697 lines
212 KiB
HTML
697 lines
212 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||
<html lang="en" dir="ltr">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||
<meta name="norton-safeweb-site-verification" content="24usqpep0ejc5w6hod3dulxwciwp0djs6c6ufp96av3t4whuxovj72wfkdjxu82yacb7430qjm8adbd5ezlt4592dq4zrvadcn9j9n-0btgdzpiojfzno16-fnsnu7xd" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://substackcdn.com" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<title data-rh="true">Scaling Software Systems: 10 Key Factors</title>
|
||
|
||
<meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Scaling Software Systems: 10 Key Factors"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="Scaling Software Systems: 10 Key Factors"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="As part of my 12-part series on the Principles of Reliable Software Design, this post will focus on scalability - one of the most critical elements in building robust, future-proof applications."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="As part of my 12-part series on the Principles of Reliable Software Design, this post will focus on scalability - one of the most critical elements in building robust, future-proof applications."/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="As part of my 12-part series on the Principles of Reliable Software Design, this post will focus on scalability - one of the most critical elements in building robust, future-proof applications."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XxmA!,w_1200,h_675,c_fill,f_jpg,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F03ffb611-3fb7-4e9d-96a8-37a7a19c9fae_2000x1439.jpeg"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gZwK!,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fcodereliant.substack.com%2Fapi%2Fv1%2Fpost_preview%2F154340108%2Ftwitter.jpg%3Fversion%3D4"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:modified_time" content="2025-04-22T05:00:10.724Z"/>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<style>
|
||
@layer legacy, pencraftReset, pencraft;
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/main.06a4c4c291d4583811c7.css" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M5knjsS_ul.woff2" crossorigin />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/11100.cee9fbee.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/86118.c25b9f67.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/93519.6640a5b2.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/42118.cba90b72.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/39522.25128f14.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/47358.668d8a3c.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/94881.cb76fe04.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/27386.72f00430.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/76768.f15fc605.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/41932.97d2663c.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/48409.0588981c.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/32552.313415d5.css" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/27313.92c631cb.css" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=0, viewport-fit=cover" />
|
||
<meta name="author" content="Team CodeReliant" />
|
||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.codereliant.io/p/scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.codereliant.io/p/scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!itkX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Ffavicon.ico">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PmQh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Ffavicon-16x16.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RPqy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Ffavicon-32x32.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eRQT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Ffavicon-48x48.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pgYQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-57x57.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!e3Np!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-60x60.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!B3Fe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-72x72.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QzhU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-76x76.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7gso!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-114x114.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zFJ2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-120x120.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZAC_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-144x144.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pjWC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-152x152.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="167x167" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TEtO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-167x167.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!r8Vf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-180x180.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="1024x1024" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1RFu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F15cf0791-053d-4838-9402-78d06511992c%2Fapple-touch-icon-1024x1024.png">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/feed" title="Codereliant’s Substack"/>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<style>
|
||
@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8on7mTNmnUHowCw.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8onXmTNmnUHowCw.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8onTmTNmnUHowCw.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02AF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8onrmTNmnUHo.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M9knjsS_ulYHs.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M2knjsS_ulYHs.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M3knjsS_ulYHs.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02AF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M5knjsS_ul.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3FafaPWnIIMrY.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3OafaPWnIIMrY.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3PafaPWnIIMrY.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02AF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3BafaPWnII.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}
|
||
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<style data-pub-theme-prefix>:root{--color_theme_bg_pop:#FF6719;--background_pop:#FF6719;--cover_bg_color:#FFFFFF;--cover_bg_color_secondary:#f0f0f0;--background_pop_darken:#ff5600;--print_on_pop:#ffffff;--color_theme_bg_pop_darken:#ff5600;--color_theme_print_on_pop:#ffffff;--color_theme_bg_pop_20:rgba(255, 103, 25, 0.2);--color_theme_bg_pop_30:rgba(255, 103, 25, 0.3);--print_pop:#ff6719;--color_theme_accent:#ff6719;--cover_print_primary:#363737;--cover_print_secondary:#757575;--cover_print_tertiary:#b6b6b6;--cover_border_color:#ff6719;--home_hero:newspaper;--home_posts:list;--background_contrast_1:#f0f0f0;--background_contrast_2:#dddddd;--background_contrast_3:#b7b7b7;--background_contrast_4:#929292;--background_contrast_5:#515151;--color_theme_detail:#e6e6e6;--background_contrast_pop:rgba(255, 103, 25, 0.4);--color_theme_bg_contrast_pop:rgba(255, 103, 25, 0.4);--theme_bg_is_dark:0;--background_pop_rgb:255, 103, 25;--color_theme_bg_pop_rgb:255, 103, 25;--color_theme_accent_rgb:255, 103, 25;}</style>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/main.06a4c4c291d4583811c7.css" />
|
||
|
||
|
||
<style data-pub-theme-postfix></style>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script async="true" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-730HG4Y2PY&l=GA4DataLayer" >
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
</head>
|
||
|
||
<body class="">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="entry">
|
||
<div id="main" style="--post-preview-border-radius:var(--border-radius-xs);" class="main typography use-theme-bg"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div data-testid="navbar" class="main-menu"><div class="mainMenuContent-DME8DR"><div style="position:relative;height:71px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-paddingLeft-20 pc-paddingRight-20 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset border-bottom-detail-k1F6C4 topBar-pIF0J1"><div style="flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:1;" class="logoContainer-p12gJb"><a href="/" native class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset"><div draggable="false" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-position-relative pc-reset"><div style="width:40px;height:40px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset bg-white-ZBV5av pc-borderRadius-sm overflow-hidden-WdpwT6 sizing-border-box-DggLA4"><picture class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset"><source type="image/webp" sizes="40px" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,w_40,h_40,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png 40w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,w_80,h_80,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png 80w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,w_120,h_120,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png 120w" style="display:none;"/><img style="object-fit:cover;width:40px;height:40px;" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,w_40,h_40,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,w_40,h_40,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png 40w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,w_80,h_80,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png 80w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,w_120,h_120,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png 120w" sizes="40px" alt="Codereliant’s Substack" draggable="false" class="pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></div></a></div><div style="flex-grow:0;" class="titleContainer-DJYq5v"><h1 class="pencraft pc-reset font-pub-headings-FE5byy reset-IxiVJZ title-oOnUGd"><a href="/" class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset">Codereliant’s Substack</a></h1></div><div style="flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:1;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-flex-end pc-alignItems-center pc-reset buttonsContainerContainer-ThaN_w"><div class="buttonsContainer-SJBuep"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-end pc-alignItems-center pc-reset navbar-buttons"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><span data-state="closed"><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Search" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_tertiary-rlke8z"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-search"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle><path d="m21 21-4.3-4.3"></path></svg></button></span><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Share Publication" id="radix-P0-4" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_tertiary-rlke8z"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-share"><path d="M4 12v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-8"></path><polyline points="16 6 12 2 8 6"></polyline><line x1="12" x2="12" y1="2" y2="15"></line></svg></button></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-testid="noncontributor-cta-button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_primary-RfbeYt size_md-gCDS3o">Subscribe</button><button tabindex="0" data-native="true" type="button" data-href="https://substack.com/sign-in?redirect=%2Fp%2Fscaling-software-systems-10-key-factors&for_pub=codereliant" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_tertiary-rlke8z size_md-gCDS3o">Sign in</button></div></div></div></div></div><div style="height:72px;"></div></div></div><div><script nonce="UXfEu5bsCfrxKCaEuyb-sg" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","url":"https://www.codereliant.io/p/scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.codereliant.io/p/scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors","headline":"Scaling Software Systems: 10 Key Factors","description":"As part of my 12-part series on the Principles of Reliable Software Design, this post will focus on scalability - one of the most critical elements in building robust, future-proof applications.","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/03ffb611-3fb7-4e9d-96a8-37a7a19c9fae_2000x1439.jpeg"}],"datePublished":"2023-07-31T17:19:33+00:00","dateModified":"2023-07-31T17:19:33+00:00","isAccessibleForFree":true,"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Team CodeReliant","url":"https://substack.com/profile/261943066-team-codereliant","description":null,"identifier":"user:261943066"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Codereliant\u2019s Substack","url":"https://www.codereliant.io","description":"Code & Systems Simplified\n","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","name":"Subscribers","interactionType":"https://schema.org/SubscribeAction","userInteractionCount":100},"identifier":"pub:3704109","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png","contentUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png","thumbnailUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,w_128,h_128,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png","contentUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png","thumbnailUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,w_128,h_128,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png"}},"interactionStatistic":[{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/LikeAction","userInteractionCount":0},{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/ShareAction","userInteractionCount":0},{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/CommentAction","userInteractionCount":0}]}</script><script nonce="UXfEu5bsCfrxKCaEuyb-sg" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Codereliant\u2019s Substack","item":"https://www.codereliant.io"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Scaling Software Systems: 10 Key Factors","item":"https://www.codereliant.io/p/scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors"}]}</script><div aria-label="Post" role="main" class="single-post-container"><div class="container"><div class="single-post"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><article class="typography newsletter-post post"><div role="region" aria-label="Post header" class="post-header"><h1 dir="auto" class="post-title published title-X77sOw">Scaling Software Systems: 10 Key Factors</h1><div aria-label="Post UFI" role="region" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset byline-wrapper"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-reset color-primary-zABazT line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><span style="min-width:0;" data-state="closed"><a href="https://substack.com/profile/261943066-team-codereliant" class="pencraft pc-reset decoration-hover-underline-ClDVRM reset-IxiVJZ">Team CodeReliant</a></span></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-reset color-secondary-ls1g8s line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><time datetime="2023-07-31T17:19:33.000Z" title="2023-07-31T17:19:33.000Z">Jul 31, 2023</time></div></div></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG post-ufi"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><div class="like-button-container post-ufi-button style-button"><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Like" aria-pressed="false" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button no-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-heart"><path d="M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 16.5 3c-1.76 0-3 .5-4.5 2-1.5-1.5-2.74-2-4.5-2A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 2 8.5c0 2.3 1.5 4.05 3 5.5l7 7Z"></path></svg></g></svg></button></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="View comments (0)" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/p/scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors/comments" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button post-ufi-comment-button no-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" id="radix-P0-27" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button no-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><div class="label">Share</div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div><div><div class="dt-post-body"><div class="available-content"><div dir="auto" class="body markup"><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":null,"width":null,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":false,"topImage":true,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Photo by </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/@dawson2406?utm_source=ghost&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=api-credit">Stephen Dawson</a><span> / </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=ghost&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=api-credit">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><span>As part of my </span><a href="https://www.codereliant.io/p/principles-of-reliable-software-design-part-1">12-part series</a><span> on the Principles of Reliable Software Design, this post will focus on scalability - one of the most critical elements in building robust, future-proof applications.</span></p><p>In today's world of ever-increasing data and users, software needs to be ready to adapt to higher loads. Neglecting scalability is like constructing a beautiful house on weak foundations - it may look great initially but will eventually crumble under strain.</p><p>Whether you're building an enterprise system, mobile app or even something for personal use, how do you ensure your software can smoothly handle growth? A scalable system provides a great user experience even during traffic spikes and high usage. An unscalable app is frustrating at best and at worst, becomes unusable or crashes altogether under increased load.</p><p>In this post, we'll explore 10 areas that are key to designing highly scalable architectures. By mastering these concepts, you can develop software capable of being deployed on a large scale without expensive rework. Your users will thank you for building an app that delights them today as much as it will tomorrow when your user base has grown 10x.</p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Horizontal vs. Vertical Scaling<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§horizontal-vs-vertical-scaling" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/horizontal-vs-vertical-scaling" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png" width="1024" height="768" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":768,"width":1024,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":"Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling","title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":false,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}" alt="Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling" title="Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Vertical scaling involves increasing the power of existing nodes, such as upgrading to servers with faster CPUs, more RAM, or increased storage capacity.</p><p><span>In general, horizontal scaling is preferred because it provides greater reliability through </span><a href="https://www.codereliant.io/p/reliability-foundations-redundancy">redundancy</a><span>. If one node fails, other nodes can take over the workload. Horizontal scaling also offers more flexibility to scale out gradually as needed. With vertical scaling, you need to upgrade your hardware altogether to handle increased loads.</span></p><p>However, vertical scaling may be useful when increased computing power is needed for specific tasks like CPU-intensive data processing. Overall, a scalable architecture employs a combination of vertical and horizontal scaling approaches to tune the system resource requirements over time.</p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Load Balancing<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§load-balancing" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/load-balancing" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png" width="705" height="249" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":249,"width":705,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This prevents any single server from becoming overwhelmed. The load balancer can implement different algorithms like round-robin, least connections, or IP-hash to determine how to distribute load. More advanced load balancers can detect server health and adaptively shift traffic away from failing nodes.</p><p>Load balancing maximizes resource utilization and increases performance. It also provides high availability and reliability. If a server goes down, the load balancer redirects traffic to the remaining online servers. This redundancy makes your system resilient to individual server failures.</p><p><a href="https://www.codereliant.io/p/lets-build-loadbalancer-go">Implementing load balancing</a><span> alongside auto-scaling allows your system to scale out smoothly and painlessly. Your application can comfortably handle large traffic variations without running into capacity issues.</span></p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Database Scaling<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§database-scaling" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/database-scaling" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>As your application usage grows, the database backing your system can become a bottleneck. There are several techniques to scale databases to meet high read/write loads. However, databases are one of the hardest components to scale in most systems.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Database Selection:<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§database-selection" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/database-selection" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>The selection of an appropriate database plays a critical role in effectively scaling a database system. It depends on various factors, including the type of data to be stored and the expected query patterns. Different types of data, such as metrics data, logs, enterprise data, graph data, and key/value stores, have distinct characteristics and requirements that demand tailored database solutions.</p><p>For metrics data, where high write-throughput is essential to record time-series data, a time-series database like InfluxDB or Prometheus may be more suitable due to their optimized storage and querying mechanisms. On the other hand, for handling large volumes of unstructured data, such as logs, a NoSQL database like Elasticsearch or could provide efficient indexing and searching capabilities.</p><p>For enterprise data that requires strict ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) transactions and complex relational querying, a traditional SQL database like PostgreSQL or MySQL might be the right choice. In contrast, for scenarios demanding simple read and write operations, a key/value store such as Redis or Cassandra could offer low-latency data access.</p><p>It's essential to thoroughly evaluate the specific requirements of the application and its data characteristics before making a database choice. Sometimes, a combination of databases (polyglot persistence) might be the most effective strategy, utilizing different databases for different parts of the application based on their strengths. Ultimately, the right database selection can significantly impact the scalability, performance, and overall success of the system.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Vertical Scaling:<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§vertical-scaling" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/vertical-scaling" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>Simply throwing more resources at a single database server like CPU, memory and storage can provide temporary relief for increased loads. And it should always be tried out before looking into advanced concepts of scaling the database. In addition, vertical scaling keeps your database stack simple.</p><p>However, there is a physical ceiling to how large a single server can scale. Also, a monolithic database remains a single point of failure - if that beefed up server goes down, so does access to the data.</p><p>That's why alongside vertical scaling of the database server hardware, it's critical to employ horizontal scaling techniques.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Replication:<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§replication" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/replication" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>Replication provides redundancy and improves performance by copying data across multiple database instances. A write to the leader node is replicated to read replicas. Reads can be served from the replicas, reducing load on the master. Also, replication copies data across redundant servers, eliminating the single point of failure risk.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png" width="1035" height="500" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":500,"width":1035,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":"Database Replication","title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}" alt="Database Replication" title="Database Replication" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Sharding partitions your database across multiple smaller servers, allowing you to add more nodes fluidly as needed.</p><p>Sharding or partitioning involves splitting your database into multiple smaller databases by a certain criteria like customer ID or geographic region. This allows you to scale horizontally by adding more database servers.</p><p>In addition, there other areas that should also be put under light that can help scale database:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Schema Denormalization</strong><span> involves the duplication of data in a database to diminish the need for complex joins in queries, resulting in improved query performance.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Caching</strong><span> frequently accessed data in a fast in-memory cache reduces database queries. A cache hit avoids having to fetch the data from the slower database.</span></p></li></ul><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Asynchronous Processing<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§asynchronous-processing" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/asynchronous-processing" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>Synchronous request-response cycles can create bottlenecks that impede scalability, especially for long running or IO-intensive tasks. Asynchronous processing queues up work to be handled in the background, freeing up resources immediately for other requests.</p><p>For example, submitting a video transcoding job could directly block a web request, negatively impacting user experience. Instead, the transcoding task can be published to a queue and handled asynchronously. The user gets an immediate response, while the task processes separately.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png" width="1142" height="609" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":609,"width":1142,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":"Asynchronous Video Uploading & Transcoding","title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}" alt="Asynchronous Video Uploading & Transcoding" title="Asynchronous Video Uploading & Transcoding" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Asynchronous tasks can be executed concurrently by background workers scaled horizontally across many servers. Queue sizes can be monitored to add more workers dynamically. Load is distributed evenly, preventing any single worker from becoming overwhelmed.</p><p>Shifting workloads from synchronous to asynchronous allows the application to handle spikes in traffic smoothly without getting bogged down. Systems remain responsive under load using robust queue-based asynchronous processing.</p><h2 class="header-anchor-post"><strong>Stateless Systems</strong><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§stateless-systems" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/stateless-systems" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>Stateless systems are easier to horizontally scale out compared to stateful designs. When application state is persisted in external storage like databases or distributed caches rather than locally on servers, new instances can be spun up as needed.</p><p>In contrast, stateful systems require sticky sessions or data replication across instances. A stateless application places no dependency on specific servers. Requests can be routed to any available resource.</p><p>Saving state externally also provides better fault tolerance. The loss of any stateless application server is not impactful since it holds no un-persisted critical data. Other servers can seamlessly take over processing.</p><p>A stateless architecture improves reliability and scalability. Resources can scale elastically while remaining decoupled from individual instances. However, external state storage adds overhead of cache or database queries. The tradeoffs require careful evaluation when designing web-scale applications.</p><h2 class="header-anchor-post"><strong>Caching</strong><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§caching" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/caching" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>Caching frequently accessed data in fast in-memory stores is a powerful technique to optimize scalability. By serving read requests from low latency caches, you can dramatically reduce load on backend databases and improve performance.</p><p>For example, product catalog information that rarely changes is ideal for caching. Subsequent product page requests can fetch data from Redis or Memcached rather than overloading your MySQL store. Cache invalidation strategies help keep data consistent.</p><p>Caching also benefits compute-heavy processes like template rendering. You can cache the rendered output and bypass redundant rendering for each request. CDNs like Cloudflare cache and serve static assets like images, CSS, and JS globally.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post"><strong>Redis Golang Example:</strong><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§redis-golang-example" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/redis-golang-example" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><pre><code><code>package main
|
||
|
||
import (
|
||
"database/sql"
|
||
"encoding/json"
|
||
"fmt"
|
||
"log"
|
||
"net/http"
|
||
"time"
|
||
|
||
"github.com/go-redis/redis"
|
||
_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
|
||
)
|
||
|
||
const (
|
||
dbUser = "your_mysql_username"
|
||
dbPassword = "your_mysql_password"
|
||
dbName = "your_mysql_dbname"
|
||
redisAddr = "localhost:6379"
|
||
)
|
||
|
||
type Product struct {
|
||
ID int `json:"id"`
|
||
Name string `json:"name"`
|
||
Price int `json:"price"`
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var db *sql.DB
|
||
var redisClient *redis.Client
|
||
|
||
func init() {
|
||
// Initialize MySQL connection
|
||
dbSource := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s@/%s", dbUser, dbPassword, dbName)
|
||
var err error
|
||
db, err = sql.Open("mysql", dbSource)
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
log.Fatalf("Error opening database: %s", err)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Initialize Redis client
|
||
redisClient = redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
|
||
Addr: redisAddr,
|
||
Password: "", // No password set
|
||
DB: 0, // Use default DB
|
||
})
|
||
|
||
// Test the Redis connection
|
||
_, err = redisClient.Ping().Result()
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
log.Fatalf("Error connecting to Redis: %s", err)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
log.Println("Connected to MySQL and Redis")
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
func getProductFromMySQL(id int) (*Product, error) {
|
||
query := "SELECT id, name, price FROM products WHERE id = ?"
|
||
row := db.QueryRow(query, id)
|
||
var product Product
|
||
err := row.Scan(&product.ID, &product.Name, &product.Price)
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
return nil, err
|
||
}
|
||
return &product, nil
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
func getProductFromCache(id int) (*Product, error) {
|
||
productJSON, err := redisClient.Get(fmt.Sprintf("product:%d", id)).Result()
|
||
if err == redis.Nil {
|
||
// Cache miss
|
||
return nil, nil
|
||
} else if err != nil {
|
||
return nil, err
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var product Product
|
||
err = json.Unmarshal([]byte(productJSON), &product)
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
return nil, err
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return &product, nil
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
func cacheProduct(product *Product) error {
|
||
productJSON, err := json.Marshal(product)
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
return err
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
key := fmt.Sprintf("product:%d", product.ID)
|
||
return redisClient.Set(key, productJSON, 10*time.Minute).Err()
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
func getProductHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
|
||
productID := 1 // For simplicity, we are assuming product ID 1 here. You can pass it as a query parameter.
|
||
|
||
// Try getting the product from the cache first
|
||
cachedProduct, err := getProductFromCache(productID)
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
http.Error(w, "Failed to retrieve product from cache", http.StatusInternalServerError)
|
||
return
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if cachedProduct == nil {
|
||
// Cache miss, get the product from MySQL
|
||
product, err := getProductFromMySQL(productID)
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
http.Error(w, "Failed to retrieve product from database", http.StatusInternalServerError)
|
||
return
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if product == nil {
|
||
http.Error(w, "Product not found", http.StatusNotFound)
|
||
return
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Cache the product for future requests
|
||
err = cacheProduct(product)
|
||
if err != nil {
|
||
log.Printf("Failed to cache product: %s", err)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Respond with the product details
|
||
json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(product)
|
||
} else {
|
||
// Cache hit, respond with the cached product details
|
||
json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(cachedProduct)
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
func main() {
|
||
http.HandleFunc("/product", getProductHandler)
|
||
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
|
||
}</code></code></pre><p>Strategically leveraging caching reduces strain on infrastructure and scales horizontally as you add more cache servers. Caching works best for read-heavy workloads with repetitive access patterns. It provides scalability gains alongside database sharding and asynchronous processing.</p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Network Bandwidth Optimization<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§network-bandwidth-optimization" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/network-bandwidth-optimization" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>For distributed architectures spread across multiple servers and regions, optimizing network bandwidth utilization is key to scalability. Network calls can become a bottleneck, imposing limits on throughput and latency.</p><p>Bandwidth optimization techniques like compression and caching reduce the number of network hops and amount of data transferred. Compressing API and database responses minimizes bandwidth needs.</p><p>Persistent connections via HTTP/2 allow multiple requests over one open channel. This reduces round trip overheads, improves resource utilization, and avoid HTTP head of line blocking. However, HTTP/2 still suffers from TCP head of line blocking. So, we can now even use HTTP/3 which is being done over QUIC instead of TCP and TLS, and it avoid TCP head of line blocking.</p><p>CDN distribution brings data closer to users by caching assets at edge locations. By serving content from nearby, less data traverses costly long-haul routes.</p><p>Gzip Golang Example:</p><pre><code>package main
|
||
|
||
import (
|
||
"github.com/labstack/echo/v4"
|
||
"github.com/labstack/echo/v4/middleware"
|
||
)
|
||
|
||
func main() {
|
||
e := echo.New()
|
||
|
||
// Middleware
|
||
e.Use(middleware.Logger())
|
||
e.Use(middleware.Recover())
|
||
e.Use(middleware.Gzip()) // Add gzip compression middleware
|
||
|
||
// Routes
|
||
e.GET("/", helloHandler)
|
||
|
||
// Start server
|
||
e.Logger.Fatal(e.Start(":8080"))
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
func helloHandler(c echo.Context) error {
|
||
return c.String(200, "Hello, Echo!")
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre><p>Overall, scaling requires a holistic view encompassing not just compute and storage, but also network connectivity. Optimizing bandwidth usage by minimizing hops, compression, caching and more is invaluable for building high-throughput and low-latency large-scale systems.</p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Progressive Enhancement<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§progressive-enhancement" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/progressive-enhancement" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>Progressive enhancement is a strategy that helps improve scalability for web applications. The idea is to build the core functionality first and then progressively enhance the experience for capable browsers and devices.</p><p>For example, you can develop the basic HTML/CSS site to ensure accessibility on any browser. Then you can add advanced CSS and JavaScript to incrementally improve interactions for modern browsers with JS support.</p><p><span>Serving basic HTML first provides a fast “time-to-interactive” and works on all platforms. Enhancements load afterwards to optimize the experience without blocking. This balanced approach extends reach while utilizing capabilities. For example, </span><a href="https://qwik.builder.io/docs/concepts/progressive/">Qwik</a><span> bake this concept into the foundation of the framework.</span></p><p>Progressively enhancing in phases also aids scalability. Simple pages require fewer resources and scale better. You can add more advanced features when needed rather than prematurely over-engineering for every possible use case upfront.</p><p>Overall, progressive enhancement allows web apps to scale efficiently right from basic to advanced functionality based on device capabilities and user needs.</p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Graceful Degradation<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§graceful-degradation" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/graceful-degradation" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>In contrast to progressive enhancement, graceful degradation involves starting from an advanced experience and scaling back features when constraints are detected. This allows applications to scale down fluidly when facing resource limitations.</p><p>For instance, a graphically-rich app may detect a low-powered mobile device and adapt to downgrade advanced visuals into a more basic presentation. Or a backend system may throttle non-essential operations during peak load to maintain core functionality.</p><p>Gracefully degrading preserves critical user workflows even under suboptimal conditions. Errors due to constraints like bandwidth, device capabilities or traffic spikes are minimized. The experience remains operational rather than failing catastrophically.</p><p><strong>Feature degradation</strong><span> is a valuable tool that should be incorporated and planned for during the initial development of product features. The ability to deactivate features automatically or manually can prove essential in keeping the system functional under various circumstances, such as system overload, migrations, or unexpected performance issues.</span></p><p>When a system experiences high load or is overwhelmed by excessive traffic, dynamically deactivating non-critical features can alleviate strain and prevent complete service failures. This smart use of feature degradation ensures that the core functionalities remain operational and prevents cascading failures across the application.</p><p>During database migrations or updates, feature degradation can help maintain system stability. By temporarily disabling certain features, the complexity of the migration process can be reduced, minimizing the risk of data inconsistencies or corruption. Once the migration is complete and verified, the features can be reactivated seamlessly.</p><p>Moreover, feature degradation can be a useful mechanism in situations where a critical bug or security vulnerability is discovered in a specific feature. Turning off the affected feature promptly can prevent any further damage while the issue is being addressed, ensuring the overall system's integrity.</p><p>Overall, incorporating feature degradation as part of the product's design and development strategy empowers the system to gracefully handle challenging situations, enhance resilience, and maintain an uninterrupted user experience during adverse conditions.</p><p>Building in graceful degradation mechanisms like device detection, performance monitoring and throttling improves an application's resilience when scaling up or down. Resources can be dynamically tuned to optimal levels based on real-time constraints and priorities.</p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Code Scalability<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§code-scalability" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/code-scalability" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>Scalability best practices focus heavily on infrastructure and architecture. But well-written and optimized code is key for scaling too. Suboptimal code hinders performance and resource utilization even on robust infrastructure.</p><p>Tight loops, inefficient algorithms and poorly structured data access can bog down servers. Architectures like microservices increase parallelism, but can multiply these inefficiencies.</p><p>Code profilers help identify hot spots and bottlenecks. Refactoring code to scale better optimizes CPU, memory and I/O resource usage. Distributing processing across threads also improves utilization of multi-core servers.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Example of Unscalable Code (Thread per request):<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§example-of-unscalable-code-thread-per-request" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/example-of-unscalable-code-thread-per-request" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>Inefficient code can hinder scalability even on robust infrastructure. For instance, allocating one thread per request does not scale well - the server will run out of threads under high load.</p><p>Better approaches like asynchronous/event-driven programming and non-blocking I/O provide higher scalability. Node.js handles many concurrent requests efficiently on a single thread using this model.</p><p>Virtual threads or goroutines are also more scalable than thread pools. Virtual threads are lightweight and managed by the runtime. Examples are goroutines in Go and green threads in Python.</p><p>Hundreds of thousands of goroutines can run concurrently vs limited OS threads. The runtime multiplexes goroutines onto real threads automatically. This removes thread lifecycle overhead and resource constraints of thread pools.</p><p>Carefully structured code that maximizes asynchronous processing, virtual threads, and minimized overhead is vital for large-scale applications, despite infrastructure.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Java Example of Virtual Thread Per Task:<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§java-example-of-virtual-thread-per-task" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/java-example-of-virtual-thread-per-task" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><pre><code>import java.io.*;
|
||
import java.net.ServerSocket;
|
||
import java.net.Socket;
|
||
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
|
||
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
|
||
|
||
public class VirtualThreadServer {
|
||
|
||
public static void main(String[] args) {
|
||
final int portNumber = 8080;
|
||
try {
|
||
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(portNumber);
|
||
System.out.println("Server started on port " + portNumber);
|
||
|
||
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor();
|
||
|
||
while (true) {
|
||
// Wait for a client connection
|
||
Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();
|
||
System.out.println("Client connected: " + clientSocket.getInetAddress());
|
||
|
||
// Submit the request handling task to the virtual thread executor
|
||
executor.submit(() -> handleRequest(clientSocket));
|
||
}
|
||
} catch (IOException e) {
|
||
e.printStackTrace();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
static void handleRequest(Socket clientSocket) {
|
||
try (
|
||
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));
|
||
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(clientSocket.getOutputStream(), true)
|
||
) {
|
||
// Read the request from the client
|
||
String request = in.readLine();
|
||
|
||
// Process the request (you can add your custom logic here)
|
||
String response = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html\r\n\r\nHello, this is a virtual thread server!";
|
||
|
||
// Send the response back to the client
|
||
out.println(response);
|
||
|
||
// Close the connection
|
||
clientSocket.close();
|
||
} catch (IOException e) {
|
||
e.printStackTrace();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre><p><span>Notes if you want to run the code above, make sure you have java 20 installed, copy the code into </span><code>VirtualThreadServer.java</code><span> and run it using </span><code>java --source 20 --enable-preview VirtualThreadServer.java</code><span>.</span></p><p>Just as infrastructure needs to scale, so does code. Efficient code ensures servers operate optimally under load. Overloaded servers cripple scalability, irrespective of the surrounding architecture. Optimize code alongside scaling infrastructure for best results.</p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Conclusion<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§conclusion" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/i/154340108/conclusion" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>Scaling a software system to handle growth is crucial for long-term success. We've explored key techniques like horizontal scaling, load balancing, database sharding, asynchronous processing, caching, and optimized code to design highly scalable architectures.</p><p>While scaling requires continual effort, investing early in scalability will prevent painful bottlenecks down the road. Consider your capacity needs well in advance rather than as an afterthought. Build redundancies, monitor usage, expand incrementally, and distribute load across many nodes.</p><p>With a robust and adaptive design, your software can continue delighting customers even as usage explodes 10x or 100x. Planning for scale will distinguish your application from the multitudes that crash under growth. Your users will stick around when your platform remains just as fast, available and reliable despite increasing demand.</p><div><hr/></div><p>If you enjoyed this, you will also enjoy all the content we have in the making!</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p>Subscribe to our free newsletter to unlock exclusive content</p></div><div data-component-name="SubscribeWidget" class="subscribe-widget"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset"><div class="container-IpPqBD"><form action="/api/v1/free?nojs=true" method="post" novalidate class="form form-M5sC90"><input type="hidden" name="first_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="current_url"/><input type="hidden" name="current_referrer"/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="referral_code"/><input type="hidden" name="source" value="subscribe-widget-preamble"/><input type="hidden" name="referring_pub_id"/><input type="hidden" name="additional_referring_pub_ids"/><input type="hidden" name="source_post_id" value="154340108"/><div class="sideBySideWrap-vGXrwP"><div class="emailInputWrapper-QlA86j"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA"><input name="email" placeholder="Type your email..." type="email" class="pencraft emailInput-OkIMeB input-y4v6N4 inputText-pV_yWb"/></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" disabled class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft rightButton primary subscribe-btn button-VFSdkv buttonBase-GK1x3M"><span class="button-text ">Subscribe</span></button></div><div id="error-container"></div></form></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div></div><div class="post-footer"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG border-top-detail-themed-k9TZAY border-bottom-detail-themed-Ua9186 post-ufi"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><div class="like-button-container post-ufi-button style-button"><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Like" aria-pressed="false" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button no-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-heart"><path d="M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 16.5 3c-1.76 0-3 .5-4.5 2-1.5-1.5-2.74-2-4.5-2A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 2 8.5c0 2.3 1.5 4.05 3 5.5l7 7Z"></path></svg></g></svg></button></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="View comments (0)" data-href="https://www.codereliant.io/p/scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors/comments" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button post-ufi-comment-button no-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" id="radix-P0-56" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button no-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><div class="label">Share</div></button></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div class="visibility-check"></div><div id="discussion" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-32 pc-paddingBottom-32 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-32 pc-reset container"><h4 class="pencraft pc-reset line-height-24-jnGwiv font-display-nhmvtD size-20-P_cSRT weight-bold-DmI9lw reset-IxiVJZ">Discussion about this post</h4><div class="pencraft pc-alignSelf-flex-start pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-position-relative pc-minWidth-0 pc-reset bg-primary-zk6FDl outline-detail-vcQLyr pc-borderRadius-sm overflow-hidden-WdpwT6"><div dir="ltr" data-orientation="horizontal" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><div style="outline:none;" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Select discussion type" role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" data-orientation="horizontal" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-padding-4 pc-position-relative pc-reset cursor-default-flE2S1 pc-borderRadius-sm overflow-auto-7WTsTi scrollBar-hidden-HcAIpI"><button tabindex="-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="radix-P0-70-content-comments" data-state="active" id="radix-P0-70-trigger-comments" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item class="pencraft pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA pencraft segment-j4TeZ4 buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_quaternary-kpMibu size_sm-G3LciD">Comments</button><button tabindex="-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="radix-P0-70-content-restacks" data-state="inactive" id="radix-P0-70-trigger-restacks" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item class="pencraft pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA pencraft segment-j4TeZ4 buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_quaternary-kpMibu size_sm-G3LciD">Restacks</button><div class="pencraft pc-position-absolute pc-height-32 pc-reset bg-secondary-UUD3_J pc-borderRadius-xs sizing-border-box-DggLA4 highlight-U002IP"></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-reset arrowButtonContainer-O4uSiH arrowButtonOverlaidContainer-t10AyH left-Tg8vqp"><div class="overlay-zrMCxn primary-lv_sOW"></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-reset arrowButtonContainer-O4uSiH arrowButtonOverlaidContainer-t10AyH right-i3oWGi"><div class="overlay-zrMCxn primary-lv_sOW"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="substack-comments" class="single-post-section comments-section"><div class="container"><div class="visibility-check"></div><div data-test-id="comment-input" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><form class="comment-input-form form-CkZ7Kt"><div style="--scale:32px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-width-32 pc-height-32 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-position-relative pc-reset bg-secondary-UUD3_J flex-auto-j3S2WA outline-detail-vcQLyr pc-borderRadius-full overflow-hidden-WdpwT6 sizing-border-box-DggLA4 container-TAtrWj"><div style="--scale:32px;" title="User" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-width-32 pc-height-32 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-position-relative pc-reset bg-secondary-UUD3_J flex-auto-j3S2WA outline-detail-vcQLyr pc-borderRadius-full overflow-hidden-WdpwT6 sizing-border-box-DggLA4 container-TAtrWj"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TnFC!,w_32,h_32,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Favatars%2Fdefault-light.png 1x, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TnFC!,w_64,h_64,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Favatars%2Fdefault-light.png 2x, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TnFC!,w_96,h_96,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Favatars%2Fdefault-light.png 3x"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TnFC!,w_32,h_32,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Favatars%2Fdefault-light.png" alt="User's avatar" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TnFC!,w_32,h_32,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Favatars%2Fdefault-light.png 1x, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TnFC!,w_64,h_64,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Favatars%2Fdefault-light.png 2x, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TnFC!,w_96,h_96,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Favatars%2Fdefault-light.png 3x" width="32" height="32" draggable="false" class="img-OACg1c object-fit-cover-u4ReeV pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-8 pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-boxShadow-xs pc-reset bg-primary-zk6FDl flex-grow-rzmknG border-detail-EGrm7T pc-borderRadius-sm"><textarea name="body" placeholder="Write a comment..." aria-label="Write a comment..." rows="4" class="pencraft input-qHk4bN autogrowing-_ipn9Y textarea-GbEjRX inputText-pV_yWb unstyled-IJLUJU"></textarea></div><div data-state="closed" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset overflow-hidden-WdpwT6"></div></div></form></div></div></div></div><div class="single-post-section"><div class="container"><div class="visibility-check"></div><div style="margin-left:-8px;margin-right:-8px;" aria-label="Top Posts Footer" role="region" class="pencraft pc-paddingTop-24 pc-paddingBottom-24 pc-reset"><div class="portable-archive empty-list"><div aria-label="Archive sort tabs" role="navigation" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-paddingLeft-8 pc-paddingRight-8 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-position-relative pc-minWidth-0 pc-reset bg-primary-zk6FDl outline-detail-vcQLyr pc-borderRadius-sm overflow-hidden-WdpwT6"><div dir="ltr" data-orientation="horizontal" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><div style="outline:none;" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Tabs" role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" data-orientation="horizontal" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-padding-4 pc-position-relative pc-reset cursor-default-flE2S1 pc-borderRadius-sm overflow-auto-7WTsTi scrollBar-hidden-HcAIpI"><button tabindex="-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="radix-P0-83-content-top" data-state="active" id="radix-P0-83-trigger-top" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item class="pencraft pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA pencraft segment-j4TeZ4 buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_quaternary-kpMibu size_sm-G3LciD">Top</button><button tabindex="-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="radix-P0-83-content-new" data-state="inactive" id="radix-P0-83-trigger-new" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item class="pencraft pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA pencraft segment-j4TeZ4 buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_quaternary-kpMibu size_sm-G3LciD">Latest</button><button tabindex="-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="radix-P0-83-content-community" data-state="inactive" id="radix-P0-83-trigger-community" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item class="pencraft pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA pencraft segment-j4TeZ4 buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_quaternary-kpMibu size_sm-G3LciD">Discussions</button><div class="pencraft pc-position-absolute pc-height-32 pc-reset bg-secondary-UUD3_J pc-borderRadius-xs sizing-border-box-DggLA4 highlight-U002IP"></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-reset arrowButtonContainer-O4uSiH arrowButtonOverlaidContainer-t10AyH left-Tg8vqp"><div class="overlay-zrMCxn primary-lv_sOW"></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-reset arrowButtonContainer-O4uSiH arrowButtonOverlaidContainer-t10AyH right-i3oWGi"><div class="overlay-zrMCxn primary-lv_sOW"></div></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Search" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_tertiary-rlke8z"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-search"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle><path d="m21 21-4.3-4.3"></path></svg></button></div><div class="portable-archive-list"><p class="portable-archive-empty dt-archive-empty-state">No posts</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubInvertedTheme-U483dz"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-alignItems-center pc-justifyContent-center pc-padding-48 pc-mobile-padding-24 pc-reset bg-primary-zk6FDl container-jsOc9L"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-alignItems-center pc-gap-24 pc-flexWrap-wrap pc-reset content-jLbYeh"><h3 class="pencraft pc-reset color-primary-zABazT align-center-y7ZD4w line-height-28-s562kJ font-display-nhmvtD size-24-lFU3ly weight-semibold-uqA4FV reset-IxiVJZ">Ready for more?</h3><div class="container-IpPqBD"><form action="/api/v1/free?nojs=true" method="post" novalidate class="form form-M5sC90"><input type="hidden" name="first_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="current_url"/><input type="hidden" name="current_referrer"/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="referral_code"/><input type="hidden" name="source" value="subscribe_footer"/><input type="hidden" name="referring_pub_id"/><input type="hidden" name="additional_referring_pub_ids"/><div class="sideBySideWrap-vGXrwP"><div class="emailInputWrapper-QlA86j"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA"><input name="email" placeholder="Type your email..." type="email" class="pencraft emailInput-OkIMeB emailInputOnAccentBackground-TfaCGr input-y4v6N4 inputText-pV_yWb"/></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" disabled class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft rightButton primary subscribe-btn button-VFSdkv buttonOnAccentBackground-vmEt94 buttonBase-GK1x3M"><span class="button-text ">Subscribe</span></button></div><div id="error-container"></div></form></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset container-K5XPov"></div><div class="footer-wrap publication-footer"><div class="visibility-check"></div><div class="footer themed-background"><div class="container"><div class="footer-terms"><span>© 2026 Codereliant</span><span> · </span><a href="https://substack.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="pencraft pc-reset decoration-underline-ClTkYc">Privacy</a><span> ∙ </span><a href="https://substack.com/tos" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="pencraft pc-reset decoration-underline-ClTkYc">Terms</a><span> ∙ </span><a href="https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="pencraft pc-reset decoration-underline-ClTkYc">Collection notice</a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset footerButtons-ap9Sk7"><a data-native="true" href="https://substack.com/signup?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=web&utm_content=footer" class="footerSubstackCta-v5HWfj"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="1000" height="1000" viewBox="0 0 1000 1000" fill="#ff6719" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M764.166 348.371H236.319V419.402H764.166V348.371Z"></path><path d="M236.319 483.752V813.999L500.231 666.512L764.19 813.999V483.752H236.319Z"></path><path d="M764.166 213H236.319V284.019H764.166V213Z"></path></g></svg> Start your Substack</a><a data-native="true" href="https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&utm_content=web-footer-button" class="footerSubstackCta-v5HWfj getTheApp-Yk3w1O noIcon-z7v9D8">Get the app</a></div><div translated class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ footer-slogan-blurb"><a href="https://substack.com" data-native="true">Substack</a> is the home for great culture</div></div></div></div></div><div role="region" aria-label="Notifications (F8)" tabindex="-1" style="pointer-events:none;"><ol tabindex="-1" style="--offset:0px;z-index:1000;" class="viewport-_BM4Bg"></ol></div><div></div><script suppressHydrationWarning nonce="UXfEu5bsCfrxKCaEuyb-sg">window.__staticRouterHydrationData = JSON.parse("{\"loaderData\":{},\"actionData\":null,\"errors\":null}");</script>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script src="https://js.sentry-cdn.com/6c2ff3e3828e4017b7faf7b63e24cdf8.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
||
<script nonce="UXfEu5bsCfrxKCaEuyb-sg">
|
||
window.Sentry && window.Sentry.onLoad(function() {
|
||
window.Sentry.init({
|
||
environment: window._preloads.sentry_environment,
|
||
dsn: window._preloads.sentry_dsn,
|
||
})
|
||
})
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script nonce="UXfEu5bsCfrxKCaEuyb-sg">window._preloads = JSON.parse("{\"cspNonce\":\"UXfEu5bsCfrxKCaEuyb-sg\",\"isEU\":false,\"language\":\"en\",\"country\":\"US\",\"leaderboardCountries\":[\"ES\",\"FR\",\"GB\",\"IT\",\"NL\"],\"enabledLeaderboardCountries\":[\"ES\",\"FR\",\"GB\",\"IT\",\"NL\"],\"userLocale\":{\"language\":\"en\",\"region\":\"US\",\"source\":\"accept-language\"},\"base_url\":\"https://www.codereliant.io\",\"stripe_publishable_key\":\"pk_live_51QfnARLDSWi1i85FBpvw6YxfQHljOpWXw8IKi5qFWEzvW8HvoD8cqTulR9UWguYbYweLvA16P7LN6WZsGdZKrNkE00uGbFaOE3\",\"captcha_site_key\":\"6LeI15YsAAAAAPXyDcvuVqipba_jEFQCjz1PFQoz\",\"pub\":{\"apple_pay_disabled\":false,\"apex_domain\":\"codereliant.io\",\"author_id\":307493166,\"byline_images_enabled\":true,\"bylines_enabled\":true,\"chartable_token\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"copyright\":\"Codereliant\",\"cover_photo_url\":null,\"created_at\":\"2025-01-07T15:53:04.093Z\",\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"custom_domain\":\"www.codereliant.io\",\"default_comment_sort\":\"best_first\",\"default_coupon\":null,\"default_group_coupon\":null,\"default_show_guest_bios\":true,\"email_banner_url\":null,\"email_from_name\":null,\"email_from\":null,\"embed_tracking_disabled\":false,\"explicit\":false,\"expose_paywall_content_to_search_engines\":true,\"fb_pixel_id\":null,\"fb_site_verification_token\":null,\"flagged_as_spam\":false,\"founding_subscription_benefits\":null,\"free_subscription_benefits\":null,\"ga_pixel_id\":null,\"google_site_verification_token\":null,\"google_tag_manager_token\":null,\"hero_image\":null,\"hero_text\":\"Code & Systems Simplified\\n\",\"hide_intro_subtitle\":null,\"hide_intro_title\":null,\"hide_podcast_feed_link\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"newspaper\",\"id\":3704109,\"image_thumbnails_always_enabled\":false,\"invite_only\":false,\"hide_podcast_from_pub_listings\":false,\"hide_podcast_from_pub_listings_prior_to\":null,\"language\":\"en\",\"logo_url_wide\":null,\"logo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LP8C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3eb762d4-3b20-41f0-9322-649d2e8c598d_1000x1000.png\",\"minimum_group_size\":2,\"moderation_enabled\":true,\"name\":\"Codereliant\u2019s Substack\",\"paid_subscription_benefits\":null,\"parsely_pixel_id\":null,\"chartbeat_domain\":null,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"paywall_free_trial_enabled\":false,\"podcast_art_url\":null,\"paid_podcast_episode_art_url\":null,\"podcast_byline\":null,\"podcast_description\":null,\"podcast_enabled\":false,\"podcast_feed_url\":null,\"podcast_title\":null,\"post_preview_limit\":null,\"primary_user_id\":307493166,\"require_clickthrough\":false,\"show_pub_podcast_tab\":false,\"show_recs_on_homepage\":true,\"subdomain\":\"codereliant\",\"subscriber_invites\":0,\"support_email\":null,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF6719\",\"theme_var_color_links\":false,\"theme_var_cover_bg_color\":null,\"trial_end_override\":null,\"twitter_pixel_id\":null,\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"post_reaction_faces_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_mode\":false,\"plans\":null,\"stripe_user_id\":null,\"stripe_country\":null,\"stripe_publishable_key\":null,\"stripe_platform_account\":null,\"automatic_tax_enabled\":null,\"author_name\":\"Codereliant\",\"author_handle\":\"codereliant\",\"author_photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuex!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a259306-d529-4981-b64c-6d0532443f71_400x400.png\",\"author_bio\":\"We empower software engineers and tech enthusiasts with the knowledge, tools, and insights needed to create reliable software.\",\"has_custom_tos\":false,\"has_custom_privacy\":false,\"theme\":{\"background_pop_color\":null,\"web_bg_color\":null,\"cover_bg_color\":null,\"home_hero\":\"newspaper\",\"home_posts\":\"list\"},\"threads_v2_settings\":null,\"default_group_coupon_percent_off\":null,\"default_group_coupon_include_founding\":null,\"pause_return_date\":null,\"has_posts\":true,\"has_recommendations\":false,\"first_post_date\":\"2023-06-13T18:53:24.000Z\",\"has_podcast\":false,\"has_free_podcast\":false,\"has_subscriber_only_podcast\":false,\"has_community_content\":true,\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 2 years ago\",\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":\"Hundreds of subscribers\",\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":0,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":100,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":null,\"rankingDetailByLanguage\":{\"ar\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"\u062A\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 2 years ago\"},\"ca\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"S\u2019ha llan\u00E7at fa 2 anys\"},\"da\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lancering 2 \u00E5r\"},\"de\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"vor 2 Jahren gelauncht\"},\"es\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanzado hace 2 a\u00F1os\"},\"fr\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanc\u00E9 il y a 2 ann\u00E9es\"},\"id\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Diluncurkan 2 tahun yang lalu\"},\"ja\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"\u958B\u59CB\u65E5 2\u5E74\u524D\"},\"ko\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"2\uB144 \uC804\uC5D0 \uCD9C\uC2DC\"},\"nb\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lansert 2 \u00E5r\"},\"nl\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Gelanceerd 2 jaar geleden\"},\"pl\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Uruchomiono 2 lat temu\"},\"pt\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lan\u00E7ado 2 anos\"},\"pt-br\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lan\u00E7ado 2 anos\"},\"en-gb\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 2 years ago\"},\"it\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanciato 2 anni\"},\"tr\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"2 y\u0131l ba\u015Flat\u0131ld\u0131\"},\"sv\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Lanserad 2 \u00E5r sedan\"},\"fi\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 2 vuotta\"},\"is\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 2 \u00E1r\"},\"zh-hans\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"\u4E8E2 \u5E74\u524D\u4E0A\u7EBF\"},\"zh-hant\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"\u65BC 2 \u5E74\u524D \u63A8\u51FA\"},\"en\":{\"rankingDetail\":\"Launched 2 years ago\"}},\"freeSubscriberCount\":null,\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":\"804\",\"author_bestseller_tier\":0,\"author_badge\":null,\"disable_monthly_subscriptions\":false,\"disable_annual_subscriptions\":false,\"hide_post_restacks\":false,\"notes_feed_enabled\":true,\"showIntroModule\":false,\"isPortraitLayout\":false,\"last_chat_post_at\":null,\"primary_profile_name\":\"Codereliant\",\"primary_profile_photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Zuex!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a259306-d529-4981-b64c-6d0532443f71_400x400.png\",\"no_follow\":false,\"sponsorshipCampaigns\":{},\"paywall_chat\":\"free\",\"sections\":[],\"podcastTabInfo\":null,\"multipub_migration\":null,\"navigationBarItems\":[],\"has_active_perks\":false,\"contributors\":[{\"name\":\"Codereliant\",\"handle\":\"codereliant\",\"role\":\"admin\",\"owner\":true,\"user_id\":307493166,\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2a259306-d529-4981-b64c-6d0532443f71_400x400.png\",\"bio\":\"We empower software engineers and tech enthusiasts with the knowledge, tools, and insights needed to create reliable software.\",\"status\":{\"bestsellerTier\":null,\"subscriberTier\":null,\"leaderboard\":null,\"vip\":false,\"badge\":null,\"subscriber\":null}}],\"threads_v2_enabled\":false,\"viralGiftsConfig\":null,\"no_index\":false,\"tier\":2,\"can_set_google_site_verification\":true,\"can_have_sitemap\":true,\"founding_plan_name_english\":\"Founding Member\",\"base_url\":\"https://www.codereliant.io\",\"hostname\":\"www.codereliant.io\",\"is_on_substack\":false,\"spotify_podcast_settings\":null,\"unified_podcast_settings\":null,\"podcastPalette\":{\"DarkMuted\":{\"population\":72,\"rgb\":[73,153,137]},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"population\":6013,\"rgb\":[4,100,84]},\"LightMuted\":{\"population\":7,\"rgb\":[142,198,186]},\"LightVibrant\":{\"population\":3,\"rgb\":[166,214,206]},\"Muted\":{\"population\":6,\"rgb\":[92,164,156]},\"Vibrant\":{\"population\":5,\"rgb\":[76,164,146]}},\"pageThemes\":{\"podcast\":null},\"supports_ip_content_unlock\":false,\"appTheme\":{\"colors\":{\"accent\":{\"name\":\"#ff6719\",\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":232,\"g\":83,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":232,\"g\":83,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.2},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.3},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":132,\"b\":73,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":132,\"b\":73,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.2},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.3}}},\"fg\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.8},\"secondary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.6},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.4},\"accent\":{\"r\":213,\"g\":66,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.9},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.6},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.4},\"accent\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":1}}},\"bg\":{\"name\":\"#ffffff\",\"hue\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0},\"tint\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0},\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":250,\"g\":250,\"b\":250,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":250,\"g\":250,\"b\":250,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":238,\"g\":238,\"b\":238,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":206.90096477355226,\"g\":206.90096477355175,\"b\":206.9009647735519,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":219,\"g\":219,\"b\":219,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":182,\"g\":182,\"b\":182,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":22,\"g\":23,\"b\":24,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":35,\"g\":37,\"b\":37,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":41.35899397549579,\"g\":43.405356429195315,\"b\":43.40489285041963,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":54,\"g\":55,\"b\":55,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":90,\"g\":91,\"b\":91,\"a\":1}}}}},\"portalAppTheme\":{\"colors\":{\"accent\":{\"name\":\"#FF6719\",\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":86,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":1},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.3},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":132,\"b\":73,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":132,\"b\":73,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.2},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.3}}},\"fg\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.8},\"secondary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.5},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.3},\"accent\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.9},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.6},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.4},\"accent\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":1}}},\"bg\":{\"name\":\"None\",\"hue\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"tint\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0},\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":250,\"g\":250,\"b\":250,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":238,\"g\":238,\"b\":238,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":219,\"g\":219,\"b\":219,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":219,\"g\":219,\"b\":219,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":182,\"g\":182,\"b\":182,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":22,\"g\":23,\"b\":24,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":35,\"g\":37,\"b\":37,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":41.35899397549579,\"g\":43.405356429195315,\"b\":43.40489285041963,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":54,\"g\":55,\"b\":55,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":90,\"g\":91,\"b\":91,\"a\":1}}},\"is_dark\":false}},\"logoPalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[252,86,46],\"population\":456},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[130.7235849056604,26.895283018867918,1.8764150943396025],\"population\":0},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[252,137,107],\"population\":15},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[132,156,128],\"population\":2},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[58,73,64],\"population\":220},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[172,201,164],\"population\":3}}},\"confirmedLogin\":false,\"hide_intro_popup\":false,\"block_auto_login\":false,\"domainInfo\":{\"isSubstack\":false,\"customDomain\":\"www.codereliant.io\"},\"experimentFeatures\":{},\"experimentExposures\":{},\"siteConfigs\":{\"score_upsell_email\":\"control\",\"first_chat_email_enabled\":true,\"new_commenter_approval\":false,\"pub_update_opennode_api_key\":false,\"notes_video_max_duration_minutes\":15,\"show_content_label_age_gating_in_feed\":false,\"zendesk_automation_cancellations\":false,\"mfa_action_box_enabled\":false,\"publication_max_bylines\":35,\"no_contest_charge_disputes\":false,\"scheduled_post_share_assets_enabled\":false,\"publication_tabs_reorder\":false,\"comp_expiry_email_new_copy\":\"NONE\",\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"enable_section_group_pages\":false,\"enable_post_summarization\":false,\"live_stream_host_warning_message\":\"\",\"bitcoin_enabled\":false,\"minimum_ios_os_version\":\"17.0.0\",\"show_entire_square_image\":false,\"hide_subscriber_count\":false,\"fit_in_live_stream_player\":false,\"publication_author_display_override\":\"\",\"enable_saved_segments\":true,\"generate_pdf_tax_report\":false,\"hide_post_sidebar\":false,\"show_generic_post_importer\":false,\"enable_pledges_modal\":true,\"community_automod_non_english_enabled\":true,\"audio_clips_enabled\":false,\"enable_videos_page\":false,\"exempt_from_gtm_filter\":false,\"group_sections_and_podcasts_in_menu\":false,\"boost_optin_modal_enabled\":true,\"standards_and_enforcement_features_enabled\":false,\"pub_creation_captcha_behavior\":\"risky_pubs_or_rate_limit\",\"post_blogspot_importer\":false,\"enable_high_res_background_uploading\":false,\"pub_tts_override\":\"default\",\"disable_monthly_subscriptions\":false,\"skip_welcome_email\":false,\"chat_reader_thread_notification_default\":false,\"scheduled_pinned_posts\":false,\"disable_redirect_outbound_utm_params\":false,\"reader_gift_referrals_enabled\":true,\"dont_show_guest_byline\":false,\"like_comments_enabled\":true,\"enable_theme_editor_deferred_saves\":false,\"enable_sponsorship_campaigns_advanced\":false,\"temporal_livestream_ended_draft\":true,\"enable_pangram_ai_detection\":true,\"fallback_to_archive_search_on_section_pages\":false,\"livekit_track_egress_custom_base_url\":\"http://livekit-egress-custom-recorder-participant-test.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\",\"welcome_screen_blurb_override\":\"\",\"like_posts_enabled\":true,\"twitter_player_card_enabled\":true,\"feed_promoted_user\":false,\"show_note_stats_for_all_notes\":false,\"section_specific_csv_imports_enabled\":false,\"disable_podcast_feed_description_cta\":false,\"bypass_profile_substack_logo_detection\":false,\"use_preloaded_player_sources\":false,\"list_pruning_enabled\":false,\"facebook_connect\":false,\"opt_in_to_sections_during_subscribe\":false,\"underlined_colored_links\":false,\"enable_efficient_digest_embed\":false,\"enable_aligned_images\":false,\"max_image_upload_mb\":64,\"threads_suggested_ios_version\":null,\"pledges_disabled\":false,\"threads_minimum_ios_version\":812,\"hide_podcast_email_setup_link\":false,\"subscribe_captcha_behavior\":\"default\",\"publication_ban_sample_rate\":0,\"custom_themes_substack_subscribe_modal\":false,\"ios_post_share_assets_screenshot_trigger\":\"control\",\"opt_in_to_sections_during_subscribe_include_main_pub_newsletter\":false,\"continue_support_cta_in_newsletter_emails\":false,\"bloomberg_syndication_enabled\":false,\"allow_document_freeze\":false,\"test_age_gate_user\":false,\"podcast_main_feed_is_firehose\":false,\"pub_app_incentive_gift\":\"\",\"no_embed_redirect\":false,\"customized_email_from_name_for_new_follow_emails\":\"treatment\",\"spotify_open_access_sandbox_mode\":false,\"disable_custom_nav_menu\":false,\"enable_livestream_name_cards\":false,\"fullstory_enabled\":false,\"chat_reply_poll_interval\":3,\"thefp_enable_email_upsell_banner\":false,\"force_pub_links_to_use_subdomain\":false,\"always_show_cookie_banner\":false,\"hide_media_download_option\":false,\"hide_post_restacks\":false,\"feed_item_source_debug_mode\":false,\"twitter_embed_video_playback_enabled\":false,\"publication_homepage_title_display_override\":\"\",\"enable_email_automation_stats\":false,\"post_preview_highlight_byline\":false,\"4k_video\":false,\"enable_islands_section_intent_screen\":false,\"post_metering_enabled\":false,\"notifications_disabled\":\"\",\"cross_post_notification_threshold\":1000,\"facebook_connect_prod_app\":true,\"force_into_pymk_ranking\":false,\"minimum_android_version\":756,\"group_size_change_notification_email_enabled\":false,\"enable_transcription_translations\":false,\"use_og_image_as_twitter_image_for_post_previews\":false,\"always_use_podcast_channel_art_as_episode_art_in_rss\":false,\"seo_tier_override\":\"NONE\",\"editor_role_enabled\":false,\"no_follow_links\":false,\"publisher_api_enabled\":false,\"zendesk_support_priority\":\"default\",\"enable_post_clips_stats\":false,\"enable_subscriber_referrals_awards\":true,\"ios_profile_themes_feed_permalink_enabled\":false,\"reader_survey_during_subscribe_enabled\":true,\"use_publication_language_for_transcription\":false,\"show_substack_funded_gifts_tooltip\":true,\"disable_ai_transcription\":false,\"per_pub_notification_settings\":false,\"live_stream_creation_enabled\":true,\"disable_card_element_in_europe\":false,\"web_growth_item_promotion_threshold\":0,\"bundle_subscribe_enabled\":false,\"web_vitals_sample_rate\":0,\"allow_live_stream_auto_takedown\":\"true\",\"mobile_publication_attachments_enabled\":false,\"enable_design_templates_events_page\":false,\"enable_survey_response_crm_filters\":false,\"disable_personal_substack_initialization\":false,\"section_specific_welcome_pages\":false,\"local_payment_methods\":\"control\",\"publisher_api_cancel_comp\":false,\"posts_in_rss_feed\":20,\"publisher_dashboard_section_selector\":false,\"reader_surveys_platform_question_order\":\"36,1,4,2,3,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35\",\"login_guard_app_link_in_email\":true,\"community_moderators_enabled\":false,\"enable_custom_theme\":false,\"monthly_sub_is_one_off\":false,\"unread_notes_activity_digest\":\"control\",\"display_cookie_settings\":false,\"welcome_page_query_params\":false,\"enable_free_podcast_urls\":false,\"comp_expiry_emails_disabled\":false,\"enable_description_on_polls\":false,\"use_microlink_for_instagram_embeds\":false,\"free_signup_confirmation_behavior\":\"with_email_validation\",\"ios_post_stats_for_admins\":false,\"enable_design_templates\":false,\"use_livestream_post_media_composition\":true,\"section_specific_preambles\":false,\"pub_export_temp_disable\":false,\"show_menu_on_posts\":false,\"ios_post_subscribe_web_routing\":true,\"enable_pangram_detection_settings\":false,\"freewalls_enabled_web\":false,\"app_onboarding_survey_email\":false,\"republishing_enabled\":false,\"app_mode\":false,\"show_phone_banner\":false,\"minimum_ios_version\":2200,\"enable_author_pages\":false,\"enable_decagon_chat\":true,\"first_month_upsell\":\"control\",\"new_user_checklist_enabled\":\"use_follower_count\",\"disable_high_res_recording\":false,\"latex_upgraded_inline\":false,\"anonymous_post_metering_enabled\":false,\"rss_verification_code\":\"\",\"notification_post_emails\":\"experiment\",\"chat_suppress_contributor_push_option_enabled\":false,\"enable_subscriber_tags\":true,\"media_feed_app_prepend_inbox_limit\":0,\"export_hooks_enabled\":false,\"audio_encoding_bitrate\":null,\"extra_seats_coupon_type\":false,\"post_subdomain_universal_links\":false,\"post_import_max_file_size\":26214400,\"feed_promoted_video_publication\":false,\"livekit_reconnect_slate_url\":\"https://mux-livestream-assets.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/custom-disconnect-slate-tall.png\",\"exclude_from_pymk_suggestions\":false,\"publication_ranking_variant\":\"experiment\",\"disable_annual_subscriptions\":false,\"hack_jane_manchun_wong\":true,\"android_enable_auto_gain_control\":true,\"allow_coupons_on_upgrade\":false,\"test_au_age_gate_user\":false,\"pub_auto_moderation_enabled\":false,\"disable_live_stream_ai_trimming_by_default\":false,\"disable_deletion\":false,\"livekit_egress_custom_base_url\":\"http://livekit-egress-custom-recorder.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\",\"clip_focused_video_upload_flow\":false,\"live_stream_max_guest_users\":2,\"android_upgrade_alert_dialog_reincarnated\":true,\"enable_video_seo_data\":false,\"can_reimport_unsubscribed_users_with_2x_optin\":false,\"founding_upgrade_during_gift_disabled\":false,\"thefp_enable_section_groups\":false,\"review_incoming_email\":\"default\",\"enable_founding_gifts\":false,\"enable_sponsorship_campaigns\":false,\"thefp_forum_polls_enabled\":false,\"thefp_enable_embed_media_links\":false,\"sort_modal_search_results\":false,\"default_thumbnail_time\":10,\"load_test_unichat\":false,\"live_stream_head_alignment_guide\":false,\"free_press_combo_subscribe_flow_enabled\":false,\"enable_code_embed_toc\":false,\"enable_publication_tax_settings\":false,\"gifts_from_substack_feature_available\":true,\"disable_ai_clips\":false,\"enable_elevenlabs_voiceovers\":false,\"thefp_enable_transcripts\":false,\"show_simple_post_editor\":false,\"instacart_integration_enabled\":false,\"enable_publication_podcasts_page\":false,\"enable_direct_message_request_bypass\":false,\"enable_apple_news_sync\":false,\"live_stream_in_trending_topic_overrides\":\"\",\"free_press_newsletter_promo_enabled\":false,\"account_based_post_metering_enabled\":false,\"disable_live_stream_reactions\":false,\"instacart_partner_id\":\"\",\"enable_adhoc_email_scheduling\":true,\"media_feed_prepend_inbox_limit\":35,\"welcome_page_no_opt_out\":false,\"enable_caption_translation_tools\":false,\"section_specific_postscripts\":false,\"edit_profile_theme_colors\":false,\"disable_clipping_for_readers\":false,\"enable_apple_podcast_delivery_self_serve_pem_files\":false,\"enable_press_kit_preview_modal\":false,\"enable_rnc_page\":true,\"live_stream_video_degradation_preference\":\"maintainFramerate\",\"enable_high_follower_dm\":true,\"pause_app_badges\":false,\"profile_feed_expanded_inventory\":false,\"livekit_mux_latency_mode\":\"low\",\"feed_juiced_user\":0,\"global_iap_plan_setup_countries\":\"AE,AG,AL,AM,AT,AU,BA,BG,BH,BJ,BN,BS,BT,BW,CH,CI,CR,CY,CZ,DK,DZ,EC,EE,ET,FI,GM,GT,GY,HK,HR,HU,ID,IL,IN,IS,JM,JO,KE,KW,LC,LI,LK,LT,LU,LV,MA,MD,MG,MK,MN,MT,MU,MX,MY,MZ,NA,NO,NZ,OM,PA,PE,PH,PK,QA,RO,RS,RW,SE,SG,SI,SK,SN,SV,TH,TN,TR,TT,TW,TZ,UZ,VN,ZA\",\"enable_collapsed_content\":false,\"enable_polymarket_expandable_embeds\":true,\"publisher_dashboard_group_subs_sidebar\":false,\"use_advanced_commerce_api_for_iap\":false,\"skip_free_preview_language_in_podcast_notes\":false,\"larger_wordmark_on_publication_homepage\":false,\"enable_mobile_stats_for_admins\":false,\"enable_livestream_youtube_simulcast\":false,\"enable_persona_sandbox_environment\":false,\"allowed_email_domains\":\"mozmail.com\",\"create_nav_item_from_tag\":false,\"bypass_single_unlock_token_limit\":false,\"enable_code_embeds\":false,\"add_section_and_tag_metadata\":false,\"daily_promoted_notes_enabled\":true,\"enable_segments_ui_revamp\":true,\"enable_islands_cms\":false,\"enable_livestream_combined_stats\":false,\"redirect_to_pub_after_welcome_signup\":false,\"chartbeat_video_enabled\":false,\"enable_drip_campaigns\":false,\"enable_filtered_posts_on_homepage\":false,\"post_management_search_engine\":\"elasticsearch\",\"new_bestseller_leaderboard_feed_item_enabled\":false,\"feed_main_disabled\":false,\"enable_account_settings_revamp\":false,\"thefp_enable_fp_recirc_block\":false,\"top_search_variant\":\"control\",\"enable_debug_logs_ios\":false,\"show_pub_content_on_profile_for_pub_id\":0,\"show_pub_content_on_profile\":false,\"livekit_track_egress\":true,\"onboarding_suggestions_search\":\"experiment\",\"feed_tuner_enabled\":false,\"livekit_mux_latency_mode_rtmp\":\"low\",\"google_login_enabled\":false,\"livekit_high_quality_egress\":false,\"iap_announcement_blog_url\":\"\",\"disable_code_embed_chrome\":false,\"ios_livestream_feedback\":false,\"founding_plan_upgrade_warning\":false,\"ios_mediaplayer_reply_bar_v2\":false,\"enable_notification_email_batching\":true,\"note_author_poll_results_visible_by_default\":true,\"ios_hide_portal_tab_bar\":false,\"follow_upsell_rollout_percentage\":30,\"gift_article_enabled\":false,\"live_stream_invite_ttl_seconds\":900000,\"include_founding_plans_coupon_option\":false,\"thefp_enable_cancellation_discount_offer\":false,\"android_enable_edit_profile_theme\":false,\"disable_audio_enhancement\":false,\"pub_search_variant\":\"control\",\"ignore_video_in_notes_length_limit\":false,\"substack_gtm_enabled\":false,\"allow_long_videos\":true,\"enable_automation_filters\":false,\"use_enhanced_video_embed_player\":true,\"founding_upgrade_preview\":false,\"enable_viewing_all_livestream_viewers\":false,\"send_subscription_canceled_email\":false,\"enable_clip_prompt_variant_filtering\":true,\"chartbeat_enabled\":false,\"dpn_ranking_enabled\":true,\"enable_custom_email_css\":false,\"thefp_enable_shows_page\":false,\"enable_apple_podcast_auto_publish\":false,\"linkedin_profile_search_enabled\":false,\"publication_has_own_app\":false,\"suggested_minimum_ios_version\":0,\"thebulwark_enable_footer_actions\":false,\"enable_posts_to_segments\":true,\"trending_topics_module_long_term_experiment\":\"control\",\"phone_verification_fallback_to_twilio\":false,\"enable_suggested_searches\":true,\"enable_subscription_notification_email_batching\":true,\"feed_controls\":\"control\",\"thefp_enable_plans_modal_v2\":false,\"a24_redemption_link\":\"\",\"design_templates_launch_phase\":\"off\",\"post_custom_email_from_name_enabled\":false,\"ios_live_stream_auto_gain_enabled\":true,\"enable_publication_tts_player\":false,\"enable_group_direct_messages\":true,\"enable_notes_admins\":false,\"thefp_show_pub_app_callout_on_post\":false,\"search_ranker_variant\":\"experiment\",\"forced_featured_topic_id\":\"\",\"ios_audio_captions_disabled\":false,\"web_podcasts_tab\":false,\"related_posts_enabled\":false,\"thefp_enable_homepage_secondary_nav\":false,\"ios_live_stream_pip_dismiss_v4\":\"control\",\"reply_rate_limit_max_distinct_users_daily\":110,\"web_post_metering_enabled\":true,\"search_retrieval_variant\":\"experiment\",\"mobile_user_attachments_enabled\":false,\"web_profile_publication_recommendations_carousel\":true,\"publisher_banner\":\"\",\"enable_sponsorship_profile\":false,\"gift_article_button_enabled\":false,\"reply_rate_limit_max_distinct_users_monthly\":600,\"desktop_live_stream_screen_share_audio_enabled\":false,\"creator_match\":true,\"ai_image_generation_enabled\":true,\"ios_default_coupon_enabled\":true,\"automod_admin_hidden_comments_tab\":true,\"video_clip_suggestions_enabled\":false,\"publisher_dashboard_home_layout_experiment\":\"control\",\"android_polymarket_embed_search\":false,\"audience_section_editor_help_link\":\"https://support.substack.com/hc/en-us/articles/50558240901268-How-do-I-add-audience-specific-content-to-a-post-on-Substack\",\"portal_ranking_variant\":\"experiment\",\"permalink_reply_ranking_variant\":\"experiment\",\"allow_feed_category_filtering\":false,\"enable_dynamic_content\":true,\"enable_thumbnail_editor_media_settings_integration\":false,\"subscriber_profile_survey_responses_enabled\":true,\"private_live_streaming_enabled\":true,\"desktop_live_stream_safe_framing\":0.8,\"translate_posts_on_standalone_sites\":true,\"bundle_subscribe_default_to_regular_plan\":false,\"enable_standardized_sponsorship_formats\":false,\"enable_pencraft_signin_form\":true,\"thefp_enable_secondary_section_redesign\":false,\"bignight_page_enabled\":true,\"thefp_paywall_annual_plans_experiment\":\"control\",\"enable_launch_assistant\":false,\"enable_youtube_exploration\":true,\"publisher_dashboard_nav_refresh\":false,\"thefp_enable_bundle_post_follow\":false,\"web_notes_tiptap_v3_experiment\":\"treatment_tiptap_v3\",\"recipe_rich_text_enabled\":true,\"publisher_dashboard_nav_refresh_experiment\":\"treatment\",\"chat_channel_creation_enabled\":false,\"web_onboarding_content_type_preferences\":\"experiment\",\"web_mobile_asset_handoff\":false},\"trackingTokens\":{\"fbPixelId\":null,\"gaPixelId\":null,\"twitterPixelId\":null,\"parselyPixelId\":null,\"googleTagManagerToken\":null,\"googleAnalytics4Token\":\"G-730HG4Y2PY\",\"twitterPixelSignupEventId\":null,\"twitterPixelSubscribeEventId\":null},\"publicationSettings\":{\"block_ai_crawlers\":false,\"credit_token_enabled\":false,\"custom_tos_and_privacy\":false,\"did_identity\":null,\"disable_optimistic_bank_payments\":false,\"display_welcome_page_details\":true,\"payment_pledges_enabled\":true,\"enable_drop_caps\":false,\"enable_post_page_conversion\":true,\"enable_prev_next_nav\":false,\"enable_restacking\":true,\"founding_group_subscriptions_enabled\":false,\"gifts_from_substack_disabled\":false,\"google_analytics_4_token\":\"G-730HG4Y2PY\",\"group_sections_and_podcasts_in_menu_enabled\":false,\"live_stream_homepage_visibility\":\"contributorsAndAdmins\",\"live_stream_homepage_style\":\"autoPlay\",\"live_stream_replay_enabled\":true,\"medium_length_description\":\"\",\"notes_feed_enabled\":true,\"paywall_unlock_tokens\":false,\"post_preview_crop_gravity\":\"auto\",\"post_preview_radius\":\"xs\",\"reader_referrals_enabled\":false,\"reader_referrals_leaderboard_enabled\":false,\"seen_coming_soon_explainer\":false,\"seen_google_analytics_migration_modal\":false,\"local_currency_modal_seen\":false,\"local_payment_methods_modal_seen\":false,\"twitter_pixel_signup_event_id\":null,\"twitter_pixel_subscribe_event_id\":null,\"use_inclusive_sales_tax\":false,\"use_local_currency\":false,\"welcome_page_opt_out_text\":\"No thanks\",\"cookie_settings\":\"\",\"show_restacks_below_posts\":true,\"holiday_gifting_post_header\":false,\"homepage_message_text\":\"\",\"homepage_message_link\":\"\",\"about_us_author_ids\":\"\",\"archived_section_ids\":\"\",\"column_section_ids\":\"\",\"fp_primary_column_section_ids\":\"\",\"event_section_ids\":\"\",\"podcasts_metadata\":\"\",\"video_section_ids\":\"\",\"post_metering_enabled\":false,\"account_based_post_metering_enabled\":false,\"use_custom_theme\":false,\"reply_rules\":null,\"automatic_moderation_enabled\":true,\"auto_translate_enabled\":true,\"additional_post_languages_enabled\":false,\"high_res_recording_beta\":false},\"publicationUserSettings\":null,\"userSettings\":{\"user_id\":null,\"activity_likes_enabled\":true,\"dashboard_nav_refresh_enabled\":false,\"is_guest_post_enabled\":true,\"invite_friends_nux_dismissed_at\":null,\"suggestions_feed_item_last_shown_at\":null,\"last_notification_alert_shown_at\":null,\"disable_reply_hiding\":false,\"newest_seen_chat_item_published_at\":null,\"explicitContentEnabled\":false,\"contactMatchingEnabled\":false,\"messageRequestLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableInviteLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableChatLevel\":\"everyone\",\"creditTokensTreatmentExposed\":false,\"appBadgeIncludesChat\":false,\"autoPlayVideo\":true,\"autoAdvanceVideo\":true,\"smart_delivery_enabled\":false,\"chatbotTermsLastAcceptedAt\":null,\"has_seen_notes_post_app_upsell\":false,\"first_note_id\":null,\"show_concurrent_live_stream_viewers\":false,\"edit_profile_feed_item_dismissed_at\":null,\"mobile_permalink_app_upsell_seen_at\":null,\"new_user_checklist_enabled\":false,\"has_seen_youtube_shorts_auto_publish_announcement\":false,\"has_seen_publish_youtube_connect_upsell\":false,\"notificationQualityFilterEnabled\":true,\"hasSeenOnboardingNewslettersScreen\":false,\"bestsellerBadgeEnabled\":true,\"hasSelfIdentifiedAsCreator\":false,\"autoTranslateEnabled\":true,\"autoTranslateBlocklist\":[],\"fineTuneFeedItemSeenAt\":null,\"fineTuneFeedItemDismissedAt\":null,\"aiGeneratedTextMode\":\"show\",\"feedVideoPreference\":5,\"feedAudioPreference\":5,\"feedLongerPostsPreference\":5,\"feedChatPreference\":5},\"mux_env_key\":\"u42pci814i6011qg3segrcpp9\",\"persona_environment_id\":\"env_o1Lbk4JhpY4PmvNkwaBdYwe5Fzkt\",\"sentry_environment\":\"production\",\"launchWelcomePage\":false,\"pendingInviteForActiveLiveStream\":null,\"isEligibleForLiveStreamCreation\":true,\"webviewPlatform\":null,\"noIndex\":false,\"post\":{\"audience\":\"everyone\",\"audience_before_archived\":null,\"canonical_url\":\"https://www.codereliant.io/p/scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors\",\"default_comment_sort\":null,\"editor_v2\":false,\"exempt_from_archive_paywall\":false,\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"id\":154340108,\"podcast_art_url\":null,\"podcast_duration\":null,\"podcast_preview_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_url\":null,\"post_date\":\"2023-07-31T17:19:33.000Z\",\"updated_at\":\"2025-04-22T05:00:10.724Z\",\"publication_id\":3704109,\"search_engine_description\":null,\"search_engine_title\":null,\"section_id\":null,\"should_send_free_preview\":false,\"show_guest_bios\":true,\"slug\":\"scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors\",\"social_title\":null,\"subtitle\":\"\",\"teaser_post_eligible\":true,\"title\":\"Scaling Software Systems: 10 Key Factors\",\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"video_upload_id\":null,\"write_comment_permissions\":\"everyone\",\"meter_type\":\"none\",\"live_stream_id\":null,\"is_published\":true,\"restacks\":0,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":0},\"top_exclusions\":[],\"pins\":[],\"section_pins\":[],\"has_shareable_clips\":false,\"previous_post_slug\":\"hands-on-kubernetes-operator-webhooks\",\"next_post_slug\":\"5-ways-to-use-ai-to-be-a-better-sre\",\"cover_image\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/03ffb611-3fb7-4e9d-96a8-37a7a19c9fae_2000x1439.jpeg\",\"cover_image_is_square\":false,\"cover_image_is_explicit\":false,\"videoUpload\":null,\"podcastFields\":{\"post_id\":154340108,\"podcast_episode_number\":null,\"podcast_season_number\":null,\"podcast_episode_type\":null,\"should_syndicate_to_other_feed\":null,\"syndicate_to_section_id\":null,\"hide_from_feed\":false,\"free_podcast_url\":null,\"free_podcast_duration\":null,\"preview_contains_ad\":false,\"was_imported_self_serve_sync\":false,\"draft_free_podcast_url\":null,\"draft_free_podcast_duration\":null},\"podcastUpload\":null,\"podcastPreviewUpload\":null,\"voiceover_upload_id\":null,\"voiceoverUpload\":null,\"has_voiceover\":false,\"description\":\"As part of my 12-part series on the Principles of Reliable Software Design, this post will focus on scalability - one of the most critical elements in building robust, future-proof applications.\",\"body_html\":\"<div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":null,"width":null,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":false,"topImage":true,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CL35!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5dea17d1-7034-4001-8c58-92321ffb16fa_2000x1439.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" fetchpriority=\\\"high\\\"></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Photo by <a href=\\\"https://unsplash.com/@dawson2406?utm_source=ghost&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=api-credit\\\">Stephen Dawson</a> / <a href=\\\"https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=ghost&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=api-credit\\\">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>As part of my <a href=\\\"https://www.codereliant.io/p/principles-of-reliable-software-design-part-1\\\">12-part series</a> on the Principles of Reliable Software Design, this post will focus on scalability - one of the most critical elements in building robust, future-proof applications.</p><p>In today's world of ever-increasing data and users, software needs to be ready to adapt to higher loads. Neglecting scalability is like constructing a beautiful house on weak foundations - it may look great initially but will eventually crumble under strain.</p><p>Whether you're building an enterprise system, mobile app or even something for personal use, how do you ensure your software can smoothly handle growth? A scalable system provides a great user experience even during traffic spikes and high usage. An unscalable app is frustrating at best and at worst, becomes unusable or crashes altogether under increased load.</p><p>In this post, we'll explore 10 areas that are key to designing highly scalable architectures. By mastering these concepts, you can develop software capable of being deployed on a large scale without expensive rework. Your users will thank you for building an app that delights them today as much as it will tomorrow when your user base has grown 10x.</p><h2>Horizontal vs. Vertical Scaling</h2><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png\\\" width=\\\"1024\\\" height=\\\"768\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":768,"width":1024,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":"Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling","title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":false,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling\\\" title=\\\"Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5tra!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3000c78b-237a-4d83-83ab-9272a89285a5_1024x768.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\"><g><path d=\\\"M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882\\\"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Vertical scaling involves increasing the power of existing nodes, such as upgrading to servers with faster CPUs, more RAM, or increased storage capacity.</p><p>In general, horizontal scaling is preferred because it provides greater reliability through <a href=\\\"https://www.codereliant.io/p/reliability-foundations-redundancy\\\">redundancy</a>. If one node fails, other nodes can take over the workload. Horizontal scaling also offers more flexibility to scale out gradually as needed. With vertical scaling, you need to upgrade your hardware altogether to handle increased loads.</p><p>However, vertical scaling may be useful when increased computing power is needed for specific tasks like CPU-intensive data processing. Overall, a scalable architecture employs a combination of vertical and horizontal scaling approaches to tune the system resource requirements over time.</p><h2>Load Balancing</h2><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png\\\" width=\\\"705\\\" height=\\\"249\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":249,"width":705,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lCaF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F318f8492-c889-422d-97a7-87b507e8f037_705x249.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\"><g><path d=\\\"M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882\\\"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This prevents any single server from becoming overwhelmed. The load balancer can implement different algorithms like round-robin, least connections, or IP-hash to determine how to distribute load. More advanced load balancers can detect server health and adaptively shift traffic away from failing nodes.</p><p>Load balancing maximizes resource utilization and increases performance. It also provides high availability and reliability. If a server goes down, the load balancer redirects traffic to the remaining online servers. This redundancy makes your system resilient to individual server failures.</p><p><a href=\\\"https://www.codereliant.io/p/lets-build-loadbalancer-go\\\">Implementing load balancing</a> alongside auto-scaling allows your system to scale out smoothly and painlessly. Your application can comfortably handle large traffic variations without running into capacity issues.</p><h2>Database Scaling</h2><p>As your application usage grows, the database backing your system can become a bottleneck. There are several techniques to scale databases to meet high read/write loads. However, databases are one of the hardest components to scale in most systems.</p><h3>Database Selection:</h3><p>The selection of an appropriate database plays a critical role in effectively scaling a database system. It depends on various factors, including the type of data to be stored and the expected query patterns. Different types of data, such as metrics data, logs, enterprise data, graph data, and key/value stores, have distinct characteristics and requirements that demand tailored database solutions.</p><p>For metrics data, where high write-throughput is essential to record time-series data, a time-series database like InfluxDB or Prometheus may be more suitable due to their optimized storage and querying mechanisms. On the other hand, for handling large volumes of unstructured data, such as logs, a NoSQL database like Elasticsearch or could provide efficient indexing and searching capabilities.</p><p>For enterprise data that requires strict ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) transactions and complex relational querying, a traditional SQL database like PostgreSQL or MySQL might be the right choice. In contrast, for scenarios demanding simple read and write operations, a key/value store such as Redis or Cassandra could offer low-latency data access.</p><p>It's essential to thoroughly evaluate the specific requirements of the application and its data characteristics before making a database choice. Sometimes, a combination of databases (polyglot persistence) might be the most effective strategy, utilizing different databases for different parts of the application based on their strengths. Ultimately, the right database selection can significantly impact the scalability, performance, and overall success of the system.</p><h3>Vertical Scaling:</h3><p>Simply throwing more resources at a single database server like CPU, memory and storage can provide temporary relief for increased loads. And it should always be tried out before looking into advanced concepts of scaling the database. In addition, vertical scaling keeps your database stack simple.</p><p>However, there is a physical ceiling to how large a single server can scale. Also, a monolithic database remains a single point of failure - if that beefed up server goes down, so does access to the data.</p><p>That's why alongside vertical scaling of the database server hardware, it's critical to employ horizontal scaling techniques.</p><h3>Replication:</h3><p>Replication provides redundancy and improves performance by copying data across multiple database instances. A write to the leader node is replicated to read replicas. Reads can be served from the replicas, reducing load on the master. Also, replication copies data across redundant servers, eliminating the single point of failure risk.</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png\\\" width=\\\"1035\\\" height=\\\"500\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":500,"width":1035,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":"Database Replication","title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"Database Replication\\\" title=\\\"Database Replication\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rlUj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6cbcd4e4-9669-4d86-a400-84f28e1ba74d_1035x500.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\"><g><path d=\\\"M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882\\\"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Sharding partitions your database across multiple smaller servers, allowing you to add more nodes fluidly as needed.</p><p>Sharding or partitioning involves splitting your database into multiple smaller databases by a certain criteria like customer ID or geographic region. This allows you to scale horizontally by adding more database servers.</p><p>In addition, there other areas that should also be put under light that can help scale database:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Schema Denormalization</strong> involves the duplication of data in a database to diminish the need for complex joins in queries, resulting in improved query performance.</p></li><li><p><strong>Caching</strong> frequently accessed data in a fast in-memory cache reduces database queries. A cache hit avoids having to fetch the data from the slower database.</p></li></ul><h2>Asynchronous Processing</h2><p>Synchronous request-response cycles can create bottlenecks that impede scalability, especially for long running or IO-intensive tasks. Asynchronous processing queues up work to be handled in the background, freeing up resources immediately for other requests.</p><p>For example, submitting a video transcoding job could directly block a web request, negatively impacting user experience. Instead, the transcoding task can be published to a queue and handled asynchronously. The user gets an immediate response, while the task processes separately.</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png\\\" width=\\\"1142\\\" height=\\\"609\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":609,"width":1142,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":"Asynchronous Video Uploading & Transcoding","title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"Asynchronous Video Uploading & Transcoding\\\" title=\\\"Asynchronous Video Uploading & Transcoding\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qKhK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1019c9a5-372f-4793-a112-356073938ad9_1142x609.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\"><g><path d=\\\"M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882\\\"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Asynchronous tasks can be executed concurrently by background workers scaled horizontally across many servers. Queue sizes can be monitored to add more workers dynamically. Load is distributed evenly, preventing any single worker from becoming overwhelmed.</p><p>Shifting workloads from synchronous to asynchronous allows the application to handle spikes in traffic smoothly without getting bogged down. Systems remain responsive under load using robust queue-based asynchronous processing.</p><h2><strong>Stateless Systems</strong></h2><p>Stateless systems are easier to horizontally scale out compared to stateful designs. When application state is persisted in external storage like databases or distributed caches rather than locally on servers, new instances can be spun up as needed.</p><p>In contrast, stateful systems require sticky sessions or data replication across instances. A stateless application places no dependency on specific servers. Requests can be routed to any available resource.</p><p>Saving state externally also provides better fault tolerance. The loss of any stateless application server is not impactful since it holds no un-persisted critical data. Other servers can seamlessly take over processing.</p><p>A stateless architecture improves reliability and scalability. Resources can scale elastically while remaining decoupled from individual instances. However, external state storage adds overhead of cache or database queries. The tradeoffs require careful evaluation when designing web-scale applications.</p><h2><strong>Caching</strong></h2><p>Caching frequently accessed data in fast in-memory stores is a powerful technique to optimize scalability. By serving read requests from low latency caches, you can dramatically reduce load on backend databases and improve performance.</p><p>For example, product catalog information that rarely changes is ideal for caching. Subsequent product page requests can fetch data from Redis or Memcached rather than overloading your MySQL store. Cache invalidation strategies help keep data consistent.</p><p>Caching also benefits compute-heavy processes like template rendering. You can cache the rendered output and bypass redundant rendering for each request. CDNs like Cloudflare cache and serve static assets like images, CSS, and JS globally.</p><h3><strong>Redis Golang Example:</strong></h3><pre><code><code>package main\\n\\nimport (\\n\\t\\\"database/sql\\\"\\n\\t\\\"encoding/json\\\"\\n\\t\\\"fmt\\\"\\n\\t\\\"log\\\"\\n\\t\\\"net/http\\\"\\n\\t\\\"time\\\"\\n\\n\\t\\\"github.com/go-redis/redis\\\"\\n\\t_ \\\"github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql\\\"\\n)\\n\\nconst (\\n\\tdbUser = \\\"your_mysql_username\\\"\\n\\tdbPassword = \\\"your_mysql_password\\\"\\n\\tdbName = \\\"your_mysql_dbname\\\"\\n\\tredisAddr = \\\"localhost:6379\\\"\\n)\\n\\ntype Product struct {\\n\\tID int `json:\\\"id\\\"`\\n\\tName string `json:\\\"name\\\"`\\n\\tPrice int `json:\\\"price\\\"`\\n}\\n\\nvar db *sql.DB\\nvar redisClient *redis.Client\\n\\nfunc init() {\\n\\t// Initialize MySQL connection\\n\\tdbSource := fmt.Sprintf(\\\"%s:%s@/%s\\\", dbUser, dbPassword, dbName)\\n\\tvar err error\\n\\tdb, err = sql.Open(\\\"mysql\\\", dbSource)\\n\\tif err != nil {\\n\\t\\tlog.Fatalf(\\\"Error opening database: %s\\\", err)\\n\\t}\\n\\n\\t// Initialize Redis client\\n\\tredisClient = redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{\\n\\t\\tAddr: redisAddr,\\n\\t\\tPassword: \\\"\\\", // No password set\\n\\t\\tDB: 0, // Use default DB\\n\\t})\\n\\n\\t// Test the Redis connection\\n\\t_, err = redisClient.Ping().Result()\\n\\tif err != nil {\\n\\t\\tlog.Fatalf(\\\"Error connecting to Redis: %s\\\", err)\\n\\t}\\n\\n\\tlog.Println(\\\"Connected to MySQL and Redis\\\")\\n}\\n\\nfunc getProductFromMySQL(id int) (*Product, error) {\\n\\tquery := \\\"SELECT id, name, price FROM products WHERE id = ?\\\"\\n\\trow := db.QueryRow(query, id)\\n\\tvar product Product\\n\\terr := row.Scan(&product.ID, &product.Name, &product.Price)\\n\\tif err != nil {\\n\\t\\treturn nil, err\\n\\t}\\n\\treturn &product, nil\\n}\\n\\nfunc getProductFromCache(id int) (*Product, error) {\\n\\tproductJSON, err := redisClient.Get(fmt.Sprintf(\\\"product:%d\\\", id)).Result()\\n\\tif err == redis.Nil {\\n\\t\\t// Cache miss\\n\\t\\treturn nil, nil\\n\\t} else if err != nil {\\n\\t\\treturn nil, err\\n\\t}\\n\\n\\tvar product Product\\n\\terr = json.Unmarshal([]byte(productJSON), &product)\\n\\tif err != nil {\\n\\t\\treturn nil, err\\n\\t}\\n\\n\\treturn &product, nil\\n}\\n\\nfunc cacheProduct(product *Product) error {\\n\\tproductJSON, err := json.Marshal(product)\\n\\tif err != nil {\\n\\t\\treturn err\\n\\t}\\n\\n\\tkey := fmt.Sprintf(\\\"product:%d\\\", product.ID)\\n\\treturn redisClient.Set(key, productJSON, 10*time.Minute).Err()\\n}\\n\\nfunc getProductHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {\\n\\tproductID := 1 // For simplicity, we are assuming product ID 1 here. You can pass it as a query parameter.\\n\\n\\t// Try getting the product from the cache first\\n\\tcachedProduct, err := getProductFromCache(productID)\\n\\tif err != nil {\\n\\t\\thttp.Error(w, \\\"Failed to retrieve product from cache\\\", http.StatusInternalServerError)\\n\\t\\treturn\\n\\t}\\n\\n\\tif cachedProduct == nil {\\n\\t\\t// Cache miss, get the product from MySQL\\n\\t\\tproduct, err := getProductFromMySQL(productID)\\n\\t\\tif err != nil {\\n\\t\\t\\thttp.Error(w, \\\"Failed to retrieve product from database\\\", http.StatusInternalServerError)\\n\\t\\t\\treturn\\n\\t\\t}\\n\\n\\t\\tif product == nil {\\n\\t\\t\\thttp.Error(w, \\\"Product not found\\\", http.StatusNotFound)\\n\\t\\t\\treturn\\n\\t\\t}\\n\\n\\t\\t// Cache the product for future requests\\n\\t\\terr = cacheProduct(product)\\n\\t\\tif err != nil {\\n\\t\\t\\tlog.Printf(\\\"Failed to cache product: %s\\\", err)\\n\\t\\t}\\n\\n\\t\\t// Respond with the product details\\n\\t\\tjson.NewEncoder(w).Encode(product)\\n\\t} else {\\n\\t\\t// Cache hit, respond with the cached product details\\n\\t\\tjson.NewEncoder(w).Encode(cachedProduct)\\n\\t}\\n}\\n\\nfunc main() {\\n\\thttp.HandleFunc(\\\"/product\\\", getProductHandler)\\n\\tlog.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(\\\":8080\\\", nil))\\n}</code></code></pre><p>Strategically leveraging caching reduces strain on infrastructure and scales horizontally as you add more cache servers. Caching works best for read-heavy workloads with repetitive access patterns. It provides scalability gains alongside database sharding and asynchronous processing.</p><h2>Network Bandwidth Optimization</h2><p>For distributed architectures spread across multiple servers and regions, optimizing network bandwidth utilization is key to scalability. Network calls can become a bottleneck, imposing limits on throughput and latency.</p><p>Bandwidth optimization techniques like compression and caching reduce the number of network hops and amount of data transferred. Compressing API and database responses minimizes bandwidth needs.</p><p>Persistent connections via HTTP/2 allow multiple requests over one open channel. This reduces round trip overheads, improves resource utilization, and avoid HTTP head of line blocking. However, HTTP/2 still suffers from TCP head of line blocking. So, we can now even use HTTP/3 which is being done over QUIC instead of TCP and TLS, and it avoid TCP head of line blocking.</p><p>CDN distribution brings data closer to users by caching assets at edge locations. By serving content from nearby, less data traverses costly long-haul routes.</p><p>Gzip Golang Example:</p><pre><code>package main\\n\\nimport (\\n\\t\\\"github.com/labstack/echo/v4\\\"\\n\\t\\\"github.com/labstack/echo/v4/middleware\\\"\\n)\\n\\nfunc main() {\\n\\te := echo.New()\\n\\n\\t// Middleware\\n\\te.Use(middleware.Logger())\\n\\te.Use(middleware.Recover())\\n\\te.Use(middleware.Gzip()) // Add gzip compression middleware\\n\\n\\t// Routes\\n\\te.GET(\\\"/\\\", helloHandler)\\n\\n\\t// Start server\\n\\te.Logger.Fatal(e.Start(\\\":8080\\\"))\\n}\\n\\nfunc helloHandler(c echo.Context) error {\\n\\treturn c.String(200, \\\"Hello, Echo!\\\")\\n}\\n</code></pre><p>Overall, scaling requires a holistic view encompassing not just compute and storage, but also network connectivity. Optimizing bandwidth usage by minimizing hops, compression, caching and more is invaluable for building high-throughput and low-latency large-scale systems.</p><h2>Progressive Enhancement</h2><p>Progressive enhancement is a strategy that helps improve scalability for web applications. The idea is to build the core functionality first and then progressively enhance the experience for capable browsers and devices.</p><p>For example, you can develop the basic HTML/CSS site to ensure accessibility on any browser. Then you can add advanced CSS and JavaScript to incrementally improve interactions for modern browsers with JS support.</p><p>Serving basic HTML first provides a fast \u201Ctime-to-interactive\u201D and works on all platforms. Enhancements load afterwards to optimize the experience without blocking. This balanced approach extends reach while utilizing capabilities. For example, <a href=\\\"https://qwik.builder.io/docs/concepts/progressive/\\\">Qwik</a> bake this concept into the foundation of the framework.</p><p>Progressively enhancing in phases also aids scalability. Simple pages require fewer resources and scale better. You can add more advanced features when needed rather than prematurely over-engineering for every possible use case upfront.</p><p>Overall, progressive enhancement allows web apps to scale efficiently right from basic to advanced functionality based on device capabilities and user needs.</p><h2>Graceful Degradation</h2><p>In contrast to progressive enhancement, graceful degradation involves starting from an advanced experience and scaling back features when constraints are detected. This allows applications to scale down fluidly when facing resource limitations.</p><p>For instance, a graphically-rich app may detect a low-powered mobile device and adapt to downgrade advanced visuals into a more basic presentation. Or a backend system may throttle non-essential operations during peak load to maintain core functionality.</p><p>Gracefully degrading preserves critical user workflows even under suboptimal conditions. Errors due to constraints like bandwidth, device capabilities or traffic spikes are minimized. The experience remains operational rather than failing catastrophically.</p><p><strong>Feature degradation</strong> is a valuable tool that should be incorporated and planned for during the initial development of product features. The ability to deactivate features automatically or manually can prove essential in keeping the system functional under various circumstances, such as system overload, migrations, or unexpected performance issues.</p><p>When a system experiences high load or is overwhelmed by excessive traffic, dynamically deactivating non-critical features can alleviate strain and prevent complete service failures. This smart use of feature degradation ensures that the core functionalities remain operational and prevents cascading failures across the application.</p><p>During database migrations or updates, feature degradation can help maintain system stability. By temporarily disabling certain features, the complexity of the migration process can be reduced, minimizing the risk of data inconsistencies or corruption. Once the migration is complete and verified, the features can be reactivated seamlessly.</p><p>Moreover, feature degradation can be a useful mechanism in situations where a critical bug or security vulnerability is discovered in a specific feature. Turning off the affected feature promptly can prevent any further damage while the issue is being addressed, ensuring the overall system's integrity.</p><p>Overall, incorporating feature degradation as part of the product's design and development strategy empowers the system to gracefully handle challenging situations, enhance resilience, and maintain an uninterrupted user experience during adverse conditions.</p><p>Building in graceful degradation mechanisms like device detection, performance monitoring and throttling improves an application's resilience when scaling up or down. Resources can be dynamically tuned to optimal levels based on real-time constraints and priorities.</p><h2>Code Scalability</h2><p>Scalability best practices focus heavily on infrastructure and architecture. But well-written and optimized code is key for scaling too. Suboptimal code hinders performance and resource utilization even on robust infrastructure.</p><p>Tight loops, inefficient algorithms and poorly structured data access can bog down servers. Architectures like microservices increase parallelism, but can multiply these inefficiencies.</p><p>Code profilers help identify hot spots and bottlenecks. Refactoring code to scale better optimizes CPU, memory and I/O resource usage. Distributing processing across threads also improves utilization of multi-core servers.</p><h3>Example of Unscalable Code (Thread per request):</h3><p>Inefficient code can hinder scalability even on robust infrastructure. For instance, allocating one thread per request does not scale well - the server will run out of threads under high load.</p><p>Better approaches like asynchronous/event-driven programming and non-blocking I/O provide higher scalability. Node.js handles many concurrent requests efficiently on a single thread using this model.</p><p>Virtual threads or goroutines are also more scalable than thread pools. Virtual threads are lightweight and managed by the runtime. Examples are goroutines in Go and green threads in Python.</p><p>Hundreds of thousands of goroutines can run concurrently vs limited OS threads. The runtime multiplexes goroutines onto real threads automatically. This removes thread lifecycle overhead and resource constraints of thread pools.</p><p>Carefully structured code that maximizes asynchronous processing, virtual threads, and minimized overhead is vital for large-scale applications, despite infrastructure.</p><h3>Java Example of Virtual Thread Per Task:</h3><pre><code>import java.io.*;\\nimport java.net.ServerSocket;\\nimport java.net.Socket;\\nimport java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;\\nimport java.util.concurrent.Executors;\\n\\npublic class VirtualThreadServer {\\n\\n public static void main(String[] args) {\\n final int portNumber = 8080;\\n try {\\n ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(portNumber);\\n System.out.println(\\\"Server started on port \\\" + portNumber);\\n\\n ExecutorService executor = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor();\\n\\n while (true) {\\n // Wait for a client connection\\n Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();\\n System.out.println(\\\"Client connected: \\\" + clientSocket.getInetAddress());\\n\\n // Submit the request handling task to the virtual thread executor\\n executor.submit(() -> handleRequest(clientSocket));\\n }\\n } catch (IOException e) {\\n e.printStackTrace();\\n }\\n }\\n\\n static void handleRequest(Socket clientSocket) {\\n try (\\n BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));\\n PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(clientSocket.getOutputStream(), true)\\n ) {\\n // Read the request from the client\\n String request = in.readLine();\\n\\n // Process the request (you can add your custom logic here)\\n String response = \\\"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\\\\r\\\\nContent-Type: text/html\\\\r\\\\n\\\\r\\\\nHello, this is a virtual thread server!\\\";\\n\\n // Send the response back to the client\\n out.println(response);\\n\\n // Close the connection\\n clientSocket.close();\\n } catch (IOException e) {\\n e.printStackTrace();\\n }\\n }\\n}\\n</code></pre><p>Notes if you want to run the code above, make sure you have java 20 installed, copy the code into <code>VirtualThreadServer.java</code> and run it using <code>java --source 20 --enable-preview VirtualThreadServer.java</code>.</p><p>Just as infrastructure needs to scale, so does code. Efficient code ensures servers operate optimally under load. Overloaded servers cripple scalability, irrespective of the surrounding architecture. Optimize code alongside scaling infrastructure for best results.</p><h2>Conclusion</h2><p>Scaling a software system to handle growth is crucial for long-term success. We've explored key techniques like horizontal scaling, load balancing, database sharding, asynchronous processing, caching, and optimized code to design highly scalable architectures.</p><p>While scaling requires continual effort, investing early in scalability will prevent painful bottlenecks down the road. Consider your capacity needs well in advance rather than as an afterthought. Build redundancies, monitor usage, expand incrementally, and distribute load across many nodes.</p><p>With a robust and adaptive design, your software can continue delighting customers even as usage explodes 10x or 100x. Planning for scale will distinguish your application from the multitudes that crash under growth. Your users will stick around when your platform remains just as fast, available and reliable despite increasing demand.</p><div><hr></div><p>If you enjoyed this, you will also enjoy all the content we have in the making!</p><div class=\\\"subscription-widget-wrap-editor\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"url":"https://www.codereliant.io/subscribe?","text":"Subscribe","language":"en"}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"SubscribeWidgetToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"subscription-widget show-subscribe\\\"><div class=\\\"preamble\\\"><p class=\\\"cta-caption\\\">Subscribe to our free newsletter to unlock exclusive content</p></div><form class=\\\"subscription-widget-subscribe\\\"><input type=\\\"email\\\" class=\\\"email-input\\\" name=\\\"email\\\" placeholder=\\\"Type your email\u2026\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\"><input type=\\\"submit\\\" class=\\\"button primary\\\" value=\\\"Subscribe\\\"><div class=\\\"fake-input-wrapper\\\"><div class=\\\"fake-input\\\"></div><div class=\\\"fake-button\\\"></div></div></form></div></div>\",\"has_dynamic_content\":false,\"truncated_body_text\":\"As part of my 12-part series on the Principles of Reliable Software Design, this post will focus on scalability - one of the most critical elements in building robust, future-proof applications.\",\"wordcount\":3137,\"post_preview_limit\":null,\"language\":\"en\",\"postTags\":[{\"id\":\"03a26310-2479-4afa-be06-37947af6efc2\",\"publication_id\":3704109,\"name\":\"Java\",\"slug\":\"java\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"b4b88ab3-a4d2-40ec-bd7f-62f832105d0f\",\"publication_id\":3704109,\"name\":\"Architecture\",\"slug\":\"architecture\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"b7eeeae0-4dea-479b-85be-2365ba1fbae0\",\"publication_id\":3704109,\"name\":\"Golang\",\"slug\":\"golang\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"c031a870-72f2-4898-a2ef-0eec47b476ec\",\"publication_id\":3704109,\"name\":\"SRE\",\"slug\":\"sre\",\"hidden\":false}],\"postCountryBlocks\":[],\"headlineTest\":null,\"coverImagePalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[106.66666666666669,131.66666666666663,148.33333333333331],\"population\":0},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[55.466666666666676,68.46666666666665,77.13333333333333],\"population\":0},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[177.86666666666667,190.86666666666665,199.53333333333333],\"population\":0},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[100,111,140],\"population\":99},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[60,68,84],\"population\":361},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[166,181,191],\"population\":392}},\"publishedBylines\":[{\"id\":261943066,\"name\":\"Team CodeReliant\",\"handle\":null,\"photo_url\":null,\"bio\":null,\"profile_set_up_at\":null,\"reader_installed_at\":null,\"publicationUsers\":[],\"is_guest\":false,\"bestseller_tier\":null,\"status\":{\"bestsellerTier\":null,\"subscriberTier\":null,\"leaderboard\":null,\"vip\":false,\"badge\":null,\"subscriber\":null}}],\"reaction\":null,\"reaction_count\":0,\"comment_count\":0,\"child_comment_count\":0,\"audio_items\":[{\"post_id\":154340108,\"voice_id\":\"en-US-OnyxTurboMultilingualNeural\",\"audio_url\":\"https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/154340108/tts/4e846769-d49f-4b53-bb7e-bd20ff3889ef/en-US-OnyxTurboMultilingualNeural.mp3\",\"type\":\"tts\",\"status\":\"completed\"}],\"is_geoblocked\":false,\"hasCashtag\":false},\"comments\":[],\"canonicalUrl\":\"https://www.codereliant.io/p/scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors\",\"inlineComments\":false,\"readerIsSearchCrawler\":false,\"ogUrl\":\"https://www.codereliant.io/p/scaling-software-systems-10-key-factors\",\"bannedFromNotes\":false,\"themeVariables\":{\"color_theme_bg_pop\":\"#FF6719\",\"background_pop\":\"#FF6719\",\"color_theme_bg_web\":null,\"cover_bg_color\":\"#FFFFFF\",\"cover_bg_color_secondary\":\"#f0f0f0\",\"background_pop_darken\":\"#ff5600\",\"print_on_pop\":\"#ffffff\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_darken\":\"#ff5600\",\"color_theme_print_on_pop\":\"#ffffff\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_20\":\"rgba(255, 103, 25, 0.2)\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_30\":\"rgba(255, 103, 25, 0.3)\",\"print_pop\":\"#ff6719\",\"color_theme_accent\":\"#ff6719\",\"cover_print_primary\":\"#363737\",\"cover_print_secondary\":\"#757575\",\"cover_print_tertiary\":\"#b6b6b6\",\"cover_border_color\":\"#ff6719\",\"home_hero\":\"newspaper\",\"home_posts\":\"list\",\"background_contrast_1\":\"#f0f0f0\",\"background_contrast_2\":\"#dddddd\",\"background_contrast_3\":\"#b7b7b7\",\"background_contrast_4\":\"#929292\",\"background_contrast_5\":\"#515151\",\"color_theme_detail\":\"#e6e6e6\",\"background_contrast_pop\":\"rgba(255, 103, 25, 0.4)\",\"color_theme_bg_contrast_pop\":\"rgba(255, 103, 25, 0.4)\",\"theme_bg_is_dark\":\"0\",\"background_pop_rgb\":\"255, 103, 25\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_rgb\":\"255, 103, 25\",\"color_theme_accent_rgb\":\"255, 103, 25\"},\"recentEpisodes\":null,\"trackFrontendVisit\":true,\"activeLiveStream\":null,\"freeTrialCoupon\":null,\"defaultCoupon\":null,\"isChatActive\":false,\"publicationPageAlert\":null,\"features\":{},\"browser\":{\"name\":\"Chrome\",\"version\":\"125.0\",\"major\":\"125\"},\"showCookieBanner\":false,\"disabledCookies\":[],\"dd_env\":\"prod\",\"dd_ti\":true}")</script>
|
||
<script nonce="UXfEu5bsCfrxKCaEuyb-sg">window._analyticsConfig = JSON.parse("{\"properties\":{\"subdomain\":\"codereliant\",\"publication_id\":3704109,\"has_plans\":false,\"pub_community_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_publication\":false,\"is_subscribed\":false,\"is_free_subscribed\":false,\"is_author\":false,\"is_contributor\":false,\"is_admin\":false,\"is_founding\":false},\"adwordsAccountId\":\"AW-316245675\",\"adwordsEventSendTo\":\"Tf76CKqcyL4DEKuN5pYB\"}")</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/lib-router.7371871e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/55188.571db0c6.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/62357.a0731d37.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/53754.d196682b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/33485.2686bb5d.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2237.ae8857e4.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/37707.4614ce58.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9351.41564edd.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/80821.b2140fcd.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/44292.f3dc2b43.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/70291.7aa24e85.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/17499.1820773d.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/57975.765aca5a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/19714.2f1bdde5.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/48320.4e726ad5.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93000.f03f24de.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/44014.f579d62b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/43745.80c75c78.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/60892.92b9fc9c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/40646.258e49f2.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/87906.d493457b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/36479.ce61e623.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/17706.015b0f71.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93977.f1207089.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/37606.b91ab2ef.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/94311.b93f6845.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/89356.66161d1e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/21262.211a7337.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/47925.24a01d36.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/80220.03bd4c41.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/71505.3dc43e33.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/11100.5d148f2c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3663.86d95e8c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/18725.a5a682c3.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/86118.ff1ec843.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93519.7fe128ac.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/84828.c78aabc1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5075.d6e9f8ec.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/29231.a7af5911.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/56725.2b32bbb6.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/42336.f1c17ded.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/89879.1d0af2b9.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/70793.951c11cb.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/39522.58e078b0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/53164.dfde36c8.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/74584.94c6b3f1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/71199.a327e9f4.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/63266.8bb0d59c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/47358.8f5c5991.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/4492.cb326b80.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/88089.680833b5.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/97348.df6a856d.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/52109.cf3bcc2c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/56256.8a1bc5dd.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/77410.3f20fb36.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/25058.bdbc4e21.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/58483.3adddb8a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/94881.0a97506f.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/27386.09a9082f.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/10174.7f0face7.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/92610.a4fc1daf.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/91214.cb10b4b8.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/11244.b723f409.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/99260.28b0ed6a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/48445.7d5c5ba3.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/76768.9a2f2bae.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/41932.6c688f22.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/12114.979fb38e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/48409.9732c6f9.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/26252.4f5ae3be.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/53871.2923c5c9.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/18494.588a06d1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/99068.bd2e1fba.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/91850.79d3f415.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/49047.c7f428fb.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/16075.098bcbcf.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/28856.2eb51db5.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/95396.72d1d844.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/63175.bbf1c283.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/74628.2e8ed950.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/32552.889dd584.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/27313.c287f2d8.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/mainReactRouter.6c265246.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/91507.9b9761ae.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/54770.b40bf629.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/30054.07cd629b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/78118.35b48b09.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/57051.f37fb930.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/78191.24075434.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script nonce="UXfEu5bsCfrxKCaEuyb-sg" nomodule>
|
||
(function() {
|
||
var message = 'Your browser does not support modern JavaScript modules. Please upgrade your browser for the best experience.';
|
||
var warningDiv = document.createElement('div');
|
||
warningDiv.style.color = 'red';
|
||
warningDiv.style.padding = '10px';
|
||
warningDiv.style.margin = '10px 0';
|
||
warningDiv.style.border = '1px solid red';
|
||
warningDiv.style.backgroundColor = 'lightyellow';
|
||
warningDiv.innerText = message;
|
||
document.body.prepend(warningDiv);
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Datadog Analytics -->
|
||
<script nonce="UXfEu5bsCfrxKCaEuyb-sg">
|
||
(function(h,o,u,n,d) {
|
||
h=h[d]=h[d]||{q:[],onReady:function(c){h.q.push(c)}}
|
||
d=o.createElement(u);d.async=1;d.src=n
|
||
n=o.getElementsByTagName(u)[0];n.parentNode.insertBefore(d,n)
|
||
})(window,document,'script','https://www.datadoghq-browser-agent.com/us1/v5/datadog-rum.js','DD_RUM')
|
||
window.DD_RUM.onReady(function() {
|
||
window.DD_RUM.init({
|
||
clientToken: 'puba71073f072643721169b68f352438710',
|
||
applicationId: '2e321b35-c76b-4073-8d04-cc9a10461793',
|
||
site: 'datadoghq.com',
|
||
service: 'web',
|
||
env: window._preloads.dd_env,
|
||
version: '8b4c00716b2bc0f7ca1fded553014f7e37b5b07a',
|
||
sessionSampleRate: 1,
|
||
sessionReplaySampleRate: 10,
|
||
trackUserInteractions: window._preloads.dd_ti,
|
||
trackResources: true,
|
||
trackLongTasks: true,
|
||
defaultPrivacyLevel: 'mask-user-input',
|
||
allowedTracingUrls: [/https?:\/\/(.+\/.)?substack(cdn)?\.com/]
|
||
});
|
||
})
|
||
</script>
|
||
<!-- End Datadog Analytics -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- Cloudflare Web Analytics -->
|
||
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js" data-cf-beacon='{"token": "216309cffb464db4b0e02daf0b8e8060"}'></script>
|
||
<!-- End Cloudflare Web Analytics -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!-- Fallback tracking pixels -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<noscript>
|
||
<style>
|
||
#nojs-banner {
|
||
position: fixed;
|
||
bottom: 0;
|
||
left: 0;
|
||
padding: 16px 16px 16px 32px;
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
box-sizing: border-box;
|
||
background: red;
|
||
color: white;
|
||
font-family: -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
|
||
font-size: 13px;
|
||
line-height: 13px;
|
||
}
|
||
#nojs-banner a {
|
||
color: inherit;
|
||
text-decoration: underline;
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
<div id="nojs-banner">
|
||
This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please <a href="https://enable-javascript.com/" target="_blank">turn on JavaScript</a> or unblock scripts
|
||
</div>
|
||
</noscript>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script type="module" src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v31edd6df95cf4e85bb4c19e7a9bdbcba1788362987495" integrity="sha512-iIg7k2xntmwu6/uSb5tpc/hySgZc4eoL31yB29W6tJFo2akwjPWcEqnCEdJvGexCL0KEQwVYv5BlowfhVz26hg==" nonce="UXfEu5bsCfrxKCaEuyb-sg" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"68cfe66b5c4749e2ba64d4d9640c04c0","spa":2}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|