3074 lines
150 KiB
HTML
3074 lines
150 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<meta name="description" content="Explore an in-depth guide to database sharding: what it is, its types, how to select shard keys, and route queries for building scalable systems.">
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<meta name="keywords" content="Database, data, shard, systems, Performance">
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<meta property="og:description" content="Explore an in-depth guide to database sharding: what it is, its types, how to select shard keys, and route queries for building scalable systems.">
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<meta property="og:site_name" content="dzone.com">
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<meta property="og:title" content="A Comprehensive Guide to Database Sharding">
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://dzone.com/articles/a-comprehensive-guide-to-database-sharding">
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<meta property="og:image" content="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/storage/article-thumb/17958248-thumb.jpg">
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<meta property="og:type" content="article">
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<meta name="twitter:site" content="@DZoneInc">
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/storage/article-thumb/17958248-thumb.jpg">
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<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="Explore an in-depth guide to database sharding: what it is, its types, how to select shard keys, and route queries for building scalable systems.">
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="A Comprehensive Guide to Database Sharding">
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<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
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<meta name="google-site-verification" content="kndbhxcupfEqWmZclhCpB6vlgOs7QSmx2UHAGGnP2mA">
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<meta name="df-verify" content="df0d76632b4543">
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<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/favicon.png">
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<link rel="image_src" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/storage/article-thumb/17958248-thumb.jpg">
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://dzone.com/articles/a-comprehensive-guide-to-database-sharding">
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<title>A Comprehensive Guide to Database Sharding</title>
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<link rel="preload" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/font/fontello.woff?11773374" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/icons.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/static/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/article/global.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/header-updated/styles.css">
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<style>
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:root {
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--xs-size: 2px;
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--sm-size: 5px;
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--md-size: 10px;
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--lg-size: 15px;
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--xl-size: 25px;
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--sm-border-size: 8px;
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--sm-font-size: 13px;
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--sm-plus-font-size: 16px;
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--md-font-size: 18px;
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--lg-font-size: 22px;
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--xl-font-size: 26px;
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}
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/* Display Quick-Access Classes */
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.display-none { display: none; }
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.display-block { display: block; }
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.display-inline { display: inline; }
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.display-inline-block { display: inline-block; }
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/* Margin Quick-Access Classes */
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.m-xs { margin: var(--xs-size); }
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.m-sm { margin: var(--sm-size); }
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.m-md { margin: var(--md-size); }
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.m-lg { margin: var(--lg-size); }
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.m-xl { margin: var(--xl-size); }
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.mt-xs, .my-xs { margin-top: var(--xs-size); }
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.mr-xs, .mx-xs { margin-right: var(--xs-size); }
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.mb-xs, .my-xs { margin-bottom: var(--xs-size); }
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.ml-xs, .mx-xs { margin-left: var(--xs-size); }
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.mt-sm, .my-sm { margin-top: var(--sm-size); }
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.mr-sm, .mx-sm { margin-right: var(--sm-size); }
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.mb-sm, .my-sm { margin-bottom: var(--sm-size); }
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.ml-sm, .mx-sm { margin-left: var(--sm-size); }
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.mt-md, .my-md { margin-top: var(--md-size); }
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.mr-md, .mx-md { margin-right: var(--md-size); }
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.mb-md, .my-md { margin-bottom: var(--md-size); }
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.ml-md, .mx-md { margin-left: var(--md-size); }
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.mt-lg, .my-lg { margin-top: var(--lg-size); }
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.mr-lg, .mx-lg { margin-right: var(--lg-size); }
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.mb-lg, .my-lg { margin-bottom: var(--lg-size); }
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.ml-lg, .mx-lg { margin-left: var(--lg-size); }
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.mt-xl, .my-xl { margin-top: var(--xl-size); }
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.mr-xl, .mx-xl { margin-right: var(--xl-size); }
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.mb-xl, .my-xl { margin-bottom: var(--xl-size); }
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.ml-xl, .mx-xl { margin-left: var(--xl-size); }
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.ml-auto, .mx-auto { margin-left: auto; }
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.mr-auto, .mx-auto { margin-right: auto; }
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.mt-auto, .my-auto { margin-top: auto; }
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.mb-auto, .my-auto { margin-bottom: auto; }
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.my-none, .mt-none { margin-top: 0 !important; }
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||
.mx-none, .mr-none { margin-right: 0 !important; }
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||
.my-none, .mb-none { margin-bottom: 0 !important; }
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||
.mx-none, .ml-none { margin-left: 0 !important; }
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/* Padding Quick-Access Classes */
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.p-xs { padding: var(--xs-size); }
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.p-sm { padding: var(--sm-size); }
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.p-md { padding: var(--md-size); }
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.p-lg { padding: var(--lg-size); }
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.p-xl { padding: var(--xl-size); }
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.pt-xs, .py-xs { padding-top: var(--xs-size); }
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.pr-xs, .px-xs { padding-right: var(--xs-size); }
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.pb-xs, .py-xs { padding-bottom: var(--xs-size); }
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.pl-xs, .px-xs { padding-left: var(--xs-size); }
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||
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.pt-sm, .py-sm { padding-top: var(--sm-size); }
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.pr-sm, .px-sm { padding-right: var(--sm-size); }
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.pb-sm, .py-sm { padding-bottom: var(--sm-size); }
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.pl-sm, .px-sm { padding-left: var(--sm-size); }
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.pt-md, .py-md { padding-top: var(--md-size); }
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.pr-md, .px-md { padding-right: var(--md-size); }
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.pb-md, .py-md { padding-bottom: var(--md-size); }
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.pl-md, .px-md { padding-left: var(--md-size); }
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.pt-lg, .py-lg { padding-top: var(--lg-size); }
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.pr-lg, .px-lg { padding-right: var(--lg-size); }
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.pb-lg, .py-lg { padding-bottom: var(--lg-size); }
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.pl-lg, .px-lg { padding-left: var(--lg-size); }
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.pt-xl, .py-xl { padding-top: var(--xl-size); }
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.pr-xl, .px-xl { padding-right: var(--xl-size); }
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.pb-xl, .py-xl { padding-bottom: var(--xl-size); }
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.pl-xl, .px-xl { padding-left: var(--xl-size); }
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||
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||
.py-none, .pt-none { padding-top: 0 !important; }
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||
.px-none, .pr-none { padding-right: 0 !important; }
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||
.py-none, .pb-none { padding-bottom: 0 !important; }
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||
.px-none, .pl-none { padding-left: 0 !important; }
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||
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||
/* Flex Quick-Access Classes */
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||
.flex {
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||
display: flex;
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||
}
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||
.flex-column {
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display: flex;
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||
flex-direction: column;
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||
}
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||
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||
.flex-column-reverse {
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||
display: flex;
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||
flex-direction: column-reverse;
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||
}
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||
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||
.flex-row {
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||
display: flex;
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||
flex-direction: row;
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||
}
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||
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.flex-row-reverse {
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||
display: flex;
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flex-direction: row-reverse;
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||
}
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||
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.flex-wrap {
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flex-wrap: wrap;
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||
}
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.flex-grow {
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flex-grow: 1;
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||
}
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.align-center { align-items: center; }
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.align-end { align-items: flex-end; }
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.content-center {
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||
align-content: center;
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||
}
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.justify-center { justify-content: center; }
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||
.justify-start { justify-content: flex-start; }
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||
.justify-end { justify-content: flex-end; }
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||
.justify-around { justify-content: space-around; }
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||
.justify-between { justify-content: space-between; }
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||
.justify-evenly { justify-content: space-evenly; }
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||
|
||
.gap-sm { gap: var(--sm-size); }
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||
.gap-md { gap: var(--md-size); }
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||
.gap-lg { gap: var(--lg-size); }
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||
.gap-xl { gap: var(--xl-size); }
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|
||
/* Display Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.inline-block { display: inline-block; }
|
||
|
||
/* Font Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.font-xl { font-size: var(--xl-font-size); }
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||
.font-lg { font-size: var(--lg-font-size); }
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||
.font-md { font-size: var(--md-font-size); }
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||
.font-sm-plus { font-size: var(--sm-plus-font-size); }
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||
.font-sm { font-size: var(--sm-font-size); }
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||
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||
.font-strike { text-decoration: line-through; }
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||
.font-underline { text-decoration: underline; }
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||
.font-overline { text-decoration: overline; }
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||
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||
.font-italic { font-style: italic; }
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||
.font-bold { font-weight: bold; }
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||
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||
.font-black { color: #000000; }
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||
.font-white { color: #ffffff; }
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||
.font-gray { color: var(--brand-gray-text); }
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||
.font-danger { color: var(--header-dropdown-button-bg-danger); }
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||
.font-center { text-align: center; }
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||
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||
.no-wrap { white-space: nowrap; }
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||
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||
/* Consistent headings between h and non-h tags */
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||
.heading {
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||
margin-top: 0;
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||
margin-bottom: var(--md-size);
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||
}
|
||
|
||
.heading.font-xl { line-height: var(--xl-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-lg { line-height: var(--lg-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-md { line-height: var(--md-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-sm-plus { line-height: var(--sm-plus-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-sm { line-height: var(--sm-font-size); }
|
||
|
||
/* Font Clamp Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.line-clamp,
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||
.line-clamp-2,
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||
.line-clamp-3,
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||
.line-clamp-4,
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||
.line-clamp-5 {
|
||
display: -webkit-box;
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||
-webkit-line-clamp: 4;
|
||
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
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||
overflow: hidden;
|
||
text-overflow: ellipsis;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.line-clamp-2 { -webkit-line-clamp: 2 !important; }
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||
.line-clamp-3 { -webkit-line-clamp: 3 !important; }
|
||
.line-clamp-4 { -webkit-line-clamp: 4 !important; }
|
||
.line-clamp-5 { -webkit-line-clamp: 5 !important; }
|
||
|
||
/* User-Select Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.select-none { user-select: none; }
|
||
|
||
/* Position Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.absolute { position: absolute; }
|
||
.relative { position: relative; }
|
||
.float-left { float: left; }
|
||
.float-right { float: right; }
|
||
|
||
.pos-top { top: 0; }
|
||
.pos-right { right: 0; }
|
||
.pos-bottom { bottom: 0; }
|
||
.pos-left { left: 0; }
|
||
|
||
.va-top { vertical-align: top; }
|
||
.va-middle { vertical-align: middle; }
|
||
.va-bottom { vertical-align: bottom; }
|
||
|
||
/* Transition Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.trans-linear-quick {
|
||
transition: all 0.15s linear;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Background Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.bg-gray { background: #cccccc; }
|
||
.bg-white { background-color: white; }
|
||
.bg-none { background: none; }
|
||
|
||
/* Border Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.border-gray { border: 1px solid #cccccc; }
|
||
.tab-pane.border-gray { border: 1px solid #ddd; }
|
||
.no-border, .border-none { border: none !important; }
|
||
|
||
.bt-none { border-top: none !important; }
|
||
.br-none { border-right: none !important; }
|
||
.bb-none { border-bottom: none !important; }
|
||
.bl-none { border-left: none !important; }
|
||
|
||
/* Border Radius Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
|
||
.round-t-sm, .round-tl-sm { border-top-left-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-t-sm, .round-tr-sm { border-top-right-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-b-sm, .round-bl-sm { border-bottom-left-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-b-sm, .round-br-sm { border-bottom-right-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-sm { border-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-fully { border-radius: 50%; }
|
||
|
||
/* Misc Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.haikei {
|
||
position: relative;
|
||
background-image: url('https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/polygon-scatter-haikei-shapes.svg');
|
||
background-repeat: no-repeat;
|
||
background-size: cover;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.haikei:before {
|
||
content: '';
|
||
position:absolute;
|
||
top: 0;
|
||
left: 0;
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
height: 100%;
|
||
background-color: var(--color-event-background);
|
||
z-index: -1;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.margin-auto-center {
|
||
display: block;
|
||
margin-left: auto;
|
||
margin-right: auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.flex-auto-center {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
margin-left: auto;
|
||
margin-right: auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.mw-1100 { max-width: 1100px; }
|
||
.mw-1300 { max-width: 1300px; }
|
||
.full-width { width: 100%; }
|
||
|
||
.h-separator {
|
||
background-color: #cccccc;
|
||
height: 1px;
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
margin: 5px auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.no-spacing {
|
||
margin: 0 !important;
|
||
padding: 0 !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.inherit-color { color: inherit; }
|
||
|
||
.inherit-decoration { text-decoration: inherit; }
|
||
|
||
/* Table Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.table-border-gray tr:not(:last-child) {
|
||
border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
table.full-width tr td:last-child {
|
||
width:100%;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Animation Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
@keyframes anim-spin {
|
||
0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
|
||
100% { transform: rotate(359deg); }
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.anim-spin {
|
||
display: inline-block;
|
||
animation: anim-spin 2s infinite linear;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.hov-pointer { cursor: pointer; }
|
||
.hov-brighten:hover { filter: brightness(1.2); }
|
||
.hov-darken:hover { filter: brightness(0.95); }
|
||
.hov-underline:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
|
||
|
||
/* Small tweaks related to components when using these styles */
|
||
.nav-tabs {
|
||
border-bottom: none;
|
||
}
|
||
.tab-content > .flex-column.active,
|
||
.tab-content > .flex-row.active {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Alpine components with x-cloak should not be visible by default until conditionals kick in */
|
||
[x-cloak] { display: none !important; }
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/alpine-components/modal.css">
|
||
<script defer src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/alpinejs/3.13.2/cdn.min.js"></script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
document.addEventListener('alpine:init', () => {
|
||
Alpine.store('article', {
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||
id: null,
|
||
engagement: {
|
||
open: false,
|
||
page: 1,
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||
users: [],
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||
additional: true,
|
||
loading: false,
|
||
initializing: false,
|
||
unauthorized: false,
|
||
enqueued: null,
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||
dequeued: null,
|
||
|
||
reset() {
|
||
this.open = false;
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||
this.page = 1;
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this.users.splice(0);
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||
this.additional = true;
|
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this.loading = false;
|
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this.initializing = false;
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this.enqueued = null;
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this.dequeued = null;
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},
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||
|
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enqueue(user) {
|
||
this.dequeued = null;
|
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this.enqueued = user;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
dequeue(user) {
|
||
this.enqueued = null;
|
||
this.dequeued = user;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
add(user) {
|
||
this.users.push(user);
|
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this.enqueued = null;
|
||
},
|
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|
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remove(user) {
|
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const index = this.users.findIndex(u => u.id === user.id);
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if (index !== -1) {
|
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this.users.splice(index, 1);
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}
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this.dequeued = null;
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},
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contains(user) {
|
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return this.users.filter(u => u.id === user.id).length;
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}
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}
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});
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Alpine.effect(() => {
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const store = Alpine.store('article');
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if (!store.engagement.additional && store.engagement.enqueued) {
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if (!store.engagement.contains(store.engagement.enqueued)) {
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store.engagement.add(store.engagement.enqueued);
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}
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}
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});
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Alpine.effect(() => {
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const store = Alpine.store('article');
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if (store.engagement.page && store.engagement.dequeued) {
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store.engagement.remove(store.engagement.dequeued);
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}
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})
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});
|
||
</script></head>
|
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<body x-data>
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<div class="skybox skybox-closeBtn dz_skybox" data-gpt-slot="skybox" id="div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-99"></div>
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<header id="ftl-header">
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||
<div class="header-top">
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<div class="header-container">
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||
<div class="pull-left logo-container">
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<div class="logo">
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<a class="inner" href="/">
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<picture>
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<source srcset="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz_logo_2021_cropped.webp" type="image/webp">
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<source srcset="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz_logo_2021_cropped.png" type="image/png">
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<img src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz_logo_2021_cropped.png" width="181" height="56" alt="DZone">
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</picture>
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</a>
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<div class="pull-right login-and-search">
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<div id="authenticated-block" class="logged-in">
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<div class="welcome-back">Thanks for visiting DZone today,</div>
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<button class="user-avatar">
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<span id="header-username" class="username"></span>
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||
<img id="header-avatar" src="" alt="user avatar">
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||
</button>
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||
<div id="user-dropdown" class="browse-user-menu">
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||
<div class="user-content">
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||
<a id="header-user-plug" href="#" class="user-description"></a>
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<a id="header-user-edit" href="#" class="edit-profile">Edit Profile</a>
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</div>
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<ul class="user-actions">
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<li id="first-user-action">
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<a id="header-dropdown-manage-email" href="#">Manage Email Subscriptions</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="/articles/how-to-submit-a-post-to-dzone?utm_source=DZone&utm_medium=user_dropdown&utm_campaign=how_to_post">
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</a>
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<a href="/articles/dzones-article-submission-guidelines">
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</a>
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</ul>
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<div class="bottom">
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<a href="/users/logout.html" class="sign-out">Sign Out</a>
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<a id="dropdown-view-profile" href="#" class="view-profile">View Profile</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="post-content">
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<button id="post-button" class="post-content--button">
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<span class="post-class">Post</span>
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<i class="icon-plus"></i>
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</button>
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<div id="post-menu" class="posting-links">
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<div class="posting-links-menu">
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<ul>
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<li>
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<img src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz-postarticle.svg" width="15" height="18" style="width: 15px; height: 18px;">
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<a href="/content/article/post.html">Post an Article</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a id="drafts-link" href="#">Manage My Drafts</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="unauthenticated-block">
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<div class="dz-intro">Over 2 million developers have joined DZone.</div>
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<a href="/users/login.html">Log In</a>
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<a href="/static/registration.html">Join</a>
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</div>
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<a class="join-icon" href="/users/login.html" aria-label="User">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide svg-user lucide-user-icon lucide-user">
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<path d="M19 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H9a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2"></path>
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<circle cx="12" cy="7" r="4"></circle>
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</svg>
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</a>
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</div>
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<script>
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document.addEventListener('alpine:init', () => {
|
||
Alpine.data('searchDrawer', () => ({
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||
open: false,
|
||
query: '',
|
||
minCharsMet: false,
|
||
|
||
toggleVisibility() {
|
||
this.open = !this.open;
|
||
if (this.open) {
|
||
this.$nextTick(() => {
|
||
this.$refs.query.focus();
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||
});
|
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}
|
||
},
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|
||
updateSearchValue() {
|
||
if (!this.query || !this.query.length || this.query.length < 3) {
|
||
this.minCharsMet = false;
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
this.minCharsMet = true;
|
||
localStorage.setItem('ls.searchValue', this.query);
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||
},
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||
|
||
searchSite() {
|
||
if (this.minCharsMet) {
|
||
window.location = '/search';
|
||
}
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||
}
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||
}));
|
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});
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</script>
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<div class="headerSearch" x-data="searchDrawer()" x-cloak>
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<button class="btn-search dropdown-toggle" x-on:click="toggleVisibility()" aria-label="Search">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide svg-search lucide-search-icon lucide-search">
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<path d="m21 21-4.34-4.34"></path>
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<circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle>
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</svg>
|
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</button>
|
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<template x-teleport=".header-container">
|
||
<div id="search-drawer" x-show="open" x-on:click.outside="open = false" x-transition>
|
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<div class="search-input">
|
||
<input type="text"
|
||
placeholder="Search"
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||
autofocus="autofocus"
|
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x-model="query"
|
||
x-ref="query"
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||
x-on:input.change="updateSearchValue()"
|
||
x-on:keyup.enter="searchSite()"
|
||
>
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||
<button x-on:click="searchSite()" x-bind:disabled="!minCharsMet">
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<span>Search</span>
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</button>
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</div>
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<div class="search-footer">
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Please enter at least three characters to search
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</div>
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</div>
|
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</template>
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</div>
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</div>
|
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</div> </div>
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<div class="header-bottom">
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<div class="header-bottom-container">
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<a class="resource-link" href="/refcardz">Refcards</a>
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<a class="resource-link" href="/trendreports">Trend Reports</a>
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<div class="resource-link link-menu">
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<a href="/events">Events</a>
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<a href="/events/video-library">Video Library</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<nav class="header-menu-bar">
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<div class="header-menu resource-category">
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<a href="/refcardz">Refcards</a>
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</div>
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<div class="header-menu-separator resource-category-separator"></div>
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<div class="header-menu resource-category">
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<a href="/trendreports">Trend Reports</a>
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</div>
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<div class="header-menu-separator resource-category-separator"></div>
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<div class="header-menu resource-category no-bottom-radius" data-click-activation>
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<p class="menu-label">Events</p>
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<div class="header-menu-items">
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<div class="header-menu-columns">
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/events">View Events</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/events/video-library">Video Library</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="header-menu zone-menu" data-click-activation>
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<p class="menu-label">Zones <i class="icon-down-dir icon-closed"></i><i class="icon-right-dir icon-open"></i></p>
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<div class="header-menu-items">
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<div class="header-menu-columns">
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<div class="header-menu-column-item">
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/culture-and-methodologies">Culture and Methodologies</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/agile">Agile</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/career-development">Career Development</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/methodologies">Methodologies</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/team-management">Team Management</a>
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</div>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/data-engineering">Data Engineering</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/ai-ml">AI/ML</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/big-data">Big Data</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/data">Data</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/databases">Databases</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/iot">IoT</a>
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</div>
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<div class="header-menu-column-item">
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/software-design-and-architecture">Software Design and Architecture</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/cloud-architecture">Cloud Architecture</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/integration">Integration</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/microservices">Microservices</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/performance">Performance</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/security">Security</a>
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</div>
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<div class="header-menu-column-item">
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/coding">Coding</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/frameworks">Frameworks</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/java">Java</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/languages">Languages</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/tools">Tools</a>
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</div>
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<div class="header-menu-column-item">
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/testing-deployment-and-maintenance">Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/deployment">Deployment</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/devops-and-cicd">DevOps and CI/CD</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/maintenance">Maintenance</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/monitoring-and-observability">Monitoring and Observability</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/testing-tools-and-frameworks">Testing, Tools, and Frameworks</a>
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</div>
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<div class="header-menu-column-item sponsored">
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="javascript:void(0)">Partner Zones</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/hubs/build-ai-agents-that-are-ready-for-production/">Build AI Agents That Are Ready for Production</a>
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="1">
|
||
<a href="/culture-and-methodologies">Culture and Methodologies</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/agile">Agile</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/career-development">Career Development</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/methodologies">Methodologies</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/team-management">Team Management</a>
|
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</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="2">
|
||
<a href="/data-engineering">Data Engineering</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/ai-ml">AI/ML</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/big-data">Big Data</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/data">Data</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/databases">Databases</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/iot">IoT</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="3">
|
||
<a href="/software-design-and-architecture">Software Design and Architecture</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/cloud-architecture">Cloud Architecture</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/containers">Containers</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/integration">Integration</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/microservices">Microservices</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/performance">Performance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/security">Security</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="4">
|
||
<a href="/coding">Coding</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/frameworks">Frameworks</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/java">Java</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/javascript">JavaScript</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/languages">Languages</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/tools">Tools</a>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="5">
|
||
<a href="/testing-deployment-and-maintenance">Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/deployment">Deployment</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/devops-and-cicd">DevOps and CI/CD</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/maintenance">Maintenance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/monitoring-and-observability">Monitoring and Observability</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/testing-tools-and-frameworks">Testing, Tools, and Frameworks</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category sponsored" tabindex="6">
|
||
<a href="javascript:void(0)">Partner Zones</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items sponsored">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/hubs/build-ai-agents-that-are-ready-for-production/">Build AI Agents That Are Ready for Production</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
const csrf = {
|
||
parameter: 'TH_CSRF',
|
||
header: 'X-TH-CSRF',
|
||
token: '2952178593387143752'
|
||
}; // set csrf for auth-status script
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
|
||
handleRedirects();
|
||
handleMenus();
|
||
handleMobileMenuHeights();
|
||
handleGotoLinks();
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
function isHidden(element) {
|
||
try {
|
||
return window.getComputedStyle(element).display === 'none';
|
||
} catch (_) {
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function getLink(element) {
|
||
if (element.hasAttribute('data-goto')) {
|
||
return element.getAttribute('data-goto');
|
||
}
|
||
return element.href;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function isLeftClick(event) {
|
||
if (event.altKey || event.shiftKey) {
|
||
return false;
|
||
} else if ('buttons' in event || 'which' in event) {
|
||
return event.buttons === 1 || event.which === 1;
|
||
} else {
|
||
return (event.button === 1 || (event.type === 'click'));
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleRedirects() {
|
||
const redirections = [...document.querySelectorAll('[data-activate-menu]'), ...document.querySelectorAll('[data-click-target]')];
|
||
|
||
redirections.forEach(function(element) {
|
||
const menuSelector = element.getAttribute('data-activate-menu') || element.getAttribute('data-click-target');
|
||
const redirectingElement = document.querySelector(menuSelector);
|
||
if (redirectingElement) {
|
||
element.style.cursor = 'pointer';
|
||
const redirect = function(e) {
|
||
if (redirectingElement.hasAttribute('href') || redirectingElement.hasAttribute('data-goto')) {
|
||
if (redirectingElement.hasAttribute('data-new-window') || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) {
|
||
window.open(getLink(redirectingElement), '_blank');
|
||
} else {
|
||
window.open(getLink(redirectingElement), '_self');
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
const evt = new e.constructor(e.type, e);
|
||
redirectingElement.dispatchEvent(evt);
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
element.addEventListener('mouseup', redirect);
|
||
element.addEventListener('mousedown', (e) => e.preventDefault());
|
||
element.addEventListener('click', (e) => e.preventDefault());
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleMenus() {
|
||
const menuElements = [
|
||
...document.querySelectorAll('.header-menu > a'),
|
||
...document.querySelectorAll('.header-menu > p.menu-label')
|
||
];
|
||
|
||
let scrollYMemory = -1;
|
||
|
||
function scrollToMemory() {
|
||
if (scrollYMemory !== -1) {
|
||
setTimeout(function() {
|
||
window.scrollTo(0, scrollYMemory);
|
||
scrollYMemory = -1;
|
||
}, 10);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function hideMenus() {
|
||
// unfocus menus & items, and set the menus to non-visible.
|
||
menuElements.forEach(function (element) {
|
||
element.blur();
|
||
element.parentElement.blur();
|
||
element.parentElement.classList.remove('menu-opened');
|
||
const menuItems = element.parentElement.querySelector('.header-menu-items');
|
||
if (menuItems) {
|
||
menuItems.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
const wasHidden = document.body.style.overflowY === 'hidden';
|
||
document.body.style.overflowY = 'auto';
|
||
if (wasHidden) {
|
||
scrollToMemory();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function isEventOutsideMenu(e) {
|
||
return e.target.closest && !e.target.closest('.header-menu') && !e.target.closest('[data-activate-menu]');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Handle mobile menu toggling
|
||
menuElements.forEach(function(element) {
|
||
const menu = element.parentElement;
|
||
const headerItems = menu.querySelector('.header-menu-items');
|
||
const menuEntries = headerItems ? headerItems.querySelectorAll('.header-menu-item') : [];
|
||
|
||
const focus = function() {
|
||
menu.focus();
|
||
menu.classList.add('menu-opened');
|
||
if (headerItems) {
|
||
headerItems.style.display = 'block';
|
||
}
|
||
if (menu.classList.contains('zone-menu')) {
|
||
scrollYMemory = window.scrollY;
|
||
document.body.style.overflowY = 'hidden';
|
||
} else {
|
||
scrollYMemory = -1;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const unfocus = function() {
|
||
menu.blur();
|
||
menu.classList.remove('menu-opened');
|
||
if (headerItems) {
|
||
headerItems.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
const wasHidden = document.body.style.overflowY === 'hidden';
|
||
document.body.style.overflowY = 'auto';
|
||
if (wasHidden) {
|
||
scrollToMemory();
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const toggleMenuVisibility = function(e) {
|
||
if ((e.type === 'click' || e.type === 'mouseup') && !isLeftClick(e)) {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
const hidden = isHidden(headerItems);
|
||
if (menu.hasAttribute('data-click-activation')) { // handle click activated toggling
|
||
if (hidden) {
|
||
hideMenus(); // hide other open menus first
|
||
focus();
|
||
} else {
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
}
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
} else if (hidden) {
|
||
hideMenus(); // hide other open menus first
|
||
focus();
|
||
e.preventDefault(); // prevent 'click' event from firing when menu is hidden
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
element.addEventListener('touchend', toggleMenuVisibility);
|
||
element.addEventListener('mouseup', toggleMenuVisibility);
|
||
|
||
// Add hover events to non-click-activated menus, even though CSS should cover it.
|
||
if (!menu.hasAttribute('data-click-activation')) {
|
||
menu.addEventListener('mouseover', function () {
|
||
hideMenus(); // hide other open menus first
|
||
focus();
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
menu.addEventListener('mouseout', function (e) {
|
||
if (isEventOutsideMenu(e)) {
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Hide menu when child is clicked
|
||
menuEntries.forEach(function(menuEntry) {
|
||
const linkToItem = function(e) {
|
||
if (e.type === 'mousedown' || e.type === 'click') {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
if (e.type === 'mouseup' && !isLeftClick(e)) {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
window.open(getLink(menuEntry), (e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) ? '_blank' : (menuEntry.target || '_self'));
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const linkToMobileItem = function(e) {
|
||
if (e.type === 'touchstart') {
|
||
menuEntry.setAttribute('data-touchmove', false);
|
||
} else if (e.type === 'touchmove') {
|
||
menuEntry.setAttribute('data-touchmove', true);
|
||
} else if (e.type === 'touchend' && (!menuEntry.hasAttribute('data-touchmove') || menuEntry.getAttribute('data-touchmove').toLowerCase() === 'false')) {
|
||
window.open(getLink(menuEntry), (e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) ? '_blank' : (menuEntry.target || '_self'));
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('mousedown', linkToItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('mouseup', linkToItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('click', linkToItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('touchstart', linkToMobileItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('touchmove', linkToMobileItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('touchend', linkToMobileItem);
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
function hideIfNonMenuBounds(e) {
|
||
if (isEventOutsideMenu(e)) {
|
||
hideMenus();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
addEventListener('mousemove', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('touchend', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('mouseup', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('mousedown', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('click', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleMobileMenuHeights() {
|
||
function setAppHeight() {
|
||
document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--app-height', window.innerHeight + 'px');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
addEventListener('resize', function() {
|
||
setAppHeight();
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
setAppHeight();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleGotoLinks() {
|
||
// Add anchor mimicking to elements with data-goto attributes
|
||
// This addresses SEO concerns of linking to noindex pages by allowing JS to handle the URL
|
||
const anchorElements = document.querySelectorAll('*[data-goto]');
|
||
anchorElements.forEach((anchorElement) => {
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mouseover', () => {
|
||
anchorElement.style.cursor = 'pointer';
|
||
anchorElement.style.textDecoration = 'underline';
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mouseout', () => {
|
||
anchorElement.style.cursor = 'unset';
|
||
anchorElement.style.textDecoration = 'unset';
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mouseup', (e) => {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mousedown', (e) => {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
const anchorHref = anchorElement.getAttribute('data-goto');
|
||
if (anchorElement.hasAttribute('data-new-window') || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) {
|
||
window.open(anchorHref, '_blank');
|
||
} else {
|
||
window.open(anchorHref, '_self');
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
</script><script>
|
||
const authenticatedBlock = document.querySelector('#authenticated-block');
|
||
const unauthenticatedBlock = document.querySelector('#unauthenticated-block');
|
||
|
||
let authenticated = {
|
||
isAuthenticated: false,
|
||
isAdmin: false,
|
||
user: {
|
||
id: null,
|
||
name: null,
|
||
url: null,
|
||
profileImage: null,
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
fetch('/services/internal/data/articles-getAuthenticationStatus', {
|
||
headers: {
|
||
'Accept': 'application/json'
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
.then(function (result) {
|
||
return result.json()
|
||
})
|
||
.then(function (result) {
|
||
const res = result.result.data
|
||
if (!res.authenticated) {
|
||
unauthenticatedBlock.classList.add('shown')
|
||
} else {
|
||
authenticated.user.id = res.id;
|
||
authenticated.user.name = res.realName;
|
||
authenticated.user.url = res.profileUrl;
|
||
authenticated.user.profileImage = res.avatar;
|
||
authenticated.user.jobTitle = res.jobTitle;
|
||
authenticated.user.companyName = res.companyName;
|
||
|
||
bindProps('#header-username', null, null, (res.firstName || res.username), null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-avatar', null, res.avatar, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-user-plug', res.profileUrl, null, res.realName, null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-user-edit', '/users/' + res.id + '/edit.html', null, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-dropdown-manage-email', '/newsletters/' + res.id + '/manage.html', null, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#dropdown-view-profile', res.profileUrl, null, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#drafts-link', '/users/' + res.id + '/drafts.html', null, null, null)
|
||
|
||
if (res.isAdmin) {
|
||
// Construct backwards so the #after call places elements in the correct order
|
||
const firstUserAction = document.querySelector('#first-user-action')
|
||
const adminConsoleItem = document.createElement('li')
|
||
const adminConsoleLink = createLink('/dzone/staff/index.html', 'Admin Console')
|
||
adminConsoleItem.appendChild(adminConsoleLink)
|
||
firstUserAction.after(adminConsoleItem)
|
||
|
||
const moderationItem = document.createElement('li')
|
||
const moderationLink = createLink('/moderation/list.html', 'Moderation')
|
||
moderationItem.appendChild(moderationLink)
|
||
firstUserAction.after(moderationItem)
|
||
|
||
const bountyModerationItem = document.createElement('li')
|
||
const bountyModerationLink = createLink('/moderation/bounties', 'Bounty Moderation')
|
||
bountyModerationItem.appendChild(bountyModerationLink)
|
||
firstUserAction.after(bountyModerationItem)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
authenticated.isAuthenticated = res.authenticated;
|
||
authenticated.isAdmin = res.isAdmin;
|
||
|
||
authenticatedBlock.classList.add('shown')
|
||
}
|
||
}).catch(function (result) {
|
||
console.error(result)
|
||
})
|
||
|
||
/**
|
||
* Binds different properties to the selected element.
|
||
*
|
||
* @param selector - Selector to select the element
|
||
* @param href - href attribute value
|
||
* @param src - src attribute value
|
||
* @param innerHTML - innerHTML property value
|
||
* @param innerText - innerText property value
|
||
*/
|
||
function bindProps(selector, href, src, innerHTML, innerText) {
|
||
const element = document.querySelector(selector)
|
||
if (element) {
|
||
if (href) element.href = href
|
||
if (src) element.src = src
|
||
if (innerHTML) element.innerHTML = innerHTML
|
||
if (innerText) element.innerText = innerText
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/**
|
||
* Creates a new link element.
|
||
*
|
||
* @param href - href attribute value
|
||
* @param innerText - innerText property value
|
||
* @returns {HTMLAnchorElement} The generated link element
|
||
*/
|
||
function createLink(href, innerText) {
|
||
const link = document.createElement('a')
|
||
link.href = href
|
||
link.innerText = innerText
|
||
|
||
return link
|
||
}
|
||
</script><script>
|
||
const userHeader = document.querySelector('#user-header')
|
||
const userDropdown = document.querySelector('#user-dropdown')
|
||
const postDropdown = document.querySelector('#post-button')
|
||
const postMenu = document.querySelector('#post-menu')
|
||
|
||
let userDropdownOpen = false
|
||
let postDropdownOpen = false
|
||
|
||
document.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
|
||
if (postDropdown && postDropdown.contains(event.target)) {
|
||
setUserDropdown(false)
|
||
setPostDropdown(!postDropdownOpen)
|
||
} else if (userHeader && userHeader.contains(event.target)) {
|
||
setPostDropdown(false)
|
||
setUserDropdown(!userDropdownOpen)
|
||
} else {
|
||
setUserDropdown(false)
|
||
setPostDropdown(false)
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
|
||
function setUserDropdown(value) {
|
||
userDropdownOpen = value
|
||
if (userDropdownOpen) {
|
||
if (userDropdown) {
|
||
userDropdown.classList.add('open')
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
if (userDropdown) {
|
||
userDropdown.classList.remove('open')
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function setPostDropdown(value) {
|
||
postDropdownOpen = value
|
||
if (postDropdownOpen) {
|
||
if (postMenu) {
|
||
postMenu.classList.add('open')
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
if (postMenu) {
|
||
postMenu.classList.remove('open')
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</script><script>
|
||
document.addEventListener("alpine:init", () => {
|
||
Alpine.store('global', {
|
||
executeHttp(path, body, method) {
|
||
const options = {
|
||
method: method,
|
||
headers: {
|
||
[csrf.header]: csrf.token
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
if (method !== 'GET') {
|
||
options.body = JSON.stringify(body);
|
||
options.headers = {
|
||
...options.headers,
|
||
'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
|
||
fetch(path, options)
|
||
.then(res => {
|
||
if (!res.ok) {
|
||
reject(res);
|
||
} else {
|
||
resolve(res);
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
.catch(err => reject(err));
|
||
});
|
||
},
|
||
getFromService(path) {
|
||
return this.executeHttp(path, null, 'GET');
|
||
},
|
||
postToService(path, body = {}) {
|
||
return this.executeHttp(path, body, 'POST');
|
||
},
|
||
putToService(path, body = {}) {
|
||
return this.executeHttp(path, body, 'PUT');
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/colors.css">
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/article/styles.css">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="body-container">
|
||
<div id="announcement-container-outer">
|
||
<div id="announcement-previous">
|
||
<i class="icon-angle-left"></i>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="announcement-next">
|
||
<i class="icon-angle-right"></i>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="announcement-container">
|
||
<div class="announcement announcement-count-1"
|
||
data-position="1">
|
||
<div class="body"><p><strong>Could your team report a vulnerability within 24 hours? </strong>Find out on September 23.</p></div>
|
||
<div class="spacer"></div>
|
||
<a href="https://cvent.me/O32zXR?utm_source=Announcements&utm_medium=DzoneWeb&utm_campaign=QtGroup-0923" target="_blank">
|
||
<button>Assess Your CRA Readiness</button>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" async>
|
||
(function() {
|
||
let announcementPosition = 1;
|
||
let minAnnouncementPosition = -1;
|
||
let maxAnnouncementPosition = -1;
|
||
|
||
const announcementPrevBtn = document.querySelector('#announcement-previous');
|
||
const announcementNextBtn = document.querySelector('#announcement-next');
|
||
|
||
function withAnnouncements(callback) {
|
||
const announcements = document.querySelectorAll('#announcement-container .announcement');
|
||
for (let announcement of announcements) {
|
||
callback(announcement);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function initAnnouncementVars() {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--mobile-announcement-separator-width', '1px');
|
||
withAnnouncements(function(announcement) {
|
||
const pos = parseInt(announcement.getAttribute('data-position'));
|
||
minAnnouncementPosition = minAnnouncementPosition === -1 ? pos : Math.min(minAnnouncementPosition, pos);
|
||
maxAnnouncementPosition = maxAnnouncementPosition === -1 ? pos : Math.max(maxAnnouncementPosition, pos);
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
if (document.querySelector('.announcementBarContainer')) {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--body-top-padding', '0');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (maxAnnouncementPosition <= 0) {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--body-top-padding', '0');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
sizeToFullWhenOneEntryOnMobile();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function setAnnouncementPosition(position) {
|
||
if (window.outerWidth >= 890) {
|
||
return; // we do not need to change the position, since we can display everything on desktop.
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Make the announcement cyclical
|
||
if (minAnnouncementPosition !== -1 && maxAnnouncementPosition !== -1) {
|
||
if (position > maxAnnouncementPosition) {
|
||
position = minAnnouncementPosition; // overflow to the first announcement
|
||
} else if (position < minAnnouncementPosition) {
|
||
position = maxAnnouncementPosition; // underflow to the last announcement
|
||
}
|
||
announcementPosition = position;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const shownAnnouncements = [];
|
||
|
||
let reverseFlex = false; // should only be true when the first and last items are showing
|
||
|
||
// Now that the position is valid, apply the transforms
|
||
withAnnouncements(function(announcement) {
|
||
const pos = parseInt(announcement.getAttribute('data-position'));
|
||
const isWrapped = position === maxAnnouncementPosition && pos === minAnnouncementPosition; // showing first + last at same time
|
||
const doesNextQualify = window.outerWidth >= 500 && (pos === position + 1 || isWrapped);
|
||
|
||
if (pos === position || doesNextQualify) {
|
||
shownAnnouncements.push(announcement);
|
||
} else {
|
||
announcement.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
announcement.style.opacity = 0.0;
|
||
|
||
if (isWrapped) {
|
||
reverseFlex = true;
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
for (let announcement of shownAnnouncements) {
|
||
announcement.style.display = 'flex';
|
||
announcement.style.opacity = 1.0;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const announcementContainer = document.querySelector('#announcement-container');
|
||
if (announcementContainer) {
|
||
announcementContainer.style.flexDirection = reverseFlex ? 'row-reverse' : 'row';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function resetAnnouncements() {
|
||
announcementPosition = 1;
|
||
const announcementContainer = document.querySelector('#announcement-container');
|
||
if (announcementContainer) {
|
||
announcementContainer.style.flexDirection = 'row';
|
||
}
|
||
withAnnouncements(function(announcement) {
|
||
announcement.style.opacity = 1.0;
|
||
announcement.style.display = 'flex';
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function sizeToFullWhenOneEntryOnMobile() {
|
||
if (maxAnnouncementPosition <= 2 && announcementPrevBtn && announcementNextBtn) {
|
||
announcementPrevBtn.style.display = maxAnnouncementPosition === 2 && window.outerWidth < 500 ? 'flex' : 'none';
|
||
announcementNextBtn.style.display = maxAnnouncementPosition === 2 && window.outerWidth < 500 ? 'flex' : 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
if (maxAnnouncementPosition === 1 && window.outerWidth >= 500 && window.outerWidth < 890) {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--mobile-announcement-separator-width', '0');
|
||
document.querySelector('#announcement-container .announcement').style.maxWidth = '100%';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function resetAnnouncementsOnResize() {
|
||
announcementPosition = 1; // we want to reset the announcement position every resize
|
||
if (window.outerWidth >= 890) { // 4 announcements can be shown (215px * 4) + separator padding
|
||
resetAnnouncements();
|
||
} else { // if we're still on mobile, set the position to normalize things after resize
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition);
|
||
sizeToFullWhenOneEntryOnMobile();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
window.addEventListener('resize', resetAnnouncementsOnResize);
|
||
|
||
initAnnouncementVars();
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition); // sets the min & max positions as well as initializes transforms
|
||
|
||
if (announcementPrevBtn) {
|
||
announcementPrevBtn.onclick = function() {
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition - 1);
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (announcementNextBtn) {
|
||
announcementNextBtn.onclick = function() {
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition + 1);
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
})(); </script>
|
||
<div id="ftl-article" class="trending-article-body">
|
||
<aside class="trending-sidebar" aria-labelledby="related-sidebar-heading">
|
||
<div class="trending">
|
||
<h2 id="related-sidebar-heading">Related</h2>
|
||
<div class="trending-separator"></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/backpressure-in-distributed-systems" class="related-link">Backpressure in Distributed Systems</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/new-testing-pattern-standardizing-regression-cloud" class="related-link">The New Testing Pattern: Standardizing Regression for Cloud Migrations</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/understanding-time-series-databases" class="related-link">Understanding Time Series Databases</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/high-load-systems-in-social-network-development" class="related-link">High-Load Systems: Overcoming Challenges in Social Network Development</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</aside>
|
||
<div class="container-fluid body trending-article-fluid">
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-md-12">
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"articleBody": "In this article, we’ll dive deep into the concept of database sharding, a critical technique for scaling databases to handle large volumes of data and high levels of traffic. Here’s what you can expect to learn: What is Sharding?: We’ll start by defining what sharding is and why it’s essential for modern, high-performance databases. You’ll understand how sharding can help overcome the limitations of traditional database scaling methods.Types of Sharding: Next, we’ll explore the different types of sharding, including horizontal and vertical sharding. We’ll discuss the benefits and challenges of each approach, helping you decide which might be best for your use case.Selecting a Shard Key: Choosing the right shard key is crucial for the success of a sharded database. In this section, we’ll walk through the factors to consider when selecting a shard key, common mistakes to avoid, and how to balance performance with even data distribution.Routing Requests to Shards: Finally, we’ll cover the methods for routing queries to the correct shard. This section will provide insights into the architecture and strategies to ensure efficient query processing in a sharded environment. By the end of this guide, you’ll have a comprehensive understanding of database sharding, enabling you to implement it effectively in your systems. What Is Sharding? Sharding is a database architecture pattern that involves partitioning your data into smaller, more manageable pieces, known as “shards.” Each shard is a separate database that contains a subset of the total data. The primary goal of sharding is to distribute the load across multiple databases, enabling the system to scale horizontally as data volume and traffic increase. In a traditional, single-database setup, all data is stored in one place. As your application grows, this database can become a bottleneck, leading to performance issues like slow query response times and limited capacity for handling concurrent users. Sharding helps mitigate these issues by spreading the data across multiple servers, each responsible for a specific portion of the data. Sharding is particularly beneficial for applications with large datasets, high transaction volumes, or the need for geographic distribution of data. By breaking down the data into smaller pieces, you can improve performance, reduce the risk of downtime, and scale your system more efficiently. However, sharding is not without its challenges. It introduces additional complexity in managing data consistency, query routing, and maintaining balanced shards. Therefore, it’s essential to carefully plan and implement sharding to maximize its benefits and minimize potential downsides. Types of Sharding When it comes to sharding, there are several approaches you can take, each with its own advantages and trade-offs. The two most common types of sharding are horizontal sharding and vertical sharding. Horizontal Sharding (Range-Based Sharding) Horizontal sharding involves splitting rows of a table across multiple shards. Each shard contains a subset of the rows, usually based on a range of values in a particular column, such as user IDs or timestamps. Example Shard 1: Users with IDs from 1 to 1,000,000Shard 2: Users with IDs from 1,000,001 to 2,000,000 Advantages Scalability: Easily add more shards as data growsLoad distribution: Distributes load evenly if data is uniformly accessed Challenges Complex queries: Queries spanning multiple shards can be complexData skew: Uneven data distribution can lead to overloaded shards Vertical Sharding Vertical sharding involves splitting a database by separating tables into different shards. Each shard contains a subset of the columns or tables. Example Shard 1: User profiles and authentication dataShard 2: Transaction data and order history Advantages Simplified queries: Queries involving only one shard are faster.Specialization: Optimize each shard for specific data types. Challenges Cross-shard ioins: Joins across shards are inefficient.Limited scalability: Scalability is limited by the number of tables. Hybrid Sharding Hybrid sharding combines horizontal and vertical sharding to leverage the benefits of both. Example Horizontally shard: Large tables like user data across multiple shardsVertically shard: Separate less frequently accessed tables. Advantages Flexibility: Tailor sharding strategies to different data types.Optimized performance: Optimize shards based on specific needs. Challenges Increased complexity: Managing multiple sharding strategies is complexSophisticated routing: Requires advanced query routing logic Selecting a Shard Key Choosing the right shard key is one of the most critical decisions when implementing database sharding. The shard key determines how your data is distributed across different shards, directly impacting the system’s performance, scalability, and complexity. What Is a Shard Key? A shard key is a column or a set of columns from your database that is used to determine the distribution of data across shards. Essentially, it is the basis for partitioning your data, where each shard will handle a specific range or set of values based on the shard key. Criteria for Selecting a Shard Key Uniform distribution of data: The primary goal when selecting a shard key is to ensure an even distribution of data across all shards. If your shard key leads to uneven data distribution (data skew), some shards will become hotspots, handling more data and traffic than others. This imbalance can negate the benefits of sharding by creating bottlenecks. For instance, if you choose a shard key that correlates with time, such as a timestamp, you might end up with all recent data being stored in a single shard, overloading it while other shards remain underutilized.Query performance: Your shard key should be chosen with the most common queries in mind. If most queries filter data based on a specific column, using that column as the shard key can lead to efficient query routing, as the system will know exactly which shard to query. For example, if user-related queries are predominant, a shard key based on user ID can direct queries to the correct shard without unnecessary lookups across multiple shards.Scalability: Consider future growth when selecting your shard key. The shard key should allow for easy addition of new shards as data volume increases. Keys that naturally support range or hash-based distribution are often good candidates for scaling. For example, a hash-based shard key evenly distributes data by hashing the key values. This approach makes it easier to add new shards by redistributing the hash space, minimizing the need for complex data migrations.Minimizing cross-shard operations: Cross-shard operations, such as joins or transactions that span multiple shards, can be costly in terms of performance and complexity. Choosing a shard key that aligns with your application’s data access patterns can help minimize these operations. For instance, if your application frequently performs transactions that involve a user’s orders, sharding by user ID ensures that all related data resides in the same shard, avoiding expensive cross-shard operations. Common Shard Key Strategies Range-Based Shard Key A range-based shard key involves dividing data into shards based on a continuous range of values. This approach works well when the data distribution is relatively uniform and predictable, such as numeric IDs or dates. However, it can lead to data skew if the distribution is uneven. Hash-Based Shard Key A hash-based shard key distributes data based on a hash function applied to the key value. This approach typically results in a more uniform distribution of data and is less prone to skew. However, it may complicate range queries, as data is spread non-sequentially across shards. Composite Shard Key A composite shard key uses multiple columns to determine the shard placement. This strategy can provide more granular control over data distribution and help optimize query performance by accounting for multiple access patterns. Potential Pitfalls Hotspots: Avoid shard keys that could lead to hotspots, where a significant portion of queries target a single shard.Imbalanced shards: Be cautious of shard keys that might result in uneven data distribution, causing some shards to store significantly more data than others.Complexity in query routing: Ensure that the shard key simplifies, rather than complicates, the process of routing queries to the correct shard. Selecting the right shard key is a balancing act that requires careful consideration of your data distribution, query patterns, and scalability needs. A well-chosen shard key can significantly enhance the performance and efficiency of your sharded database, while a poor choice can lead to a range of issues, from performance bottlenecks to complex query routing challenges. Routing Requests to Shards Once you’ve established a sharded database architecture, the next critical challenge is ensuring that queries and data operations are efficiently routed to the correct shard. Proper routing is essential for maintaining high performance and ensuring that your application scales effectively. Understanding the Routing Process In a sharded database, routing refers to the process of determining which shard should handle a particular query or data operation. This decision is based on the shard key, which, as discussed in the previous section, is used to partition the data across different shards. The routing process ensures that queries are directed to the shard containing the relevant data, thereby reducing the load on the overall system and improving query response times. Common Routing Strategies Application-Level Routing In application-level routing, the logic for determining which shard to query is built directly into the application code. The application uses the shard key to calculate which shard should handle a specific request. Advantages: Customization: Application-level routing allows for customized logic, making it easier to optimize for specific use cases.Flexibility: The application can implement complex routing rules or adjust the routing logic dynamically based on real-time data.Challenges: Complexity: Implementing and maintaining routing logic in the application adds complexity, requiring developers to manage and update the logic as the application evolves.Increased Latency: If not optimized, application-level routing can introduce additional latency, as the application must determine the appropriate shard before executing the query. Middleware or Proxy-Based Routing Middleware or proxy-based routing involves using an intermediary layer between the application and the database. This middleware is responsible for routing queries to the correct shard based on the shard key. Advantages: Centralized management: Routing logic is centralized, making it easier to manage and update without changing the application code.Consistency: Middleware ensures consistent routing logic across different parts of the application.Challenges: Single point of failure: The middleware layer can become a bottleneck or a single point of failure if not properly scaled or managed.Additional overhead: Introducing a middleware layer can add extra overhead to the query execution process, potentially impacting performance. Database-Level Routing In database-level routing, the database system itself handles the routing of queries to the appropriate shard. This approach is common in databases that natively support sharding, where the database automatically routes queries based on the shard key. Advantages: Simplicity: Database-level routing abstracts the complexity of routing from the application, allowing developers to focus on business logic rather than database management.Automatic load balancing: Many database systems with built-in sharding capabilities also include features for load balancing across shards, optimizing performance.Challenges: Limited customization: Relying on database-level routing may limit the ability to implement custom routing logic tailored to specific application needs.Vendor lock-in: Using database-level routing often ties you to a specific database vendor or technology, making it harder to switch systems in the future. Factors to Consider When Implementing Routing Query Patterns Analyze the query patterns in your application to ensure that the chosen routing strategy optimizes for the most common types of queries. For instance, if your application frequently retrieves data based on a specific user ID, ensure that the routing logic efficiently handles these queries. Scalability As your data grows and the number of shards increases, the routing strategy should scale accordingly. Middleware and database-level routing solutions often include built-in mechanisms for scaling, whereas application-level routing might require additional development effort to manage scalability. Fault Tolerance Ensure that your routing strategy includes mechanisms for handling shard failures or unavailability. For example, middleware-based solutions can include fallback mechanisms to reroute queries to backup shards in the event of a failure. Latency Minimize the latency introduced by the routing process. Each layer of routing logic adds potential delays to query execution, so it’s crucial to optimize the routing path to maintain high performance. Best Practices 1. Careful Shard Key Selection Analyze data access patterns: Choose a shard key that ensures even data distribution and aligns with query patterns.Avoid hotspots: Prevent any shard from becoming a performance bottleneck. 2. Design for Scalability Modular architecture: Facilitate easy addition of new shards.Future-proofing: Plan for data growth and increased traffic. 3. Efficient Routing Logic Optimize query routing: Ensure quick and accurate routing to the correct shard.Implement fallbacks: Prepare for shard failures with robust error handling. 4. Maintain Data Consistency Limit cross-shard transactions: Reduce complexity and performance overhead.Consistency models: Adopt appropriate data consistency models. 5. Monitor Performance Use monitoring tools: Track performance metrics and shard health.Regular audits: Periodically assess the effectiveness of your sharding strategy. 6. Automate Maintenance Scheduled tasks: Automate routine maintenance like backups and rebalancing.Disaster recovery: Regularly test backup and recovery procedures. 7. Security and Compliance Data protection: Secure data using encryption and access controls.Regulatory compliance: Ensure adherence to laws like GDPR. Final Recommendations Start simple: Begin with a straightforward strategy and adapt as needed.Stay updated: Keep abreast of the latest developments in sharding technologies.Seek expertise: Consult with experienced professionals when necessary. Conclusion Database sharding is a powerful technique for building scalable and high-performance systems. By understanding the different types of sharding, carefully selecting your shard key, efficiently routing requests, and adhering to best practices, you can overcome the limitations of traditional database scaling methods. Implementing sharding requires careful planning and ongoing maintenance, but the benefits in terms of performance and scalability make it a worthwhile investment for many applications. Stay vigilant for signs that resharding or rebalancing may be necessary, and be proactive in addressing these challenges to ensure your system remains robust and efficient.",
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<p>Explore an in-depth guide to database sharding: what it is, its types, how to select shard keys, and route queries for building scalable systems.</p>
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<p name="b7f3">In this article, we’ll dive deep into the concept of database sharding, a critical technique for scaling databases to handle large volumes of data and high levels of traffic. Here’s what you can expect to learn:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li name="c110"><strong>What is Sharding?: </strong>We’ll start by defining what sharding is and why it’s essential for modern, high-performance databases. You’ll understand how sharding can help overcome the limitations of traditional database scaling methods.</li>
|
||
<li name="125e"><strong>Types of Sharding: </strong>Next, we’ll explore the different types of sharding, including horizontal and vertical sharding. We’ll discuss the benefits and challenges of each approach, helping you decide which might be best for your use case.</li>
|
||
<li name="8cc5"><strong>Selecting a Shard Key: </strong>Choosing the right shard key is crucial for the success of a sharded database. In this section, we’ll walk through the factors to consider when selecting a shard key, common mistakes to avoid, and how to balance performance with even data distribution.</li>
|
||
<li name="7bb6"><strong>Routing Requests to Shards: </strong>Finally, we’ll cover the methods for routing queries to the correct shard. This section will provide insights into the architecture and strategies to ensure efficient query processing in a sharded environment.</li>
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</ul>
|
||
<p name="7743">By the end of this guide, you’ll have a comprehensive understanding of database sharding, enabling you to implement it effectively in your systems.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section name="42e8">
|
||
<h2 name="e147">What Is Sharding?</h2>
|
||
<p name="cb26">Sharding is a database architecture pattern that involves partitioning your data into smaller, more manageable pieces, known as “shards.” Each shard is a separate database that contains a subset of the total data. The primary goal of sharding is to distribute the load across multiple databases, enabling the system to scale horizontally as data volume and traffic increase.</p>
|
||
<p name="db09">In a traditional, single-database setup, all data is stored in one place. As your application grows, this database can become a bottleneck, leading to performance issues like slow query response times and limited capacity for handling concurrent users. Sharding helps mitigate these issues by spreading the data across multiple servers, each responsible for a specific portion of the data.</p>
|
||
<p name="9414">Sharding is particularly beneficial for applications with large datasets, high transaction volumes, or the need for geographic distribution of data. By breaking down the data into smaller pieces, you can improve performance, reduce the risk of downtime, and scale your system more efficiently.</p>
|
||
<p name="a999">However, sharding is not without its challenges. It introduces additional complexity in managing data consistency, query routing, and maintaining balanced shards. Therefore, it’s essential to carefully plan and implement sharding to maximize its benefits and minimize potential downsides.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section name="7629">
|
||
<h2 name="59d8">Types of Sharding</h2>
|
||
<p name="5f89">When it comes to sharding, there are several approaches you can take, each with its own advantages and trade-offs. The two most common types of sharding are horizontal sharding and vertical sharding.</p>
|
||
<h3 name="4abc">Horizontal Sharding (Range-Based Sharding)</h3>
|
||
<p>Horizontal sharding involves splitting rows of a table across multiple shards. Each shard contains a subset of the rows, usually based on a range of values in a particular column, such as user IDs or timestamps.</p>
|
||
<h4><strong>Example</strong></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Shard 1:</strong> Users with IDs from 1 to 1,000,000</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Shard 2:</strong> Users with IDs from 1,000,001 to 2,000,000</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4><strong>Advantages</strong></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Scalability:</strong> Easily add more shards as data grows</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Load distribution:</strong> Distributes load evenly if data is uniformly accessed</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4><strong>Challenges</strong></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Complex queries:</strong> Queries spanning multiple shards can be complex</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Data skew:</strong> Uneven data distribution can lead to overloaded shards</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 name="9175">Vertical Sharding</h3>
|
||
<p>Vertical sharding involves splitting a database by separating tables into different shards. Each shard contains a subset of the columns or tables.</p>
|
||
<h4><strong>Example</strong></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Shard 1:</strong> User profiles and authentication data</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Shard 2:</strong> Transaction data and order history</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4><strong>Advantages</strong></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Simplified queries:</strong> Queries involving only one shard are faster.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Specialization:</strong> Optimize each shard for specific data types.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4><strong>Challenges</strong></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Cross-shard ioins:</strong> Joins across shards are inefficient.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Limited scalability:</strong> Scalability is limited by the number of tables.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 name="96d0">Hybrid Sharding</h3>
|
||
<p>Hybrid sharding combines horizontal and vertical sharding to leverage the benefits of both.</p>
|
||
<h4><strong>Example</strong></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Horizontally shard:</strong> Large tables like user data across multiple shards</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Vertically shard:</strong> Separate less frequently accessed tables.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4><strong>Advantages</strong></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Flexibility:</strong> Tailor sharding strategies to different data types.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Optimized performance:</strong> Optimize shards based on specific needs.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4><strong>Challenges</strong></h4>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Increased complexity:</strong> Managing multiple sharding strategies is complex</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Sophisticated routing:</strong> Requires advanced query routing logic</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<p name="2b6c"></p>
|
||
<h2 name="37d0">Selecting a Shard Key</h2>
|
||
<p name="237e">Choosing the right shard key is one of the most critical decisions when implementing database sharding. The shard key determines how your data is distributed across different shards, directly impacting the system’s performance, scalability, and complexity.</p>
|
||
<h3 name="b847">What Is a Shard Key?</h3>
|
||
<p name="fb94">A shard key is a column or a set of columns from your database that is used to determine the distribution of data across shards. Essentially, it is the basis for <a href="https://dzone.com/articles/evolution-of-data-partitioning-traditional-vs-mode">partitioning your data</a>, where each shard will handle a specific range or set of values based on the shard key.</p>
|
||
<h3 name="193a">Criteria for Selecting a Shard Key</h3>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li name="09be"><strong>Uniform distribution of data:</strong> The primary goal when selecting a shard key is to ensure an even distribution of data across all shards. If your shard key leads to uneven data distribution (data skew), some shards will become hotspots, handling more data and traffic than others. This imbalance can negate the benefits of sharding by creating bottlenecks.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li name="09be" style="margin-left: 20px;">For instance, if you choose a shard key that correlates with time, such as a timestamp, you might end up with all recent data being stored in a single shard, overloading it while other shards remain underutilized.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li name="557b"><strong>Query performance:</strong> Your shard key should be chosen with the most common queries in mind. If most queries filter data based on a specific column, using that column as the shard key can lead to efficient query routing, as the system will know exactly which shard to query.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li name="557b" style="margin-left: 20px;">For example, if user-related queries are predominant, a shard key based on user ID can direct queries to the correct shard without unnecessary lookups across multiple shards.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li name="0787"><strong>Scalability:</strong> Consider future growth when selecting your shard key. The shard key should allow for easy addition of new shards as data volume increases. Keys that naturally support range or hash-based distribution are often good candidates for scaling.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li name="0787" style="margin-left: 20px;">For example, a hash-based shard key evenly distributes data by hashing the key values. This approach makes it easier to add new shards by redistributing the hash space, minimizing the need for complex data migrations.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li name="3bf9"><strong>Minimizing cross-shard operations:</strong> Cross-shard operations, such as joins or transactions that span multiple shards, can be costly in terms of performance and complexity. Choosing a shard key that aligns with your application’s data access patterns can help minimize these operations.
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li name="3bf9" style="margin-left: 20px;">For instance, if your application frequently performs transactions that involve a user’s orders, sharding by user ID ensures that all related data resides in the same shard, avoiding expensive cross-shard operations.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h3 name="e8fb">Common Shard Key Strategies</h3>
|
||
<h4><strong>Range-Based Shard Key</strong></h4>
|
||
<p></p>
|
||
<p name="2b6c">A range-based shard key involves dividing data into shards based on a continuous range of values. This approach works well when the data distribution is relatively uniform and predictable, such as numeric IDs or dates. However, it can lead to data skew if the distribution is uneven.</p>
|
||
<h4 name="2b6c"><strong>Hash-Based Shard Key</strong></h4>
|
||
<p name="2b6c">A hash-based shard key distributes data based on a hash function applied to the key value. This approach typically results in a more uniform distribution of data and is less prone to skew. However, it may complicate range queries, as data is spread non-sequentially across shards.</p>
|
||
<h4 name="2b6c"><strong>Composite Shard Key</strong></h4>
|
||
<p name="2b6c">A composite shard key uses multiple columns to determine the shard placement. This strategy can provide more granular control over data distribution and help optimize query performance by accounting for multiple access patterns.</p>
|
||
<h3 name="26a1">Potential Pitfalls</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li name="8f5b"><strong>Hotspots:</strong> Avoid shard keys that could lead to hotspots, where a significant portion of queries target a single shard.</li>
|
||
<li name="5e04"><strong>Imbalanced shards:</strong> Be cautious of shard keys that might result in uneven data distribution, causing some shards to store significantly more data than others.</li>
|
||
<li name="ee22"><strong>Complexity in query routing:</strong> Ensure that the shard key simplifies, rather than complicates, the process of routing queries to the correct shard.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p name="8751">Selecting the right shard key is a balancing act that requires careful consideration of your data distribution, query patterns, and scalability needs. A well-chosen shard key can significantly enhance the performance and efficiency of your sharded database, while a poor choice can lead to a range of issues, from performance bottlenecks to complex query routing challenges.</p>
|
||
<h2 name="1ae9">Routing Requests to Shards</h2>
|
||
<p name="81a8">Once you’ve established a sharded database architecture, the next critical challenge is ensuring that queries and data operations are efficiently routed to the correct shard. Proper routing is essential for maintaining high performance and ensuring that your application scales effectively.</p>
|
||
<h3 name="3d8e">Understanding the Routing Process</h3>
|
||
<p name="dc77">In a sharded database, routing refers to the process of determining which shard should handle a particular query or data operation. This decision is based on the shard key, which, as discussed in the previous section, is used to partition the data across different shards. The routing process ensures that queries are directed to the shard containing the relevant data, thereby reducing the load on the overall system and improving query response times.</p>
|
||
<h3 name="dc77">Common Routing Strategies</h3>
|
||
<h4><strong>Application-Level Routing</strong></h4>
|
||
<p name="bd61">In application-level routing, the logic for determining which shard to query is built directly into the application code. The application uses the shard key to calculate which shard should handle a specific request.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li name="bd61"><strong>Advantages:</strong>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li name="bd61" style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Customization:</strong> Application-level routing allows for customized logic, making it easier to optimize for specific use cases.</li>
|
||
<li name="bd61" style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Flexibility:</strong> The application can implement complex routing rules or adjust the routing logic dynamically based on real-time data.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li name="bd61"><strong>Challenges:</strong>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li name="bd61" style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Complexity:</strong> Implementing and maintaining routing logic in the application adds complexity, requiring developers to manage and update the logic as the application evolves.</li>
|
||
<li name="bd61" style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Increased Latency:</strong> If not optimized, application-level routing can introduce additional latency, as the application must determine the appropriate shard before executing the query.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4><strong>Middleware or Proxy-Based Routing</strong></h4>
|
||
<p>Middleware or proxy-based routing involves using an intermediary layer between the application and the database. This middleware is responsible for routing queries to the correct shard based on the shard key.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Centralized management:</strong> Routing logic is centralized, making it easier to manage and update without changing the application code.</li>
|
||
<li style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Consistency:</strong> Middleware ensures consistent routing logic across different parts of the application.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Single point of failure:</strong> The middleware layer can become a bottleneck or a single point of failure if not properly scaled or managed.</li>
|
||
<li style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Additional overhead:</strong> Introducing a middleware layer can add extra overhead to the query execution process, potentially impacting performance.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h4><strong>Database-Level Routing</strong></h4>
|
||
<p>In database-level routing, the database system itself handles the routing of queries to the appropriate shard. This approach is common in databases that natively support sharding, where the database automatically routes queries based on the shard key.</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Advantages:</strong>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Simplicity:</strong> Database-level routing abstracts the complexity of routing from the application, allowing developers to focus on business logic rather than database management.</li>
|
||
<li style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Automatic load balancing:</strong> Many database systems with built-in sharding capabilities also include features for load balancing across shards, optimizing performance.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
<li><strong>Challenges:</strong>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Limited customization:</strong> Relying on database-level routing may limit the ability to implement custom routing logic tailored to specific application needs.</li>
|
||
<li style="margin-left: 20px;"><strong>Vendor lock-in:</strong> Using database-level routing often ties you to a specific database vendor or technology, making it harder to switch systems in the future.</li>
|
||
</ul></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 name="088d">Factors to Consider When Implementing Routing</h3>
|
||
<h4><strong>Query Patterns</strong></h4>
|
||
<p>Analyze the query patterns in your application to ensure that the chosen routing strategy optimizes for the most common types of queries. For instance, if your application frequently retrieves data based on a specific user ID, ensure that the routing logic efficiently handles these queries.</p>
|
||
<h4><strong>Scalability</strong></h4>
|
||
<p>As your data grows and the number of shards increases, the routing strategy should scale accordingly. Middleware and database-level routing solutions often include built-in mechanisms for scaling, whereas application-level routing might require additional development effort to manage <a href="https://dzone.com/refcardz/scalability">scalability</a>.</p>
|
||
<h4><strong>Fault Tolerance</strong></h4>
|
||
<p>Ensure that your routing strategy includes mechanisms for handling shard failures or unavailability. For example, middleware-based solutions can include fallback mechanisms to reroute queries to backup shards in the event of a failure.</p>
|
||
<h4><strong>Latency</strong></h4>
|
||
<p>Minimize the latency introduced by the routing process. Each layer of routing logic adds potential delays to query execution, so it’s crucial to optimize the routing path to maintain high performance.</p>
|
||
<h2><strong>Best Practices</strong></h2>
|
||
<h3><strong>1. Careful Shard Key Selection</strong></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Analyze data access patterns:</strong> Choose a shard key that ensures even data distribution and aligns with query patterns.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Avoid hotspots:</strong> Prevent any shard from becoming a performance bottleneck.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3><strong>2. Design for Scalability</strong></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Modular architecture:</strong> Facilitate easy addition of new shards.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Future-proofing:</strong> Plan for data growth and increased traffic.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3><strong>3. Efficient Routing Logic</strong></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Optimize query routing:</strong> Ensure quick and accurate routing to the correct shard.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Implement fallbacks:</strong> Prepare for shard failures with robust error handling.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3><strong>4. Maintain Data Consistency</strong></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Limit cross-shard transactions:</strong> Reduce complexity and performance overhead.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Consistency models:</strong> Adopt appropriate data consistency models.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3><strong>5. Monitor Performance</strong></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Use monitoring tools:</strong> Track performance metrics and shard health.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Regular audits:</strong> Periodically assess the effectiveness of your sharding strategy.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3><strong>6. Automate Maintenance</strong></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Scheduled tasks:</strong> Automate routine maintenance like backups and rebalancing.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Disaster recovery:</strong> Regularly test backup and recovery procedures.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3><strong>7. Security and Compliance</strong></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Data protection:</strong> Secure data using <a href="https://dzone.com/articles/what-is-encryption-and-how-does-it-work">encryption</a> and access controls.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Regulatory compliance:</strong> Ensure adherence to laws like GDPR.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3><strong>Final Recommendations</strong></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Start simple:</strong> Begin with a straightforward strategy and adapt as needed.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Stay updated:</strong> Keep abreast of the latest developments in sharding technologies.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Seek expertise:</strong> Consult with experienced professionals when necessary.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h2><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>
|
||
<p>Database sharding is a powerful technique for building scalable and high-performance systems. By understanding the different types of sharding, carefully selecting your shard key, efficiently routing requests, and adhering to best practices, you can overcome the limitations of traditional database <a href="https://dzone.com/articles/mastering-system-design-a-comprehensive-guide-to-s">scaling methods</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Implementing sharding requires careful planning and ongoing maintenance, but the benefits in terms of performance and scalability make it a worthwhile investment for many applications. Stay vigilant for signs that resharding or rebalancing may be necessary, and be proactive in addressing these challenges to ensure your system remains robust and efficient.</p></div>
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<span class="article-tag-pill">Data (computing)</span>
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<span class="article-tag-pill">Shard (database architecture)</span>
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<span class="article-tag-pill">systems</span>
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<span class="article-tag-pill">Performance</span>
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||
|
||
function retweet(event) {
|
||
event.preventDefault();
|
||
event.stopPropagation();
|
||
|
||
var twitter = 'https://twitter.com/intent/tweet';
|
||
var params = '?text=' + encodeURIComponent(articleTitle) + '&url=' + articleUrl + '&ref=dzone.com&via=DZoneInc';
|
||
var win = window.open(twitter + params, '_blank');
|
||
win.focus();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
retweetLink.addEventListener('click', retweet);
|
||
|
||
function showStatusMessage(options) {
|
||
var modal = document.getElementById('modal-message');
|
||
|
||
if(modal) {
|
||
modal.classList.add(options.type);
|
||
var modalBody = modal.querySelector('.modal-content .modal-body');
|
||
var modalHeader = modal.querySelector('.modal-content .modal-header');
|
||
|
||
modalHeader.innerText = options.header ? options.header : '';
|
||
modalBody.innerText = options.body ? options.body : '';
|
||
|
||
$(modal).modal('show');
|
||
|
||
$(modal).on('hidden.bs.modal', function () {
|
||
modal.classList.remove(options.type);
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function showConfirmMessage(options) {
|
||
var modal = document.getElementById('modal-message');
|
||
|
||
if(modal) {
|
||
modal.classList.add(options.type);
|
||
var modalBody = modal.querySelector('.modal-content .modal-body');
|
||
var modalHeader = modal.querySelector('.modal-content .modal-header');
|
||
|
||
modalHeader.innerText = options.header ? options.header : '';
|
||
modalBody.innerText = options.body ? options.body : '';
|
||
|
||
if (options.textarea) {
|
||
var textareaDiv = document.createElement('div');
|
||
var textareaLabel = document.createElement('label');
|
||
textareaLabel.setAttribute('for', 'modal-textarea');
|
||
textareaLabel.innerText = options.textarea.label;
|
||
|
||
var textarea = document.createElement('textarea');
|
||
textarea.id = 'modal-textarea';
|
||
textarea.placeholder = (options.textarea.placeholder || '');
|
||
textarea.setAttribute('rows', (options.textarea.rows || 3));
|
||
textarea.classList.add('form-control', 'not-resizable');
|
||
|
||
if (options.textarea.maxlength) {
|
||
textarea.maxLength = options.textarea.maxlength;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
textareaDiv.appendChild(textareaLabel);
|
||
textareaDiv.appendChild(textarea);
|
||
modalBody.appendChild(textareaDiv);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var btnContainer = document.createElement('div');
|
||
btnContainer.classList.add('btn-container');
|
||
|
||
var noBtn = document.createElement('button');
|
||
noBtn.innerText = options.noBtnText ? options.noBtnText : 'No';
|
||
noBtn.classList.add('no-btn');
|
||
|
||
var yesBtn = document.createElement('button');
|
||
yesBtn.innerText = options.yesBtnText ? options.yesBtnText : 'Yes';
|
||
yesBtn.classList.add('yes-btn');
|
||
|
||
btnContainer.appendChild(noBtn);
|
||
btnContainer.appendChild(yesBtn);
|
||
|
||
modalBody.appendChild(btnContainer);
|
||
|
||
$(modal).modal('show');
|
||
|
||
$(noBtn).one('click', function() {
|
||
$(modal).modal('hide');
|
||
|
||
if(options.noCallback) {
|
||
$(modal).one('hidden.bs.modal', function () {
|
||
options.noCallback();
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
$(yesBtn).one('click', function() {
|
||
$(modal).modal('hide');
|
||
|
||
if(options.yesCallback) {
|
||
$(modal).one('hidden.bs.modal', function () {
|
||
options.yesCallback();
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
$(modal).on('hidden.bs.modal', function () {
|
||
modal.classList.remove(options.type);
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function getSuspensionBody() {
|
||
return 'We regret to inform you that your DZone account has been suspended for violating our Guidelines. ' +
|
||
'Please reach out to editors@dzone.com if you would like additional information.';
|
||
}</script>
|
||
<style>.engagement-overlay {
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
height: 100%;
|
||
position: fixed;
|
||
top: 0;
|
||
left: 0;
|
||
background: rgb(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
|
||
z-index: 10000;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
justify-content: center;
|
||
position: fixed;
|
||
z-index: 10;
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
height: 100%;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .inner {
|
||
background-color: white;
|
||
border-radius: 0.5em;
|
||
margin: auto;
|
||
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .header {
|
||
padding: 20px 50px 10px 30px;
|
||
position: relative;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .title {
|
||
font-size: 20px;
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
color: #333333;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .title:hover {
|
||
text-decoration: none;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .close {
|
||
font-size: 18px;
|
||
position: absolute;
|
||
top: 18px;
|
||
right: 20px;
|
||
width: 32px;
|
||
height: 32px;
|
||
background: none;
|
||
border: none;
|
||
opacity: 0.8;
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #fff;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .close:hover {
|
||
background-color: rgba(146, 148, 151, 0.2);
|
||
color: #000;
|
||
border-radius: 50%;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .close:after {
|
||
content: '\2715';
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .content {
|
||
padding: 0 30px 20px;
|
||
width: min(450px, 90vw);
|
||
height: min(450px, 90vw);
|
||
scrollbar-width: thin;
|
||
overflow: auto;
|
||
overscroll-behavior: contain;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .loading-screen,
|
||
.engagement-modal .content .center-screen {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
justify-content: center;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
height: 100%;
|
||
font-size: 18px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .content .center-screen a {
|
||
color: var(--acc-ffffff-blue-1);
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .loading-screen i {
|
||
font-size: 24px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .media-left,
|
||
.engagement-modal .media-right {
|
||
display: table-cell;
|
||
vertical-align: top;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .media-left {
|
||
padding-right: 10px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .media-right {
|
||
padding-left: 10px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .media a {
|
||
color: black;
|
||
font-size: 16px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .avatar {
|
||
border-radius: 50%;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .footer {
|
||
margin: 20px 0 0;
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
justify-content: center;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
background-color: unset !important;
|
||
border-top: none !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .footer .btn {
|
||
border: 1px solid transparent;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .footer .btn-primary {
|
||
color: #fff;
|
||
border-color: #2e6da4;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .footer button {
|
||
background-color: var(--acc-ffffff-blue-2);
|
||
padding: 6px 12px;
|
||
border-radius: 4px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .footer button:hover {
|
||
filter: brightness(1.2);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
@keyframes anim-spin {
|
||
0% {
|
||
transform: rotate(0deg);
|
||
}
|
||
100% {
|
||
transform: rotate(359deg);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .anim-spin {
|
||
display: inline-block;
|
||
animation: anim-spin 2s infinite linear;
|
||
}</style>
|
||
<script>document.addEventListener('alpine:init', () => {
|
||
Alpine.data('engagementModal', (nodeId) => ({
|
||
|
||
nodeId: null,
|
||
|
||
init() {
|
||
this.nodeId = nodeId;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
open() {
|
||
this.updateStore();
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.open = true;
|
||
if (this.$store.article.engagement.page === 1 && !this.$store.article.engagement.unauthorized) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.initializing = true;
|
||
this.fetchEngagements();
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
close() {
|
||
if (this.$store.article.engagement.open) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.open = false;
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
updateStore() {
|
||
if (this.nodeId !== this.$store.article.id) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.reset();
|
||
this.$store.article.id = this.nodeId;
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
fetchEngagements() {
|
||
if (this.$store.article.engagement.loading || !this.$store.article.engagement.additional) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.loading = true;
|
||
this.$store.global.getFromService('/services/nodes/' + this.$store.article.id + '/engagements?page=' + this.$store.article.engagement.page)
|
||
.then(res => {
|
||
res.json().then(data => {
|
||
for (let user of data.engagements) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.users.push(user);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.additional = data.additional;
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.page++;
|
||
});
|
||
})
|
||
.catch(err => {
|
||
err.json().then(data => {
|
||
if (data.error?.code === 4011) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.unauthorized = true;
|
||
} else {
|
||
this.$store.modal_engagement_error.open();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
})
|
||
.finally(() => {
|
||
// Allow the loader to gracefully exit
|
||
setTimeout(() => {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.loading = false;
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.initializing = false;
|
||
}, 200);
|
||
});
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
formatJobData(user) {
|
||
if (user.profile.jobTitle && user.profile.companyName) {
|
||
return user.profile.jobTitle + ', ' + user.profile.companyName;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (user.profile.jobTitle) {
|
||
return user.profile.jobTitle;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (user.profile.companyName) {
|
||
return user.profile.companyName;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return null;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
isDataUnavailable() {
|
||
return !this.$store.article.engagement.initializing && !this.$store.article.engagement.users.length;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
isFooterShowing() {
|
||
return !this.$store.article.engagement.initializing
|
||
&& this.$store.article.engagement.additional
|
||
&& this.$store.article.engagement.page > 1;
|
||
}
|
||
}));
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alpine-overlay" x-cloak x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error._open">
|
||
<div id="modal_engagement_error"
|
||
class="alpine-modal"
|
||
role="dialog"
|
||
tabindex="-1"
|
||
x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error._open"
|
||
x-on:click.self="$store.modal_engagement_error.dismissible && $store.modal_engagement_error.close()"
|
||
x-cloak
|
||
x-transition
|
||
>
|
||
<div class="dz-style modal-inner centered relative">
|
||
<button x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.closeable"
|
||
class="btn-close"
|
||
x-on:click="$store.modal_engagement_error.close()"
|
||
aria-label="Close">
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.title" class="modal-header p-sm mt-sm mb-md">
|
||
<div class="title " x-text="$store.modal_engagement_error.title"></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="modal-content py-md px-lg" x-bind:class="{ 'has-top-border': $store.modal_engagement_error.title }">
|
||
<p x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.bodyText" class="my-none" x-text="$store.modal_engagement_error.bodyText"></p>
|
||
<p>The likes didn't load as expected. Please refresh the page and try again.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.options.length" class="modal-footer p-sm">
|
||
<template x-for="option in $store.modal_engagement_error.options">
|
||
<button x-show="option.canDisplay" x-text="option.text"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
x-bind:id="'button_modal_engagement_error_' + option.index"
|
||
x-bind:class="option.classList"
|
||
x-on:click="option.onClick"
|
||
x-bind:disabled="option.isDisabled"
|
||
></button>
|
||
</template>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
document.addEventListener("alpine:init", () => {
|
||
Alpine.store("modal_engagement_error", {
|
||
_open: false,
|
||
title: "Oops! Something Went Wrong",
|
||
bodyText: null,
|
||
options: [{"action":"dismiss","text":"Close"}],
|
||
closeable: true,
|
||
dismissible: true,
|
||
open(data) {
|
||
if (data) {
|
||
if (data.title) {
|
||
this.title = data.title;
|
||
}
|
||
if (data.bodyText) {
|
||
this.bodyText = data.bodyText;
|
||
}
|
||
if (data.options) {
|
||
this.options = data.options;
|
||
}
|
||
if (data.dismissAfterMs) {
|
||
setTimeout(() => this._open = false, data.dismissAfterMs);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
this.updateOptions();
|
||
this._open = true;
|
||
},
|
||
close() {
|
||
// Manually click the buttons in which should run on dismiss.
|
||
// This is to keep the context. Calling this[option.action]() will not work.
|
||
for (let option of this.options) {
|
||
if (option.runOnDismiss) {
|
||
const element = document.querySelector('#button_modal_engagement_error_' + option.index);
|
||
element.click();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
this._open = false;
|
||
},
|
||
updateOptions() {
|
||
const btnStyle = this.options.length === 2 ? ' btn-default' : '';
|
||
this.options = this.options.map((o, idx) => ({
|
||
...o,
|
||
index: idx,
|
||
classList: o.classList ? o.classList : (idx === 0 ? "btn btn-primary hov-brighten" : "btn hov-underline" + btnStyle),
|
||
onClick: function() {
|
||
if (o.action !== "dismiss") {
|
||
this[o.action]();
|
||
}
|
||
this.$store["modal_engagement_error"].close();
|
||
},
|
||
isDisabled: function() {
|
||
return Object.hasOwn(o, 'disabled') && this[o.disabled]();
|
||
},
|
||
canDisplay: function() {
|
||
return !Object.hasOwn(o, 'condition') || this[o.condition]();
|
||
}
|
||
}));
|
||
},
|
||
init() {
|
||
this.updateOptions();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/footer/styles.css">
|
||
|
||
<div id="ftl-footer">
|
||
<div class="container-fluid footerOuter" style="padding-bottom: 90px;">
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-md-12">
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
<div class="row footer">
|
||
<div class="col-md-12 footerWidget">
|
||
<div class="row footerContainer footer">
|
||
<div class="left col-xs-12 col-sm-7">
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 social-media-icons footer-mobile">
|
||
<ul class="icons-only">
|
||
<li class="rss-icon" id="rss-footer-1">
|
||
<a href="/pages/feeds" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-4 h-4 mt-1.75 fill-current" aria-label="Follow our RSS feeds">
|
||
<title>RSS</title>
|
||
<path d="M19.199 24C19.199 13.467 10.533 4.8 0 4.8V0c13.165 0 24 10.835 24 24h-4.801zM3.291 17.415c1.814 0 3.293 1.479 3.293 3.295 0 1.813-1.485 3.29-3.301 3.29C1.47 24 0 22.526 0 20.71s1.475-3.294 3.291-3.295zM15.909 24h-4.665c0-6.169-5.075-11.245-11.244-11.245V8.09c8.727 0 15.909 7.184 15.909 15.91z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="twitter-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://twitter.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on X">
|
||
<title>X</title>
|
||
<path d="M14.234 10.162 22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532.929 1.329 7.754 11.09h-3.182z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="facebook-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook">
|
||
<title>Facebook</title>
|
||
<path d="M9.101 23.691v-7.98H6.627v-3.667h2.474v-1.58c0-4.085 1.848-5.978 5.858-5.978.401 0 .955.042 1.468.103a8.68 8.68 0 0 1 1.141.195v3.325a8.623 8.623 0 0 0-.653-.036 26.805 26.805 0 0 0-.733-.009c-.707 0-1.259.096-1.675.309a1.686 1.686 0 0 0-.679.622c-.258.42-.374.995-.374 1.752v1.297h3.919l-.386 2.103-.287 1.564h-3.246v8.245C19.396 23.238 24 18.179 24 12.044c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.628 3.874 10.35 9.101 11.647Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="linkedin-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/dzone/" target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg viewBox="0 0 24 25" fill="none" aria-label="Follow us on LinkedIn">
|
||
<path d="M6.20062 21.2143H1.84688V7.194H6.20062V21.2143ZM4.02141 5.2815C2.62922 5.2815 1.5 4.12838 1.5 2.73619C1.5 2.06747 1.76565 1.42614 2.2385 0.953285C2.71136 0.48043 3.35269 0.214783 4.02141 0.214783C4.69012 0.214783 5.33145 0.48043 5.80431 0.953285C6.27716 1.42614 6.54281 2.06747 6.54281 2.73619C6.54281 4.12838 5.413 5.2815 4.02141 5.2815ZM22.4953 21.2143H18.1509V14.3893C18.1509 12.7628 18.1181 10.6768 15.8873 10.6768C13.6237 10.6768 13.2769 12.444 13.2769 14.2721V21.2143H8.92781V7.194H13.1034V9.1065H13.1644C13.7456 8.00494 15.1655 6.84244 17.2838 6.84244C21.69 6.84244 22.5 9.744 22.5 13.5128V21.2143H22.4953Z" fill="currentColor"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="top-section col-xs-12">
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">ABOUT US</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/about" rel="noreferrer noopener">About DZone</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#45363035352a373105213f2a2b206b262a28" rel="noreferrer noopener">Support and feedback</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/dzone-community-research">Community research</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">ADVERTISE</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="https://advertise.dzone.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advertise with DZone</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bottom-section col-xs-12">
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">CONTRIBUTE ON DZONE</p>
|
||
<ul class="bottom-top-list link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="/articles/dzones-article-submission-guidelines">Article Submission Guidelines</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/contribute" rel="noreferrer noopener">Become a Contributor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/core" rel="noreferrer noopener">Core Program</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/writers-zone" rel="noreferrer noopener">Visit the Writers' Zone</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p class="section-header">LEGAL</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="https://technologyadvice.com/terms-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Terms of Service</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://technologyadvice.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Privacy Policy</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">CONTACT US</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li>3343 Perimeter Hill Drive</li>
|
||
<li>Suite 215</li>
|
||
<li>Nashville, TN 37211</li>
|
||
<li><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#275452575748555367435d4849420944484a" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="d4a7a1a4a4bba6a094b0aebbbab1fab7bbb9">[email protected]</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="right col-xs-12 col-sm-5">
|
||
|
||
<p class="connect-text">Let's be friends:</p>
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 social-media-icons footer-wide">
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||
<ul class="icons-only">
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<li class="rss-icon" id="rss-footer-1">
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||
<a href="/pages/feeds" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
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||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow our RSS feeds">
|
||
<title>RSS</title>
|
||
<path d="M19.199 24C19.199 13.467 10.533 4.8 0 4.8V0c13.165 0 24 10.835 24 24h-4.801zM3.291 17.415c1.814 0 3.293 1.479 3.293 3.295 0 1.813-1.485 3.29-3.301 3.29C1.47 24 0 22.526 0 20.71s1.475-3.294 3.291-3.295zM15.909 24h-4.665c0-6.169-5.075-11.245-11.244-11.245V8.09c8.727 0 15.909 7.184 15.909 15.91z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="twitter-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://twitter.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
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||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on X">
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||
<title>X</title>
|
||
<path d="M14.234 10.162 22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532.929 1.329 7.754 11.09h-3.182z"></path>
|
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</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="facebook-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
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||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook">
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||
<title>Facebook</title>
|
||
<path d="M9.101 23.691v-7.98H6.627v-3.667h2.474v-1.58c0-4.085 1.848-5.978 5.858-5.978.401 0 .955.042 1.468.103a8.68 8.68 0 0 1 1.141.195v3.325a8.623 8.623 0 0 0-.653-.036 26.805 26.805 0 0 0-.733-.009c-.707 0-1.259.096-1.675.309a1.686 1.686 0 0 0-.679.622c-.258.42-.374.995-.374 1.752v1.297h3.919l-.386 2.103-.287 1.564h-3.246v8.245C19.396 23.238 24 18.179 24 12.044c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.628 3.874 10.35 9.101 11.647Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="linkedin-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/dzone/" target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg viewBox="0 0 24 25" fill="none" aria-label="Follow us on LinkedIn">
|
||
<path d="M6.20062 21.2143H1.84688V7.194H6.20062V21.2143ZM4.02141 5.2815C2.62922 5.2815 1.5 4.12838 1.5 2.73619C1.5 2.06747 1.76565 1.42614 2.2385 0.953285C2.71136 0.48043 3.35269 0.214783 4.02141 0.214783C4.69012 0.214783 5.33145 0.48043 5.80431 0.953285C6.27716 1.42614 6.54281 2.06747 6.54281 2.73619C6.54281 4.12838 5.413 5.2815 4.02141 5.2815ZM22.4953 21.2143H18.1509V14.3893C18.1509 12.7628 18.1181 10.6768 15.8873 10.6768C13.6237 10.6768 13.2769 12.444 13.2769 14.2721V21.2143H8.92781V7.194H13.1034V9.1065H13.1644C13.7456 8.00494 15.1655 6.84244 17.2838 6.84244C21.69 6.84244 22.5 9.744 22.5 13.5128V21.2143H22.4953Z" fill="currentColor"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script>
|
||
const articleId = 3491458;
|
||
const likes = 9;
|
||
const assetDomain = 'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com';
|
||
const codemirrorVars = {
|
||
modeURI: 'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/mode/',
|
||
requiredScripts: [
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/lib/codemirror.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/addon/mode/overlay.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/addon/mode/multiplex.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/mode/meta.js'
|
||
]
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const gptTags = {
|
||
'zone': 'Databases',
|
||
'topicTag': 'Database,data,shard,systems,Performance',
|
||
'company': '',
|
||
'siteSection': 'Zones',
|
||
'articleCategory': 'tutorial',
|
||
'nodeID': '3491458',
|
||
'authorID': '5151742',
|
||
'publishYear': '2024',
|
||
'publishMonth': '10',
|
||
'jobRole': '',
|
||
'companySize': '',
|
||
'env': 'prod'
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const minCommentChar = 10;
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script async>const width = window.innerWidth;
|
||
|
||
const metadata = {
|
||
'top': {
|
||
'position': 'top',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_article_billboard_new',
|
||
},
|
||
'sponsorLogo': {
|
||
'position': 'zoneHomepage',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_homepage_sponsor_logo',
|
||
'refreshable': false
|
||
},
|
||
'sidebar1': {
|
||
'position': 'sidebar',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_article_halfpage_new',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'topBumper': {
|
||
'position': 'top',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_bumper_text_ad',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'bottomBumper': {
|
||
'position': 'bottom',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_bumper_text_ad',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'bottom': {
|
||
'position': 'bottom',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_article_bottom',
|
||
},
|
||
'bottomStickyFooter': {
|
||
'position': 'sticky',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_sticky_footer_leaderboard',
|
||
},
|
||
'partner': {
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_partner_resource_link',
|
||
},
|
||
'branded': {
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_branded_content',
|
||
'refreshable': false
|
||
},
|
||
'topicBillboard': {
|
||
'position': ['top', 'zoneHomepage'],
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_topic_billboard',
|
||
},
|
||
'listPageSidebar': {
|
||
'position': 'sidebar',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_list_page_sidebar',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'topListPageLeaderboard2': {
|
||
'position': ['top', 'zoneList'],
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_list_page_leaderboard_2',
|
||
},
|
||
'bottomListPageLeaderboard2': {
|
||
'position': ['bottom', 'zoneList'],
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_list_page_leaderboard_2',
|
||
},
|
||
'homepageLeaderboard': {
|
||
'position': 'top',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_homepage_leaderboard',
|
||
},
|
||
'homepageLeaderboard2': {
|
||
'position': 'bottom',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_homepage_leaderboard_2',
|
||
},
|
||
'skybox': {
|
||
'position': 'above nav',
|
||
'slot': 'dz_skybox',
|
||
'refreshable': false
|
||
},
|
||
'inline': {
|
||
'position': 'inline',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_inline-article-display',
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
var campaign = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("adTargeting_campaign");
|
||
|
||
window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] };
|
||
|
||
if (campaign) {
|
||
window.googletag.cmd.push(function() {
|
||
window.googletag.setConfig({ targeting: { campaign }});
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
let lastHeader = null;
|
||
|
||
const topContainer = document.querySelector('#top-bumper-container');
|
||
const bottomContainer = document.querySelector('#bottom-bumper-container');
|
||
|
||
function GAM_getPersistentValue(key) {
|
||
const stored = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key));
|
||
|
||
if (!stored) {
|
||
return null;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const { value, expiration } = stored;
|
||
|
||
if (expiration && Date.now() >= expiration) {
|
||
localStorage.removeItem(key);
|
||
return null;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return value;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_setPersistentValue(key, value, expiration) {
|
||
// 5 minutes from now
|
||
if (!expiration) {
|
||
expiration = Date.now() + 300000;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const storedValue = JSON.stringify({
|
||
value: value,
|
||
expiration: expiration
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
localStorage.setItem(key, storedValue);
|
||
|
||
return value;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_synchronousRequest(params) {
|
||
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
|
||
xhr.open('GET', params.url, false);
|
||
xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json");
|
||
|
||
if (typeof params.auth_header !== "undefined") {
|
||
xhr.setRequestHeader("Authorization", params.auth_header);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
xhr.send(null);
|
||
if (xhr.status === 200) {
|
||
return xhr.responseText;
|
||
} else {
|
||
throw new Error('Request failed: ' + xhr.statusText);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_fetch_data(params) {
|
||
let stored_data = GAM_getPersistentValue(params.storage_key);
|
||
|
||
if (stored_data === null) {
|
||
try {
|
||
const response = GAM_synchronousRequest(params);
|
||
const data = JSON.parse(response);
|
||
|
||
// Store and expire after 30 minutes
|
||
return GAM_setPersistentValue(params.storage_key, data, Date.now() + 1800000);
|
||
} catch (error) {
|
||
console.error('Could not get ' + params.storage_key + ' data: ' + error);
|
||
return null;
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
return stored_data;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_setUpSixSenseTargeting() {
|
||
let meData = GAM_fetch_data({
|
||
url: "https://link.technologyadvice.com/_me",
|
||
storage_key: "ta_me_data"
|
||
});
|
||
let sixSenseData = GAM_fetch_data({
|
||
url: "https://epsilon.6sense.com/v3/company/details",
|
||
auth_header: "Token d20a1b0e892442270cbc4cb6801c0160d28af04c",
|
||
storage_key: "ta_6s_data"
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
function meDataIncludes(i) {
|
||
return meData.tags.includes(i);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (typeof meData !== "undefined" && meData !== null) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("visitor_id", meData.vid);
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user_agent", meData.user_agent);
|
||
|
||
var tags_mapping = {
|
||
"is_datacenter": ["site.is-datacenter"],
|
||
"is_suspected_bot": ["site.suspected-bad-bot", "site.bad-bot"],
|
||
"is_ta_user": ["site.is-ta-user"],
|
||
"is_crawler": ["site.user-agent-blocked"],
|
||
"is_ad_blocked": ["site.is-ad-blocked"],
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
for (var key in tags_mapping) {
|
||
if (tags_mapping[key].some(meDataIncludes)) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting(key, 'true');
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (typeof sixSenseData !== "undefined" && sixSenseData !== null) {
|
||
var segment_ids = [];
|
||
if (sixSenseData.segments && sixSenseData.segments.ids && sixSenseData.segments.ids.length) {
|
||
sixSenseData.segments.ids.forEach(function (v) {
|
||
segment_ids.push(v.toString());
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
if (typeof segment_ids !== "undefined" && segment_ids.length > 0) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("segment_ids_6si", segment_ids);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (width >= 1024 && (topContainer || bottomContainer)) {
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// Dynamically create bumper ad slots for non-mobile devices.
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// Prevents ugly dividers being rendered on empty ad slots (mobile)
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const topBumper = document.createElement('div');
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||
topBumper.id = 'div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-3';
|
||
topBumper.classList.add('article-bumper', 'article-bumper-top', 'dz2_bumper_text_ad');
|
||
topBumper.setAttribute('data-gpt-slot', 'topBumper');
|
||
|
||
topContainer.appendChild(topBumper);
|
||
|
||
const bottomBumper = document.createElement('div');
|
||
bottomBumper.id = 'div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-4';
|
||
bottomBumper.classList.add('article-bumper', 'article-bumper-bottom', 'dz2_bumper_text_ad');
|
||
bottomBumper.setAttribute('data-gpt-slot', 'bottomBumper');
|
||
|
||
bottomContainer.appendChild(bottomBumper);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (gptTags.zone) {
|
||
gptTags.zone = gptTags.zone.replaceAll(/[\s/]/g, '_')
|
||
.replaceAll(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_]/g, '')
|
||
.toLowerCase();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
makeAds();
|
||
|
||
function handleSkybox() {
|
||
const skybox = document.querySelector('div.skybox');
|
||
if (skybox) {
|
||
document.body.classList.add('skybox-auto-collapse');
|
||
// observe classlist changes for offsetting sticky ads
|
||
const observer = new MutationObserver((mutations) => {
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||
mutations.forEach((mutation) => {
|
||
if (mutation.type === 'attributes' && mutation.attributeName === 'class') {
|
||
let offset = 0;
|
||
if (!document.body.classList.contains('skybox-closed') && (
|
||
document.body.classList.contains('ccad-skybox-manualcollapse')
|
||
|| document.body.classList.contains('ccad-skybox-manualexpand')
|
||
)) {
|
||
offset = skybox.getBoundingClientRect().height;
|
||
}
|
||
let eligibleAds = [
|
||
{ element: document.querySelector('.content-right-images'), offset: 108 },
|
||
{ element: document.querySelector('.trending-sidebar'), offset: 88 },
|
||
{ element: document.querySelector('.trending'), offset: 88 }
|
||
];
|
||
for (let ad of eligibleAds) {
|
||
if (ad.element) {
|
||
ad.element.style.top = (ad.offset + offset) + 'px';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
observer.observe(document.body, { attributes: true });
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function isHeaderEligible(header) {
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const range = document.createRange();
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range.setStartAfter(lastHeader);
|
||
range.setEndBefore(header);
|
||
|
||
return range.toString().trim().length >= 600;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function placeInlineAds() {
|
||
const excludedContent = document.querySelectorAll('#ftl-article.branded-content, #ftl-article.sponsored');
|
||
|
||
if (excludedContent.length > 0) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
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