
|
||
this.options = this.options.map((o, idx) => ({
|
||
...o,
|
||
index: idx,
|
||
classList: o.classList ? o.classList : (idx === 0 ? "btn btn-primary hov-brighten" : "btn hov-underline" + btnStyle),
|
||
onClick: function() {
|
||
if (o.action !== "dismiss") {
|
||
this[o.action]();
|
||
}
|
||
this.$store["modal_engagement_error"].close();
|
||
},
|
||
isDisabled: function() {
|
||
return Object.hasOwn(o, 'disabled') && this[o.disabled]();
|
||
},
|
||
canDisplay: function() {
|
||
return !Object.hasOwn(o, 'condition') || this[o.condition]();
|
||
}
|
||
}));
|
||
},
|
||
init() {
|
||
this.updateOptions();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/footer/styles.css">
|
||
|
||
<div id="ftl-footer">
|
||
<div class="container-fluid footerOuter" style="padding-bottom: 90px;">
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-md-12">
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
<div class="row footer">
|
||
<div class="col-md-12 footerWidget">
|
||
<div class="row footerContainer footer">
|
||
<div class="left col-xs-12 col-sm-7">
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 social-media-icons footer-mobile">
|
||
<ul class="icons-only">
|
||
<li class="rss-icon" id="rss-footer-1">
|
||
<a href="/pages/feeds" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-4 h-4 mt-1.75 fill-current" aria-label="Follow our RSS feeds">
|
||
<title>RSS</title>
|
||
<path d="M19.199 24C19.199 13.467 10.533 4.8 0 4.8V0c13.165 0 24 10.835 24 24h-4.801zM3.291 17.415c1.814 0 3.293 1.479 3.293 3.295 0 1.813-1.485 3.29-3.301 3.29C1.47 24 0 22.526 0 20.71s1.475-3.294 3.291-3.295zM15.909 24h-4.665c0-6.169-5.075-11.245-11.244-11.245V8.09c8.727 0 15.909 7.184 15.909 15.91z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="twitter-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://twitter.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on X">
|
||
<title>X</title>
|
||
<path d="M14.234 10.162 22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532.929 1.329 7.754 11.09h-3.182z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="facebook-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook">
|
||
<title>Facebook</title>
|
||
<path d="M9.101 23.691v-7.98H6.627v-3.667h2.474v-1.58c0-4.085 1.848-5.978 5.858-5.978.401 0 .955.042 1.468.103a8.68 8.68 0 0 1 1.141.195v3.325a8.623 8.623 0 0 0-.653-.036 26.805 26.805 0 0 0-.733-.009c-.707 0-1.259.096-1.675.309a1.686 1.686 0 0 0-.679.622c-.258.42-.374.995-.374 1.752v1.297h3.919l-.386 2.103-.287 1.564h-3.246v8.245C19.396 23.238 24 18.179 24 12.044c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.628 3.874 10.35 9.101 11.647Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="linkedin-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/dzone/" target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg viewBox="0 0 24 25" fill="none" aria-label="Follow us on LinkedIn">
|
||
<path d="M6.20062 21.2143H1.84688V7.194H6.20062V21.2143ZM4.02141 5.2815C2.62922 5.2815 1.5 4.12838 1.5 2.73619C1.5 2.06747 1.76565 1.42614 2.2385 0.953285C2.71136 0.48043 3.35269 0.214783 4.02141 0.214783C4.69012 0.214783 5.33145 0.48043 5.80431 0.953285C6.27716 1.42614 6.54281 2.06747 6.54281 2.73619C6.54281 4.12838 5.413 5.2815 4.02141 5.2815ZM22.4953 21.2143H18.1509V14.3893C18.1509 12.7628 18.1181 10.6768 15.8873 10.6768C13.6237 10.6768 13.2769 12.444 13.2769 14.2721V21.2143H8.92781V7.194H13.1034V9.1065H13.1644C13.7456 8.00494 15.1655 6.84244 17.2838 6.84244C21.69 6.84244 22.5 9.744 22.5 13.5128V21.2143H22.4953Z" fill="currentColor"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="top-section col-xs-12">
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">ABOUT US</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/about" rel="noreferrer noopener">About DZone</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#83f0f6f3f3ecf1f7c3e7f9ecede6ade0ecee" rel="noreferrer noopener">Support and feedback</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/dzone-community-research">Community research</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">ADVERTISE</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="https://advertise.dzone.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advertise with DZone</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bottom-section col-xs-12">
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">CONTRIBUTE ON DZONE</p>
|
||
<ul class="bottom-top-list link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="/articles/dzones-article-submission-guidelines">Article Submission Guidelines</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/contribute" rel="noreferrer noopener">Become a Contributor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/core" rel="noreferrer noopener">Core Program</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/writers-zone" rel="noreferrer noopener">Visit the Writers' Zone</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p class="section-header">LEGAL</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="https://technologyadvice.com/terms-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Terms of Service</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://technologyadvice.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Privacy Policy</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">CONTACT US</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li>3343 Perimeter Hill Drive</li>
|
||
<li>Suite 215</li>
|
||
<li>Nashville, TN 37211</li>
|
||
<li><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#374442474758454377534d5859521954585a" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="770402070718050337130d1819125914181a">[email protected]</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="right col-xs-12 col-sm-5">
|
||
|
||
<p class="connect-text">Let's be friends:</p>
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 social-media-icons footer-wide">
|
||
<ul class="icons-only">
|
||
<li class="rss-icon" id="rss-footer-1">
|
||
<a href="/pages/feeds" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow our RSS feeds">
|
||
<title>RSS</title>
|
||
<path d="M19.199 24C19.199 13.467 10.533 4.8 0 4.8V0c13.165 0 24 10.835 24 24h-4.801zM3.291 17.415c1.814 0 3.293 1.479 3.293 3.295 0 1.813-1.485 3.29-3.301 3.29C1.47 24 0 22.526 0 20.71s1.475-3.294 3.291-3.295zM15.909 24h-4.665c0-6.169-5.075-11.245-11.244-11.245V8.09c8.727 0 15.909 7.184 15.909 15.91z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="twitter-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://twitter.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on X">
|
||
<title>X</title>
|
||
<path d="M14.234 10.162 22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532.929 1.329 7.754 11.09h-3.182z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="facebook-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook">
|
||
<title>Facebook</title>
|
||
<path d="M9.101 23.691v-7.98H6.627v-3.667h2.474v-1.58c0-4.085 1.848-5.978 5.858-5.978.401 0 .955.042 1.468.103a8.68 8.68 0 0 1 1.141.195v3.325a8.623 8.623 0 0 0-.653-.036 26.805 26.805 0 0 0-.733-.009c-.707 0-1.259.096-1.675.309a1.686 1.686 0 0 0-.679.622c-.258.42-.374.995-.374 1.752v1.297h3.919l-.386 2.103-.287 1.564h-3.246v8.245C19.396 23.238 24 18.179 24 12.044c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.628 3.874 10.35 9.101 11.647Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="linkedin-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/dzone/" target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg viewBox="0 0 24 25" fill="none" aria-label="Follow us on LinkedIn">
|
||
<path d="M6.20062 21.2143H1.84688V7.194H6.20062V21.2143ZM4.02141 5.2815C2.62922 5.2815 1.5 4.12838 1.5 2.73619C1.5 2.06747 1.76565 1.42614 2.2385 0.953285C2.71136 0.48043 3.35269 0.214783 4.02141 0.214783C4.69012 0.214783 5.33145 0.48043 5.80431 0.953285C6.27716 1.42614 6.54281 2.06747 6.54281 2.73619C6.54281 4.12838 5.413 5.2815 4.02141 5.2815ZM22.4953 21.2143H18.1509V14.3893C18.1509 12.7628 18.1181 10.6768 15.8873 10.6768C13.6237 10.6768 13.2769 12.444 13.2769 14.2721V21.2143H8.92781V7.194H13.1034V9.1065H13.1644C13.7456 8.00494 15.1655 6.84244 17.2838 6.84244C21.69 6.84244 22.5 9.744 22.5 13.5128V21.2143H22.4953Z" fill="currentColor"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script>
|
||
const articleId = 3641594;
|
||
const likes = 1;
|
||
const assetDomain = 'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com';
|
||
const codemirrorVars = {
|
||
modeURI: 'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/mode/',
|
||
requiredScripts: [
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/lib/codemirror.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/addon/mode/overlay.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/addon/mode/multiplex.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/mode/meta.js'
|
||
]
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const gptTags = {
|
||
'zone': 'Performance',
|
||
'topicTag': 'Scalability',
|
||
'company': '',
|
||
'siteSection': 'Zones',
|
||
'articleCategory': 'opinion',
|
||
'nodeID': '3641594',
|
||
'authorID': '5349114',
|
||
'publishYear': '2026',
|
||
'publishMonth': '04',
|
||
'jobRole': '',
|
||
'companySize': '',
|
||
'env': 'prod'
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const minCommentChar = 10;
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script async>const width = window.innerWidth;
|
||
|
||
const metadata = {
|
||
'top': {
|
||
'position': 'top',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_article_billboard_new',
|
||
},
|
||
'sponsorLogo': {
|
||
'position': 'zoneHomepage',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_homepage_sponsor_logo',
|
||
'refreshable': false
|
||
},
|
||
'sidebar1': {
|
||
'position': 'sidebar',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_article_halfpage_new',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'topBumper': {
|
||
'position': 'top',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_bumper_text_ad',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'bottomBumper': {
|
||
'position': 'bottom',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_bumper_text_ad',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'bottom': {
|
||
'position': 'bottom',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_article_bottom',
|
||
},
|
||
'bottomStickyFooter': {
|
||
'position': 'sticky',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_sticky_footer_leaderboard',
|
||
},
|
||
'partner': {
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_partner_resource_link',
|
||
},
|
||
'branded': {
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_branded_content',
|
||
'refreshable': false
|
||
},
|
||
'topicBillboard': {
|
||
'position': ['top', 'zoneHomepage'],
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_topic_billboard',
|
||
},
|
||
'listPageSidebar': {
|
||
'position': 'sidebar',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_list_page_sidebar',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'topListPageLeaderboard2': {
|
||
'position': ['top', 'zoneList'],
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_list_page_leaderboard_2',
|
||
},
|
||
'bottomListPageLeaderboard2': {
|
||
'position': ['bottom', 'zoneList'],
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_list_page_leaderboard_2',
|
||
},
|
||
'homepageLeaderboard': {
|
||
'position': 'top',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_homepage_leaderboard',
|
||
},
|
||
'homepageLeaderboard2': {
|
||
'position': 'bottom',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_homepage_leaderboard_2',
|
||
},
|
||
'skybox': {
|
||
'position': 'above nav',
|
||
'slot': 'dz_skybox',
|
||
'refreshable': false
|
||
},
|
||
'inline': {
|
||
'position': 'inline',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_inline-article-display',
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
var campaign = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("adTargeting_campaign");
|
||
|
||
window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] };
|
||
|
||
if (campaign) {
|
||
window.googletag.cmd.push(function() {
|
||
window.googletag.setConfig({ targeting: { campaign }});
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
let lastHeader = null;
|
||
|
||
const topContainer = document.querySelector('#top-bumper-container');
|
||
const bottomContainer = document.querySelector('#bottom-bumper-container');
|
||
|
||
function GAM_getPersistentValue(key) {
|
||
const stored = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key));
|
||
|
||
if (!stored) {
|
||
return null;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const { value, expiration } = stored;
|
||
|
||
if (expiration && Date.now() >= expiration) {
|
||
localStorage.removeItem(key);
|
||
return null;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return value;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_setPersistentValue(key, value, expiration) {
|
||
// 5 minutes from now
|
||
if (!expiration) {
|
||
expiration = Date.now() + 300000;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const storedValue = JSON.stringify({
|
||
value: value,
|
||
expiration: expiration
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
localStorage.setItem(key, storedValue);
|
||
|
||
return value;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_synchronousRequest(params) {
|
||
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
|
||
xhr.open('GET', params.url, false);
|
||
xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json");
|
||
|
||
if (typeof params.auth_header !== "undefined") {
|
||
xhr.setRequestHeader("Authorization", params.auth_header);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
xhr.send(null);
|
||
if (xhr.status === 200) {
|
||
return xhr.responseText;
|
||
} else {
|
||
throw new Error('Request failed: ' + xhr.statusText);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_fetch_data(params) {
|
||
let stored_data = GAM_getPersistentValue(params.storage_key);
|
||
|
||
if (stored_data === null) {
|
||
try {
|
||
const response = GAM_synchronousRequest(params);
|
||
const data = JSON.parse(response);
|
||
|
||
// Store and expire after 30 minutes
|
||
return GAM_setPersistentValue(params.storage_key, data, Date.now() + 1800000);
|
||
} catch (error) {
|
||
console.error('Could not get ' + params.storage_key + ' data: ' + error);
|
||
return null;
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
return stored_data;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_setUpSixSenseTargeting() {
|
||
let meData = GAM_fetch_data({
|
||
url: "https://link.technologyadvice.com/_me",
|
||
storage_key: "ta_me_data"
|
||
});
|
||
let sixSenseData = GAM_fetch_data({
|
||
url: "https://epsilon.6sense.com/v3/company/details",
|
||
auth_header: "Token d20a1b0e892442270cbc4cb6801c0160d28af04c",
|
||
storage_key: "ta_6s_data"
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
function meDataIncludes(i) {
|
||
return meData.tags.includes(i);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (typeof meData !== "undefined" && meData !== null) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("visitor_id", meData.vid);
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user_agent", meData.user_agent);
|
||
|
||
var tags_mapping = {
|
||
"is_datacenter": ["site.is-datacenter"],
|
||
"is_suspected_bot": ["site.suspected-bad-bot", "site.bad-bot"],
|
||
"is_ta_user": ["site.is-ta-user"],
|
||
"is_crawler": ["site.user-agent-blocked"],
|
||
"is_ad_blocked": ["site.is-ad-blocked"],
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
for (var key in tags_mapping) {
|
||
if (tags_mapping[key].some(meDataIncludes)) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting(key, 'true');
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (typeof sixSenseData !== "undefined" && sixSenseData !== null) {
|
||
var segment_ids = [];
|
||
if (sixSenseData.segments && sixSenseData.segments.ids && sixSenseData.segments.ids.length) {
|
||
sixSenseData.segments.ids.forEach(function (v) {
|
||
segment_ids.push(v.toString());
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
if (typeof segment_ids !== "undefined" && segment_ids.length > 0) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("segment_ids_6si", segment_ids);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (width >= 1024 && (topContainer || bottomContainer)) {
|
||
// Dynamically create bumper ad slots for non-mobile devices.
|
||
// Prevents ugly dividers being rendered on empty ad slots (mobile)
|
||
const topBumper = document.createElement('div');
|
||
topBumper.id = 'div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-3';
|
||
topBumper.classList.add('article-bumper', 'article-bumper-top', 'dz2_bumper_text_ad');
|
||
topBumper.setAttribute('data-gpt-slot', 'topBumper');
|
||
|
||
topContainer.appendChild(topBumper);
|
||
|
||
const bottomBumper = document.createElement('div');
|
||
bottomBumper.id = 'div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-4';
|
||
bottomBumper.classList.add('article-bumper', 'article-bumper-bottom', 'dz2_bumper_text_ad');
|
||
bottomBumper.setAttribute('data-gpt-slot', 'bottomBumper');
|
||
|
||
bottomContainer.appendChild(bottomBumper);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (gptTags.zone) {
|
||
gptTags.zone = gptTags.zone.replaceAll(/[\s/]/g, '_')
|
||
.replaceAll(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_]/g, '')
|
||
.toLowerCase();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
makeAds();
|
||
|
||
function handleSkybox() {
|
||
const skybox = document.querySelector('div.skybox');
|
||
if (skybox) {
|
||
document.body.classList.add('skybox-auto-collapse');
|
||
// observe classlist changes for offsetting sticky ads
|
||
const observer = new MutationObserver((mutations) => {
|
||
mutations.forEach((mutation) => {
|
||
if (mutation.type === 'attributes' && mutation.attributeName === 'class') {
|
||
let offset = 0;
|
||
if (!document.body.classList.contains('skybox-closed') && (
|
||
document.body.classList.contains('ccad-skybox-manualcollapse')
|
||
|| document.body.classList.contains('ccad-skybox-manualexpand')
|
||
)) {
|
||
offset = skybox.getBoundingClientRect().height;
|
||
}
|
||
let eligibleAds = [
|
||
{ element: document.querySelector('.content-right-images'), offset: 108 },
|
||
{ element: document.querySelector('.trending-sidebar'), offset: 88 },
|
||
{ element: document.querySelector('.trending'), offset: 88 }
|
||
];
|
||
for (let ad of eligibleAds) {
|
||
if (ad.element) {
|
||
ad.element.style.top = (ad.offset + offset) + 'px';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
observer.observe(document.body, { attributes: true });
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function isHeaderEligible(header) {
|
||
const range = document.createRange();
|
||
range.setStartAfter(lastHeader);
|
||
range.setEndBefore(header);
|
||
|
||
return range.toString().trim().length >= 600;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function placeInlineAds() {
|
||
const excludedContent = document.querySelectorAll('#ftl-article.branded-content, #ftl-article.sponsored');
|
||
|
||
if (excludedContent.length > 0) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const headers = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.content-html h2')).splice(1);
|
||
|
||
let globalIndex = 12;
|
||
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < headers.length; i++) {
|
||
if (!lastHeader || isHeaderEligible(headers[i])) {
|
||
const element = document.createElement('div');
|
||
element.id = 'div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-' + globalIndex;
|
||
element.classList.add('inline-display', 'dz2_inline-article-display');
|
||
element.setAttribute('data-gpt-slot', 'inline');
|
||
headers[i].before(element);
|
||
lastHeader = element;
|
||
globalIndex++;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function makeAds() {
|
||
handleSkybox();
|
||
placeInlineAds();
|
||
|
||
const script = document.createElement('script');
|
||
script.src = 'https://i6ByW9Zmz4ncxhHkb.ay.delivery/manager/i6ByW9Zmz4ncxhHkb';
|
||
script.type = 'text/javascript';
|
||
script.referrerPolicy = 'no-referrer-when-downgrade';
|
||
|
||
document.head.appendChild(script);
|
||
|
||
window.googletag.cmd.push(function() {
|
||
const containers = document.querySelectorAll('div[data-gpt-slot]');
|
||
|
||
for (let container of containers) {
|
||
const div = container.getAttribute('data-gpt-slot');
|
||
const meta = metadata[div];
|
||
|
||
if (meta.minWidthToShow && width < meta.minWidthToShow) {
|
||
continue;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting('hostname', window.location.hostname);
|
||
|
||
Object.keys(gptTags).forEach(function(key) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting(key, gptTags[key]);
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', (event) => {
|
||
window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
|
||
var slotId = event.slot.getSlotElementId();
|
||
|
||
if (!slotId.includes('__ayManagerEnv__')) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var className = slotId.split('__ayManagerEnv__')[0];
|
||
var slotName = className.replace('dz2_', '').replace('dz_', '').replace(/_\d+$/, '');
|
||
var unitName = meta.slot.replace('dz2_', '').replace('dz_', '').replace(/_\d+$/, '');
|
||
|
||
if (slotName !== unitName) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var elem = document.getElementById(slotId);
|
||
|
||
if (!elem) {
|
||
console.warn('Ad element missing', slotId);
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Ad unit did not fill, collapse slot
|
||
if (event.isEmpty && elem.parentElement) {
|
||
elem.parentElement.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
GAM_setUpSixSenseTargeting();
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script async>// InMobi Choice. Consent Manager Tag v3.0 (for TCF 2.2)
|
||
!function(){var e=window.location.hostname,t=document.createElement("script"),n=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],a="https://cmp.inmobi.com".concat("/choice/","vPn77x7pBG57Y","/","dzone.com","/choice.js?tag_version=V3"),p=0;t.async=!0,t.type="text/javascript",t.src=a,n.parentNode.insertBefore(t,n),function(){for(var e,t="__tcfapiLocator",n=[],a=window;a;){try{if(a.frames[t]){e=a;break}}catch(e){}if(a===window.top)break;a=a.parent}e||(!function e(){var n=a.document,p=!!a.frames[t];if(!p)if(n.body){var s=n.createElement("iframe");s.style.cssText="display:none",s.name=t,n.body.appendChild(s)}else setTimeout(e,5);return!p}(),a.__tcfapi=function(){var e,t=arguments;if(!t.length)return n;if("setGdprApplies"===t[0])t.length>3&&2===t[2]&&"boolean"==typeof t[3]&&(e=t[3],"function"==typeof t[2]&&t[2]("set",!0));else if("ping"===t[0]){var a={gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"};"function"==typeof t[2]&&t[2](a)}else"init"===t[0]&&"object"==typeof t[3]&&(t[3]=Object.assign(t[3],{tag_version:"V3"})),n.push(t)},a.addEventListener("message",(function(e){var t="string"==typeof e.data,n={};try{n=t?JSON.parse(e.data):e.data}catch(e){}var a=n.__tcfapiCall;a&&window.__tcfapi(a.command,a.version,(function(n,p){var s={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:n,success:p,callId:a.callId}};t&&(s=JSON.stringify(s)),e&&e.source&&e.source.postMessage&&e.source.postMessage(s,"*")}),a.parameter)}),!1))}(),function(){const e=["2:tcfeuv2","6:uspv1","7:usnatv1","8:usca","9:usvav1","10:uscov1","11:usutv1","12:usctv1"];window.__gpp_addFrame=function(e){if(!window.frames[e])if(document.body){var t=document.createElement("iframe");t.style.cssText="display:none",t.name=e,document.body.appendChild(t)}else window.setTimeout(window.__gpp_addFrame,10,e)},window.__gpp_stub=function(){var t=arguments;if(__gpp.queue=__gpp.queue||[],__gpp.events=__gpp.events||[],!t.length||1==t.length&&"queue"==t[0])return __gpp.queue;if(1==t.length&&"events"==t[0])return __gpp.events;var n=t[0],a=t.length>1?t[1]:null,p=t.length>2?t[2]:null;if("ping"===n)a({gppVersion:"1.1",cmpStatus:"stub",cmpDisplayStatus:"hidden",signalStatus:"not ready",supportedAPIs:e,cmpId:10,sectionList:[],applicableSections:[-1],gppString:"",parsedSections:{}},!0);else if("addEventListener"===n){"lastId"in __gpp||(__gpp.lastId=0),__gpp.lastId++;var s=__gpp.lastId;__gpp.events.push({id:s,callback:a,parameter:p}),a({eventName:"listenerRegistered",listenerId:s,data:!0,pingData:{gppVersion:"1.1",cmpStatus:"stub",cmpDisplayStatus:"hidden",signalStatus:"not ready",supportedAPIs:e,cmpId:10,sectionList:[],applicableSections:[-1],gppString:"",parsedSections:{}}},!0)}else if("removeEventListener"===n){for(var i=!1,o=0;o<__gpp.events.length;o++)if(__gpp.events[o].id==p){__gpp.events.splice(o,1),i=!0;break}a({eventName:"listenerRemoved",listenerId:p,data:i,pingData:{gppVersion:"1.1",cmpStatus:"stub",cmpDisplayStatus:"hidden",signalStatus:"not ready",supportedAPIs:e,cmpId:10,sectionList:[],applicableSections:[-1],gppString:"",parsedSections:{}}},!0)}else"hasSection"===n?a(!1,!0):"getSection"===n||"getField"===n?a(null,!0):__gpp.queue.push([].slice.apply(t))},window.__gpp_msghandler=function(e){var t="string"==typeof e.data;try{var n=t?JSON.parse(e.data):e.data}catch(e){n=null}if("object"==typeof n&&null!==n&&"__gppCall"in n){var a=n.__gppCall;window.__gpp(a.command,(function(n,p){var s={__gppReturn:{returnValue:n,success:p,callId:a.callId}};e.source.postMessage(t?JSON.stringify(s):s,"*")}),"parameter"in a?a.parameter:null,"version"in a?a.version:"1.1")}},"__gpp"in window&&"function"==typeof window.__gpp||(window.__gpp=window.__gpp_stub,window.addEventListener("message",window.__gpp_msghandler,!1),window.__gpp_addFrame("__gppLocator"))}();var s=function(){var e=arguments;typeof window.__uspapi!==s&&setTimeout((function(){void 0!==window.__uspapi&&window.__uspapi.apply(window.__uspapi,e)}),500)};if(void 0===window.__uspapi){window.__uspapi=s;var i=setInterval((function(){p++,window.__uspapi===s&&p<3?console.warn("USP is not accessible"):clearInterval(i)}),6e3)}}();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<script async>
|
||
(function(w, d, s, l, i) {
|
||
w[l] = w[l] || [];
|
||
w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'});
|
||
var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : '';
|
||
j.async = true;
|
||
j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl;
|
||
f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
|
||
})(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-K25QL22');
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
window.ga=window.ga||function(){(ga.q=ga.q||[]).push(arguments)};ga.l=+new Date;
|
||
ga('create', 'UA-410289-1', 'auto');
|
||
ga('require', 'linkid', 'linkid.js');
|
||
ga('require', 'GTM-TSD9TZP');
|
||
ga('set', 'siteSpeedSampleRate', 25);
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script async src="https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js"></script>
|
||
<script async>var analytics = {
|
||
'dimension1': 'Performance',
|
||
'dimension2': 'article/opinion',
|
||
'dimension3': '2026-04-02',
|
||
'dimension4': '0',
|
||
'dimension5': '',
|
||
'dimension7': 'Scalability',
|
||
'dimension8': 'Eyanus',
|
||
'dimension9': 'undefined',
|
||
'dimension10': 'Jon'
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
if (window.ga) {
|
||
Object.keys(analytics).forEach(function(key) {
|
||
window.ga('set', key, analytics[key]);
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
window.ga('send', 'pageview');
|
||
}</script>
|
||
|
||
<script src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/static/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script>
|
||
<script async src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/static/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
function loadScript(src) {
|
||
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
|
||
const s = document.createElement('script');
|
||
s.src = src;
|
||
s.onload = resolve;
|
||
s.onerror = reject;
|
||
document.head.appendChild(s);
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function loadStyle(href) {
|
||
const link = document.createElement('link');
|
||
link.rel = 'stylesheet';
|
||
link.href = href;
|
||
document.head.appendChild(link);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function loadScriptsSync(deferred) {
|
||
var p = Promise.resolve();
|
||
for (var i = 0; i < deferred.length; i++) {
|
||
let script = deferred[i];
|
||
p = p.then(function() {
|
||
return loadScript(script);
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
return p;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function loadStyles() {
|
||
const deferred = [
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/lib/codemirror.css',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/comments/styles.css',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/froala3/css/froala_editor.pkgd.min.css',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/froala3/css/themes/gray.min.css',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/article/mini-profile.css'
|
||
];
|
||
|
||
for (var i = 0; i < deferred.length; i++) {
|
||
loadStyle(deferred[i]);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
window.addEventListener('load', function(_event) {
|
||
loadStyles();
|
||
|
||
loadScriptsSync([
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/lazysizes.min.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/article/codeblocks.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/article/activity-bar.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/froala3/js/froala_editor.pkgd.min.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/froala/content.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/comments/content.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/article/content.js'
|
||
]);
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|