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<h1 class="entry-title">Asking the right &#8220;why&#8221; questions</h1> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta">
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<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/author/lorinh/" rel="author">Lorin Hochstein</a> </span>
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<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/category/cognitive-systems-engineering/" rel="category tag">cognitive-systems-engineering</a>, <a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/category/systems/" rel="category tag">systems</a> </span><!-- .cat-links -->
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<time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2020-05-19T23:09:49-07:00">May 19, 2020</time> </span>
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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p>In the [Cognitive Systems Engineering] terminology, it is more important to understand <strong>what</strong> a joint cognitive system (JCS) does and <strong>why</strong> it does it, than to explain <strong>how</strong> it does it. [emphasis in the original]</p><cite>Erik Hollnagel &amp; David D. Woods,<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Joint-Cognitive-Systems-Foundations-Engineering-dp-0367864207/dp/0367864207/"> Joint Cognitive Systems: Foundations of Cognitive Systems Engineering</a>, p22</cite></blockquote>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In my <a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2020/05/13/making-peace-with-root-cause-during-anomaly-response/">previous post</a>, I linked to a famous essay by John Allspaw: <a href="https://www.kitchensoap.com/2014/11/14/the-infinite-hows-or-the-dangers-of-the-five-whys/">The Infinite Hows (or, the Dangers Of The Five Whys)</a>. The main thrust of Allspaw&#8217;s essay can be summed up in this five word excerpt:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"><p><em>“Why?” is the <strong>wrong question.</strong></em></p></blockquote>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As illustrated by the quote from Hollnagel &amp; Woods at the top of this post, it turns out that cognitive systems engineering (CSE) is very big on answering &#8220;why&#8221; questions. Allspaw&#8217;s perspective on incident analysis is deeply influenced by research from cognitive systems engineering. So what&#8217;s going on here?</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It turns out that the CSE folks are asking different kinds of &#8220;why&#8221; questions than the root cause analysis (RCA) folks. The RCA folks ask <em>why did this incident happen?</em> The CSE folks ask <em>why did the system adapt the sorts of behaviors that contributed to the incident?</em></p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Those questions may sound similar, but they start from opposite assumptions. The RCA folks start with the assumption that there&#8217;s some sort of flaw in the system, a vulnerability that was previously unknown, and then base their analysis on identifying what that vulnerability was. </p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The CSE folks, on the other hand, start with the assumption that behaviors exhibited by the system developed through adaptation to existing constraints<em>.</em> The &#8220;why&#8221; question here is &#8220;why is this behavior adaptive? What purpose does it serve in the system?&#8221; Then they base the analysis on identifying attributes of the system such as constraints and goal conflicts that would explain why this behavior is adaptive.</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This is one of the reasons why the CSE folks are so interested in incidents to begin with: because it can expose these kinds of constraints and conflicts that are part of the context of a system. It&#8217;s similar to how psychologists use optical illusions to study the heuristics that the human visual system employs: you look at the circumstances under which a system fails to get some insight into how it normally functions as well as it does.</p>
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">&#8220;Why&#8221; questions can be useful! But you&#8217;ve got to ask the right ones.</p>
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