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<title data-react-helmet="true">Here’s how a Twitter engineer says it will break in the coming weeks | MIT Technology Review</title>
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720w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=360,240 360w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=1456,818 1456w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=728,409 728w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=1616,908 1616w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=808,454 808w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=2128,1196 2128w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=1064,598 1064w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=2252,1266 2252w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=1126,633 1126w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=2160,1214 2160w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=1080,607 1080w","url":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg","useBasicImg":false,"usingDataFallback":false,"width":0,"picture":false,"sizes":"(max-width: 32rem) 360px,(max-width: 48rem) 728px,(max-width: 64rem) 808px,(max-width: 80rem) 1064px,(max-width: 90rem) 1126px,1080px","smartCropPosition":[50,50],"smartCropRatio":"56.25%","credit":"Stephanie Arnett/MITTR"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}}],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"column-area","config":{"themeName":"fullStory","isStandard":true,"isVertical":false,"isCollection":false},"children":[{"name":"content-area","config":{"isSponsored":false,"storyColorTheme":"blue"},"children":[{"name":"content-body","config":{"teaseCTA":"","summaryBullets":"","postFormat":"full-story","isSponsored":false,"sponsored":[],"wordCount":1598,"showMagazine":true,"magazine":0,"themeName":"default"},"children":[{"name":"gutenberg-content","config":{"postFormat":"full-story"},"children":[{"name":"html","config":{"content":" \u003cp>On November 4, just hours after Elon Musk fired half of the 7,500 employees previously working at Twitter, some people began to see small signs that something was wrong with everyone’s favorite hellsite. And they saw it through retweets.\u003c/p> \u003cp>Twitter introduced retweets in 2009, turning an organic thing people were already doing—pasting someone else’s username and tweet, preceded by the letters RT—into a software function. In the years since, the retweet and its distant cousin the quote tweet (which\u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/06/retweetception/\"> launched in April 2015) \u003c/a>have become two of the most common mechanics on Twitter.\u003c/p> "},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/ad-unit-post-content","config":{"adUnit":"__site/__gutenberg-block-mobile","index":1,"shouldLoad":true,"sizes":[[300,250]],"sizeMapping":[],"displayScreen":"mobile"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"html","config":{"content":" \u003cp>But on Friday, a few users who pressed the retweet button saw the years roll back to 2009. Manual retweets, as they were called, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/alsoMike/status/1588657447010697217/photo/1\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://twitter.com/alsoMike/status/1588657447010697217/photo/1\">were back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p> \u003cp>The return of the manual retweet wasn’t Elon Musk’s latest attempt to appease users. Instead, it was the first public crack in the edifice of Twitter’s code base—a blip on the seismometer that warns of a bigger earthquake to come.\u003c/p> \u003cdiv id='piano__post_body-desktop-1' class='piano__post_body'>\u003c/div>\n \u003cp>A massive tech platform like Twitter is built upon very many interdependent parts. “The larger catastrophic failures are a little more titillating, but the biggest risk is the smaller things starting to degrade,” says Ben Krueger,&nbsp; a site reliability engineer who has more than two decades of experience in the tech industry. “These are very big, very complicated systems.” Krueger says\u003ca href=\"https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/topics/infrastructure/2017/the-infrastructure-behind-twitter-scale\"> one 2017 presentation\u003c/a> from Twitter staff includes a statistic suggesting that more than half the back-end infrastructure was dedicated to storing data.\u003c/p> \u003cp>While many of Musk’s detractors may hope the platform goes through the equivalent of thermonuclear destruction, the collapse of something like Twitter happens gradually. For those who know, gradual breakdowns are a sign of concern that a larger crash could be imminent. And that’s what’s happening now.\u003c/p> \u003cdiv id='piano__post_body-mobile-1' class='piano__post_body'>\u003c/div>\n \u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">It’s the small things\u003c/h3> \u003cp>Whether it’s manual RTs appearing for a moment before retweets slowly morph into their standard form, ghostly follower counts that \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/undefined6514/status/1589633035678683137\">race ahead\u003c/a> of the number of people actually following you, or replies that simply\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ShabazzStuart/status/1588907418561675264\"> refuse to load\u003c/a>, small bugs are appearing at Twitter’s periphery. Even\u003ca href=\"https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/twitter-rules\"> Twitter’s rules\u003c/a>, which Musk linked to on November 7,\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BriannaWu/status/1589615978513858560\"> went offline\u003c/a> temporarily under the load of millions of eyeballs. In short, it’s becoming unreliable.&nbsp;\u003c/p> "},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/related","config":{"isAuto":false,"headline":"Twitter may have lost more than a million users since Elon Musk took over","postID":1062752,"isPopular":false,"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/11/03/1062752/twitter-may-have-lost-more-than-a-million-users-since-elon-musk-took-over/","featuredImg":{"name":"image","config":{"aspectRatio":0.5625,"id":1062668,"alt":"twitterv logo seen on the San Francisco headquarters","caption":"","crops":[],"height":0,"imageSize":"related_story_thumbnail","lazyload":"1","lqipSrc":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/AP22305845489160-crop.jpeg?quality=60&resize=60,33","postId":0,"retina":"1","showCaption":false,"sources":[{"transforms":{"fit":[212,9999]},"descriptor":212,"default":true}],"sourceTags":[],"src":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/AP22305845489160-crop.jpeg","srcset":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/AP22305845489160-crop.jpeg?fit=424,19998 424w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/AP22305845489160-crop.jpeg?fit=212,9999 212w","url":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/AP22305845489160-crop.jpeg","useBasicImg":false,"usingDataFallback":false,"width":0,"picture":false,"sizes":"212px","smartCropPosition":[50,50],"smartCropRatio":"56.25%"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}}},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"html","config":{"content":" \u003cp>“Sometimes you’ll get notifications that are a little off,” says one engineer currently working at Twitter, who’s concerned about the way the platform is reacting after vast swathes of his colleagues who were previously employed to keep the site running smoothly were fired. (That last sentence is why the engineer has been granted anonymity to talk for this story.) After struggling with downtime during its “\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/01/the-story-behind-twitters-fail-whale/384313/\">Fail Whale” days\u003c/a>, Twitter eventually became lauded for its team of site reliability engineers, or SREs. Yet this team has been decimated in the aftermath of Musk’s takeover. “It’s small things, at the moment, but they do really add up as far as the perception of stability,” says the engineer.\u003c/p> \u003cp>The small suggestions of something wrong will amplify and multiply as time goes on, he predicts—in part because the skeleton staff remaining to handle these issues will quickly burn out. “Round-the-clock is detrimental to quality, and we’re already kind of seeing this,” he says.&nbsp;\u003c/p> \u003cp>Twitter’s remaining engineers have largely been tasked with keeping the site stable over the last few days, since the new CEO decided to get rid of a significant chunk of the staff maintaining its code base. As the company tries to return to some semblance of normalcy, more of their time will be spent addressing Musk’s (often taxing) whims for new products and features, rather than keeping what’s already there running.\u003c/p> "},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/ad-unit-post-content","config":{"adUnit":"__site/__gutenberg-block-mobile","index":2,"shouldLoad":true,"sizes":[[300,250]],"sizeMapping":[],"displayScreen":"mobile"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"html","config":{"content":" \u003cp>This is particularly problematic, says Krueger, for a site like Twitter, which can have unforeseen spikes in user traffic and interest. Krueger contrasts Twitter with online retail sites, where companies can prepare for big traffic events like Black Friday with some predictability. “When it comes to Twitter, they have the possibility of having a Black Friday on any given day at any time of the day,” he says. “At any given day, some news event can happen that can have significant impact on the conversation.” Responding to that is harder to do when you lay off up to 80% of your SREs—a figure Krueger says has been bandied about within the industry but which MIT Technology Review has been unable to confirm. The Twitter engineer agreed that the percentage sounded “plausible.”\u003c/p> \u003cp>That engineer doesn’t see a route out of the issue—other than reversing the layoffs (which the company has \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/CaseyNewton/status/1589075543420325888?s=20&amp;t=k6duAyYbA211EizV_04-jQ\">reportedly already attempted to roll back\u003c/a> somewhat). “If we’re going to be pushing at a breakneck pace, then things will break,” he says. “There’s no way around that. We’re accumulating technical debt much faster than before—almost as fast as we’re accumulating financial debt.”&nbsp;\u003c/p> \u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The list grows longer\u003c/h3> \u003cp>He presents a dystopian future where issues pile up as the backlog of maintenance tasks and fixes grows longer and longer. “Things will be broken. Things will be broken more often. Things will be broken for longer periods of time. Things will be broken in more severe ways,” he says. “Everything will compound until, eventually, it’s not usable.”\u003c/p> \u003cp>Twitter’s collapse into an unusable wreck is some time off, the engineer says, but the telltale signs of process rot are already there. It starts with the small things: “Bugs in whatever part of whatever client they’re using; whatever service in the back end they’re trying to use. They’ll be small annoyances to start, but as the back-end fixes are being delayed, things will accumulate until people will eventually just give up.”\u003c/p> \u003cdiv id='piano__post_body-mobile-2' class='piano__post_body'>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id='piano__post_body-desktop-2' class='piano__post_body'>\u003c/div>\n \u003cp>Krueger says that Twitter won’t blink out of life, but we’ll start to see a greater number of tweets not loading, and accounts coming into and out of existence seemingly at a whim. “I would expect anything that’s writing data on the back end to possibly have slowness, timeouts, and a lot more subtle types of failure conditions,” he says. “But they’re often more insidious. And they also generally take a lot more effort to track down and resolve. If you don’t have enough engineers, that’s going to be a significant problem.”&nbsp;\u003c/p> \u003cp>The juddering manual retweets and faltering follower counts are indications that this is already happening. Twitter engineers have designed fail-safes that the platform can fall back on so that the functionality doesn’t go totally offline but cut-down versions are provided instead. That’s what we’re seeing, says Krueger.\u003c/p> \u003cp>Alongside the minor malfunctions, the Twitter engineer believes that there’ll be significant outages on the horizon, thanks in part to Musk’s drive to reduce Twitter’s cloud computing server load in an attempt to claw back up to $3 million a day in infrastructure costs.\u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/technology/musk-orders-twitter-cut-infrastructure-costs-by-1-bln-sources-2022-11-03/\"> Reuters reports\u003c/a> that this project, which came from Musk’s war room, is called the “Deep Cuts Plan.” One of Reuters’s sources called the idea “delusional,” while Alan Woodward, a cybersecurity professor at the University of Surrey, says that “unless they’ve massively overengineered the current system, the risk of poorer capacity and availability seems a logical conclusion.”\u003c/p> \u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Brain drain\u003c/h3> \u003cp>Meanwhile, when things do go kaput, there’s no longer the institutional knowledge to quickly fix issues as they arise. “A lot of the people I saw who were leaving after Friday have been there nine, 10, 11 years, which is just ridiculous for a tech company,” says the Twitter engineer. As those individuals walked out of Twitter offices, decades of knowledge about how its systems worked disappeared with them. (Those within Twitter, and those watching from the sidelines, have previously argued that Twitter’s knowledge base is\u003ca href=\"https://www.fastcompany.com/90796608/what-happens-if-twitters-top-engineers-leave-the-company\"> overly concentrated in the minds of a handful\u003c/a> of programmers, some of whom have been fired.)\u003c/p> "},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/ad-unit-post-content","config":{"adUnit":"__site/__gutenberg-block-mobile","index":3,"shouldLoad":true,"sizes":[[300,250]],"sizeMapping":[],"displayScreen":"mobile"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"mittr-plugin-extension/related","config":{"isAuto":false,"headline":"I made it big on Twitter. Now I don’t think I can stay.","postID":1062414,"isPopular":false,"url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/10/28/1062414/elon-musk-leaving-twitter-solidarity-is-for-white-women-virality/","featuredImg":{"name":"image","config":{"aspectRatio":0.5625,"id":1062402,"alt":"Twitter icon escapes from birdcage","caption":"","crops":[],"height":0,"imageSize":"related_story_thumbnail","lazyload":"1","lqipSrc":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/kendall-escape-twitter.jpeg?quality=60&resize=60,33","postId":0,"retina":"1","showCaption":false,"sources":[{"transforms":{"fit":[212,9999]},"descriptor":212,"default":true}],"sourceTags":[],"src":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/kendall-escape-twitter.jpeg","srcset":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/kendall-escape-twitter.jpeg?fit=424,19998 424w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/kendall-escape-twitter.jpeg?fit=212,9999 212w","url":"https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/kendall-escape-twitter.jpeg","useBasicImg":false,"usingDataFallback":false,"width":0,"picture":false,"sizes":"212px","smartCropPosition":[50,50],"smartCropRatio":"56.25%"},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}}},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"html","config":{"content":" \u003cp>Unfortunately, teams stripped back to their bare bones (according to those remaining at Twitter) include the tech writers’ team. “We had good documentation because of [that team],” says the engineer. No longer. When things go wrong, it’ll be harder to find out what has happened.&nbsp;\u003c/p> \u003cp>Getting answers will be harder externally as well. The communications team has been cut down from \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KurtWagner8/status/1588563307845550080\">between 80 and 100\u003c/a> to just two people, according to one former team member who MIT Technology Review spoke to. “There’s too much for them to do, and they don’t speak enough languages to deal with the press as they need to,” says the engineer.\u003c/p> \u003cp>When MIT Technology Review reached out to Twitter for this story, the email went unanswered.\u003c/p> \u003cp>Musk’s\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MollyJongFast/status/1589665639329058816\"> recent criticism\u003c/a> of Mastodon, the open-source alternative to Twitter that has piled on users in the days since the entrepreneur took control of the platform, invites the suggestion that those in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. The Twitter CEO\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MollyJongFast/status/1589665639329058816\"> tweeted, then quickly deleted\u003c/a>, a post telling users, “If you don’t like Twitter anymore, there is awesome site [sic] called Masterbatedone [sic].” Accompanying the words was a physical picture of his laptop screen open on Paul Krugman’s Mastodon profile, showing the economics columnist trying multiple times to post. Despite Musk’s attempt to highlight Mastodon’s unreliability, its success has been remarkable: nearly\u003ca href=\"https://mastodon.social/@Gargron/109300967725833789\"> half a million people\u003c/a> have signed up since Musk took over Twitter.\u003c/p> \u003cp>It’s happening at the same time that the first cracks in Twitter’s edifice are starting to show. It’s just the beginning, expects Krueger. “I would expect to start seeing significant public-facing problems with the technology within six months,” he says. “And I feel like that’s a generous estimate.”\u003c/p> "},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}}],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"slider-ad","config":{},"children":[{"name":"ad-unit","config":{"adUnit":"__site/__slider","shouldLoad":false,"sizes":[[320,187]],"sizeMapping":[]},"children":[],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}}],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}}],"componentGroups":{"default":[]}},{"name":"content-footer","config":{"authors":[{"name":"Chris 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class="contentArticleHeader__wrapper--05971b004b02adfe73512a64f2cd02fa" id="here-s-how-a-twitter-engineer-says-it-will-break-in-the-coming-weeks" style="background:linear-gradient(to bottom,
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</div><div class="contentArticleHeader__meta--dc84c03b74410f63c23ee44c6e225807"><div class="byline__wrapper--e804dd36253abad2e1f9f807e4dacadf byline__storyPage--0ea6f2bef44ac9c70f6581d3d7f21b41"><span class="byline__by--47498879ac1d8579baae61095c0f1cec" aria-hidden="true">By </span><ul class="byline__list--f83ef95fd74e646cbad4e31d4ca13c93" aria-label="Authors"><li class="byline__author--5117418e1719e65608f7c75fb5214000 byline__storyPage--0ea6f2bef44ac9c70f6581d3d7f21b41"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/chris-stokel-walker/" class="byline__name--0f13a06758d50e60b13981eba38e67b0 byline__storyPage--0ea6f2bef44ac9c70f6581d3d7f21b41">Chris Stokel-Walker<span class="screen-reader-text">archive page</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="contentArticleHeader__publishDate--7eebb1699e639d6cdf75ced975c26010">November 8, 2022</div></div></div><div class="contentArticleHeader__image--11274c731c33b7a7df39756c4612de07 contentArticleHeader__containerBlock--b0ba76d6bc312ad7e982a3d82de5852d"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412 image__aspectRatio--2c451d3b5ec4f1d8596af281c3c757bb" style="padding-bottom:56.25%"><img src="https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg" srcSet="https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=720,480 720w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=360,240 360w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=1456,818 1456w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=728,409 728w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=1616,908 1616w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=808,454 808w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=2128,1196 2128w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=1064,598 1064w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=2252,1266 2252w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=1126,633 1126w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=2160,1214 2160w,https://wp.technologyreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/twitter-dissolve1b.jpeg?fit=1080,607 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 32rem) 360px,(max-width: 48rem) 728px,(max-width: 64rem) 808px,(max-width: 80rem) 1064px,(max-width: 90rem) 1126px,1080px" style="object-position:50% 50%" alt="&amp;quot; &amp;quot;" class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb"/></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"><span class="image__credit--f62c527bbdd8413eb6b6fa545d044c69">Stephanie Arnett/MITTR</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="contentArticleHeader__dots--f18af8845502d6a24e12e1c5a6d4683d contentArticleHeader__firstDots--3428101a4357a474cb46bd52c0f473eb"><div class="dotGrid__dots--cf24d0e6aff1f112b1e5d9065c4a71c1 dotGrid__blue--acac301fee94f7da075099d6526b2d56"></div></div><div class="contentArticleHeader__dots--f18af8845502d6a24e12e1c5a6d4683d contentArticleHeader__secondDots--8b6f337a88e6067ec820cddee7df8b36"><div class="dotGrid__dots--cf24d0e6aff1f112b1e5d9065c4a71c1 dotGrid__blue--acac301fee94f7da075099d6526b2d56"></div></div><div class="contentArticleHeader__dots--f18af8845502d6a24e12e1c5a6d4683d contentArticleHeader__secondDots--8b6f337a88e6067ec820cddee7df8b36" style="background-image:radial-gradient(
circle at 2px 2px,
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)"></div></header></div><div class="columnArea--fullStory__wrapper--ccee5f31e66b5948da2a7c721aad125d columnArea__wrapper columnArea--fullStory__isStandard--6ae6bc9cb34f786f51175e8f697bd543"><div class="columnArea--fullStory__main--69d9dff03dc838997ac3b349fb620185"><div class="contentArea__wrapper--38c966634c2da29792cafb832d80f475 content-area"><div class="contentBody__wrapper--d9d8f9bb44c188246f70afcdc827cc4f"><div class="contentBody__overlay--d693d7b10ac848641212320075aaf64a"></div><div class="contentBody__content--42a60b56e419a26d9c3638a9dab52f55" id="content--body"><div><div class=""><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_0 html_first"> <p>On November 4, just hours after Elon Musk fired half of the 7,500 employees previously working at Twitter, some people began to see small signs that something was wrong with everyone’s favorite hellsite. And they saw it through retweets.</p> <p>Twitter introduced retweets in 2009, turning an organic thing people were already doing—pasting someone else’s username and tweet, preceded by the letters RT—into a software function. In the years since, the retweet and its distant cousin the quote tweet (which<a href="https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/06/retweetception/"> launched in April 2015) </a>have become two of the most common mechanics on Twitter.</p> </div></div><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_2"> <p>But on Friday, a few users who pressed the retweet button saw the years roll back to 2009. Manual retweets, as they were called, <a href="https://twitter.com/alsoMike/status/1588657447010697217/photo/1" data-type="URL" data-id="https://twitter.com/alsoMike/status/1588657447010697217/photo/1">were back</a>.</p> <p>The return of the manual retweet wasn’t Elon Musk’s latest attempt to appease users. Instead, it was the first public crack in the edifice of Twitter’s code base—a blip on the seismometer that warns of a bigger earthquake to come.</p> <div id="piano__post_body-desktop-1" class="piano__post_body"></div>
<p>A massive tech platform like Twitter is built upon very many interdependent parts. “The larger catastrophic failures are a little more titillating, but the biggest risk is the smaller things starting to degrade,” says Ben Krueger,  a site reliability engineer who has more than two decades of experience in the tech industry. “These are very big, very complicated systems.” Krueger says<a href="https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/topics/infrastructure/2017/the-infrastructure-behind-twitter-scale"> one 2017 presentation</a> from Twitter staff includes a statistic suggesting that more than half the back-end infrastructure was dedicated to storing data.</p> <p>While many of Musk’s detractors may hope the platform goes through the equivalent of thermonuclear destruction, the collapse of something like Twitter happens gradually. For those who know, gradual breakdowns are a sign of concern that a larger crash could be imminent. And that’s what’s happening now.</p> <div id="piano__post_body-mobile-1" class="piano__post_body"></div>
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">It’s the small things</h3> <p>Whether it’s manual RTs appearing for a moment before retweets slowly morph into their standard form, ghostly follower counts that <a href="https://twitter.com/undefined6514/status/1589633035678683137">race ahead</a> of the number of people actually following you, or replies that simply<a href="https://twitter.com/ShabazzStuart/status/1588907418561675264"> refuse to load</a>, small bugs are appearing at Twitter’s periphery. Even<a href="https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/twitter-rules"> Twitter’s rules</a>, which Musk linked to on November 7,<a href="https://twitter.com/BriannaWu/status/1589615978513858560"> went offline</a> temporarily under the load of millions of eyeballs. In short, it’s becoming unreliable. </p> </div></div><aside aria-label="Related Story - Twitter may have lost more than a million users since Elon Musk took over" class="related__wrap"><h2 class="related__header">Related Story</h2><div class="related__content-wrap"><a aria-hidden="true" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/11/03/1062752/twitter-may-have-lost-more-than-a-million-users-since-elon-musk-took-over/" class="related__featuredImg--link" tabindex="-1"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412 image__aspectRatio--2c451d3b5ec4f1d8596af281c3c757bb" style="padding-bottom:56.25%"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block;object-position:50% 50%"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption></a><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/11/03/1062752/twitter-may-have-lost-more-than-a-million-users-since-elon-musk-took-over/" class="related__link"><div class="">Twitter may have lost more than a million users since Elon Musk took over</div></a><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/11/03/1062752/twitter-may-have-lost-more-than-a-million-users-since-elon-musk-took-over/" class="related__button button__wrapper--20b97b227471b3dd002defc980e6f965 button__primary--491aa0c640a989ad473fb309ceadf5d1">Read next</a></div></aside><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_4"> <p>“Sometimes you’ll get notifications that are a little off,” says one engineer currently working at Twitter, who’s concerned about the way the platform is reacting after vast swathes of his colleagues who were previously employed to keep the site running smoothly were fired. (That last sentence is why the engineer has been granted anonymity to talk for this story.) After struggling with downtime during its “<a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/01/the-story-behind-twitters-fail-whale/384313/">Fail Whale” days</a>, Twitter eventually became lauded for its team of site reliability engineers, or SREs. Yet this team has been decimated in the aftermath of Musk’s takeover. “It’s small things, at the moment, but they do really add up as far as the perception of stability,” says the engineer.</p> <p>The small suggestions of something wrong will amplify and multiply as time goes on, he predicts—in part because the skeleton staff remaining to handle these issues will quickly burn out. “Round-the-clock is detrimental to quality, and we’re already kind of seeing this,” he says. </p> <p>Twitter’s remaining engineers have largely been tasked with keeping the site stable over the last few days, since the new CEO decided to get rid of a significant chunk of the staff maintaining its code base. As the company tries to return to some semblance of normalcy, more of their time will be spent addressing Musk’s (often taxing) whims for new products and features, rather than keeping what’s already there running.</p> </div></div><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_6"> <p>This is particularly problematic, says Krueger, for a site like Twitter, which can have unforeseen spikes in user traffic and interest. Krueger contrasts Twitter with online retail sites, where companies can prepare for big traffic events like Black Friday with some predictability. “When it comes to Twitter, they have the possibility of having a Black Friday on any given day at any time of the day,” he says. “At any given day, some news event can happen that can have significant impact on the conversation.” Responding to that is harder to do when you lay off up to 80% of your SREs—a figure Krueger says has been bandied about within the industry but which MIT Technology Review has been unable to confirm. The Twitter engineer agreed that the percentage sounded “plausible.”</p> <p>That engineer doesn’t see a route out of the issue—other than reversing the layoffs (which the company has <a href="https://twitter.com/CaseyNewton/status/1589075543420325888?s=20&amp;t=k6duAyYbA211EizV_04-jQ">reportedly already attempted to roll back</a> somewhat). “If we’re going to be pushing at a breakneck pace, then things will break,” he says. “There’s no way around that. We’re accumulating technical debt much faster than before—almost as fast as we’re accumulating financial debt.” </p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The list grows longer</h3> <p>He presents a dystopian future where issues pile up as the backlog of maintenance tasks and fixes grows longer and longer. “Things will be broken. Things will be broken more often. Things will be broken for longer periods of time. Things will be broken in more severe ways,” he says. “Everything will compound until, eventually, it’s not usable.”</p> <p>Twitter’s collapse into an unusable wreck is some time off, the engineer says, but the telltale signs of process rot are already there. It starts with the small things: “Bugs in whatever part of whatever client they’re using; whatever service in the back end they’re trying to use. They’ll be small annoyances to start, but as the back-end fixes are being delayed, things will accumulate until people will eventually just give up.”</p> <div id="piano__post_body-mobile-2" class="piano__post_body"></div>
<div id="piano__post_body-desktop-2" class="piano__post_body"></div>
<p>Krueger says that Twitter won’t blink out of life, but we’ll start to see a greater number of tweets not loading, and accounts coming into and out of existence seemingly at a whim. “I would expect anything that’s writing data on the back end to possibly have slowness, timeouts, and a lot more subtle types of failure conditions,” he says. “But they’re often more insidious. And they also generally take a lot more effort to track down and resolve. If you don’t have enough engineers, that’s going to be a significant problem.” </p> <p>The juddering manual retweets and faltering follower counts are indications that this is already happening. Twitter engineers have designed fail-safes that the platform can fall back on so that the functionality doesn’t go totally offline but cut-down versions are provided instead. That’s what we’re seeing, says Krueger.</p> <p>Alongside the minor malfunctions, the Twitter engineer believes that there’ll be significant outages on the horizon, thanks in part to Musk’s drive to reduce Twitter’s cloud computing server load in an attempt to claw back up to $3 million a day in infrastructure costs.<a href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/musk-orders-twitter-cut-infrastructure-costs-by-1-bln-sources-2022-11-03/"> Reuters reports</a> that this project, which came from Musk’s war room, is called the “Deep Cuts Plan.” One of Reuters’s sources called the idea “delusional,” while Alan Woodward, a cybersecurity professor at the University of Surrey, says that “unless they’ve massively overengineered the current system, the risk of poorer capacity and availability seems a logical conclusion.”</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Brain drain</h3> <p>Meanwhile, when things do go kaput, there’s no longer the institutional knowledge to quickly fix issues as they arise. “A lot of the people I saw who were leaving after Friday have been there nine, 10, 11 years, which is just ridiculous for a tech company,” says the Twitter engineer. As those individuals walked out of Twitter offices, decades of knowledge about how its systems worked disappeared with them. (Those within Twitter, and those watching from the sidelines, have previously argued that Twitter’s knowledge base is<a href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90796608/what-happens-if-twitters-top-engineers-leave-the-company"> overly concentrated in the minds of a handful</a> of programmers, some of whom have been fired.)</p> </div></div><aside aria-label="Related Story - I made it big on Twitter. Now I don’t think I can stay." class="related__wrap"><h2 class="related__header">Related Story</h2><div class="related__content-wrap"><a aria-hidden="true" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/10/28/1062414/elon-musk-leaving-twitter-solidarity-is-for-white-women-virality/" class="related__featuredImg--link" tabindex="-1"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412 image__aspectRatio--2c451d3b5ec4f1d8596af281c3c757bb" style="padding-bottom:56.25%"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block;object-position:50% 50%"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption></a><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/10/28/1062414/elon-musk-leaving-twitter-solidarity-is-for-white-women-virality/" class="related__link"><div class="">I made it big on Twitter. Now I don’t think I can stay.</div></a><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/10/28/1062414/elon-musk-leaving-twitter-solidarity-is-for-white-women-virality/" class="related__button button__wrapper--20b97b227471b3dd002defc980e6f965 button__primary--491aa0c640a989ad473fb309ceadf5d1">Read next</a></div></aside><div><div class="gutenbergContent__content--109b03a769a11e8ae3acbab352a64269 html_9"><p>Unfortunately, teams stripped back to their bare bones (according to those remaining at Twitter) include the tech writers’ team. “We had good documentation because of [that team],” says the engineer. No longer. When things go wrong, it’ll be harder to find out what has happened. </p> <p>Getting answers will be harder externally as well. The communications team has been cut down from <a href="https://twitter.com/KurtWagner8/status/1588563307845550080">between 80 and 100</a> to just two people, according to one former team member who MIT Technology Review spoke to. “There’s too much for them to do, and they don’t speak enough languages to deal with the press as they need to,” says the engineer.</p> <p>When MIT Technology Review reached out to Twitter for this story, the email went unanswered.</p> <p>Musk’s<a href="https://twitter.com/MollyJongFast/status/1589665639329058816"> recent criticism</a> of Mastodon, the open-source alternative to Twitter that has piled on users in the days since the entrepreneur took control of the platform, invites the suggestion that those in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. The Twitter CEO<a href="https://twitter.com/MollyJongFast/status/1589665639329058816"> tweeted, then quickly deleted</a>, a post telling users, “If you don’t like Twitter anymore, there is awesome site [sic] called Masterbatedone [sic].” Accompanying the words was a physical picture of his laptop screen open on Paul Krugman’s Mastodon profile, showing the economics columnist trying multiple times to post. Despite Musk’s attempt to highlight Mastodon’s unreliability, its success has been remarkable: nearly<a href="https://mastodon.social/@Gargron/109300967725833789"> half a million people</a> have signed up since Musk took over Twitter.</p> <p>It’s happening at the same time that the first cracks in Twitter’s edifice are starting to show. It’s just the beginning, expects Krueger. “I would expect to start seeing significant public-facing problems with the technology within six months,” he says. “And I feel like that’s a generous estimate.”<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1091.84 1091.84" class="monogramTLogo" aria-hidden="true"><polygon fill="#6d6e71" points="363.95 0 363.95 1091.84 727.89 1091.84 727.89 363.95 363.95 0"></polygon><polygon fill="#939598" points="363.95 0 728.24 365.18 1091.84 364.13 1091.84 0 363.95 0"></polygon><polygon fill="#414042" points="0 0 0 0.03 0 363.95 363.95 363.95 363.95 0 0 0"></polygon></svg> </p></div></div></div></div></div></div><footer class="contentFooter__wrapper--668cb9dffd30ed781105d3c21d83e9c4"><div class="contentFooter__grid--3b42dbe94a07f6b3b9fd0204a124dfa9"><div class="contentFooter__byline--d4e46ead55f727147e762c04276efa60"><h3>by<!-- --> <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/chris-stokel-walker/" 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class="sidebar__widgetWrapper--b19d33d6d04fcd269d0c5015f934be33"><div><div class="popular__contentModule--2c0755f027ce0c9c7223419cee70fc0e"><h3 class="heading__base--5362205479c388c1ad1144800990bce5 heading__heading--6852bde1bca74526615c94b5a2c6e311 popular__title--94e0a3e1b8ecba0cac477bf24921d619"><span>Popular</span></h3><ol class="popular__stories--42509ad4f267f226d2f7f4300ecdbc2a"><li class="popular__story--b8dd4e122b6279c9b4e01851d113b48d"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/07/30/1140927/a-fundamental-flaw-leaves-llms-vulnerable-to-attack/" class="popular__itemTitle--a309025d706936d7cf80d2d71310f2d8">A fundamental flaw leaves LLMs strikingly vulnerable to attack</a><span class="popular__byline--36dff0fc005b4ae73d4113f44f0a1388"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/will-douglas-heaven/" class="">Will Douglas Heaven</a></span></li><li class="popular__story--b8dd4e122b6279c9b4e01851d113b48d"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/07/20/1140655/ai-biases-hiring-humans/" class="popular__itemTitle--a309025d706936d7cf80d2d71310f2d8">AI is more likely than humans to form biases when hiring</a><span class="popular__byline--36dff0fc005b4ae73d4113f44f0a1388"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/michelle-kim/" class="">Michelle Kim</a></span></li><li class="popular__story--b8dd4e122b6279c9b4e01851d113b48d"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/08/03/1141009/heres-why-ai-agents-lie-and-cheat-to-reach-their-goals/" class="popular__itemTitle--a309025d706936d7cf80d2d71310f2d8">Here’s why AI agents lie and cheat to reach their goals</a><span class="popular__byline--36dff0fc005b4ae73d4113f44f0a1388"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/grace-huckins/" class="">Grace Huckins</a></span></li><li class="popular__story--b8dd4e122b6279c9b4e01851d113b48d"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/08/18/1142188/ai-recursive-self-improvement/" class="popular__itemTitle--a309025d706936d7cf80d2d71310f2d8">AI’s recursive self-improvement might not come so quickly after all</a><span class="popular__byline--36dff0fc005b4ae73d4113f44f0a1388"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/michelle-kim/" class="">Michelle Kim</a></span></li></ol></div></div></li></ul></aside></div></div></div><div class="deepDive__wrapper--d2638825fee1e28c52f0275273474257"><div class="deepDive__sectionTitleWrapper--fa8cc53fb9d2dd4384096837740d0404" style="background-color:white"><h3 class="deepDive__sectionTitle--1f0d3d98d79aad3d3041b55b21b9f037">Keep Reading</h3></div><div class="deepDive__postsWrapper--09f4433e29e906dd23c0094dbb3c82f4" style="background:#101F40ff"><div class="deepDive__popularPosts--472e769f542883286c56af28fd98e8d5"><h3 class="deepDive__title--641160e40dbdbed9269a57cfe071fe51">Most Popular</h3><div class="deepDive__posts--011ab6743b8cbd613f0e4204a357eaf8"><div class="deepDiveItem__wrapper--1f66829c0b5c2fabb3efe2e26098b6ae"><div class="deepDiveItem__dots--eb67237c6bc6a40f4a22e5d09ba0da2a"><div class="dotGrid__dots--cf24d0e6aff1f112b1e5d9065c4a71c1 dotGrid__blue--acac301fee94f7da075099d6526b2d56"></div></div><a data-event-category="recirculation" data-event-action="deep dive" data-event-label="1" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/07/30/1140927/a-fundamental-flaw-leaves-llms-vulnerable-to-attack/" class=""><div class="deepDiveItem__image--9f46930b611650920e4f41bafd09792b"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block;object-position:50% 50%"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption></div><h3 class="deepDiveItem__title--3e16a8cfc8e5438393e96fd7793611ad" data-position="1">A fundamental flaw leaves LLMs strikingly vulnerable to attack</h3></a><div class="deepDiveItem__description--a66757f9bd3c5b8487eca015f7170785"><p>It makes it easy to trick them into doing things they shouldn’t, such as telling you how to sabotage an aircraft’s navigation system.</p>
</div><div class="deepDiveItem__bylineWrapper--4994cf475a1ca86d455869de2a94bf46"><span class="deepDiveItem__by--81a3efc13621a0837a077f98502df2b0" aria-hidden="true">By </span><ul class="deepDiveItem__list--3c982fc29ba3b6b16281ae8e8230f2d7" aria-label="Authors"><li class="deepDiveItem__author--6de04bbddafda5f472b616cf56122389"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/will-douglas-heaven/" class=""><span>Will Douglas Heaven</span><span class="screen-reader-text">archive page</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="deepDiveItem__wrapper--1f66829c0b5c2fabb3efe2e26098b6ae"><div class="deepDiveItem__dots--eb67237c6bc6a40f4a22e5d09ba0da2a"><div class="dotGrid__dots--cf24d0e6aff1f112b1e5d9065c4a71c1 dotGrid__blue--acac301fee94f7da075099d6526b2d56"></div></div><a data-event-category="recirculation" data-event-action="deep dive" data-event-label="2" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/07/20/1140655/ai-biases-hiring-humans/" class=""><div class="deepDiveItem__image--9f46930b611650920e4f41bafd09792b"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block;object-position:50% 50%"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption></div><h3 class="deepDiveItem__title--3e16a8cfc8e5438393e96fd7793611ad" data-position="2">AI is more likely than humans to form biases when hiring</h3></a><div class="deepDiveItem__description--a66757f9bd3c5b8487eca015f7170785"><p>AI doesn’t just learn stereotypes from its training. It can cook up new ones, too.</p>
</div><div class="deepDiveItem__bylineWrapper--4994cf475a1ca86d455869de2a94bf46"><span class="deepDiveItem__by--81a3efc13621a0837a077f98502df2b0" aria-hidden="true">By </span><ul class="deepDiveItem__list--3c982fc29ba3b6b16281ae8e8230f2d7" aria-label="Authors"><li class="deepDiveItem__author--6de04bbddafda5f472b616cf56122389"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/michelle-kim/" class=""><span>Michelle Kim</span><span class="screen-reader-text">archive page</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="deepDiveItem__wrapper--1f66829c0b5c2fabb3efe2e26098b6ae"><div class="deepDiveItem__dots--eb67237c6bc6a40f4a22e5d09ba0da2a"><div class="dotGrid__dots--cf24d0e6aff1f112b1e5d9065c4a71c1 dotGrid__blue--acac301fee94f7da075099d6526b2d56"></div></div><a data-event-category="recirculation" data-event-action="deep dive" data-event-label="3" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/08/03/1141009/heres-why-ai-agents-lie-and-cheat-to-reach-their-goals/" class=""><div class="deepDiveItem__image--9f46930b611650920e4f41bafd09792b"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block;object-position:50% 50%"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption></div><h3 class="deepDiveItem__title--3e16a8cfc8e5438393e96fd7793611ad" data-position="3">Here’s why AI agents lie and cheat to reach their goals</h3></a><div class="deepDiveItem__description--a66757f9bd3c5b8487eca015f7170785"><p><span style="font-weight:400">The misbehavior is called reward hacking. This is what you need to know. </span></p>
</div><div class="deepDiveItem__bylineWrapper--4994cf475a1ca86d455869de2a94bf46"><span class="deepDiveItem__by--81a3efc13621a0837a077f98502df2b0" aria-hidden="true">By </span><ul class="deepDiveItem__list--3c982fc29ba3b6b16281ae8e8230f2d7" aria-label="Authors"><li class="deepDiveItem__author--6de04bbddafda5f472b616cf56122389"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/grace-huckins/" class=""><span>Grace Huckins</span><span class="screen-reader-text">archive page</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="deepDiveItem__wrapper--1f66829c0b5c2fabb3efe2e26098b6ae"><div class="deepDiveItem__dots--eb67237c6bc6a40f4a22e5d09ba0da2a"><div class="dotGrid__dots--cf24d0e6aff1f112b1e5d9065c4a71c1 dotGrid__blue--acac301fee94f7da075099d6526b2d56"></div></div><a data-event-category="recirculation" data-event-action="deep dive" data-event-label="4" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/08/18/1142188/ai-recursive-self-improvement/" class=""><div class="deepDiveItem__image--9f46930b611650920e4f41bafd09792b"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block;object-position:50% 50%"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption></div><h3 class="deepDiveItem__title--3e16a8cfc8e5438393e96fd7793611ad" data-position="4">AI’s recursive self-improvement might not come so quickly after all</h3></a><div class="deepDiveItem__description--a66757f9bd3c5b8487eca015f7170785"><p><b>AI agents are not yet creative enough to carry out genuinely innovative open-ended AI research, it seems.</b></p>
</div><div class="deepDiveItem__bylineWrapper--4994cf475a1ca86d455869de2a94bf46"><span class="deepDiveItem__by--81a3efc13621a0837a077f98502df2b0" aria-hidden="true">By </span><ul class="deepDiveItem__list--3c982fc29ba3b6b16281ae8e8230f2d7" aria-label="Authors"><li class="deepDiveItem__author--6de04bbddafda5f472b616cf56122389"><a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/author/michelle-kim/" class=""><span>Michelle Kim</span><span class="screen-reader-text">archive page</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="stayConnected__wrapper--b90e0dcbb6cf6356ceb04199b3b78f82"><div class="stayConnected__innerWrap--c5329c1dca09c736eda9fb79fd71d749"><div class="stayConnected__readableWrap--f13598aae91f6636850f3206bfd837b6"><h3 class="stayConnected__subTitle--5d8c0eb11c13e1dbaa29b71a431d271b">Stay connected</h3><div class="stayConnected__illustration--653f31dd2a4d4aca07841f47b1e22b6d"><span class="image__wrapper--373a87c0cefdc42b3a8bd26457571412"><span class=" lazy-load-image-background opacity" style="color:transparent;display:inline-block"><span class="image__img--e1a73f503bf0f4a3d2504e1d64ea29cb imgLazyLoaded" style="display:inline-block"></span></span></span><figcaption class="image__meta--16eb0f8dde685315ba1d77ae67c89391"></figcaption><span class="stayConnected__illustrationCredit--ec717c28346babdc077959500eb9af56">Illustration by Rose Wong</span></div><h2 class="stayConnected__title--ec5b2be2348e03fd7efbd67b79c95459">Get the latest updates from<br/>MIT Technology Review</h2><p class="stayConnected__desc--346d21d69d2ecc8f258fcda0e2057051">Discover special offers, top stories,
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