2410 lines
311 KiB
HTML
2410 lines
311 KiB
HTML
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:root{--search-button-border:2px solid var(--wp--custom--color--core--dark-blue--500);--search-button-background-hover:var(--wp--custom--color--core--dark-blue--400);--search-button-border-hover:2px solid var(--wp--custom--color--core--dark-blue--400);--search-inside-wrapper-background:var(--wp--custom--color--core--pure--white)}body.dark{--search-button-border:2px solid var(--wp--custom--color--core--off-white--300);--search-button-background:var(--wp--custom--color--core--off-white--300);--search-button-foreground:var(--wp--custom--color--core--dark-blue--900);--search-inside-wrapper-background:var(--wp--custom--color--core--dark-blue--700)}
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/*# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/security-blog-2025/dist/blocks/autoenqueue/core/search.css */
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/*# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/security-blog-2025/dist/blocks/autoenqueue/bloginabox-theme/card.css */
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.wp-block-group{box-sizing:border-box}:where(.wp-block-group.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained){position:relative}
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/*# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-includes/blocks/group/style.min.css */
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<link rel='stylesheet' id='bloginabox-theme-core/group-css' href='https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/blog-in-a-box/dist/blocks/autoenqueue/core/group.css?ver=f7408a4085e3dc659d34' media='all' />
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/*# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/blog-in-a-box/dist/blocks/section/style.css */
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@charset "UTF-8";.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-top:2px solid}:root :where(.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots){height:auto;line-height:1;text-align:center}:root :where(.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots):before{color:currentColor;content:"···";font-family:serif;font-size:1.5em;letter-spacing:2em;padding-left:2em}.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots{background:none!important;border:none!important}
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/*# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-includes/blocks/separator/style.min.css */
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:root{--separator-background:var(--wp--custom--color--core--special--tropical-tides);--separator-height:2px}body.dark{--separator-background:var(--wp--custom--color--core--special--neon-shore)}.wp-block-separator{background:var(--separator-background)!important;border:none!important;height:var(--separator-height)!important;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;overflow:visible;padding-bottom:var(--separator-padding-bottom,0)!important;padding-top:var(--separator-padding-top,0)!important;position:relative;width:100%}.wp-block-separator.is-style-thin{--separator-height:1px}.wp-block-separator.is-style-thick{--separator-height:4px}.wp-block-separator.is-style-x-thick{--separator-height:8px}@media (forced-colors:active){.wp-block-separator{background:CanvasText!important}}
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/*# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/blog-in-a-box/dist/blocks/autoenqueue/core/separator.css */
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<style id='security-theme-core/separator-inline-css'>
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:root{--separator-background:var(--wp--custom--color--core--special--azure-pulse)}body.dark{--separator-background:url(/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/security-blog-2025/dist/blocks/autoenqueue/core/../../../images/bg-seperator-blue.png) center/cover no-repeat}body.author,body.search,body.wp-singular{--separator-background:url(/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/security-blog-2025/dist/blocks/autoenqueue/core/../../../images/bg-seperator.jpg) center/cover no-repeat}
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/*# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/security-blog-2025/dist/blocks/autoenqueue/core/separator.css */
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<style id='bloginabox-theme-social-share-style-inline-css'>
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:root{--social-share-headline-text-transform:uppercase;--social-share-headline-color:var(--wp--custom--color--core--warm-gray--800);--social-share-headline-font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--eyebrow-medium)}body.dark{--social-share-headline-color:var(--wp--custom--color--core--mint-green--300)}.social-share{align-items:center;display:flex;gap:var(--wp--preset--spacing--sm);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--lg)!important}@media (min-width:53.75rem){.social-share{display:block}}.social-share__list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:var(--wp--preset--spacing--sm);justify-content:flex-start;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;width:100%}@media (min-width:53.75rem){.social-share__list{justify-content:flex-start}}@media (min-width:90rem){.social-share__list{justify-content:flex-end}}.social-share__link{color:inherit;display:block;position:relative;transition:opacity var(--wp--custom--transitions--timing--fast)}.social-share__link svg{height:23px;width:24px}.social-share__link:hover{opacity:.8}.social-share__headline{color:var(--social-share-headline-color);font-size:var(--social-share-headline-font-size);margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;text-transform:var(--social-share-headline-text-transform);white-space:nowrap}@media (min-width:53.75rem){.social-share__headline{margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--sm)}}.social-share__copy-notice{background-color:var(--wp--custom--color--core--brown-black--500);border-radius:var(--wp--custom--radius--core--xs);bottom:100%;color:var(--wp--custom--color--core--pure--white);font-size:var(--wp--custom--font--size--core--body--100);left:50%;letter-spacing:3%;margin-bottom:var(--wp--custom--spacing--core--100);opacity:0;padding:var(--wp--custom--spacing--core--100) var(--wp--custom--spacing--core--200);pointer-events:none;position:absolute;transform:translateX(-50%);transition:opacity .3s ease,visibility .3s ease;visibility:hidden;white-space:nowrap;z-index:10}.social-share__copy-notice.visible{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto;visibility:visible}.social-share__copy-notice{.dark &{background-color:var(--wp--custom--color--core--pale-gray--300);color:var(--wp--custom--color--core--dark-blue--900)}}.social-share--share-link path{.dark &{stroke:var(--wp--custom--color--core--pure--white)}}@media (forced-colors:active){.social-share--share-link path{stroke:ButtonText}}
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/*# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/blog-in-a-box/dist/blocks/social-share/style.css */
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<style id='security-theme-bloginabox-theme/social-share-inline-css'>
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:root{--social-share-headline-color:var(--wp--custom--color--core--dark-blue--500)}body.dark{--social-share-headline-color:var(--wp--custom--color--core--sky-blue--300)}
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/*# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/security-blog-2025/dist/blocks/autoenqueue/bloginabox-theme/social-share.css */
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.wp-block-spacer{clear:both}
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<link rel='stylesheet' id='bloginabox-theme-post-taxonomy-list-style-css' href='https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/blog-in-a-box/dist/blocks/post-taxonomy-list/style.css?ver=37274c13c38b749273174e0b2f602a5deb3f6a4cae49ffcc6a2379b71fcbed2a' media='all' />
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/*# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/security-blog-2025/dist/blocks/autoenqueue/bloginabox-theme/post-taxonomy-list.css */
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|
||
/* 4/29/2026 fix sidebar alignment on posts */
|
||
@media (min-width: 90rem) {
|
||
.wp-block-columns.is-style-sidebar>.wp-block-column:first-child>* {
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||
margin-left: auto;
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||
}
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||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 4/29/2026 fix author overview width on posts */
|
||
@media (min-width: 90rem) {
|
||
.wp-block-bloginabox-theme-authors-loop .wp-block-bloginabox-theme-carousel-item {
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||
max-width: none;
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||
}
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||
}
|
||
|
||
/* 4/29/2026 fix carousel left alignment on homepage */
|
||
.wp-block-bloginabox-theme-carousel__track .wp-block-group, .wp-block-bloginabox-theme-carousel__track ul.wp-block-post-template {
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||
padding-left: var(--carousel-margin);
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||
}
|
||
|
||
|
||
.home .variant-b, .variant-b {
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||
display: none;
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||
}
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||
:root :where(p){font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-large);}
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||
:root :where(.wp-block-heading){margin-top: var(--wp--preset--spacing--xl);}
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||
|
||
|
||
<uhf-dropdown
|
||
text="Products"
|
||
id=""
|
||
data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Products", "cN": "CatNav_Products_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Products_nav", "ehn": "Products"}"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/microsoft-defender" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Products", "cN": "CatNav_Products_Microsoft Defender_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Products_Products_DefenderFamily_nav", "ehn": "Products"}">Microsoft Defender</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/microsoft-entra" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Products", "cN": "CatNav_Products_Microsoft Entra_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Products_Products_EntraFamily_nav", "ehn": "Products"}">Microsoft Entra</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/microsoft-intune" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Products", "cN": "CatNav_Products_Microsoft Intune_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Products_Microsoft Intune_nav", "ehn": "Products"}">Microsoft Intune</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/ai-powered-cybersecurity/project-perception-agentic-system" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Products", "cN": "CatNav_Products_Project Perception_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Products_Project Perception_nav", "ehn": "Products"}">Project Perception</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/microsoft-purview" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Products", "cN": "CatNav_Products_Microsoft Purview_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Products_Products_PurviewFamily_nav", "ehn": "Products"}">Microsoft Purview</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href=" https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/siem-and-xdr/microsoft-sentinel-siem" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Products", "cN": "CatNav_Products_Microsoft Sentinel SIEM_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Products_Microsoft Sentinel SIEM_nav", "ehn": "Products"}">Microsoft Sentinel SIEM</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/view-all-products" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Products", "cN": "CatNav_Products_View all products_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Products_View all products_nav", "ehn": "Products"}">View all products</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</uhf-dropdown>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<uhf-dropdown
|
||
text="Solutions"
|
||
id=""
|
||
data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Solutions", "cN": "CatNav_Solutions_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Solutions_nav", "ehn": "Solutions"}"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/solutions/generative-ai-cybersecurity" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Solutions", "cN": "CatNav_Solutions_AI-powered cybersecurity_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Solutions_Solutions_AI_nav", "ehn": "Solutions"}">AI-powered cybersecurity</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/solutions/cloud-security" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Solutions", "cN": "CatNav_Solutions_Cloud security_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Solutions_Solutions_CloudSecurity_nav", "ehn": "Solutions"}">Cloud security</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/solutions/data-security-governance" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Solutions", "cN": "CatNav_Solutions_Data security & governance_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Solutions_Data security & governance_nav", "ehn": "Solutions"}">Data security & governance</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/solutions/identity-access" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Solutions", "cN": "CatNav_Solutions_Identity & network access_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Solutions_Solutions_IdentityAccess_nav", "ehn": "Solutions"}">Identity & network access</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/solutions/security-for-ai " data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Solutions", "cN": "CatNav_Solutions_Security for AI_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Solutions_Solutions_SecureAI_nav", "ehn": "Solutions"}">Security for AI</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/small-medium-business" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Solutions", "cN": "CatNav_Solutions_Small and medium business_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Solutions_Solutions_SmallMediumBusiness_nav", "ehn": "Solutions"}">Small and medium business</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/solutions/ai-powered-unified-secops-platform" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Solutions", "cN": "CatNav_Solutions_Unified SecOps_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Solutions_Unified SecOps_nav", "ehn": "Solutions"}">Unified SecOps</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/zero-trust" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Solutions", "cN": "CatNav_Solutions_Zero Trust_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Solutions_Zero Trust_nav", "ehn": "Solutions"}">Zero Trust</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</uhf-dropdown>
|
||
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-nav-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/pricing-overview" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Pricing", "cN": "CatNav_Pricing_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Pricing_nav", "ehn": "Pricing"}">Pricing</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-nav-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/services" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Services", "cN": "CatNav_Services_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Services_nav", "ehn": "Services"}">Services</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-nav-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/partnerships" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Partners", "cN": "CatNav_Partners_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Partners_nav", "ehn": "Partners"}">Partners</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-nav-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/why-microsoft-security" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Why Microsoft Security", "cN": "CatNav_Why Microsoft Security_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Why Microsoft Security_nav", "ehn": "Why Microsoft Security"}">Why Microsoft Security</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<uhf-dropdown
|
||
text="Resources"
|
||
id=""
|
||
data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}"
|
||
>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<uhf-dropdown-column title="Get started" show-tooltip="false" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/cybersecurity-awareness" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Get started_Cybersecurity awareness_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Get started_Resources_CybersecurityAwareness_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Cybersecurity awareness</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/customers/search?filters=product%3Amicrosoft-security" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Get started_Customer stories_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Get started_Resources_CustomerStories_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Customer stories</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/security-101" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Get started_Security 101_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Get started_Resources_Security101_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Security 101</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/get-started/start-free-trial" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Get started_Product trials_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Get started_Resources_GetStartedTrials_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Product trials</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/insidetrack" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Get started_How we protect Microsoft_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Get started_Resources_HowWeProtectMicrosoft_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">How we protect Microsoft</a>
|
||
</uhf-dropdown-column>
|
||
<uhf-dropdown-column title="Reports and analysis" show-tooltip="false" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/reports-analysis/industry-recognized-cybersecurity-leader" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Reports and analysis_Industry recognition_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Reports and analysis_Resources_IndustryRecognition_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Industry recognition</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/security-insider/" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Reports and analysis_Microsoft Security Insider_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Reports and analysis_Resources_SecurityInsider_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Microsoft Security Insider</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/security-insider/threat-landscape/microsoft-digital-defense-report-2025" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Reports and analysis_Microsoft Digital Defense Report_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Reports and analysis_Resources_MDDR_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Microsoft Digital Defense Report</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/msrc/" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Reports and analysis_Security Response Center_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Reports and analysis_Resources_SecurityResposeCenter_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Security Response Center</a>
|
||
</uhf-dropdown-column>
|
||
<uhf-dropdown-column title="Community" show-tooltip="false" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Community_Microsoft Security Blog_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Community_Resources_SecurityBlog_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Microsoft Security Blog</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/events/search-catalog?filters=topic%3Asecurity&scenario=events" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Community_Microsoft Security Events_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Community_Resources_SecurityEvents_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Microsoft Security Events</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/security-compliance-and-identity/ct-p/MicrosoftSecurityandCompliance" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Community_Microsoft Tech Community_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Community_Resources_SecurityTechCommunity_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Microsoft Tech Community</a>
|
||
</uhf-dropdown-column>
|
||
<uhf-dropdown-column title="Documentation and training" show-tooltip="false" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/security/" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Documentation and training_Documentation_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Documentation and training_Resources_SecurityDocs_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Documentation</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/security" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Documentation and training_Technical Content Library_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Documentation and training_Resources_TechnicalContentLibrary_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Technical Content Library</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/topics/sci?wt.mc_id=techcom_header-webpage-m365" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Documentation and training_Training & certifications_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Documentation and training_Resources_TrainingandCertifications_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Training & certifications</a>
|
||
</uhf-dropdown-column>
|
||
<uhf-dropdown-column title="Additional sites" show-tooltip="false" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/services/compliance-program-microsoft-cloud" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Compliance Program for Microsoft Cloud_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Resources_ComplianceProgram_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Compliance Program for Microsoft Cloud</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/trust-center" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Microsoft Trust Center_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Resources_TrustCenter_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Microsoft Trust Center</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/securityengineering" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Security Engineering Portal_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Resources_SecurityEngineeringPortal_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Security Engineering Portal</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://servicetrust.microsoft.com/" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Service Trust Portal_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Resources_ServiceTrustPortal_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Service Trust Portal</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/trust-center/security/secure-future-initiative" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Microsoft Secure Future Initiative_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Secure & govern AI_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Microsoft Secure Future Initiative</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-cloud/solutions" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Resources", "cN": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Business Solutions Hub_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_Additional sites_Business Solutions Hub_nav", "ehn": "Resources"}">Business Solutions Hub</a>
|
||
</uhf-dropdown-column>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</uhf-dropdown>
|
||
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-nav-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/get-started/contact-us" id="c-shellmenu_custom_newtab_contactsales_bhvr124" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Contact Sales", "cN": "CatNav_Contact Sales_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_ContactSales_nav", "ehn": "Resources_ContactSales"}">Contact Sales</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-nav-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/get-started/start-free-trial" id="c-shellmenu_custom_button_outline_startfreetrial_bhvr234" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "Start free trial", "cN": "CatNav_Start free trial_nav", "ecn": "CatNav_Resources_GetStartedTrialsButton_nav", "ehn": "Resources_GetStartedTrialsButton"}">Start free trial</a>
|
||
</uhf-contextual-nav> <uhf-actions slot="actions">
|
||
|
||
<uhf-global-nav slot="global-nav" text="All Microsoft" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "OneMicrosoftBar", "cN": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_nonnav", "ecn": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_nonnav", "ehn": "OneMicrosoftBar"}" data-nav-label="All Microsoft menu">
|
||
|
||
<uhf-dropdown-header slot="header">
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "OneMicrosoftBar", "cN": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Microsoft Security_nav", "ecn": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Microsoft Security_nav", "ehn": "OneMicrosoftBar"}">Microsoft Security</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "OneMicrosoftBar", "cN": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Azure_nav", "ecn": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Azure_nav", "ehn": "OneMicrosoftBar"}">Azure</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://dynamics.microsoft.com/en-us/" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "OneMicrosoftBar", "cN": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Dynamics 365_nav", "ecn": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Dynamics 365_nav", "ehn": "OneMicrosoftBar"}">Dynamics 365</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/business/" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "OneMicrosoftBar", "cN": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Microsoft 365_nav", "ecn": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Microsoft 365_nav", "ehn": "OneMicrosoftBar"}">Microsoft 365</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-teams/group-chat-software" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "OneMicrosoftBar", "cN": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Microsoft Teams_nav", "ecn": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Microsoft Teams_nav", "ehn": "OneMicrosoftBar"}">Microsoft Teams</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-365" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "OneMicrosoftBar", "cN": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Windows 365_nav", "ecn": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_Windows 365_nav", "ehn": "OneMicrosoftBar"}">Windows 365</a>
|
||
</uhf-dropdown-header>
|
||
|
||
<uhf-dropdown-column title="Tech & innovation" show-tooltip="false" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "OneMicrosoftBar", "cN": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_More_nav", "ecn": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_More_nav", "ehn": "OneMicrosoftBar"}">
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/ai?icid=DSM_AllCommercial_AI" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "OneMicrosoftBar", "cN": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_More_Tech & innovation_Microsoft AI_nav", "ecn": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_More_Tech & innovation_More_TechInnovation__AI_nav", "ehn": "OneMicrosoftBar"}">Microsoft AI</a>
|
||
<a class="uhf-nav-item uhf-dropdown-link" href="https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/solutions/space/" data-m="{"compnm": "UHF", "view": "UHF", "pa": "UniversalHeader", "hn": "OneMicrosoftBar", "cN": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_More_Tech & innovation_Azure Space_nav", "ecn": "GlobalNav_OneMicrosoftBar_AllMicrosoft_More_Tech & innovation_More_TechInnovation_AzureSpace_nav", "ehn": "OneMicrosoftBar"}">Azure Space</a>
|
||
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Windows Security best practices for integrating and managing security tools </span>
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Windows Security best practices for integrating and managing security tools </h1>
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By <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/author/david-weston/" title="Posts by David Weston" class="author url fn" rel="author">David Weston</a>, Corporate Vice President, AI Security </div>
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<div class="taxonomy-terms" data-taxonomy="topic"><h2 id="post-taxonomy-list-2-topic-135251-heading" class="taxonomy-terms__heading">Topics</h2><ul class="taxonomy-terms__list" id="post-taxonomy-list-2-topic-135251" aria-labelledby="post-taxonomy-list-2-topic-135251-heading"><li class="taxonomy-terms__term"><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/topic/incident-response/" class="taxonomy-terms__link" data-bi-id="3674" data-bi-name="topic" data-bi-cn="Incident response" data-bi-ct="Post Categories">Incident response</a></li></ul></div></div>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Windows is an open and flexible platform used by many of the world’s top businesses for high availability use cases where security and availability are non-negotiable.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">To meet those needs:</p>
|
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<ol class="wp-block-list">
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<li class="wp-block-list-item">Windows provides a range of operating modes that customers can choose from. This includes the ability to limit what can run to only approved software and drivers. This can increase security and reliability by making Windows operate in a mode closer to mobile phones or appliances.</li>
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<li class="wp-block-list-item">Customers can choose integrated security monitoring and detection capabilities that are included with Windows. Or they can choose to replace or supplement this security with a wide variety of choices from a vibrant open ecosystem of vendors.</li>
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||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In this blog post, we examine the recent CrowdStrike outage and provide a technical overview of the root cause. We also explain why security products use kernel-mode drivers today and the safety measures Windows provides for third-party solutions. In addition, we share how customers and security vendors can better leverage the integrated security capabilities of Windows for increased security and reliability. Lastly, we provide a look into how Windows will enhance extensibility for future security products.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">CrowdStrike recently published a <a href="https://www.crowdstrike.com/falcon-content-update-remediation-and-guidance-hub/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Preliminary Post Incident Review</a> analyzing their outage. In their blog post, CrowdStrike describes the root cause as a memory safety issue—specifically a read out-of-bounds access violation in the CSagent driver. We leverage the Microsoft <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/debugger-download-tools" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WinDBG Kernel Debugger</a> and <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debuggercmds/-reg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several extensions</a> that are available free to anyone to perform this analysis. Customers with crash dumps can reproduce our steps with these tools.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Based on Microsoft’s analysis of the Windows Error Reporting (<a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/wer/windows-error-reporting" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WER</a>) kernel crash dumps related to the incident, we observe global crash patterns that reflect this:</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
|
||
FAULTING_THREAD: ffffe402fe868040
|
||
|
||
READ_ADDRESS: ffff840500000074 Paged pool
|
||
|
||
MM_INTERNAL_CODE: 2
|
||
|
||
IMAGE_NAME: csagent.sys
|
||
|
||
MODULE_NAME: csagent
|
||
|
||
FAULTING_MODULE: fffff80671430000 csagent
|
||
|
||
PROCESS_NAME: System
|
||
|
||
TRAP_FRAME: ffff94058305ec20 -- (.trap 0xffff94058305ec20)
|
||
.trap 0xffff94058305ec20
|
||
NOTE: The trap frame does not contain all registers.
|
||
Some register values may be zeroed or incorrect.
|
||
rax=ffff94058305f200 rbx=0000000000000000 rcx=0000000000000003
|
||
rdx=ffff94058305f1d0 rsi=0000000000000000 rdi=0000000000000000
|
||
rip=fffff806715114ed rsp=ffff94058305edb0 rbp=ffff94058305eeb0
|
||
r8=ffff840500000074 r9=0000000000000000 r10=0000000000000000
|
||
r11=0000000000000014 r12=0000000000000000 r13=0000000000000000
|
||
r14=0000000000000000 r15=0000000000000000
|
||
iopl=0 nv up ei ng nz na po nc
|
||
csagent+0xe14ed:
|
||
fffff806`715114ed 458b08 mov r9d,dword ptr [r8] ds:ffff8405`00000074=????????
|
||
.trap
|
||
Resetting default scope
|
||
|
||
STACK_TEXT:
|
||
ffff9405`8305e9f8 fffff806`5388c1e4 : 00000000`00000050 ffff8405`00000074 00000000`00000000 ffff9405`8305ec20 : nt!KeBugCheckEx
|
||
ffff9405`8305ea00 fffff806`53662d8c : 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 ffff8405`00000074 : nt!MiSystemFault+0x1fcf94
|
||
ffff9405`8305eb00 fffff806`53827529 : ffffffff`00000030 ffff8405`af8351a2 ffff9405`8305f020 ffff9405`8305f020 : nt!MmAccessFault+0x29c
|
||
ffff9405`8305ec20 fffff806`715114ed : 00000000`00000000 ffff9405`8305eeb0 ffff8405`b0bcd00c ffff8405`b0bc505c : nt!KiPageFault+0x369
|
||
ffff9405`8305edb0 fffff806`714e709e : 00000000`00000000 00000000`e01f008d ffff9405`8305f102 fffff806`716baaf8 : csagent+0xe14ed
|
||
ffff9405`8305ef50 fffff806`714e8335 : 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000010 00000000`00000002 ffff8405`b0bc501c : csagent+0xb709e
|
||
ffff9405`8305f080 fffff806`717220c7 : 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 ffff9405`8305f382 00000000`00000000 : csagent+0xb8335
|
||
ffff9405`8305f1b0 fffff806`7171ec44 : ffff9405`8305f668 fffff806`53eac2b0 ffff8405`afad4ac0 00000000`00000003 : csagent+0x2f20c7
|
||
ffff9405`8305f430 fffff806`71497a31 : 00000000`0000303b ffff9405`8305f6f0 ffff8405`afb1d140 ffffe402`ff251098 : csagent+0x2eec44
|
||
ffff9405`8305f5f0 fffff806`71496aee : ffff8405`afb1d140 fffff806`71541e7e 00000000`000067a0 fffff806`7168f8f0 : csagent+0x67a31
|
||
ffff9405`8305f760 fffff806`7149685b : ffff9405`8305f9d8 ffff8405`afb1d230 ffff8405`afb1d140 ffffe402`fe8644f8 : csagent+0x66aee
|
||
ffff9405`8305f7d0 fffff806`715399ea : 00000000`4a8415aa ffff8eee`1c68ca4f 00000000`00000000 ffff8405`9e95fc30 : csagent+0x6685b
|
||
ffff9405`8305f850 fffff806`7148efbb : 00000000`00000000 ffff9405`8305fa59 ffffe402`fe864050 ffffe402`fede62c0 : csagent+0x1099ea
|
||
ffff9405`8305f980 fffff806`7148edd7 : ffffffff`ffffffa1 fffff806`7152e5c1 ffffe402`fe864050 00000000`00000001 : csagent+0x5efbb
|
||
ffff9405`8305fac0 fffff806`7152e681 : 00000000`00000000 fffff806`53789272 00000000`00000002 ffffe402`fede62c0 : csagent+0x5edd7
|
||
ffff9405`8305faf0 fffff806`53707287 : ffffe402`fe868040 00000000`00000080 fffff806`7152e510 006fe47f`b19bbdff : csagent+0xfe681
|
||
ffff9405`8305fb30 fffff806`5381b8e4 : ffff9680`37651180 ffffe402`fe868040 fffff806`53707230 00000000`00000000 : nt!PspSystemThreadStartup+0x57
|
||
ffff9405`8305fb80 00000000`00000000 : ffff9405`83060000 ffff9405`83059000 00000000`00000000 00000000`00000000 : nt!KiStartSystemThread+0x34
|
||
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Digging in more to this crash dump, we can restore the stack frame at the time of the access violation to learn more about its origin. Unfortunately, with WER data we only receive a compressed version of state and thus we cannot disassemble backwards to see a larger set of instructions prior to the crash, but we can see in the disassembly that there is a check for NULL before performing a read at the address specified in the R8 register:</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
|
||
6: kd> .trap 0xffff94058305ec20
|
||
.trap 0xffff94058305ec20
|
||
NOTE: The trap frame does not contain all registers.
|
||
Some register values may be zeroed or incorrect.
|
||
rax=ffff94058305f200 rbx=0000000000000000 rcx=0000000000000003
|
||
rdx=ffff94058305f1d0 rsi=0000000000000000 rdi=0000000000000000
|
||
rip=fffff806715114ed rsp=ffff94058305edb0 rbp=ffff94058305eeb0
|
||
r8=ffff840500000074 r9=0000000000000000 r10=0000000000000000
|
||
r11=0000000000000014 r12=0000000000000000 r13=0000000000000000
|
||
r14=0000000000000000 r15=000000000000
|
||
000
|
||
iopl=0 nv up ei ng nz na po nc
|
||
csagent+0xe14ed:
|
||
fffff806`715114ed 458b08 mov r9d,dword ptr [r8] ds:ffff8405`00000074=????????
|
||
6: kd> !pte ffff840500000074
|
||
!pte ffff840500000074
|
||
VA ffff840500000074
|
||
PXE at FFFFABD5EAF57840 PPE at FFFFABD5EAF080A0 PDE at FFFFABD5E1014000 PTE at FFFFABC202800000
|
||
contains 0A00000277200863 contains 0000000000000000
|
||
pfn 277200 ---DA--KWEV contains 0000000000000000
|
||
not valid
|
||
|
||
6: kd> ub fffff806`715114ed
|
||
ub fffff806`715114ed
|
||
csagent+0xe14d9:
|
||
fffff806`715114d9 04d8 add al,0D8h
|
||
fffff806`715114db 750b jne csagent+0xe14e8 (fffff806`715114e8)
|
||
fffff806`715114dd 4d85c0 test r8,r8
|
||
fffff806`715114e0 7412 je csagent+0xe14f4 (fffff806`715114f4)
|
||
fffff806`715114e2 450fb708 movzx r9d,word ptr [r8]
|
||
fffff806`715114e6 eb08 jmp csagent+0xe14f0 (fffff806`715114f0)
|
||
fffff806`715114e8 4d85c0 test r8,r8
|
||
fffff806`715114eb 7407 je csagent+0xe14f4 (fffff806`715114f4)
|
||
6: kd> ub fffff806`715114d9
|
||
ub fffff806`715114d9
|
||
^ Unable to find valid previous instruction for 'ub fffff806`715114d9'
|
||
6: kd> u fffff806`715114eb
|
||
u fffff806`715114eb
|
||
csagent+0xe14eb:
|
||
fffff806`715114eb 7407 je csagent+0xe14f4 (fffff806`715114f4)
|
||
fffff806`715114ed 458b08 mov r9d,dword ptr [r8]
|
||
fffff806`715114f0 4d8b5008 mov r10,qword ptr [r8+8]
|
||
fffff806`715114f4 4d8bc2 mov r8,r10
|
||
fffff806`715114f7 488d4d90 lea rcx,[rbp-70h]
|
||
fffff806`715114fb 488bd6 mov rdx,rsi
|
||
fffff806`715114fe e8212c0000 call csagent+0xe4124 (fffff806`71514124)
|
||
fffff806`71511503 4533d2 xor r10d,r10d
|
||
|
||
6: kd> db ffff840500000074
|
||
db ffff840500000074
|
||
ffff8405`00000074 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??-?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????????????????
|
||
ffff8405`00000084 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??-?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????????????????
|
||
ffff8405`00000094 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??-?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????????????????
|
||
ffff8405`000000a4 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??-?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????????????????
|
||
ffff8405`000000b4 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??-?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????????????????
|
||
ffff8405`000000c4 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??-?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????????????????
|
||
ffff8405`000000d4 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??-?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????????????????
|
||
ffff8405`000000e4 ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??-?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????????????????
|
||
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Our observations confirm CrowdStrike’s analysis that this was a read-out-of-bounds memory safety error in the CrowdStrike developed CSagent.sys driver.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We can also see that the csagent.sys module is registered as a <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/ifs/flt-parameters-for-irp-mj-create-named-pipe" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">file system filter driver</a> commonly used by anti-malware agents to receive notifications about file operations such as the creation or modification of a file. This is often used by security products to scan any new file saved to disk, such as downloading a file via the browser.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">File System filters can also be used as a signal for security solutions attempting to monitor the behavior of the system. CrowdStrike noted in their blog that part of their content update was changing the sensor’s logic relating to data around named pipe creation. The File System filter driver API allows the driver to receive a call when named pipe activity (e.g., named pipe creation) occurs on the system that could enable the detection of malicious behavior. The general function of the driver correlates to the information shared by CrowdStrike.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
|
||
6: kd>!reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\ControlSet001\services\csagent
|
||
|
||
Hive ffff84059ca7b000
|
||
KeyNode ffff8405a6f67f9c
|
||
|
||
[SubKeyAddr] [SubKeyName]
|
||
ffff8405a6f683ac Instances
|
||
ffff8405a6f6854c Sim
|
||
|
||
Use '!reg keyinfo ffff84059ca7b000 <SubKeyAddr>' to dump the subkey details
|
||
|
||
[ValueType] [ValueName] [ValueData]
|
||
REG_DWORD Type 2
|
||
REG_DWORD Start 1
|
||
REG_DWORD ErrorControl 1
|
||
REG_EXPAND_SZ ImagePath \??\C:\Windows\system32\drivers\CrowdStrike\csagent.sys
|
||
REG_SZ DisplayName CrowdStrike Falcon
|
||
REG_SZ Group FSFilter Activity Monitor
|
||
REG_MULTI_SZ DependOnService FltMgr\0
|
||
REG_SZ CNFG Config.sys
|
||
REG_DWORD SupportedFeatures f
|
||
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We can see the control channel file version 291 specified in the CrowdStrike analysis is also present in the crash indicating the file was read.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Determining how the file itself correlates to the access violation observed in the crash dump would require additional debugging of the driver using these tools but is outside of the scope of this blog post.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
|
||
!ca ffffde8a870a8290
|
||
|
||
ControlArea @ ffffde8a870a8290
|
||
Segment ffff880ce0689c10 Flink ffffde8a87267718 Blink ffffde8a870a7d98
|
||
Section Ref 0 Pfn Ref b Mapped Views 0
|
||
User Ref 0 WaitForDel 0 Flush Count 0
|
||
File Object ffffde8a879b29a0 ModWriteCount 0 System Views 0
|
||
WritableRefs 0 PartitionId 0
|
||
Flags (8008080) File WasPurged OnUnusedList
|
||
|
||
\Windows\System32\drivers\CrowdStrike\C-00000291-00000000-00000032.sys
|
||
|
||
1: kd> !ntfskd.ccb ffff880ce06f6970
|
||
!ntfskd.ccb ffff880ce06f6970
|
||
|
||
Ccb: ffff880c`e06f6970
|
||
Flags: 00008003 Cleanup OpenAsFile IgnoreCase
|
||
Flags2: 00000841 OpenComplete AccessAffectsOplocks SegmentObjectReferenced
|
||
Type: UserFileOpen
|
||
FileObj: ffffde8a879b29a0
|
||
|
||
(018) ffff880c`db937370 FullFileName [\Windows\System32\drivers\CrowdStrike\C-00000291-00000000-00000032.sys]
|
||
(020) 000000000000004C LastFileNameOffset
|
||
(022) 0000000000000000 EaModificationCount
|
||
(024) 0000000000000000 NextEaOffset
|
||
(048) FFFF880CE06F69F8 Lcb
|
||
(058) 0000000000000002 TypeOfOpen
|
||
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We can leverage the crash dump to determine if any other drivers supplied by CrowdStrike may exist on the running system during the crash.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="wp-block-syntaxhighlighter-code "><pre class="brush: plain; gutter: false; title: ; notranslate" title="">
|
||
6: kd> lmDvmCSFirmwareAnalysis
|
||
lmDvmCSFirmwareAnalysis
|
||
Browse full module list
|
||
start end module name
|
||
fffff806`58920000 fffff806`5893c000 CSFirmwareAnalysis (deferred)
|
||
Image path: \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\CSFirmwareAnalysis.sys
|
||
Image name: CSFirmwareAnalysis.sys
|
||
Browse all global symbols functions data Symbol Reload
|
||
Timestamp: Mon Mar 18 11:32:14 2024 (65F888AE)
|
||
CheckSum: 0002020E
|
||
ImageSize: 0001C000
|
||
Translations: 0000.04b0 0000.04e4 0409.04b0 0409.04e4
|
||
Information from resource tables:
|
||
6: kd> lmDvmcspcm4
|
||
lmDvmcspcm4
|
||
Browse full module list
|
||
start end module name
|
||
fffff806`71870000 fffff806`7187d000 cspcm4 (deferred)
|
||
Image path: \??\C:\Windows\system32\drivers\CrowdStrike\cspcm4.sys
|
||
Image name: cspcm4.sys
|
||
Browse all global symbols functions data Symbol Reload
|
||
Timestamp: Mon Jul 8 18:33:22 2024 (668C9362)
|
||
CheckSum: 00012F69
|
||
ImageSize: 0000D000
|
||
Translations: 0000.04b0 0000.04e4 0409.04b0 0409.04e4
|
||
Information from resource tables:
|
||
6: kd> lmDvmcsboot.sys
|
||
lmDvmcsboot.sys
|
||
Browse full module list
|
||
start end module name
|
||
|
||
Unloaded modules:
|
||
fffff806`587d0000 fffff806`587dc000 CSBoot.sys
|
||
Timestamp: unavailable (00000000)
|
||
Checksum: 00000000
|
||
ImageSize: 0000C000
|
||
|
||
6: kd> !reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\ControlSet001\services\csboot
|
||
!reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\ControlSet001\services\csboot
|
||
|
||
Hive ffff84059ca7b000
|
||
KeyNode ffff8405a6f68924
|
||
|
||
[ValueType] [ValueName] [ValueData]
|
||
REG_DWORD Type 1
|
||
REG_DWORD Start 0
|
||
REG_DWORD ErrorControl 1
|
||
REG_EXPAND_SZ ImagePath system32\drivers\CrowdStrike\CSBoot.sys
|
||
REG_SZ DisplayName CrowdStrike Falcon Sensor Boot Driver
|
||
REG_SZ Group Early-Launch
|
||
6: kd> !reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\ControlSet001\services\csdevicecontrol
|
||
!reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\ControlSet001\services\csdevicecontrol
|
||
|
||
Hive ffff84059ca7b000
|
||
KeyNode ffff8405a6f694ac
|
||
|
||
[SubKeyAddr] [VolatileSubKeyName]
|
||
ffff84059ce196c4 Enum
|
||
|
||
Use '!reg keyinfo ffff84059ca7b000 <SubKeyAddr>' to dump the subkey details
|
||
|
||
[ValueType] [ValueName] [ValueData]
|
||
REG_DWORD Type 1
|
||
REG_DWORD Start 3
|
||
REG_DWORD ErrorControl 1
|
||
REG_DWORD Tag 1f
|
||
REG_EXPAND_SZ ImagePath \SystemRoot\System32\drivers\CSDeviceControl.sys
|
||
REG_SZ DisplayName @oem40.inf,%DeviceControl.SVCDESC%;CrowdStrike Device Control Service
|
||
REG_SZ Group Base
|
||
REG_MULTI_SZ Owners oem40.inf\0!csdevicecontrol.inf_amd64_b6725a84d4688d5a\0!csdevicecontrol.inf_amd64_016e965488e83578\0
|
||
REG_DWORD BootFlags 14
|
||
6: kd> !reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\ControlSet001\services\csagent
|
||
!reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\ControlSet001\services\csagent
|
||
|
||
Hive ffff84059ca7b000
|
||
KeyNode ffff8405a6f67f9c
|
||
|
||
[SubKeyAddr] [SubKeyName]
|
||
ffff8405a6f683ac Instances
|
||
ffff8405a6f6854c Sim
|
||
|
||
Use '!reg keyinfo ffff84059ca7b000 <SubKeyAddr>' to dump the subkey details
|
||
|
||
[ValueType] [ValueName] [ValueData]
|
||
REG_DWORD Type 2
|
||
REG_DWORD Start 1
|
||
REG_DWORD ErrorControl 1
|
||
REG_EXPAND_SZ ImagePath \??\C:\Windows\system32\drivers\CrowdStrike\csagent.sys
|
||
REG_SZ DisplayName CrowdStrike Falcon
|
||
REG_SZ Group FSFilter Activity Monitor
|
||
REG_MULTI_SZ DependOnService FltMgr\0
|
||
REG_SZ CNFG Config.sys
|
||
REG_DWORD SupportedFeatures f
|
||
|
||
6: kd> lmDvmCSFirmwareAnalysis
|
||
lmDvmCSFirmwareAnalysis
|
||
Browse full module list
|
||
start end module name
|
||
fffff806`58920000 fffff806`5893c000 CSFirmwareAnalysis (deferred)
|
||
Image path: \SystemRoot\system32\DRIVERS\CSFirmwareAnalysis.sys
|
||
Image name: CSFirmwareAnalysis.sys
|
||
Browse all global symbols functions data Symbol Reload
|
||
Timestamp: Mon Mar 18 11:32:14 2024 (65F888AE)
|
||
CheckSum: 0002020E
|
||
ImageSize: 0001C000
|
||
Translations: 0000.04b0 0000.04e4 0409.04b0 0409.04e4
|
||
Information from resource tables:
|
||
6: kd> !reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\ControlSet001\services\csfirmwareanalysis
|
||
!reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\ControlSet001\services\csfirmwareanalysis
|
||
|
||
Hive ffff84059ca7b000
|
||
KeyNode ffff8405a6f69d9c
|
||
|
||
[SubKeyAddr] [VolatileSubKeyName]
|
||
ffff84059ce197cc Enum
|
||
|
||
Use '!reg keyinfo ffff84059ca7b000 <SubKeyAddr>' to dump the subkey details
|
||
|
||
[ValueType] [ValueName] [ValueData]
|
||
REG_DWORD Type 1
|
||
REG_DWORD Start 0
|
||
REG_DWORD ErrorControl 1
|
||
REG_DWORD Tag 6
|
||
REG_EXPAND_SZ ImagePath system32\DRIVERS\CSFirmwareAnalysis.sys
|
||
REG_SZ DisplayName @oem43.inf,%FirmwareAnalysis.SVCDESC%;CrowdStrike Firmware Analysis Service
|
||
REG_SZ Group Boot Bus Extender
|
||
REG_MULTI_SZ Owners oem43.inf\0!csfirmwareanalysis.inf_amd64_12861fc608fb1440\0
|
||
6: kd> !reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\Controlset001\control\earlylaunch
|
||
!reg querykey \REGISTRY\MACHINE\system\Controlset001\control\earlylaunch
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As we can see from the above analysis, CrowdStrike loads four driver modules. One of those modules receives dynamic control and content updates frequently based on the CrowdStrike Preliminary Post-incident-review timeline.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We can leverage the unique stack and attributes of this crash to identify the Windows crash reports generated by this specific CrowdStrike programming error. It’s worth noting the number of devices which generated crash reports is a subset of the number of impacted devices previously shared by <a href="https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2024/07/20/helping-our-customers-through-the-crowdstrike-outage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft in our blog post</a>, because crash reports are sampled and collected only from customers who choose to upload their crashes to Microsoft. Customers who <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/privacy/configure-windows-diagnostic-data-in-your-organization" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">choose to enable crash dump sharing</a> help both driver vendors and Microsoft to identify and remediate quality issues and crashes.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Picture1-3.webp" alt="chart, bar chart" class="wp-image-135254 webp-format" srcset="" data-orig-src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Picture1-3.webp"><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 1 CrowdStrike driver associated crash dump reports over time</figcaption></figure>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We make this information available to driver owners so they can assess their own reliability via the <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/dashboard/hardware-program-register" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hardware Dev Center analytics</a> dashboard. As we can see from the above, any reliability problem like this invalid memory access issue can lead to widespread availability issues when not combined with safe deployment practices. Let’s dig into why security solutions leverage kernel drivers on Windows.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="why-do-security-solutions-leverage-kernel-drivers">Why do security solutions leverage kernel drivers?</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Many security vendors such as CrowdStrike and Microsoft leverage a kernel driver architecture and there are several reasons for this.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="visibility-and-enforcement-of-security-related-events">Visibility and enforcement of security related events</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Kernel drivers allow for system wide visibility, and the capability to load in early boot to detect threats like <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/defender-endpoint/malware/rootkits-malware" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boot kits and root kits</a> which can load before user-mode applications. In addition, Microsoft provides a rich set of capabilities such as system event callbacks for process and thread creation and filter drivers which can watch for events like file creation, deletion, or modification. Kernel activity can also trigger call backs for drivers to decide when to block activities like file or process creations. Many vendors also use drivers to collect a variety of network information in the kernel using the <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/network/ndis-drivers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NDIS driver class</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="performance">Performance</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Kernel drivers are often utilized by security vendors for potential performance benefits. For example, analysis or data collection for high throughput network activity may benefit from a kernel driver. There are many scenarios where data collection and analysis can be optimized for operation outside of kernel mode and Microsoft continues to partner with the ecosystem to improve performance and provide best practices to achieve parity outside of kernel mode.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="tamper-resistance">Tamper resistance</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A second benefit of loading into kernel mode is tamper resistance. Security products want to ensure that their software cannot be disabled by malware, targeted attacks, or malicious insiders, even when those attackers have admin-level privileges. They also want to ensure that their drivers load as early as possible so that they can observe system events at the earliest possible time. Windows provides a mechanism to launch drivers marked as <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/early-launch-antimalware" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early Launch Antimalware</a> (ELAM) early in the boot process for this reason. CrowdStrike signs the above CSboot driver as ELAM, enabling it to load early in the boot sequence.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the general case, there is a tradeoff that security vendors must rationalize when it comes to kernel drivers. Kernel drivers provide the above properties at the cost of resilience. Since kernel drivers run at the most trusted level of Windows, where containment and recovery capabilities are by nature constrained, security vendors must carefully balance needs like visibility and tamper resistance with the risk of operating within kernel mode.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">All code operating at kernel level requires extensive validation because it cannot fail and restart like a normal user application. This is universal across all operating systems. Internally at Microsoft, we have invested in moving complex Windows core services from kernel to user mode, such as font file parsing from <a href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-security-baselines/dropping-the-quot-untrusted-font-blocking-quot-setting/ba-p/701068" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kernel to user mode</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is possible today for security tools to balance security and reliability. For example, security vendors can use minimal sensors that run in kernel mode for data collection and enforcement limiting exposure to availability issues. The remainder of the key product functionality includes managing updates, parsing content, and other operations can occur isolated within user mode where recoverability is possible. This demonstrates the best practice of minimizing kernel usage while still maintaining a robust security posture and strong visibility.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Picture2-2.webp" alt="graphical user interface, text, application, email" class="wp-image-135255 webp-format" srcset="" data-orig-src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Picture2-2.webp"><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 2 Example security product architecture which balances security and reliability</figcaption></figure>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Windows provides several user mode protection approaches for anti-tampering, like Virtualization-based security <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/trusted-execution/vbs-enclaves" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">(VBS) Enclaves</a> and <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/early-launch-antimalware" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Protected Processes</a> that vendors can use to protect their key security processes. Windows also provides <a href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/windows-it-pro-blog/new-security-capabilities-in-event-tracing-for-windows/ba-p/3949941" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETW events</a> and user-mode interfaces like <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/amsi/antimalware-scan-interface-portal" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antimalware Scan Interface</a> for event visibility. These robust mechanisms can be used to reduce the amount of kernel code needed to create a security solution, which balances security and robustness.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="how-does-windows-help-ensure-the-quality-of-security-related-third-party-products">How does Windows help ensure the quality of security related third-party products?</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Microsoft engages with third-party security vendors through an industry forum called the <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/defender-xdr/virus-initiative-criteria" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft Virus Initiative</a> (MVI). This group consists of Microsoft and Security Industry and was created to establish a dialogue and collaboration across the Windows security ecosystem to improve robustness in the way security products use the platform. With MVI, Microsoft and vendors collaborate on the Windows platform to define reliable extension points and platform improvements, as well as share information about how to best protect our customers.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Microsoft works with members of MVI to ensure compatibility with Windows updates, improve performance, and address reliability issues. MVI partners actively participating in the program contribute to making the ecosystem more resilient and gain benefits including technical briefings, feedback loops with Microsoft product teams, and access to antimalware platform features such as ELAM and Protected Processes. Microsoft also provides runtime protection such as <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/kernel/driver-x64-restrictions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Patch Guard</a> to prevent disruptive behavior from kernel driver types like anti-malware.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In addition, all drivers signed by the Microsoft Windows Hardware Quality Labs (WHQL) must run a series of tests and attest to a number of quality checks, including using <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/test/hlk/testref/236b8ad5-0ba1-4075-80a6-ae9dafb71c94" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fuzzers</a>, running <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/devtest/prefast-for-drivers-warnings" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">static code analysis</a> and testing under <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/devtest/driver-verifier" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">runtime driver verification</a>, among other techniques. These tests have been developed to ensure that best practices around security and reliability are followed. Microsoft includes all these tools in the Windows Driver Kit used by all driver developers. A list of the resources and tools is <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/driversecurity/driver-security-checklist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">available here</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">All WHQL signed drivers are run through Microsoft’s ingestion checks and malware scans and must pass before being approved for signing. Additionally, if a third-party vendor chooses to distribute their driver via Windows Update (WU), the driver also goes through Microsoft’s flighting and gradual rollout processes to observe quality and ensure the driver meets the necessary quality criteria for a broad release.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="can-customers-deploy-windows-in-a-higher-security-mode-to-increase-reliability">Can customers deploy Windows in a higher security mode to increase reliability?</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Windows at its core is an open and versatile OS, and it can easily be locked down for increased security using integrated tools. In addition, Windows is constantly increasing security defaults, including dozens of new security features enabled by default in Windows 11.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="security-features-enabled-by-default-in-windows-11">Security features enabled by default in Windows 11</h3>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<figure class="wp-block-table table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Area</strong></td><td><strong>Feature</strong></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Hardware Security Baseline</strong></td><td><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/hardware-security/tpm/tpm-fundamentals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TPM2.0</a><br><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/mem/intune/user-help/you-need-to-enable-secure-boot-windows" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Secure boot</a><br><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-vbs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virtualization-based security (VBS)<br></a><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/hardware-security/enable-virtualization-based-protection-of-code-integrity" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Memory integrity (Hypervisor-protected Code Integrity (HVCI))<br></a><a href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/windows-os-platform-blog/understanding-hardware-enforced-stack-protection/ba-p/1247815" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hardware-enforced stack protection<br></a><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/hardware-security/kernel-dma-protection-for-thunderbolt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kernel Direct Memory Access (DMA) protection<br></a>HW-based kernel protection (HLAT)<br><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/windows-hello-enhanced-sign-in-security" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Enhanced sign-in security (ESS) for built-in biometric sensors</a></td></tr><tr><td><strong>Encryption</strong></td><td><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/operating-system-security/data-protection/bitlocker/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BitLocker</a> (commercial)<br><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/operating-system-security/data-protection/bitlocker/#device-encryption" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Device Encryption</a> (consumer)</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Identity Management</strong></td><td><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/credential-guard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Credential Guard<br></a><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/conditional-access/concept-token-protection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Entra primary refresh token (PRT) hardware protected<br></a>MDM deployed SCEP certs hardware protected<br>MDM enrollment certs hardware protected<br>Local Security Authority (LSA) PPL prevents token/credential dumping<br>Account lockout policy (for 10 failed sign-ins)<br>Enhanced phishing protection with Microsoft Defender<br><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/operating-system-security/virus-and-threat-protection/microsoft-defender-smartscreen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft Defender SmartScreen<br></a>NPLogonNotification doesn’t include password<br>WDigest SSO removed to reduce password disclosure<br>AD Device Account protected by CredGuard*</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Multi-Factor Authentication<br>(Passwordless)</strong></td><td>MSA & Entra users lead through Hello enablement by default<br>MSA password automatically removed from Windows if never used<br>Hello container VSM protected<br>Peripheral biometric sensors blocked for ESS enabled devices<br>Lock on leave integrated into Hello</td></tr><tr><td><strong>Security Incident Reduction</strong></td><td>Common Log File Systems run from trusted source<br>Move tool-tip APIs from kernel to user mode<br>Modernize print stack by removing untrusted drivers<br>DPAPI moved from 3DES to AES<br>TLS 1.3 default with TLS 1.0/1.1 disabled by default<br>NTLM-less*</td></tr><tr><td><strong>OS lockdown</strong></td><td><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/application-security/application-control/windows-defender-application-control/design/microsoft-recommended-driver-block-rules#microsoft-vulnerable-driver-blocklist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft Vulnerable Driver Blocklist<br></a>3P driver security baseline enforced via WHCP<br>Smart App Control*</td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">*Feature available in the Windows Insider Program or currently off by default and on a path for default enablement</figcaption></figure>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Windows has integrated security features to self-defend. This includes key anti-malware features enabled by default, such as:</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ol class="wp-block-list">
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/operating-system-security/system-security/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Secure Boot</a>, which helps prevent early boot malware and rootkits by enforcing signing consistently across Windows boots.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/operating-system-security/system-security/secure-the-windows-10-boot-process" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Measured Boot</a>, which provides TPM-based hardware cryptographic measurements on boot-time properties available through integrated attestation services such as <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/security/device-health-attestation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Device Health Attestation</a>.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/bringup/device-guard-and-credential-guard" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Memory integrity</a> (also known as hypervisor-protected code integrity or HVCI), which prevents runtime generation of dynamic code in the kernel and helps ensure control flow integrity.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/application-security/application-control/windows-defender-application-control/design/microsoft-recommended-driver-block-rules#microsoft-vulnerable-driver-blocklist" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vulnerable driver blocklist</a>, which is on by default, integrated into the OS, and managed by Microsoft. This complements the malicious driver block list.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/security/credentials-protection-and-management/configuring-additional-lsa-protection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Protected Local Security Authority</a> is on by default in Windows 11 to protect a range of credentials. <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/credential-guard/?toc=%2Fwindows-server%2Fsecurity%2Ftoc.json&bc=%2Fwindows-server%2Fbreadcrumbs%2Ftoc.json" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hardware-based credential protection</a> is on by default for enterprise versions of Windows.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item"><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/defender-endpoint/microsoft-defender-antivirus-windows" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft Defender Antivirus</a> is enabled by default in Windows and offers anti-malware capabilities across the OS.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These security capabilities provide layers of protection against malware and exploitation attempts in modern Windows. Many Windows customers have leveraged our security baseline and Windows security technologies to harden their systems and these capabilities collectively have reduced the attack surface significantly.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Using the integrated security features of Windows to prevent adversary attacks such as those displayed in the <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MITRE ATT&CK® framework</a> increases security while reducing cost and complexity. It leverages best practices to achieve maximum security and reliability. These best practices include:</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ol class="wp-block-list">
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item">Using <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/application-security/application-control/windows-defender-application-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">App Control for Business</a> (formerly Windows Defender Application Control), you can author a security policy to allow only trusted and/or business-critical apps. Your policy can be crafted to deterministically and durably prevent nearly all malware and “living off the land” style attacks. It can also specify which kernel drivers are allowed by your organization to durably guarantee that only those drivers will load on your managed endpoints.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item">Use <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/bringup/device-guard-and-credential-guard" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Memory integrity</a> with a <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/application-security/application-control/windows-defender-application-control/design/wdac-wizard" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">specific allow list policy</a> to further protect the Windows kernel using <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-vbs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virtualization-based security</a> (VBS). Combined with App Control for Business, memory integrity can reduce the attack surface for kernel malware or boot kits. This can also be used to limit any drivers that might impact reliability on systems.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item">Running as <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/remote/multipoint-services/create-a-standard-user-account" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Standard User</a> and elevating only as necessary. Companies that follow the best practices to run as standard user and reduce privileges mitigate many of the <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MITRE ATT&CK®</a> techniques.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item">Use <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/security/device-health-attestation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Device Health Attestation</a> (DHA) to monitor devices for the right security policy, including hardware-based measurements for the security posture of the machine. This is a modern and exceptionally durable approach to ensure security for high availability scenarios and uses Microsoft’s <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/security-101/what-is-zero-trust-architecture?msockid=04462a6256e861da2e753a3d57346023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zero Trust architecture</a>.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="what-is-next">What is next?</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Windows is a self-protecting operating system that has produced dozens of new security features and architectural changes <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/05/20/new-windows-11-features-strengthen-security-to-address-evolving-cyberthreat-landscape/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">in recent versions</a>. We plan to work with the anti-malware ecosystem to take advantage of these integrated features to modernize their approach, helping to support and even increase security along with reliability.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This includes helping the ecosystem by:</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ol class="wp-block-list">
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item">Providing safe rollout guidance, best practices, and technologies to make it safer to perform updates to security products.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item">Reducing the need for kernel drivers to access important security data.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item">Providing enhanced isolation and anti-tampering capabilities with technologies like our recently <a href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/windows-os-platform-blog/securely-design-your-applications-and-protect-your-sensitive/ba-p/4179543" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">announced VBS enclaves</a>.</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="wp-block-list-item">Enabling zero trust approaches like <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/attestation/overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high integrity attestation</a> which provides a method to determine the security state of the machine based on the health of Windows native security features.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As we move forward, Windows is continuing to innovate and offer new ways for security tools to detect and respond to emerging threats safely and securely. Windows has <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/03/06/enhancing-protection-updates-on-microsofts-secure-future-initiative/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">announced a commitment around the Rust programming language</a> as part of Microsoft’s <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-cloud/resources/secure-future-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Secure Future Initiative</a> (SFI) and has recently expanded the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T6ClX-y2AE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Windows kernel to support Rust</a>.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The information in this blog post is provided as part of our commitment to communicate learnings and next steps after the CrowdStrike incident. We will continue to share ongoing guidance on security best practices for Windows and work across our broad ecosystem of customers and partners to develop new security capabilities based on your feedback.</p>
|
||
</div></div></div>
|
||
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<div class="author-overview author-overview--compact" data-bi-an="Author Bio">
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<img width="201" height="212" src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/David-Weston.png" class="avatar avatar-212 photo author-overview__avatar-img wp-post-image" alt="David Weston" /> </div>
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<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/dwizzzle/" class="author-overview__social-link author-overview__social-link--linkedin" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-bi-bhvr="126" data-bi-cn="LinkedIn" data-bi-an="Get to know more about David Weston" data-bi-ct="follow link" aria-label="Follow David Weston on LinkedIn">
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<span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span>
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</a>
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<div class="author-overview__content">
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<h2 class="author-overview__title">
|
||
David Weston </h2>
|
||
|
||
<p class="author-overview__byline">
|
||
Corporate Vice President, AI Security </p>
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<div class="author-overview__bio">
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<div class="MSTTSPlayerContentSource"></div>
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<a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/author/david-weston/" class="author-overview__link" data-bi-bhvr="0" data-bi-cn="See David Weston posts" data-bi-an="Get to know more about David Weston">
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See David Weston posts </a>
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<time datetime="2026-08-10T09:00:00-07:00">
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August 10 </time>
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3 min read </span>
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<a
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href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2026/08/10/microsoft-named-a-leader-in-the-2026-idc-marketscape-for-mdr-mxdr-for-the-enterprise/"
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Microsoft named a Leader in the 2026 IDC MarketScape for MDR/MXDR for the Enterprise <span class="card-block__title-glyph card-block__title-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a>
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Microsoft is named a Leader in the 2026 IDC MarketScape for MDR services. </div>
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<img width="2560" height="1440" src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/Windows-FY24-COMMR-Expressive-Security-Protectthreats-scaled.webp" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="This image illustrates how security solutions protect against threats. It includes visual elements that depict threat detection and prevention" loading="lazy" /> </div>
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<time datetime="2026-07-29T09:00:00-07:00">
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July 29 </time>
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4 min read </span>
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Better security starts with better questions <span class="card-block__title-glyph card-block__title-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a>
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<div class="card-block__excerpt">
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Learn how better questions, trusted AI, and human judgment help security leaders make confident decisions and build resilient systems. </div>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/b/education" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Education_Deals for students and parents_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Education_Footer_Education_DealsForStudentsandParents_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Deals for students and parents</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/education/ai-in-education" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Education_AI for education_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Education_Footer_Education_Azureforstudents_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">AI for education</a>
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</uhf-footer-nav-group>
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</div>
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<div class="uhf-footer-nav-row">
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<uhf-footer-nav-group class="uhf-footer-nav-group" heading="Business" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Business_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Business_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/ai?icid=DSM_Footer_AI" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Business_Microsoft AI_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Business_Footer_Business_AI_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Microsoft AI</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Business_Microsoft Security_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Business_Footer_Business_Microsoft Security_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Microsoft Security</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics-365" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Business_Dynamics 365_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Business_Footer_Business_MicrosoftDynamics365_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Dynamics 365</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/business" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Business_Microsoft 365_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Business_Footer_Business_M365_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Microsoft 365</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/power-platform" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Business_Microsoft Power Platform_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Business_Footer_DeveloperAndIT_Power Platform_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Microsoft Power Platform</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-teams/group-chat-software" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Business_Microsoft Teams_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Business_Footer_Business_Microsoft365_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Microsoft Teams</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365-copilot?icid=DSM_Footer_Microsoft365Copilot" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Business_Microsoft 365 Copilot_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Business_Footer_CopilotMicrosoft365 _nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Microsoft 365 Copilot</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/b/business?icid=CNavBusinessStore" id="Small-Business" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Business_Small Business_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Business_Footer_Business-SmallBusiness_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Small Business</a>
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</uhf-footer-nav-group>
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<uhf-footer-nav-group class="uhf-footer-nav-group" heading="Developer & IT" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Developer & IT_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Developer_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Developer & IT_Azure_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Developer_Footer_DeveloperAndIT_MicrosoftAzure_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Azure</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Developer & IT_Microsoft Developer_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Developer_Footer_DeveloperAndIT_MicrosoftDeveloper_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Microsoft Developer</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Developer & IT_Microsoft Learn_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Developer_Footer_DeveloperAndIT_MicrosoftLearn_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Microsoft Learn</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/software-development-companies/offers-benefits/isv-success?icid=DSM_Footer_SupportAIMarketplace&ocid=cmm3atxvn98" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Developer & IT_Support for AI marketplace apps_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Developer_Footer_DeveloperAndIT_SupportForAIMarketplaceApps_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Support for AI marketplace apps</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Developer & IT_Microsoft Tech Community_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Developer_Footer_DeveloperAndIT_MicrosoftTechCommunity_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Microsoft Tech Community</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://marketplace.microsoft.com?icid=DSM_Footer_Marketplace&ocid=cmm3atxvn98" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Developer & IT_Microsoft Marketplace_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Developer_Footer_DeveloperAndIT_Marketplace_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Microsoft Marketplace</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/software-development-companies?icid=DSM_Footer_SoftwareCompanies&ocid=cmm3atxvn98" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Developer & IT_Software companies_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Developer_Software companies_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Software companies</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Developer & IT_Visual Studio_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Developer_Footer_DeveloperAndIT_MicrosoftVisualStudio_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Visual Studio</a>
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</uhf-footer-nav-group>
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<uhf-footer-nav-group class="uhf-footer-nav-group" heading="Company" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Company_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Company_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://careers.microsoft.com/" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Company_Careers_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Company_Footer_Company_Careers_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Careers</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/about" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Company_About Microsoft_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Company_Footer_Company_AboutMicrosoft_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">About Microsoft</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://news.microsoft.com/source/?icid=DSM_Footer_Company_CompanyNews" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Company_Company news_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Company_Footer_Company_CompanyNews_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Company news</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/privacy?icid=DSM_Footer_Company_Privacy" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Company_Privacy at Microsoft_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Company_Footer_Company_PrivacyAtMicrosoft_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Privacy at Microsoft</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/investor/default.aspx" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Company_Investors_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Company_Footer_Company_Investors_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Investors</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/diversity/default?icid=DSM_Footer_Company_Diversity" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Company_Diversity and inclusion_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Company_Footer_Company_DiversityAndInclusion_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Diversity and inclusion</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/accessibility" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Company_Accessibility_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Company_Footer_Company_Accessibility_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Accessibility</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/corporate-responsibility/sustainability?icid=DSM_Footer_Sustainability" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"FooterNav","cN":"FooterNav_Company_Sustainability_nav","ecn":"FooterNav_Company_Footer_Company_Sustainability_nav","ehn":"FooterNav"}">Sustainability</a>
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</uhf-footer-nav-group>
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</div>
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</uhf-footer-nav>
|
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<a slot="uhf-footer-locale-picker" class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/locale" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_English (United States)_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_LocalePicker_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}" aria-label="Content Language Selector. Currently set to English (United States)">English (United States)</a>
|
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<div slot="uhf-footer-california-privacy-link">
|
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://aka.ms/yourcaliforniaprivacychoices" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_California Privacy_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_CaliforniaPrivacy_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">
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||
<svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 14" xml:space="preserve" height="16" width="43">
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<title>Your Privacy Choices Opt-Out Icon</title>
|
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<path d="M7.4 12.8h6.8l3.1-11.6H7.4C4.2 1.2 1.6 3.8 1.6 7s2.6 5.8 5.8 5.8z" style="fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;fill:#fff"/>
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<path d="M22.6 0H7.4c-3.9 0-7 3.1-7 7s3.1 7 7 7h15.2c3.9 0 7-3.1 7-7s-3.2-7-7-7zm-21 7c0-3.2 2.6-5.8 5.8-5.8h9.9l-3.1 11.6H7.4c-3.2 0-5.8-2.6-5.8-5.8z" style="fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;fill:#06f"/>
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<path d="M24.6 4c.2.2.2.6 0 .8L22.5 7l2.2 2.2c.2.2.2.6 0 .8-.2.2-.6.2-.8 0l-2.2-2.2-2.2 2.2c-.2.2-.6.2-.8 0-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8L20.8 7l-2.2-2.2c-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8.2-.2.6-.2.8 0l2.2 2.2L23.8 4c.2-.2.6-.2.8 0z" style="fill:#fff"/>
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<path d="M12.7 4.1c.2.2.3.6.1.8L8.6 9.8c-.1.1-.2.2-.3.2-.2.1-.5.1-.7-.1L5.4 7.7c-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8.2-.2.6-.2.8 0L8 8.6l3.8-4.5c.2-.2.6-.2.9 0z" style="fill:#06f"/>
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</svg>
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<span>Your Privacy Choices</span>
|
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</a>
|
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<noscript>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://aka.ms/yourcaliforniaprivacychoices" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_California Privacy_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_CaliforniaPrivacy_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">
|
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<svg role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 14" xml:space="preserve" height="16" width="43">
|
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<title>Your Privacy Choices Opt-Out Icon</title>
|
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<path d="M7.4 12.8h6.8l3.1-11.6H7.4C4.2 1.2 1.6 3.8 1.6 7s2.6 5.8 5.8 5.8z" style="fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;fill:#fff"/>
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<path d="M22.6 0H7.4c-3.9 0-7 3.1-7 7s3.1 7 7 7h15.2c3.9 0 7-3.1 7-7s-3.2-7-7-7zm-21 7c0-3.2 2.6-5.8 5.8-5.8h9.9l-3.1 11.6H7.4c-3.2 0-5.8-2.6-5.8-5.8z" style="fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;fill:#06f"/>
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<path d="M24.6 4c.2.2.2.6 0 .8L22.5 7l2.2 2.2c.2.2.2.6 0 .8-.2.2-.6.2-.8 0l-2.2-2.2-2.2 2.2c-.2.2-.6.2-.8 0-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8L20.8 7l-2.2-2.2c-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8.2-.2.6-.2.8 0l2.2 2.2L23.8 4c.2-.2.6-.2.8 0z" style="fill:#fff"/>
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<path d="M12.7 4.1c.2.2.3.6.1.8L8.6 9.8c-.1.1-.2.2-.3.2-.2.1-.5.1-.7-.1L5.4 7.7c-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8.2-.2.6-.2.8 0L8 8.6l3.8-4.5c.2-.2.6-.2.9 0z" style="fill:#06f"/>
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</svg>
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<span>Your Privacy Choices</span>
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</a>
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<a slot="uhf-footer-consumer-health-privacy-link" class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2259814" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_Consumer Health Privacy_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_ConsumerHealthPrivacy_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">Consumer Health Privacy</a>
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<uhf-footer-menu slot="uhf-footer-menu" data-nav-label="Microsoft corporate links">
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sitemap1.aspx" id="uhf-Footer_Sitemap" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_Sitemap_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_Footer_Sitemap_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">Sitemap</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://support.microsoft.com/contactus" id="uhf-Footer_ContactUs" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_Contact Microsoft_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_Footer_ContactUs_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">Contact Microsoft</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=521839" id="uhf-Footer_PrivacyandCookies" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_Privacy _nav","ecn":"LegalNav_Footer_PrivacyandCookies_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">Privacy </a>
|
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="#" id="uhf-Footer_ManageCookies" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_Manage cookies_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_Footer_ManageCookies_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">Manage cookies</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=206977" id="uhf-Footer_TermsOfUse" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_Terms of use_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_Footer_TermsOfUse_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">Terms of use</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2196228" id="uhf-Footer_Trademarks" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_Trademarks_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_Footer_Trademarks_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">Trademarks</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2196227" id="uhf-Footer_SafetyAndEco" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_Safety & eco_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_Footer_SafetyAndEco_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">Safety & eco</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/legal/compliance/recycling" id="uhf-Recycling" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_Recycling_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_Recycling_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">Recycling</a>
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<a class="uhf-footer-link" href="https://choice.microsoft.com" id="uhf-Footer_AboutourAds" data-m="{"compnm":"UHF","view":"UHF","pa":"UniversalFooter","hn":"LegalNav","cN":"LegalNav_About our ads_nav","ecn":"LegalNav_Footer_AboutourAds_nav","ehn":"LegalNav"}">About our ads</a>
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</uhf-footer-menu>
|
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</uhf-footer>
|
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|
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</div></div>
|
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<script type="speculationrules">
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// Check if analytics is initialized before using it.
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function maybeMetrics3pScripts() {
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Metrics_3P_Scripts();
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if ( ! currentConsentPreferences.Advertising ) {
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Metrics_Clear_Cookies( 'AllCategories' );
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Metrics_Clear_Cookies( 'Advertising' );
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if ( ! currentConsentPreferences.SocialMedia ) {
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Metrics_Clear_Cookies( 'SocialMedia' );
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maybeMetrics3pScripts();
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function Metrics_Clear_Cookies( category ) {
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|
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all_registered_cookies = {"Advertising":["mbox","test_cookie","APISID","SAPISID","HSID","SID","SSID","SSIDCC","IDE","ANID","NID","DSID","FLC","SID","SOCS","_clck","_clsk","CLID","SM","MR","MUID","ANONCHK"],"SocialMedia":[],"Analytics":["_clck","_clsk","CLID","SM","MR","MUID","ANONCHK","_mkto_trk"],"AllCategories":["_fbp","bcookie","bscookie","li_gc","lidc","li_sugr","UserMatchHistory","AnalyticsSyncHistory","_uetvid","ROLLOUT_TOKEN","VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","VISITOR_PRIVACY_METADATA","YSC"]}[ category ];
|
||
} else if ( ! category ) {
|
||
// If no category is provided, combine all cookies from all categories
|
||
all_registered_cookies = [
|
||
...{"Advertising":["mbox","test_cookie","APISID","SAPISID","HSID","SID","SSID","SSIDCC","IDE","ANID","NID","DSID","FLC","SID","SOCS","_clck","_clsk","CLID","SM","MR","MUID","ANONCHK"],"SocialMedia":[],"Analytics":["_clck","_clsk","CLID","SM","MR","MUID","ANONCHK","_mkto_trk"],"AllCategories":["_fbp","bcookie","bscookie","li_gc","lidc","li_sugr","UserMatchHistory","AnalyticsSyncHistory","_uetvid","ROLLOUT_TOKEN","VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","VISITOR_PRIVACY_METADATA","YSC"]}.Analytics,
|
||
...{"Advertising":["mbox","test_cookie","APISID","SAPISID","HSID","SID","SSID","SSIDCC","IDE","ANID","NID","DSID","FLC","SID","SOCS","_clck","_clsk","CLID","SM","MR","MUID","ANONCHK"],"SocialMedia":[],"Analytics":["_clck","_clsk","CLID","SM","MR","MUID","ANONCHK","_mkto_trk"],"AllCategories":["_fbp","bcookie","bscookie","li_gc","lidc","li_sugr","UserMatchHistory","AnalyticsSyncHistory","_uetvid","ROLLOUT_TOKEN","VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","VISITOR_PRIVACY_METADATA","YSC"]}.Advertising,
|
||
...{"Advertising":["mbox","test_cookie","APISID","SAPISID","HSID","SID","SSID","SSIDCC","IDE","ANID","NID","DSID","FLC","SID","SOCS","_clck","_clsk","CLID","SM","MR","MUID","ANONCHK"],"SocialMedia":[],"Analytics":["_clck","_clsk","CLID","SM","MR","MUID","ANONCHK","_mkto_trk"],"AllCategories":["_fbp","bcookie","bscookie","li_gc","lidc","li_sugr","UserMatchHistory","AnalyticsSyncHistory","_uetvid","ROLLOUT_TOKEN","VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","VISITOR_PRIVACY_METADATA","YSC"]}.SocialMedia,
|
||
...{"Advertising":["mbox","test_cookie","APISID","SAPISID","HSID","SID","SSID","SSIDCC","IDE","ANID","NID","DSID","FLC","SID","SOCS","_clck","_clsk","CLID","SM","MR","MUID","ANONCHK"],"SocialMedia":[],"Analytics":["_clck","_clsk","CLID","SM","MR","MUID","ANONCHK","_mkto_trk"],"AllCategories":["_fbp","bcookie","bscookie","li_gc","lidc","li_sugr","UserMatchHistory","AnalyticsSyncHistory","_uetvid","ROLLOUT_TOKEN","VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE","VISITOR_PRIVACY_METADATA","YSC"]}.AllCategories
|
||
];
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var domain = window.location.hostname;
|
||
var alt_domain = domain.replace(/^[^.]+\./, '');
|
||
var domains = ['', domain, alt_domain, '.' + alt_domain, '.' + domain];
|
||
var path_parts = window.location.pathname.split('/').filter(Boolean);
|
||
var paths = ['/'];
|
||
|
||
for ( var i = 0; i < path_parts.length; i++ ) {
|
||
paths.push('/' + path_parts.slice(0, i + 1).join('/') + '/');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
[...new Set(all_registered_cookies)].forEach(function(cookie_name) {
|
||
[...new Set(domains)].forEach(function(cookie_domain) {
|
||
[...new Set(paths)].forEach(function(cookie_path) {
|
||
var domain_attribute = cookie_domain ? ';domain=' + cookie_domain : '';
|
||
document.cookie = cookie_name + '=;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT;path=' + cookie_path + domain_attribute + ';';
|
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document.cookie = cookie_name + '=;expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT;path=' + cookie_path + domain_attribute + ';secure;samesite=none;';
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function Metrics_3P_Scripts() {
|
||
// Setting this value based on GPC navigator preference
|
||
var navigatorGPC = ( typeof navigator.globalPrivacyControl !== 'undefined' ) ? navigator.globalPrivacyControl : false;
|
||
// Looking for AMC signal cookie
|
||
var AMCSignal = document.cookie.includes('3PAdsOptOut=1');
|
||
// Default to true when undefined to match oneds.php behavior for US visitors.
|
||
var GPC_DataSharingOptIn_value = ( typeof GPC_DataSharingOptIn !== 'undefined' ) ? GPC_DataSharingOptIn : true;
|
||
if ( navigatorGPC || AMCSignal ) {
|
||
GPC_DataSharingOptIn_value = false;
|
||
}
|
||
// If GPC_DataSharingOptIn is set and true set Metrics_3POptIn.
|
||
var Metrics_3P_OptIn = false;
|
||
if ( GPC_DataSharingOptIn_value ) {
|
||
Metrics_3P_OptIn = true;
|
||
} else {
|
||
Metrics_3P_OptIn = false;
|
||
Metrics_Clear_Cookies();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( siteConsent.getConsentFor( WcpConsent.consentCategories.Analytics ) && Metrics_3P_OptIn ) {
|
||
if ( typeof microsoftAds === "function" ) {
|
||
microsoftAds();
|
||
}
|
||
if ( typeof marketoTracking === "function" ) {
|
||
marketoTracking();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( siteConsent.getConsentFor( WcpConsent.consentCategories.Advertising ) ) {
|
||
if ( typeof adobeTargetTracking === "function" ) {
|
||
adobeTargetTracking();
|
||
}
|
||
if ( typeof clarityTracking === "function" ) {
|
||
clarityTracking();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( siteConsent.getConsentFor( WcpConsent.consentCategories.SocialMedia ) ) {
|
||
if ( typeof facebookTracking === "function" ) {
|
||
facebookTracking();
|
||
}
|
||
if ( typeof linkedinTracking === "function" ) {
|
||
linkedinTracking();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( siteConsent.getConsentFor( WcpConsent.consentCategories.SocialMedia ) ) {
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( siteConsent.getConsentFor( WcpConsent.consentCategories.Advertising ) && Metrics_3P_OptIn ) {
|
||
if ( typeof doubleclickTracking === "function" ) {
|
||
doubleclickTracking();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( siteConsent.getConsentFor( WcpConsent.consentCategories.SocialMedia ) ) {
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( siteConsent.getConsentFor( WcpConsent.consentCategories.SocialMedia ) && Metrics_3P_OptIn ) {
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// If we're using UHF banner we need to attach the scripts differently
|
||
|
||
WcpConsent.onConsentChanged( onConsentChanged );
|
||
|
||
WcpConsent.onInitCallback(function(categoryPreferences){
|
||
previousConsentPreferences = getConsentPreferences();
|
||
var consentRequiredElementExists = document.getElementById( "c-uhff-footer_managecookies" ) && siteConsent.isConsentRequired;
|
||
if ( consentRequiredElementExists ) {
|
||
document.getElementById( "c-uhff-footer_managecookies" ).classList.remove("x-hidden");
|
||
document.getElementById( "c-uhff-footer_managecookies" ).onclick = function() {
|
||
siteConsent.manageConsent();
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
maybeMetrics3pScripts();
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="module" src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/blog-in-a-box/dist/blocks/card/view-module.js?ver=fff13518de228e3c5f69" id="bloginabox-theme-card-view-script-module-js-module" fetchpriority="low" data-wp-router-options="{"loadOnClientNavigation":true}"></script>
|
||
<script type="module" src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/themes/blog-in-a-box/dist/blocks/carousel/view-module.js?ver=29c40c261ea365a5d329" id="bloginabox-theme-carousel-view-script-module-js-module" fetchpriority="low" data-wp-router-options="{"loadOnClientNavigation":true}"></script>
|
||
<script src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/mu-plugins/syntaxhighlighter/syntaxhighlighter3/scripts/shCore.js?ver=3.0.9b" id="syntaxhighlighter-core-js"></script>
|
||
<script src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/mu-plugins/syntaxhighlighter/syntaxhighlighter3/scripts/shBrushPlain.js?ver=3.0.9b" id="syntaxhighlighter-brush-plain-js"></script>
|
||
<script type='text/javascript'>
|
||
(function(){
|
||
var corecss = document.createElement('link');
|
||
var themecss = document.createElement('link');
|
||
var corecssurl = "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/mu-plugins/syntaxhighlighter/syntaxhighlighter3/styles/shCore.css?ver=3.0.9b";
|
||
if ( corecss.setAttribute ) {
|
||
corecss.setAttribute( "rel", "stylesheet" );
|
||
corecss.setAttribute( "type", "text/css" );
|
||
corecss.setAttribute( "href", corecssurl );
|
||
} else {
|
||
corecss.rel = "stylesheet";
|
||
corecss.href = corecssurl;
|
||
}
|
||
document.head.appendChild( corecss );
|
||
var themecssurl = "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/mu-plugins/syntaxhighlighter/syntaxhighlighter3/styles/shThemeDefault.css?ver=3.0.9b";
|
||
if ( themecss.setAttribute ) {
|
||
themecss.setAttribute( "rel", "stylesheet" );
|
||
themecss.setAttribute( "type", "text/css" );
|
||
themecss.setAttribute( "href", themecssurl );
|
||
} else {
|
||
themecss.rel = "stylesheet";
|
||
themecss.href = themecssurl;
|
||
}
|
||
document.head.appendChild( themecss );
|
||
})();
|
||
SyntaxHighlighter.config.strings.expandSource = '+ expand source';
|
||
SyntaxHighlighter.config.strings.help = '?';
|
||
SyntaxHighlighter.config.strings.alert = 'SyntaxHighlighter\n\n';
|
||
SyntaxHighlighter.config.strings.noBrush = 'Can\'t find brush for: ';
|
||
SyntaxHighlighter.config.strings.brushNotHtmlScript = 'Brush wasn\'t configured for html-script option: ';
|
||
SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['pad-line-numbers'] = false;
|
||
SyntaxHighlighter.defaults['toolbar'] = false;
|
||
SyntaxHighlighter.all();
|
||
|
||
// Infinite scroll support
|
||
if ( typeof( jQuery ) !== 'undefined' ) {
|
||
jQuery( function( $ ) {
|
||
$( document.body ).on( 'post-load', function() {
|
||
SyntaxHighlighter.highlight();
|
||
} );
|
||
} );
|
||
}
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script id="wp-block-template-skip-link-js-after">
|
||
( function() {
|
||
var skipLinkTarget = document.querySelector( 'main' ),
|
||
sibling,
|
||
skipLinkTargetID,
|
||
skipLink;
|
||
|
||
// Early exit if a skip-link target can't be located.
|
||
if ( ! skipLinkTarget ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/*
|
||
* Get the site wrapper.
|
||
* The skip-link will be injected in the beginning of it.
|
||
*/
|
||
sibling = document.querySelector( '.wp-site-blocks' );
|
||
|
||
// Early exit if the root element was not found.
|
||
if ( ! sibling ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Get the skip-link target's ID, and generate one if it doesn't exist.
|
||
skipLinkTargetID = skipLinkTarget.id;
|
||
if ( ! skipLinkTargetID ) {
|
||
skipLinkTargetID = 'wp--skip-link--target';
|
||
skipLinkTarget.id = skipLinkTargetID;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Create the skip link.
|
||
skipLink = document.createElement( 'a' );
|
||
skipLink.classList.add( 'skip-link', 'screen-reader-text' );
|
||
skipLink.id = 'wp-skip-link';
|
||
skipLink.href = '#' + skipLinkTargetID;
|
||
skipLink.innerText = 'Skip to content';
|
||
|
||
// Inject the skip link.
|
||
sibling.parentElement.insertBefore( skipLink, sibling );
|
||
}() );
|
||
|
||
//# sourceURL=wp-block-template-skip-link-js-after
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/plugins/ms-performance/dist/js/frontend.js?ver=ae1db46edf0b207b3b4b" id="ms_performance_frontend-js"></script>
|
||
<script id="ms-core-tts-js-extra">
|
||
var ttsPlayerConfig = {"ttsPlayerConfig":{"playerId":"0A40D62C-C0FD-44A8-B551-5D23FA9E43AE","environment":"southcentralus.customvoice.api.speech.microsoft.com"},"translations":{"currentSpeed":"Current playback speed is","listenToPost":"Listen to this post","loading":"Loading ...","pause":"Pause","play":"Play","setSpeed":"Set playback speed to","errorLoading":"Error: Could not load the audio file."},"sourceLocation":"2024/07/27/windows-security-best-practices-for-integrating-and-managing-security-tools/","voice":"en-US-JennyNeural","xPaths":["//div[contains(@class, 'MSTTSPlayerContentSource')]"],"analytics":{"postId":135251,"postTitle":"Windows Security best practices for integrating and managing security tools"}};
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//# sourceURL=ms-core-tts-js-extra
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/mu-plugins/ms-core/dist/js/text-to-speech.js?ver=6953b8c2b96143fbc1fe" id="ms-core-tts-js"></script>
|
||
<script src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/plugins/ms-oembeds/assets/js/vendor/focus-within.js?ver=1.3.10" id="ms-oembed-focus-within-js"></script>
|
||
<script id="ms-oembed-gif-script-js-extra">
|
||
var msgifs = {"play":"Play animated gif","pause":"Pause animated gif"};
|
||
//# sourceURL=ms-oembed-gif-script-js-extra
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/plugins/ms-oembeds/dist/js/ms-oembed-lib-gif.js?ver=f5bb21ee9e3797ade64b" id="ms-oembed-gif-script-js"></script>
|
||
<script id="microsoft-uhf-js-extra">
|
||
var microsoftUhfSettings = {"homePath":"/en-us/security/blog/","loginUrl":"","logoutUrl":"","scripts":[],"inline":[]};
|
||
//# sourceURL=microsoft-uhf-js-extra
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/wp-content/plugins/ms-uhf/assets/microsoft-uhf.js?ver=0.6.2" id="microsoft-uhf-js"></script>
|
||
<!-- JSLL tracking -->
|
||
<script>
|
||
// 1DS initialization.
|
||
const analytics = new oneDS.ApplicationInsights();
|
||
const navigatorGPC = ( typeof navigator.globalPrivacyControl !== "undefined" ) ? navigator.globalPrivacyControl : false;
|
||
var AMCSignal = document.cookie.includes('3PAdsOptOut=1');
|
||
var GPC_DataSharingOptIn_value = ( typeof GPC_DataSharingOptIn !== 'undefined' ) ? GPC_DataSharingOptIn : true;
|
||
if ( navigatorGPC || AMCSignal ) {
|
||
GPC_DataSharingOptIn_value = false;
|
||
}
|
||
const config = {
|
||
instrumentationKey: "cb68b8f590184975aa5eb4ed576fb074-e666ac9b-fa31-4339-8b9c-775f4bae31f3-6978",
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||
channelConfiguration: {
|
||
eventsLimitInMem: 50
|
||
},
|
||
cookieCfg: {
|
||
enabled: true,
|
||
domainCookiesEnabled: true,
|
||
domain: ".microsoft.com",
|
||
},
|
||
propertyConfiguration: {
|
||
gpcDataSharingOptIn: GPC_DataSharingOptIn_value,
|
||
callback: {
|
||
userConsentDetails: ( typeof siteConsent !== "undefined" ) ? siteConsent.getConsent : WcpConsent.siteConsent
|
||
},
|
||
},
|
||
webAnalyticsConfiguration:{
|
||
autoCapture: {
|
||
scroll: true,
|
||
pageView: true,
|
||
onLoad: true,
|
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onUnload: true,
|
||
click: true,
|
||
resize: true,
|
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jsError: true
|
||
},
|
||
coreData: {"pageName":"Windows Security best practices for integrating and managing security tools","pageType":"Post"},
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urlCollectQuery: true,
|
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urlCollectHash: true,
|
||
},
|
||
customProperties: {
|
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_mkto_trk: function() {
|
||
return document.cookie.replace(/(?:(?:^|.*;\s*)_mkto_trk\s*\=\s*([^;]*).*$)|^.*$/, "$1");
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
// Initialize OneDS SDK
|
||
analytics.initialize( config, [] );
|
||
</script>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|
||
|
||
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