1151 lines
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<article class="post-22212 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-networking-traffic category-production-engineering fb_content_type-article" id="post-22212">
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POSTED ON <span class="posted-on entry-date"><time class="published updated" datetime="2025-02-03">FEBRUARY 3, 2025</time></span> TO <span class="cat-links"><a href="https://engineering.fb.com/category/networking-traffic/" rel="category tag">Networking & Traffic</a>, <a href="https://engineering.fb.com/category/production-engineering/" rel="category tag">Production Engineering</a></span>
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<h1 class="entry-title"><div>How Precision Time Protocol handles leap seconds</div></h1> </div><!-- .entry-meta -->
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<img width="1920" height="1080" src="https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Handling_leap_second_in_PTP.png" class="wp-post-image" alt="" /> </figure>
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By <a href="https://engineering.fb.com/author/oleg-obleukhov/" title="Posts by Oleg Obleukhov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oleg Obleukhov</a>, <a href="https://engineering.fb.com/author/patrick-cullen/" title="Posts by Patrick Cullen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Patrick Cullen</a> </div>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We’ve previously described why we think</span> <a href="https://engineering.fb.com/2022/07/25/production-engineering/its-time-to-leave-the-leap-second-in-the-past/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">it’s time to leave the leap second in the past</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. In today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape, introducing new leap seconds to account for the long-term slowdown of the Earth’s rotation is a risky practice that, frankly,</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">does more harm than good</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">. This is particularly true in the data center space, where new protocols like</span><a href="https://engineering.fb.com/2022/11/21/production-engineering/precision-time-protocol-at-meta/"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Precision Time Protocol (PTP)</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> are allowing systems to be synchronized down to nanosecond precision. </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With the ever-growing demand for higher precision time distribution, and</span> <a href="https://engineering.fb.com/2022/11/21/production-engineering/precision-time-protocol-at-meta/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">the larger role of PTP for time synchronization</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in data centers, we need to consider how to address leap seconds within systems that use PTP and are thus much more time sensitive.</span></p>
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<h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Leap second smearing – a solution past its time</span></h2>
|
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Leap second smearing is a process of adjusting the speeds of clocks to accommodate the correction that has been a common method for handling leap seconds. At Meta, we’ve traditionally focused our smearing effort on <a href="https://engineering.fb.com/2020/03/18/production-engineering/ntp-service/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NTP</a> since it has been the de facto standard for time synchronization in data centers.</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In large NTP deployments, leap second smearing is generally performed at the</span> <a href="https://engineering.fb.com/2020/03/18/production-engineering/ntp-service/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Stratum 2 (layer</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">), which consists of NTP servers that directly interact with NTP clients (</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">the Stratum 3</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">) that are the downstream users of the NTP service.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> <img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-large" src="https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Time-Infra-NTP-Service.jpg" width="2000" height="1125" /></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">There are multiple approaches to smearing. In the case of NTP, linear or quadratic smearing formulas can be applied.</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Quadratic smearing is often preferred due to the layered nature of the NTP protocol, where clients are encouraged to dynamically adjust their polling interval as the value of pending correction increases. This solution has its own tradeoffs, such as inconsistent adjustments, which can lead to different offset values across a large server fleet. </span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Linear smearing may be superior if an entire fleet is relying on the same time sources and performs smearing at the same time. In combination with more frequent sync cycles of typically once per second, this is a more predictable, precise and reliable approach.</span></p>
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<p><img decoding="async" class="alignnone size-large wp-image-22216" src="https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Quadratic-Graph-White.png?w=1024" alt="" width="1024" height="576" srcset="https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Quadratic-Graph-White.png 2240w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Quadratic-Graph-White.png?resize=580,326 580w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Quadratic-Graph-White.png?resize=916,516 916w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Quadratic-Graph-White.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Quadratic-Graph-White.png?resize=1024,576 1024w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Quadratic-Graph-White.png?resize=1536,865 1536w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Quadratic-Graph-White.png?resize=2048,1153 2048w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Quadratic-Graph-White.png?resize=96,54 96w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Quadratic-Graph-White.png?resize=192,108 192w" sizes="(max-width: 992px) 100vw, 62vw" /></p>
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<h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">Handling leap seconds in PTP</span></h2>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In contrast to NTP, which synchronizes at the millisecond level, PTP provides a level of precision typically in the range of nanoseconds. At this level of precision even periodic linear smearing would create too much delta across the fleet and violate guarantees provided to the customers.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">To handle leap seconds in a PTP environment we take an algorithmic approach that shifts time automatically for systems that use PTP and combine this with an emphasis on using</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> over International Atomic Time (TAI).</span></p>
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<h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">Self-smearing</span></h3>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">At Meta, users interact with the PTP service via the</span> <a href="https://engineering.fb.com/2022/11/21/production-engineering/precision-time-protocol-at-meta/#client" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">fbclock</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> library, which provides a tuple of values, </span><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">{<span style="font-family: 'courier new', courier;">earliest_ns, latest_ns}</span>,</span></i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> which represents a time interval referred to as the</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Window of Uncertainty (WOU). Each time the library is called during the smearing period we adjust the return values based on the smearing algorithm, which shifts the time values 1 nanosecond every 62.5 microseconds.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This approach has a number of advantages, including being completely stateless and reproducible. The service continues to utilize TAI timestamps but can return UTC timestamps to clients via the API. And, as the start time is determined by</span> <a href="https://engineering.fb.com/2020/03/18/production-engineering/ntp-service/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">tzdata</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> timestamps, the current smearing position can be determined even after a server is rebooted.</span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This approach does come with some tradeoffs. For example, as the leap smearing strategy differs between the NTP (quadratic) and PTP (linear) ecosystems, services may struggle to match timestamps acquired from different sources during the smearing period. </span></p>
|
||
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The difference between two approaches can mean differences of over 100 microseconds, creating challenges for services that consume time from both systems.</span></p>
|
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<h3><span style="font-weight: 400;">UTC over TAI</span></h3>
|
||
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The smearing strategy we implemented in our fbclock library shows good performance. However, it still introduces significant time deltas between multiple hosts during the smearing period, despite being fully stateless and using small (1 nanosecond) and fixed step sizes. </span></p>
|
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another significant drawback comes from periodically running jobs. Smearing time means our scheduling is off by close to 1 millisecond after 60 seconds for services that run at precise intervals. </span></p>
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<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignnone size-large wp-image-22215" src="https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Intended-Graph-White.png?w=1024" alt="" width="1024" height="617" srcset="https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Intended-Graph-White.png 2240w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Intended-Graph-White.png?resize=916,552 916w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Intended-Graph-White.png?resize=768,463 768w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Intended-Graph-White.png?resize=1024,617 1024w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Intended-Graph-White.png?resize=1536,925 1536w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Intended-Graph-White.png?resize=2048,1233 2048w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Intended-Graph-White.png?resize=96,58 96w, https://engineering.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Intended-Graph-White.png?resize=192,116 192w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 992px) 100vw, 62vw" /></p>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This is not ideal for a service that guarantees nanosecond-level accuracy and precision.</span></p>
|
||
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As a result, we recommend that customers use TAI over UTC and thus avoid having to deal with the leap seconds. Unfortunately, though, in most cases, the conversion to UTC is still required and eventually has to be performed somewhere.</span></p>
|
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<h2><span style="font-weight: 400;">PTP without leap seconds</span></h2>
|
||
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">At Meta, we support the recent push to</span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/19/science/time-leap-second-bipm.html"> <span style="font-weight: 400;">freeze any new leap seconds after 2035</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">. If we can cease the introduction of new leap seconds, then the entire industry can rely on UTC instead of TAI for higher precision timekeeping. This will simplify infrastructure and remove the need for different smearing solutions.</span></p>
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<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ultimately, a future without leap seconds is one where we can push systems to greater levels of timekeeping precision more easily and efficiently.</span></p>
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