Files
nexus/sreweekly/articles/8/02-high-availability-at-massive-scale-building-google-s-data-infrastructu.html
2026-09-12 17:23:01 +08:00

5093 lines
136 KiB
HTML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters
This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://research.google/pubs/high-availability-at-massive-scale-building-googles-data-infrastructure-for-ads/" /><meta property="og:title" content="High-Availability at Massive Scale: Building Google’s Data Infrastructure for Ads"><meta property="og:url" content="https://research.google/pubs/high-availability-at-massive-scale-building-googles-data-infrastructure-for-ads/"><meta property="og:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/HO_previewImage1.width-800.format-jpeg.jpg"><meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/HO_previewImage1.width-800.format-jpeg.jpg"><meta property="og:type" content="Website">
<meta name="citation_title" content="High-Availability at Massive Scale: Building Google’s Data Infrastructure for Ads" />
<meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2015" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Ashish Gupta" />
<meta name="citation_author" content="Jeff Shute" />
<title>High-Availability at Massive Scale: Building Google’s Data Infrastructure for Ads</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1 viewport-fit=cover"/>
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/googleg_gradient/1x/googleg_gradient_standard_20dp.png">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com">
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
<link rel="preload"
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Google+Sans+Flex:opsz,wght@6..144,1..1000&family=Product+Sans&display=swap"
as="style">
<link rel="stylesheet"
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Google+Sans+Flex:opsz,wght@6..144,1..1000&family=Product+Sans&display=swap">
<link rel="preload"
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans&family=Google+Sans+Display:ital@0;1&family=Google+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&family=Google+Sans+Text:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap"
as="style">
<link rel="stylesheet"
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans&family=Google+Sans+Display:ital@0;1&family=Google+Sans:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&family=Google+Sans+Text:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto+Mono:wght@400;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Google+Symbols:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD,ROND@48,100..300,0..1,0,100&display=swap" as="style" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Google+Symbols:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD,ROND@48,100..300,0..1,0,100&display=swap">
<link href="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/cookienotificationbar/cookienotificationbar.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="https://www.gstatic.com/glue/v27_1/glue-material.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gr/static/css/googleresearch.css?id=1df8cfd093ef74378ad52e9df6e91ef9">
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
function glueCookieNotificationBarLoaded() {
(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K8QBZ7Q');
}
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
</head>
<body class=" js-google-tag-wrapper" data-gt-page-path="https://research.google/pubs/high-availability-at-massive-scale-building-googles-data-infrastructure-for-ads/" data-env="production">
<div class="button-group skip-link">
<a href="#page-content" class="glue-button glue-button--high-emphasis">Skip to main content</a>
</div>
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K8QBZ7Q"
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<site-nav>
<header class="site-navigation-isolation header glue-header glue-header--no-cta deepai-header js-header js-site-navigation">
<div class="header-container">
<div class="header__background mobile tablet"></div>
<div class="header flyout__desktop-container">
<nav class="header flyout desktop"
data-section="Research"
aria-labelledby="Research">
<div class="flyout__container grid">
<div class="flyout__intro">
<div>
<h2 class="headline-6">Explore our many areas of focus</h2>
</div>
<div class="button-group button-group--compact">
<div class="button-group__buttons">
<a href="/research-areas/"
class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis cta-small"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="subheader"
data-event-nav-name="Research - Explore all research areas"
>
<div class="button__label">
Explore all research areas
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flyout__content-desktop">
<div class="flyout__subnav subnav subnav--3-column">
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__header">
<div class="cta-small">Applied AI &amp; sciences</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/google-earth-ai/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/earth_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="earth_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Earth AI</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/health-ai/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/health_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="health_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Health AI</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/science-ai/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/science_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="science_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Science AI</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/sustainability-crisis-resilience/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/sustainability_crisis_resilience_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="sustainability_crisis_resilience_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Sustainability &amp; crisis resilience</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__header">
<div class="cta-small">Foundational ML &amp; algorithms</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/algorithms-and-theory/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/algorithms_theory_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="algorithms_theory_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Algorithms &amp; theory</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/information-retrieval/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/information_retrieval_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="information_retrieval_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Information retrieval</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/machine-intelligence/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/machine_intelligence_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="machine_intelligence_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Machine intelligence</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/machine-perception/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/machine_perception_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="machine_perception_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Machine perception</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/natural-language-processing/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/NLP_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="NLP_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Natural language processing</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__header">
<div class="cta-small">People, systems &amp; quantum AI</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/human-computer-interaction-and-visualization/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/human_computer_interaction_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="human_computer_interaction_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Human-computer interaction and visualization</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/networking/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/networking_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="networking_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Networking</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/quantum-computing/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/quantum_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="quantum_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Quantum AI</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/responsible-ai/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/responsible_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="responsible_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Responsible AI</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/anti-abuse/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/anti_abuse_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="anti_abuse_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Anti abuse</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/software-engineering/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/software_engineering_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="software_engineering_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Software engineering</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/research-areas/software-systems/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/software_systems_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="software_systems_nav1">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Software systems</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__header">
<div class="cta-small">Learn More</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/pubs/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/publications_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="publications_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Publications</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small "
href="/resources/our-projects/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/projects_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="projects_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Projects</div>
<div class="small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<nav class="header flyout desktop"
data-section="Resources"
aria-labelledby="Resources">
<div class="flyout__container grid">
<div class="flyout__intro">
<div>
<h2 class="headline-6">Building a collaborative ecosystem</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flyout__content-desktop">
<div class="flyout__subnav subnav subnav--2-column">
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link cta-small subnav__link--has-icon"
href="https://research.google/resources/#datasets-1"
target="_self"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/dataset_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="dataset_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Datasets</div>
<div class="small-text">Access high-quality datasets to accelerate your research.</div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small subnav__link--has-icon"
href="https://research.google/resources/#tools-services-2"
target="_self"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/models_products_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="models_products_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Tools &amp; services</div>
<div class="small-text">Explore our latest AI models and products.</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link cta-small subnav__link--has-icon"
href="https://research.google/resources/#open-source-3"
target="_self"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/software_engineering_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="software_engineering_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Open source</div>
<div class="small-text">Discover open-source code and collaborate with the community.</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<nav class="header flyout desktop"
data-section="Careers"
aria-labelledby="Careers">
<div class="flyout__container grid">
<div class="flyout__intro">
<div>
<h2 class="headline-6">Shaping the future together</h2>
</div>
<div class="button-group button-group--compact">
<div class="button-group__buttons">
<a href="/programs-and-events/"
class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis cta-small"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="subheader"
data-event-nav-name="Careers - See all programs"
>
<div class="button__label">
See all programs
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flyout__content-desktop">
<div class="flyout__subnav subnav subnav--2-column">
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link cta-small subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/programs-and-events/faculty-engagement/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/faculty_programs_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="faculty_programs_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Faculty programs</div>
<div class="small-text">Participating in the academic research community through meaningful engagement with university faculty.</div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/programs-and-events/student-engagement/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/student_programs_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="student_programs_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Student programs</div>
<div class="small-text">Supporting the next generation of researchers through a wide range of programming.</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link cta-small subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/programs-and-events/2026-google-carbon-removal-and-superpollutant-elimination-rd-awards/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/RD-programs_nav_f.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="R&amp;D-programs_nav_f">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">R&amp;D programs</div>
<div class="small-text">Collaborating with industry and academic experts to support foundational science and innovation.</div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link cta-small subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/careers/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/locations_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="locations_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Locations</div>
<div class="small-text">Find your place in our global offices and research labs.</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<nav class="header flyout desktop"
data-section="About"
aria-labelledby="About">
<div class="flyout__container grid">
<div class="flyout__intro">
<div>
<h2 class="headline-6">Translating discovery into real-world impact</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flyout__content-desktop">
<div class="flyout__subnav subnav subnav--2-column">
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link cta-small subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/people/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/earth_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="earth_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">People</div>
<div class="small-text">Our researchers drive advancements in computer science through both fundamental and applied research.</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link cta-small subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/teams/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/teams_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="teams_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="cta-small">Teams</div>
<div class="small-text">Collaborative groups tackling the world&#x27;s most challenging AI problems.</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<nav class="header flyout mobile">
<div class="flyout__container">
<div class="flyout__content-mobile">
<div class="flyout__accordion">
<button type="button" data-title="Research"
class="main-menu__label-tablet flyout__accordion__toggle text-call-to-action"
aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-1">
<span class="flyout__accordion__label cta">Research</span>
<span class="button-group button-group--compact" aria-hidden="true">
<span class="button-group__buttons">
<span class="button flyout__accordion__icon open">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M480-357.85 253.85-584l32.61-32.61L480-423.08l193.54-193.53L706.15-584 480-357.85Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</span>
<span class="button flyout__accordion__icon close">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="m480-541.85-184 184L253.85-400 480-626.15 706.15-400 664-357.85l-184-184Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</span>
</span>
</span>
</button>
<div id="submenu-1" class="flyout__accordion__content"
data-section="Research" hidden>
<div class="flyout__accordion__content-inner">
<div class="flyout__intro">
<div>
<h2 class="flyout__title headline-5">Explore our many areas of focus</h2>
</div>
<div class="button-group button-group--row_start button-group--compact">
<div class="button-group__buttons">
<a href="/research-areas/"
class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis cta-small"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="subheader"
data-event-nav-name="Research - Explore all research areas"
>
<div class="button__label">
Explore all research areas
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flyout__subnav subnav subnav--3-column">
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__header">
<div class="subnav__title">Applied AI &amp; sciences</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/google-earth-ai/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/earth_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="earth_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Earth AI</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/health-ai/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/health_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="health_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Health AI</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/science-ai/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/science_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="science_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Science AI</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/sustainability-crisis-resilience/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/sustainability_crisis_resilience_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="sustainability_crisis_resilience_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Sustainability &amp; crisis resilience</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__header">
<div class="subnav__title">Foundational ML &amp; algorithms</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/algorithms-and-theory/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/algorithms_theory_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="algorithms_theory_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Algorithms &amp; theory</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/information-retrieval/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/information_retrieval_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="information_retrieval_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Information retrieval</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/machine-intelligence/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/machine_intelligence_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="machine_intelligence_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Machine intelligence</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/machine-perception/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/machine_perception_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="machine_perception_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Machine perception</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/natural-language-processing/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/NLP_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="NLP_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Natural language processing</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__header">
<div class="subnav__title">People, systems &amp; quantum AI</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/human-computer-interaction-and-visualization/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/human_computer_interaction_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="human_computer_interaction_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Human-computer interaction and visualization</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/networking/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/networking_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="networking_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Networking</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/quantum-computing/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/quantum_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="quantum_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Quantum AI</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/responsible-ai/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/responsible_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="responsible_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Responsible AI</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/anti-abuse/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/anti_abuse_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="anti_abuse_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Anti abuse</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/software-engineering/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/software_engineering_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="software_engineering_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Software engineering</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/research-areas/software-systems/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/software_systems_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="software_systems_nav1">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Software systems</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__header">
<div class="subnav__title">Learn More</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/pubs/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/publications_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="publications_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Publications</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link"
href="/resources/our-projects/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--small">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/projects_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="projects_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Projects</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text"></div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flyout__accordion">
<button type="button" data-title="Resources"
class="main-menu__label-tablet flyout__accordion__toggle text-call-to-action"
aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-2">
<span class="flyout__accordion__label cta">Resources</span>
<span class="button-group button-group--compact" aria-hidden="true">
<span class="button-group__buttons">
<span class="button flyout__accordion__icon open">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M480-357.85 253.85-584l32.61-32.61L480-423.08l193.54-193.53L706.15-584 480-357.85Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</span>
<span class="button flyout__accordion__icon close">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="m480-541.85-184 184L253.85-400 480-626.15 706.15-400 664-357.85l-184-184Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</span>
</span>
</span>
</button>
<div id="submenu-2" class="flyout__accordion__content"
data-section="Resources" hidden>
<div class="flyout__accordion__content-inner">
<div class="flyout__intro">
<div>
<h2 class="flyout__title headline-5">Building a collaborative ecosystem</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flyout__subnav subnav subnav--2-column">
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link subnav__link--has-icon"
href="https://research.google/resources/#datasets-1"
target="_self"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/dataset_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="dataset_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Datasets</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text">Access high-quality datasets to accelerate your research.</div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link subnav__link--has-icon"
href="https://research.google/resources/#tools-services-2"
target="_self"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/models_products_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="models_products_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Tools &amp; services</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text">Explore our latest AI models and products.</div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link subnav__link--has-icon"
href="https://research.google/resources/#open-source-3"
target="_self"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/software_engineering_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="software_engineering_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Open source</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text">Discover open-source code and collaborate with the community.</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="/conferences-and-events/"
class="main-menu__label-tablet text-call-to-action cta"
data-title="Conferences &amp; events"
>
Conferences &amp; events
</a>
<div class="flyout__accordion">
<button type="button" data-title="Careers"
class="main-menu__label-tablet flyout__accordion__toggle text-call-to-action"
aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-4">
<span class="flyout__accordion__label cta">Careers</span>
<span class="button-group button-group--compact" aria-hidden="true">
<span class="button-group__buttons">
<span class="button flyout__accordion__icon open">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M480-357.85 253.85-584l32.61-32.61L480-423.08l193.54-193.53L706.15-584 480-357.85Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</span>
<span class="button flyout__accordion__icon close">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="m480-541.85-184 184L253.85-400 480-626.15 706.15-400 664-357.85l-184-184Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</span>
</span>
</span>
</button>
<div id="submenu-4" class="flyout__accordion__content"
data-section="Careers" hidden>
<div class="flyout__accordion__content-inner">
<div class="flyout__intro">
<div>
<h2 class="flyout__title headline-5">Shaping the future together</h2>
</div>
<div class="button-group button-group--row_start button-group--compact">
<div class="button-group__buttons">
<a href="/programs-and-events/"
class="glue-button glue-button--medium-emphasis cta-small"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="subheader"
data-event-nav-name="Careers - See all programs"
>
<div class="button__label">
See all programs
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flyout__subnav subnav subnav--2-column">
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/programs-and-events/faculty-engagement/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/faculty_programs_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="faculty_programs_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Faculty programs</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text">Participating in the academic research community through meaningful engagement with university faculty.</div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/programs-and-events/student-engagement/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/student_programs_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="student_programs_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Student programs</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text">Supporting the next generation of researchers through a wide range of programming.</div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/programs-and-events/2026-google-carbon-removal-and-superpollutant-elimination-rd-awards/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/RD-programs_nav_f.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="R&amp;D-programs_nav_f">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">R&amp;D programs</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text">Collaborating with industry and academic experts to support foundational science and innovation.</div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/careers/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/locations_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="locations_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Locations</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text">Find your place in our global offices and research labs.</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<a href="/blog/"
class="main-menu__label-tablet text-call-to-action cta"
data-title="Blog"
>
Blog
</a>
<div class="flyout__accordion">
<button type="button" data-title="About"
class="main-menu__label-tablet flyout__accordion__toggle text-call-to-action"
aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="submenu-6">
<span class="flyout__accordion__label cta">About</span>
<span class="button-group button-group--compact" aria-hidden="true">
<span class="button-group__buttons">
<span class="button flyout__accordion__icon open">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M480-357.85 253.85-584l32.61-32.61L480-423.08l193.54-193.53L706.15-584 480-357.85Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</span>
<span class="button flyout__accordion__icon close">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="m480-541.85-184 184L253.85-400 480-626.15 706.15-400 664-357.85l-184-184Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</span>
</span>
</span>
</button>
<div id="submenu-6" class="flyout__accordion__content"
data-section="About" hidden>
<div class="flyout__accordion__content-inner">
<div class="flyout__intro">
<div>
<h2 class="flyout__title headline-5">Translating discovery into real-world impact</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flyout__subnav subnav subnav--2-column">
<div class="subnav__column">
<div class="subnav__content">
<div class="subnav__links">
<a class="subnav__link subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/people/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/earth_AI_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="earth_AI_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">People</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text">Our researchers drive advancements in computer science through both fundamental and applied research.</div>
</div>
</a>
<a class="subnav__link subnav__link--has-icon"
href="/teams/"
>
<div class="subnav__link-image subnav__link-image--large">
<div class="block-icon">
<div class="media-image-block no-light-mode-mobile no-dark-mode no-dark-mode-mobile has-default-media">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/original_images/teams_nav.svg" class="image image--svg picture__image " loading="lazy" alt="teams_nav">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="subnav__link-text">
<div class="subnav__link-label caption">Teams</div>
<div class="subnav__link-description small-text">Collaborative groups tackling the world&#x27;s most challenging AI problems.</div>
</div>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="divider"></div>
<div class="flyout__accordion__right-ctas">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="header-bar__background"></div>
<div class="header-bar">
<div class="header-bar__blur" aria-hidden="true">
<span class="header-bar__blur-layer header-bar__blur-layer--1"></span>
<span class="header-bar__blur-layer header-bar__blur-layer--2"></span>
<span class="header-bar__blur-layer header-bar__blur-layer--3"></span>
<span class="header-bar__blur-layer header-bar__blur-layer--4"></span>
<span class="header-bar__blur-layer header-bar__blur-layer--5"></span>
</div>
<div class="left-menu">
<div class="hamburger-mobile">
<div class="button-group button-group--compact">
<div class="button-group__buttons">
<button class="button open button--background-blur icon-center icon-center--wide"
aria-label="Open the site navigation">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M164-278.62v-51.99h632v51.99H164ZM164-454v-52h632v52H164Zm0-175.39v-51.99h632v51.99H164Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</button>
<button class="button close button--outlined icon-center icon-center--wide"
aria-label="Close the site navigation">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M480-448 266.92-234.92q-6.69 6.69-15.8 6.88-9.12.19-16.2-6.88-7.07-7.08-7.07-16 0-8.93 7.07-16L448-480 234.92-693.08q-6.69-6.69-6.88-15.8-.19-9.12 6.88-16.2 7.08-7.07 16-7.07 8.93 0 16 7.07L480-512l213.08-213.08q6.69-6.69 15.8-6.88 9.12-.19 16.2 6.88 7.07 7.08 7.07 16 0 8.93-7.07 16L512-480l213.08 213.08q6.69 6.69 6.88 15.8.19 9.12-6.88 16.2-7.08 7.07-16 7.07-8.93 0-16-7.07L480-448Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="site-switcher">
<div class="site-switcher__bar">
<a class="site-switcher__home"
href="/"
data-gtm-tag="header-selection"
data-event-io="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="header"
data-event-nav-name="Site Home logo">
<span class="sr-only">Google</span>
<svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon site-switcher__google-logo">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-solid-logo"></use>
</svg>
<span class="site-switcher__title">Research</span>
</a>
<div class="button-group button-group--micro site-switcher__toggle">
<div class="button-group__buttons site-switcher__toggle">
<button class="open button button--background-blur icon-center icon-center--wide"
aria-label="Open the website selector panel"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="site selector"
data-event-nav-name="open"
data-event-interaction-type="expand">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M480-357.85 253.85-584l32.61-32.61L480-423.08l193.54-193.53L706.15-584 480-357.85Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</button>
<button class="close button button--outlined icon-center icon-center--wide"
aria-label="Close the website selector panel"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="site selector"
data-event-nav-name="close"
data-event-interaction-type="collapse">
<span class="icon-md-outlined">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="m480-541.85-184 184L253.85-400 480-626.15 706.15-400 664-357.85l-184-184Z" />
</svg>
</span>
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav class="site-switcher__nav">
<div class="site-switcher__group">
<a class="site-switcher__link"
aria-label="Google AI"
target="_blank"
href="https://ai.google/?utm_source=deepmind.google&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=gdm&amp;utm_content="
>
<div class="site-switcher__link-title cta-small">Google AI</div>
<div class="site-switcher__link-description small-text">Learn about all our AI</div>
</a>
<a class="site-switcher__link"
aria-label="Google DeepMind"
target="_blank"
href="https://deepmind.google?utm_source=deepmind.google&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=gdm&amp;utm_content=/"
>
<div class="site-switcher__link-title cta-small">Google DeepMind</div>
<div class="site-switcher__link-description small-text">Explore the frontier of AI</div>
</a>
<a class="site-switcher__link"
aria-label="Google Labs"
target="_blank"
href="https://labs.google/?utm_source=deepmind.google&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=gdm&amp;utm_content="
>
<div class="site-switcher__link-title cta-small">Google Labs</div>
<div class="site-switcher__link-description small-text">Try our AI experiments</div>
</a>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="main-menu">
<nav class="main-menu__container button-group button-group--compact" aria-label="Main menu">
<div class="main-menu__item" data-title="Research">
<button type="button"
class="main-menu__label deepai-text-call-to-action--nav button button--hover_outline cta-small"
data-title="Research"
aria-haspopup="true"
aria-expanded="false">
Research
</button>
<button type="button"
class="main-menu__submenu-toggle"
data-title="Research"
aria-label="Open submenu for Research"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-haspopup="true">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M480-357.85 253.85-584l32.61-32.61L480-423.08l193.54-193.53L706.15-584 480-357.85Z" />
</svg>
</button>
</div>
<div class="main-menu__item" data-title="Resources">
<button type="button"
class="main-menu__label deepai-text-call-to-action--nav button button--hover_outline cta-small"
data-title="Resources"
aria-haspopup="true"
aria-expanded="false">
Resources
</button>
<button type="button"
class="main-menu__submenu-toggle"
data-title="Resources"
aria-label="Open submenu for Resources"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-haspopup="true">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M480-357.85 253.85-584l32.61-32.61L480-423.08l193.54-193.53L706.15-584 480-357.85Z" />
</svg>
</button>
</div>
<div class="main-menu__item" data-title="Conferences &amp; events">
<a href="/conferences-and-events/"
class="main-menu__label deepai-text-call-to-action--nav button button--hover_outline cta-small"
data-title="Conferences &amp; events"
default
>
Conferences &amp; events
</a>
</div>
<div class="main-menu__item" data-title="Careers">
<button type="button"
class="main-menu__label deepai-text-call-to-action--nav button button--hover_outline cta-small"
data-title="Careers"
aria-haspopup="true"
aria-expanded="false">
Careers
</button>
<button type="button"
class="main-menu__submenu-toggle"
data-title="Careers"
aria-label="Open submenu for Careers"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-haspopup="true">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M480-357.85 253.85-584l32.61-32.61L480-423.08l193.54-193.53L706.15-584 480-357.85Z" />
</svg>
</button>
</div>
<div class="main-menu__item" data-title="Blog">
<a href="/blog/"
class="main-menu__label deepai-text-call-to-action--nav button button--hover_outline cta-small"
data-title="Blog"
default
>
Blog
</a>
</div>
<div class="main-menu__item" data-title="About">
<button type="button"
class="main-menu__label deepai-text-call-to-action--nav button button--hover_outline cta-small"
data-title="About"
aria-haspopup="true"
aria-expanded="false">
About
</button>
<button type="button"
class="main-menu__submenu-toggle"
data-title="About"
aria-label="Open submenu for About"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-haspopup="true">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
height="18px"
width="18px"
viewBox="0 -960 960 960"
fill="currentColor"
class=""
aria-hidden="true"
role="presentation">
<path d="M480-357.85 253.85-584l32.61-32.61L480-423.08l193.54-193.53L706.15-584 480-357.85Z" />
</svg>
</button>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="right-menu">
<div class="right-menu__ctas button-group button-group--compact">
<div class="button-group__buttons">
</div>
</div>
<div class="header-bar__search glue-header__search js-header-search">
<div class="glue-header__search__input">
<div class="search-input " data-type="header">
<input type="search" class="caption --empty-search js-search-bar js-gt-search-input"
aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" name="search-input">
<button class="search-input__button --search js-gt-search-btn" aria-label="Submit search">
<svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px ">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#search"></use>
</svg>
</button>
<button class="search-input__button --clear" aria-label="Clear search">
<svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px ">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use>
</svg>
</button>
</div>
</div>
<button type="button" class="glue-header__search__btn js-header-search-btn cta-small" aria-label="Search">
<svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px search">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#search"></use>
</svg>
<svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon glue-icon--18px close">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#close"></use>
</svg>
<span class="glue-header__search__label js-header-search-sr-text">Search</span>
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
</site-nav>
<main id="page-content" tabindex="-1">
<section class="basic-hero basic-hero--publication --theme-light" data-gt-id="basic_hero" data-gt-component-name="">
<div class="glue-page">
<nav class="glue-breadcrumbs" aria-label="Breadcrumbs">
<ol class="glue-breadcrumbs__list">
<li class="glue-breadcrumbs__item">
<a class="glue-breadcrumbs__link attribution" href="/">Home</a>
<svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon ">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#chevron-right"></use>
</svg>
</li>
<li class="glue-breadcrumbs__item">
<a class="glue-breadcrumbs__link attribution" href="/pubs/">Publications</a>
<svg role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="glue-icon ">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#chevron-right"></use>
</svg>
</li>
</ol>
</nav>
<div class="glue-grid">
<div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-12 glue-grid__col--span-10-lg">
<h1 class="headline-3">High-Availability at Massive Scale: Building Google’s Data Infrastructure for Ads</h1>
<div class="basic-hero--publication__authors">
<div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__item">
<a href="/people/ashishgupta/">Ashish Gupta</a>
</div>
<div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__spacer"></div>
<div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__item">
<a href="/people/jeffshute/">Jeff Shute</a>
</div>
<div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__spacer"></div>
<div class="basic-hero--publication__authors__item">
Workshop on Business Intelligence for the Real Time Enterprise (BIRTE), Springer (2015) (to appear)
</div>
</div>
<div class="basic-hero--publication__buttons">
<a class="glue-button glue-button--high-emphasis" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?lr&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8&amp;q=High-Availability at Massive Scale: Building Google’s Data Infrastructure for Ads Jeff Shute Ashish Gupta" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
<span class="js-gt-item-id">Google Scholar</span>
</a>
<div class="glue-copy" glue-copy-success="copied!" glue-copy-fail="Press Ctrl+C or ⌘+C to copy">
<input class="glue-copy-value" type="text" value="@inproceedings{Gupta2015,
title = {High-Availability at Massive Scale: Building Google’s Data Infrastructure for Ads},
author = {Ashish Gupta and Jeff Shute},
year = {2015},
booktitle = {Workshop on Business Intelligence for the Real Time Enterprise (BIRTE)}
}
" aria-label="URL"
readonly>
<button class="glue-button glue-button--high-emphasis glue-copy-button" aria-live='polite'>
<span class="js-gt-item-id">Copy Bibtex</span>
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="offset-two-up --theme-light">
<div class="glue-page glue-grid">
<div class="offset-two-up__left-col glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-3-lg">
<h2 class="offset-two-up__headline headline-3">Abstract</h2>
</div>
<div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-12-md glue-grid__col--span-9-lg">
Google’s Ads Data Infrastructure systems run the multi-<br>billion dollar ads business at Google. High availability and strong consistency are critical for these systems. While most distributed systems<br>handle machine-level failures well, handling datacenter-level failures is<br>less common. In our experience, handling datacenter-level failures is critical for running true high availability systems. Most of our systems (e.g.<br>Photon, F1, Mesa) now support multi-homing as a fundamental design property. Multi-homed systems run live in multiple datacenters all the time, adaptively moving load between datacenters, with the ability to handle outages of any scale completely transparently.<br><br>This paper focuses primarily on stream processing systems, and describes our general approaches for building high availability multi-homed systems, discusses common challenges and solutions, and shares what we<br>have learned in building and running these large-scale systems for over ten years.
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="banner --theme-" data-gt-id="banner" data-gt-component-name="">
<div class="banner__wrapper glue-page glue-grid">
<div class="banner__copy glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-6-md">
<h2 class="banner__headline headline-3">Meet the teams driving innovation</h2>
<p class="banner__body-copy body">Our teams advance the state of the art through research, systems engineering, and collaboration across Google.</p>
<a class="glue-button glue-button--high-emphasis" href="https://research.google/teams/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
<span class="js-gt-item-id">See our teams</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-0-sm glue-grid__col--span-1"></div>
<div class="banner__image glue-grid__col glue-grid__col--span-4-sm glue-grid__col--span-5-md">
<img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-research2023-media/images/ResearchPhilosophyBanner.original.png" alt="ResearchPhilosophyBanner" />
</div>
</div>
</section>
</main>
<div class="gweb-footer__border-top"></div>
<footer class="gweb-footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="gweb-footer-wrapper-main">
<div class="gweb-footer-social_links">
<section class="glue-social">
<div class="glue-social__group glue-social--monochrome">
<h2 class="glue-social__title glue-social__title--inline caption">
Follow us
</h2>
<nav class="js-gt-follow-us-wrapper" aria-label="Social media links">
<ul class="glue-social__list" role="list">
<li class="glue-social__item">
<a class="glue-social__link"
href="https://x.com/GoogleResearch"
aria-label="x"
title="Follow us on x"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
data-gtm-event="social"
data-gt-method="x">
<svg id="icon-x" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"
class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/x.svg?v=2#x"></use>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
<li class="glue-social__item">
<a class="glue-social__link"
href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/googleresearch/"
aria-label="linkedin"
title="Follow us on linkedin"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
data-gtm-event="social"
data-gt-method="linkedin">
<svg id="icon-linkedin" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"
class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/linkedin.svg?v=2#linkedin"></use>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
<li class="glue-social__item">
<a class="glue-social__link"
href="https://www.youtube.com/c/GoogleResearch"
aria-label="youtube"
title="Follow us on youtube"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
data-gtm-event="social"
data-gt-method="youtube">
<svg id="icon-youtube" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"
class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/youtube.svg?v=2#youtube"></use>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
<li class="glue-social__item">
<a class="glue-social__link"
href="https://github.com/google-research"
aria-label="github"
title="Follow us on github"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener"
data-gtm-event="social"
data-gt-method="github">
<svg id="icon-github" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"
class="glue-icon glue-icon--social glue-icon--24px">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/github.svg?v=2#github"></use>
</svg>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</section>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-main_links">
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__wrapper">
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__title-wrapper">
<h2 class="headline">Explore our other initiatives</h2>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__content-wrapper">
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__link-group align-auto">
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-heading-wrapper">
<h3 class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-title headline-6">Google AI</h3>
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-description text-body">
<span>Discover how Google AI is committed to enriching knowledge and solving complex challenges</span>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-links-wrapper" role="list">
<li>
<a href="https://ai.google/products/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Products"
>
<div class="link__label">
Products
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://ai.google/build/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Build"
>
<div class="link__label">
Build
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://ai.google/research/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Research"
>
<div class="link__label">
Research
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://ai.google/public-policy-perspectives/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Responsibility"
>
<div class="link__label">
Responsibility
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://ai.google/societal-impact/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Societal Impact"
>
<div class="link__label">
Societal Impact
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://ai.google/our-ai-journey/?section=intro"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="About"
>
<div class="link__label">
About
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__link-group align-auto">
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-heading-wrapper">
<h3 class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-title headline-6">Google Cloud</h3>
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-description text-body">
<span>High-performance infrastructure for cloud computing, data analytics &amp; machine learning</span>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-links-wrapper" role="list">
<li>
<a href="https://cloud.google.com/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Overview"
>
<div class="link__label">
Overview
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://cloud.google.com/solutions"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Solutions"
>
<div class="link__label">
Solutions
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://cloud.google.com/products"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Products"
>
<div class="link__label">
Products
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://cloud.google.com/pricing"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Pricing"
>
<div class="link__label">
Pricing
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://cloud.google.com/resources"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Resources"
>
<div class="link__label">
Resources
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__link-group align-auto">
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-heading-wrapper">
<h3 class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-title headline-6">Google DeepMind</h3>
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-description text-body">
<span>Our mission is to build AI responsibly to benefit humanity</span>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-links-wrapper" role="list">
<li>
<a href="https://deepmind.google/models/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Models"
>
<div class="link__label">
Models
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://deepmind.google/research/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Research"
>
<div class="link__label">
Research
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://deepmind.google/science/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Science"
>
<div class="link__label">
Science
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://deepmind.google/about/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="About"
>
<div class="link__label">
About
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__link-group align-auto">
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-heading-wrapper">
<h3 class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-title headline-6">Google Labs</h3>
<div class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-description text-body">
<span>Explore the future of AI responsibly with Google Labs</span>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="gweb-footer-main-links__group-links-wrapper" role="list">
<li>
<a href="https://labs.google/#about"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="About"
>
<div class="link__label">
About
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://labs.google/#experiments"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Experiments"
>
<div class="link__label">
Experiments
</div>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://labs.google/#stay-connected"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
class="not-glue"
data-gtm-event="select_content"
data-event-content-type="outbound"
data-event-content-name="Stay connected"
>
<div class="link__label">
Stay connected
</div>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-wrapper-legal">
<div class="gweb-footer-google_links">
<div class="gweb-footer-google-links__wrapper">
<div class="gweb-footer-google-links__title-wrapper">
<a class="gweb-footer-google-links__brand"
target="_blank"
aria-label="Google"
title="Google"
href="https://www.google.com/?utm_source=research.google&utm_medium=referral"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="footer"
data-event-nav-name="https://www.google.com/?utm_source=research.google&utm_medium=referral">
<svg role="img"
aria-hidden="true"
focusable="false"
width="75"
height="25">
<use href="/gr/static/assets/icons/glue-icons.svg#google-solid-logo"></use>
</svg>
</a>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-google-links__content-wrapper">
<div class="gweb-footer-google-links__link">
<a class="not-glue"
href="https://about.google/"
aria-label="About Google"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="footer"
data-event-nav-name="About Google"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
>
<span>About Google</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-google-links__link">
<a class="not-glue"
href="https://about.google/intl/en/products/"
aria-label="Google Products"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="footer"
data-event-nav-name="Google Products"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
>
<span>Google Products</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-google-links__link">
<a class="not-glue"
href="https://policies.google.com/privacy"
aria-label="Privacy"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="footer"
data-event-nav-name="Privacy"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
>
<span>Privacy</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-google-links__link">
<a class="not-glue"
href="https://policies.google.com/terms"
aria-label="Terms"
data-gtm-event="nav_select"
data-event-nav-type="footer"
data-event-nav-name="Terms"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"
>
<span>Terms</span>
</a>
</div>
<div class="gweb-footer-google-links__link">
<button type="button"
aria-hidden="true"
class="not-glue glue-cookie-notification-bar-control">
Cookies management controls
</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<div id="dynamicImageModal" class="image-modal">
<span class="image-modal-close">&times;</span>
<div class="image-modal-content">
<div class="dynamic-modal-image">
<img width="800" height="540">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
var scriptUrl = "https://www.gstatic.com/glue/v27_1/material-components-web.min.js";
var scriptElement = document.createElement('script');
scriptElement.async = false;
scriptElement.src = scriptUrl;
document.body.appendChild(scriptElement);
</script>
<script>
var scriptUrl = "https://www.youtube.com/player_api";
var scriptElement = document.createElement('script');
scriptElement.async = false;
scriptElement.src = scriptUrl;
document.body.appendChild(scriptElement);
</script>
<script>
var scriptUrl = "/gr/static/js/googleresearch.js?id=1db86c2c4ce1c6902b92830acba1963e";
var scriptElement = document.createElement('script');
scriptElement.async = false;
scriptElement.src = scriptUrl;
document.body.appendChild(scriptElement);
</script>
<script>
var scriptUrl = "https://support.google.com/inapp/api.js";
var scriptElement = document.createElement('script');
scriptElement.async = false;
scriptElement.src = scriptUrl;
document.body.appendChild(scriptElement);
</script>
<script>
var scripts = [
"https://www.gstatic.com/glue/cookienotificationbar/cookienotificationbar.min.js"
];
scripts.forEach(function(scriptUrl) {
var scriptElement = document.createElement('script');
scriptElement.async = false;
scriptElement.src = scriptUrl;
scriptElement.setAttribute("data-glue-cookie-notification-bar-category", "2B");
document.body.appendChild(scriptElement);
});
</script>
</body>
</html>