1101 lines
112 KiB
HTML
1101 lines
112 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
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<title>On chains and complex systems – Surfing Complexity</title>
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<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
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<!-- Async WordPress.com Remote Login -->
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<script id="wpcom_remote_login_js">
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var wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth = '';
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function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( element_id ) {
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var dom_node = document.getElementById( element_id );
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if ( dom_node ) { dom_node.parentNode.removeChild( dom_node ); }
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}
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function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( class_name ) {
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var dom_nodes = document.querySelectorAll( '.' + class_name );
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for ( var i = 0; i < dom_nodes.length; i++ ) {
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dom_nodes[ i ].parentNode.removeChild( dom_nodes[ i ] );
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}
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}
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function wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup() {
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( "wpcom_remote_login_msg" );
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_js" );
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_iframe" );
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_styles" );
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}
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// Watch for messages back from the remote login
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window.addEventListener( "message", function( e ) {
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if ( e.origin === "https://r-login.wordpress.com" ) {
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var data = {};
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try {
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data = JSON.parse( e.data );
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wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
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return;
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}
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if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN' ) {
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// Clean up the login check iframe
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
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var id_regex = new RegExp( /^[0-9]+$/ );
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token_regex.test( data.token )
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&& id_regex.test( data.wpcomid )
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) {
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// We have everything we need to ask for a login
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var script = document.createElement( "script" );
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script.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
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script.src = '/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=validate'
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+ '&wpcomid=' + data.wpcomid
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+ '&token=' + encodeURIComponent( data.token )
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+ '&host=' + window.location.protocol
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+ '//' + window.location.hostname
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+ '&postid=3424'
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+ '&is_singular=1';
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document.body.appendChild( script );
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}
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return;
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}
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// Safari ITP, not logged in, so redirect
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if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REDIRECT' ) {
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window.location = 'https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=' + window.location.href;
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return;
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}
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// Safari ITP, storage access failed, remove the request
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if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REMOVE' ) {
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var css_zap = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 782px ) { html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } }';
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var style_zap = document.createElement( 'style' );
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style_zap.type = 'text/css';
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style_zap.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css_zap ) );
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document.body.appendChild( style_zap );
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var e = document.getElementById( 'wpcom_request_access_iframe' );
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e.parentNode.removeChild( e );
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document.cookie = 'wordpress_com_login_access=denied; path=/; max-age=31536000';
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return;
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}
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// Safari ITP
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if ( data.msg === 'REQUEST_ACCESS' ) {
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console.log( 'request access: safari' );
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// Check ITP iframe enable/disable knob
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if ( wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth !== 'safari_itp_iframe' ) {
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return;
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}
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// If we are in a "private window" there is no ITP.
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var private_window = false;
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var opendb = window.openDatabase( null, null, null, null );
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private_window = true;
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if ( private_window ) {
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console.log( 'private window' );
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return;
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var iframe = document.createElement( 'iframe' );
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iframe.id = 'wpcom_request_access_iframe';
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iframe.setAttribute( 'scrolling', 'no' );
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iframe.setAttribute( 'sandbox', 'allow-storage-access-by-user-activation allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation' );
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iframe.src = 'https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=request_access&origin=' + encodeURIComponent( data.origin ) + '&wpcomid=' + encodeURIComponent( data.wpcomid );
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var css = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 46px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 46px !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 660px ) { html { margin-top: 71px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 71px !important; } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { display: block; height: 71px !important; } } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { border: 0px; height: 46px; position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: #23282d; } ';
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var style = document.createElement( 'style' );
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style.type = 'text/css';
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style.id = 'wpcom_request_access_styles';
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style.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css ) );
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document.body.appendChild( style );
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document.body.appendChild( iframe );
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}
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if ( data.msg === 'DONE' ) {
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wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
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}
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}
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}, false );
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// Inject the remote login iframe after the page has had a chance to load
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// more critical resources
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window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function( e ) {
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var iframe = document.createElement( "iframe" );
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iframe.style.display = "none";
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iframe.setAttribute( "scrolling", "no" );
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iframe.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
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iframe.src = "https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php"
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+ "?wpcom_remote_login=key"
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+ "&origin=aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJmaW5nY29tcGxleGl0eS5ibG9n"
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+ "&wpcomid=30291541"
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+ "&time=" + Math.floor( Date.now() / 1000 );
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document.body.appendChild( iframe );
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}, false );
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</script>
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<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s2.wp.com' />
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<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' />
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<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s1.wp.com' />
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<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' />
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Surfing Complexity » Feed" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/feed/" />
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Surfing Complexity » Comments Feed" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/comments/feed/" />
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Surfing Complexity » On chains and complex systems Comments Feed" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2023/12/23/on-chains-and-complex-systems/feed/" />
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<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css">
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img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
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<style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css">
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.scrim{background-color:#fff;height:100%;opacity:.9;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:2000000}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active{visibility:visible}@media not (prefers-reduced-motion){.wp-lightbox-overlay.active{animation:turn-on-visibility .25s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.active img{animation:turn-on-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.show-closing-animation:not(.active){animation:turn-off-visibility .35s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.show-closing-animation:not(.active) img{animation:turn-off-visibility .25s both}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active{animation:none;opacity:1;visibility:visible}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container{animation:lightbox-zoom-in .4s}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .lightbox-image-container img{animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.active .scrim{animation:turn-on-visibility .4s forwards}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active){animation:none}.wp-lightbox-overlay.zoom.show-closing-animation:not(.active) 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var(--wp--lightbox-scrollbar-width))/2 + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-left-position)),calc(-50vh + var(--wp--lightbox-initial-top-position))) scale(var(--wp--lightbox-scale));visibility:hidden}}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/image/style.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="wp-block-image-theme-inline-css">
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:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/image/theme.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="wp-block-latest-posts-inline-css">
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.wp-block-latest-posts{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-latest-posts.alignleft{margin-right:2em}.wp-block-latest-posts.alignright{margin-left:2em}.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list{list-style:none}.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list li{clear:both;overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid:not(.is-layout-grid){display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid:not(.is-layout-grid) li{margin:0 1.25em 1.25em 0;width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-2:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(50% - .625em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-2:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-3:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(33.33333% - .83333em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-3:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(3n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-4:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(25% - .9375em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-4:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(4n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-5:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(20% - 1em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-5:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(5n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-6:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(16.66667% - 1.04167em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-6:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(6n){margin-right:0}}@media (max-width:600px){.wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-grid[class*=columns-]:not(.has-native-responsive-grid){grid-template-columns:1fr}}:root :where(.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid){padding:0}:root :where(.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list){padding-left:0}.wp-block-latest-posts__post-author,.wp-block-latest-posts__post-date{display:block;font-size:.8125em}.wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt,.wp-block-latest-posts__post-full-content{margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image a{display:inline-block}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image img{height:auto;max-width:100%;width:auto}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.alignleft{float:left;margin-right:1em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.alignright{float:right;margin-left:1em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.aligncenter{margin-bottom:1em;text-align:center}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/latest-posts/style.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="wp-block-list-inline-css">
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ol,ul{box-sizing:border-box}:root :where(.wp-block-list.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/list/style.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="wp-block-paragraph-inline-css">
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.is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/paragraph/style.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="wp-block-search-inline-css">
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.wp-block-search__button{margin-left:10px;word-break:normal}.wp-block-search__button.has-icon{line-height:0}.wp-block-search__button svg{fill:currentColor;height:1.25em;min-height:24px;min-width:24px;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:1.25em}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{display:flex;flex:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;max-width:100%}:where(.wp-block-search__label){width:100%}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;justify-content:center;margin-left:0;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{min-width:0!important;transition-property:width}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__input{flex-basis:100%;transition-duration:.3s}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{overflow:hidden}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__input{border-left-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important;flex-basis:0;flex-grow:0;margin:0;min-width:0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;width:0!important}:where(.wp-block-search__input){-webkit-appearance:initial;-moz-appearance:initial;appearance:none;border:1px solid #949494;flex-grow:1;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;min-width:3rem;padding:8px;text-decoration:unset!important;text-transform:inherit}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input{border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0 4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input:focus{outline:none}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}.wp-block-search.aligncenter .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{margin:auto}.wp-block[data-align=right] .wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{float:right}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/search/style.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="wp-block-search-theme-inline-css">
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:where(.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label){font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/search/theme.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css-extra">
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.has-text-align-justify {
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text-align:justify;
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}
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.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
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/*# sourceURL=wp-block-library-inline-css */
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</style>
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<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css">
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.wp-block-button__link{background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-size:1.125em;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff}.wp-block-accordion-heading{margin:0}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle{background-color:inherit!important;color:inherit!important}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus,.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:hover{background-color:inherit!important;border:none;box-shadow:none;color:inherit;padding:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20,1em) 0;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-text-color){color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-background){background-color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:focus,.wp-block-tab:hover{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-tab:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/classic.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="coblocks-inline-format-inline-css">
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.uppercase{text-transform:uppercase}
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/*# sourceURL=coblocks-inline-format-inline-css */
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</style>
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<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-12-1' href='/_static/??-eJx9jEEOAiEQBD/kQECjeDC+ZWEnijIwYWA3/l72op689KFTVXplCCU3zE1z6reYRYfiUwlP0VYZpwxIJE4IFRd10HOU9iFA2iuhCiI7/ROiDt9WxfETT20jCOc4YUIa2D9t5eGA91xRBMZS7ATtPkTZvCtdzNEZt7f2fHq8Afl7R7w=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
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<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
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:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--medium-blue: #0087be;--wp--preset--color--bright-blue: #00aadc;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: #4d4d4b;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: 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<article id="post-3424" class="post-3424 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-incidents category-systems">
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<h1 class="entry-title">On chains and complex systems</h1> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta">
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<span class="byline">
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<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/author/lorinh/" rel="author">Lorin Hochstein</a> </span>
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<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/category/systems/incidents/" rel="category tag">incidents</a>, <a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/category/systems/" rel="category tag">systems</a> </span><!-- .cat-links -->
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<span class="published-on">
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<time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2023-12-23T16:49:59-08:00">December 23, 2023</time> </span>
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<span class="word-count">2 Minutes</span> </div><!-- .entry-meta -->
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<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/metal-chain.jpeg"><img data-attachment-id="3426" data-permalink="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2023/12/23/on-chains-and-complex-systems/metal-chain/" data-orig-file="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/metal-chain.jpeg" data-orig-size="4158,3072" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="metal-chain" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-large-file="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/metal-chain.jpeg?w=1024" width="1024" height="756" src="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/metal-chain.jpeg?w=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-3426" srcset="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/metal-chain.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/metal-chain.jpeg?w=2048 2048w, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/metal-chain.jpeg?w=150 150w, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/metal-chain.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/metal-chain.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://surfingcomplexity.blog/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/metal-chain.jpeg?w=1440 1440w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/gray-metal-chain-in-close-up-photography-MthZSf_Blzs">Photo by Matthew Lancaster</a></figcaption></figure>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We know that not all of the services in our system are critical. For example, some of our internal services provide support functions (e.g., observability, analytics), where others provide user enhancements that aren’t strictly necessary for the system to function (e.g., personalization). Given that we have a limited budget to spend on availability (we only get four quarters in a year, and our headcount is very finite), we should spend that budget wisely, by improving the reliability of the critical services. </p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">to crystalize this idea, let’s use the metaphor of a <em>metal chain</em>. Imagine a chain where each link in the chain represents one of the critical services in your system. When one of these critical services fails, the chain breaks, and the system goes down. To improve the availability of your overall system, we need to:</p>
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<ol class="wp-block-list">
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<li>Identify what the critical services in your system are (find the links in the chain).</li>
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<li>Focus your resources on hardening those critical services that need it most (strengthen the weakest links).</li>
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</ol>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This is an appealing model, because it gives us a clear path forward on our reliability work. First, we figure out which of our services are the critical ones. You’re probably pretty confident that you’ve identified a subset of these services (including from previous incidents!), but you also know there’s the ever-present risk of a once-noncritical service drifting into criticality. Once you have defined this set, you can prioritize your reliability efforts on shoring up these services, focusing on the ones that are understood to need the most help.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Unfortunately, there’s a problem with this model: complex systems don’t fail the way that chains do. In a complex system, there are an enormous number of couplings between the different components. A service that you think of as non-critical can have surprising impact on a critical service in many different ways. As a simple example, a non-critical service might write bad data into the system that the critical service reads and acts on. The way that a complex systems fails is through <em>unexpected patterns of interactions</em> <em>among the components</em>.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The space of potential unexpected patterns of interactions is so large as to be effectively unbounded. It simply isn’t possible for a human being to imagine all of the ways that these interactions can lead to a critical service misbehaving. This means that “hardening the critical services” will have limited returns to reliability, because it still leaves you vulnerable to these unexpected interactions.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The chain model is particularly pernicious because the model act as a filter that shapes a person’s understanding of an incident. If you believe that every incident can be attributed to an insufficiently hardened critical service, you’ll be able to identify that pattern in every incident that happens. And, indeed, you can patch up the problem to prevent the previous incident from happening again. But this perspective won’t help you guard against a different kind of dangerous interaction, one that you never could have imagined.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If you really want to understand how complex systems fail, you need to think in terms of <em>webs</em> rather than <em>chains</em>. Complex systems are made up of webs of interactions, many of which we don’t see. Next time you’re doing a post-incident review, look for these previously hidden webs instead of trying to find the broken link in the chain.</p>
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Published by <span class="author-name">Lorin Hochstein</span> </h2>
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View all posts by Lorin Hochstein </a>
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return fetches[handle];
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
function runExtraScript(handle, type, index) {
|
|
const id = 'wp-enqueue-dynamic-script:' + handle + ':' + type + ':' + (index + 1);
|
|
const template = document.getElementById(id);
|
|
if (!template) {
|
|
return Promise.reject();
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
const script = document.createElement( 'script' );
|
|
script.innerHTML = template.innerHTML;
|
|
document.body.appendChild( script );
|
|
return Promise.resolve();
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
function loadExternalScript(handle) {
|
|
if (!urls[handle]) {
|
|
return Promise.resolve();
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return fetches[handle].then(() => {
|
|
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
|
|
const script = document.createElement('script');
|
|
script.onload = () => resolve();
|
|
script.onerror = (e) => reject(e);
|
|
script.src = urls[handle];
|
|
document.body.appendChild(script);
|
|
});
|
|
});
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
function loadExtra(handle, pos) {
|
|
const count = (scriptExtras[handle] && scriptExtras[handle][pos]) || 0;
|
|
let promise = Promise.resolve();
|
|
|
|
for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
|
|
promise = promise.then(() => runExtraScript(handle, pos, i));
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return promise;
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
function loadWPScript(handle) {
|
|
// Core loads scripts in this order. See: https://github.com/WordPress/WordPress/blob/a59eb9d39c4fcba834b70c9e8dfd64feeec10ba6/wp-includes/class-wp-scripts.php#L428.
|
|
return loadExtra(handle, 'translations')
|
|
.then(() => loadExtra(handle, 'before'))
|
|
.then(() => loadExternalScript(handle))
|
|
.then(() => loadExtra(handle, 'after'));
|
|
}
|
|
} )();
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
</html>
|
|
<!--
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generated in 0.240 seconds
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115030 bytes batcached for 300 seconds
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-->
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