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<title data-rh="true">The loneliness of the long distance runbook - by Jos Visser</title>
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Read more </span><a href="https://josvisser.substack.com/">Wednesday Wisdom</a><span>! No time to read? No worries! This article will also become available as a </span><a href="https://josvisser.substack.com/podcast">podcast</a><span> on Thursday)</span></em></p><p><em><strong>Note</strong><span>: This is a reprint of the </span><strong>first</strong><span> Wednesday Wisdom ever from the days before it was a public newsletter on Substack. It was originally published on 10/20/2021 on a virtual private network in a galaxy far, far, away. I am reposting this classic article now because I needed to refer to it from an internal-eyes-only document :-)</span></em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p><em>Subscribe to Wednesday Wisdom to receive more classic reprints like this in an inbox near you!</em></p></div><div data-component-name="SubscribeWidget" class="subscribe-widget"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset"><div class="container-IpPqBD"><form action="/api/v1/free?nojs=true" method="post" novalidate class="form form-M5sC90"><input type="hidden" name="first_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="current_url"/><input type="hidden" name="current_referrer"/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="referral_code"/><input type="hidden" name="source" value="subscribe-widget-preamble"/><input type="hidden" name="referring_pub_id"/><input type="hidden" name="additional_referring_pub_ids"/><input type="hidden" name="source_post_id" value="152916193"/><div class="sideBySideWrap-vGXrwP"><div class="emailInputWrapper-QlA86j"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA"><input name="email" placeholder="Type your email..." type="email" class="pencraft emailInput-OkIMeB input-y4v6N4 inputText-pV_yWb"/></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" disabled class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft rightButton primary subscribe-btn button-VFSdkv buttonBase-GK1x3M"><span class="button-text ">Subscribe</span></button></div><div id="error-container"></div></form></div></div></div></div></div><p>Many years ago, I was managing a group of Site Reliability Engineers in charge of running an (at that time) popular social network. Our internal documentation was a bit of a mess, so we got a tech writer in to help us patch it up. She started by shadowing the oncall rotation. After a week or two, during our first progress meeting, she spoke the classic words: “Jos, I have been looking over people’s shoulders for the past couple of weeks. Everybody is doing something different and nobody follows the runbooks.”</p><p>That sounds terrible, doesn’t it? So we looked into what the problem was. Were the runbooks an inaccurate mess that were not worth the hard disk sectors they were stored on? Were the engineers a band of raving anarchists who considered runbooks an unconstitutional limitation of their freedom as engineers? We researched the problem and found that although the runbooks were not entirely accurate, by and large they were just fine. &lt;ominous tone> There was something else going on…</p><p><span>Most of the aberrant behavior was on display during the weekly release. Every week we would release a new version of the entire service by updating many thousands of machines with the latest and greatest software. Because of the complexity of the service, this was not a trivial process. The runbook was written to deal with </span><em>every</em><span> eventuality that we could think of: A region outage, dealing correctly with intra-service dependencies, rolling out during peak traffic, canarying our changes on a small subset of machines, you name it.</span></p><p><span>However, we found out that the engineers executing the procedure always had contextual information that allowed for shortcuts. For instance, they would know that </span><em>this</em><span> release did not contain changes to the static content, so that release step could be skipped. Or they knew that we were at a traffic trough in the diurnal cycle so they could increase the level of cluster parallelism. The engineers running the procedure reduced waiting times between steps, reordered steps for a more optimal running time, and used newer features of the underlying cloud system that hadn’t been available yet when the runbook was written. In other words: They adapted the procedure to their own custom knowledge, experience, skills, and goals.</span></p><p><span>There is obviously not any one single safe and correct release procedure for a service like this. On top of that, different engineers like to do things differently. They all understood what they were doing though and instead of following the </span><em>letter</em><span> of the runbook, they (mostly) followed its </span><em>spirit</em><span> instead. Engineers who were newer and less familiar with the system followed the runbook a bit more diligently, whereas experienced engineers went totally rogue and released quickly and safely in completely unorthodox and novel ways.</span></p><blockquote><p>I am looking at you, frob!</p></blockquote><p>In a subsequent life, I was involved with a large travel website. Airlines would regularly call us to say that they had made a mistake in creating the ticket pricing rules and could we please inject a hot patch into the system to correct that on the double while the real fix was grinding its way through proper channels. We had a runbook for that which included instructions on how to write a small snippet of LISP code and copy that into a file that we would inject into our pricing engine’s virtual machines.</p><blockquote><p>Yes, the flight pricing engine was written in LISP :-)</p></blockquote><p><span>The runbook contained instructions how to to copy and paste from a template, make the appropriate changes, and submit the final snippet into our version control system. People typically did that faithfully, but, as it turned out, often a bit too faithfully. The runbook was written in Google Docs and quotes in Google Docs are often “</span><a href="https://www.fonts.com/content/learning/fyti/typographic-tips/smart-quotes">smart quotes</a><span>”, which have different character codes than regular “</span><a href="https://community.tillerhq.com/t/understanding-smart-versus-dumb-quotes/9696">dumb quotes</a><span>”. Consequently, these smart quotes were not recognized as string delimiters by the LISP compiler. When that compiler, which was embedded in the virtual machine, saw the smart quotes, it completely gave up on compiling the patch and terminated the entire process instead. You can imagine the havoc that wreaked: The power of copy and paste combined with massively parallel code injection brought down a significant part of the fleet every time someone made that particular mistake.</span></p><blockquote><p><span>At this point I am awarding a free </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_bar">Mars bar</a><span> to the first person to tell me that the configuration change process that injected this snippet of code should be canaried on a single machine before going out to the entire fleet.</span></p></blockquote><p>Runbooks are a sore point in our profession. People complain about them all the time: Either they are not there and then we don’t know what to do. Or they are there and then they don’t get followed. Or they do get followed but since they are imperfect they cause major mayhem.</p><p>Runbooks are programs for an imperfect execution engine of highly variable quality. People are generally very bad at reading and equally bad at following instructions to the letter. When interrupted, we lose context. When we have executed the same runbook a number of times, we think we know it already and stop following it (I myself caused an incident by doing exactly that only two months ago). We are lazy and when the runbook contains commands that seem ready made for copying and pasting verbatim, we will do so.</p><p>When things go wrong we blame the runbook. When it’s not there, we criticize its absence. When it’s there and contains errors, we criticize its imperfection. When it is there and perfect, we wonder why it’s not a shell script. Clearly, when you are a runbook, you cannot win.</p><p>This might well be an unsolvable problem. Writing runbooks is maybe akin to cleaning your house: A permanent chore that needs constant attention; you’re never done and it’s never done perfectly. Don’t do it and you live in a mess. Work on it regularly and you are still not happy with the combination of effort and result (but at least there are no dust bunnies floating around).</p><p><span>My preference is to treat runbooks not as a program for a </span><a href="https://tomorrowcorporation.com/humanresourcemachine">human resource machine</a><span> but as a piece of documentation on how the system works and a suggested approach for accomplishing some effect. Runbooks should definitely not give off the idea that they can be executed by people without any knowledge about the underlying system. They should preferably not contain commands that are copy/pastable if these commands require editing before execution. Like your garden shed they should be expected to be a mess and should be overhauled regularly.</span></p><p>In a more than completely static environment, runbooks are always out of date. There is unfortunately nothing to be done about that, just live with it!</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Boss tip</strong></em><span>: Document the date of the last overhaul at the top of the runbook as a visual indicator for the likelihood of its correctness.</span></p></blockquote><p>The less frequently the runbook is executed, the more likely it is to be incorrect. This is not only true for paper runbooks, but also for the scripts that might support or replace them. This is especially true if these scripts (as is commonly the case) are not tied into the main codebase and hence do not benefit from the various correctness checks that build and test procedures enforce. At one big tech company I worked for, we had a combination of runbooks and scripts to set up new clusters. We only executed this procedure a small handful of times per year, which meant that every time we wanted to use it, we had to first update the runbook and scripts to the latest and greatest changes in the environment.</p><p>Updating a runbook is a common action item resulting from a postmortem. However if you didn’t analyze how the runbook got out of date in the first place and how its incorrectness was not perceived by the person following the runbook, you have not solved the real root cause and are likely to end up in the same postmortem in a few months.</p><p>But most importantly: Do not expect miracles from the poor runbook! It is really doing all it can already…</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png" width="400" height="43" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:43,&quot;width&quot;:400,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p><em>Reading runbooks is fun. 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5.05774 4.50635 5.52771 4.30493C6.00216 4.09904 6.51241 3.99609 7.05847 3.99609C7.73433 3.99609 8.31844 4.16618 8.81079 4.50635C9.30762 4.84652 9.70374 5.28963 9.99915 5.83569C10.299 5.28516 10.6951 4.84204 11.1875 4.50635C11.6843 4.16618 12.2707 3.99609 12.9465 3.99609C13.4836 3.99609 13.9894 4.09904 14.4639 4.30493C14.9428 4.50635 15.3613 4.79728 15.7194 5.17773C16.0774 5.55819 16.3572 6.01025 16.5586 6.53394C16.7645 7.05762 16.8674 7.63725 16.8674 8.27283C16.8674 9.23067 16.6145 10.1818 16.1088 11.1262C15.603 12.0662 14.8891 12.9815 13.967 13.8722C13.0495 14.7584 11.9708 15.6044 10.731 16.41C10.6056 16.4906 10.4758 16.5622 10.3416 16.6249C10.2118 16.692 10.0976 16.7256 9.99915 16.7256Z"></path></g></svg></div>Liked by Jos Visser</button></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset comment-menu-trigger-container triggerContainer-eX588u"><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Ellipsis" id="radix-P0-87" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft trigger-j08Uop iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_quaternary-kpMibu"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></button></div></div><div class="comment-body expanded"><p><span>Was it really me? Funny, I don't remember this at all! And yes, runbooks are a blessing and a curse, as you say. I agree with your conclusion that they are helpful as introductions to the system overall, but definitely should not be used as copy-and-paste sources verbatim.</span></p></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-alignItems-center pc-reset comment-actions withShareButton-hQzuEn"><span class="pencraft pc-reset decoration-hover-underline-ClDVRM reset-IxiVJZ"><a class="pencraft pc-reset link-_X6et2 link-LIBpto"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-fg-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC 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are programs for execution engines of highly variable quality...\",\"body_html\":\"<p><em>(Like this article? Read more <a href=\\\"https://josvisser.substack.com/\\\">Wednesday Wisdom</a>! No time to read? No worries! This article will also become available as a <a href=\\\"https://josvisser.substack.com/podcast\\\">podcast</a> on Thursday)</em></p><p><em><strong>Note</strong>: This is a reprint of the <strong>first</strong> Wednesday Wisdom ever from the days before it was a public newsletter on Substack. It was originally published on 10/20/2021 on a virtual private network in a galaxy far, far, away. I am reposting this classic article now because I needed to refer to it from an internal-eyes-only document :-)</em></p><div class=\\\"subscription-widget-wrap-editor\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://josvisser.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"SubscribeWidgetToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"subscription-widget show-subscribe\\\"><div class=\\\"preamble\\\"><p class=\\\"cta-caption\\\"><em>Subscribe to Wednesday Wisdom to receive more classic reprints like this in an inbox near you!</em></p></div><form class=\\\"subscription-widget-subscribe\\\"><input type=\\\"email\\\" class=\\\"email-input\\\" name=\\\"email\\\" placeholder=\\\"Type your email\u2026\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\"><input type=\\\"submit\\\" class=\\\"button primary\\\" value=\\\"Subscribe\\\"><div class=\\\"fake-input-wrapper\\\"><div class=\\\"fake-input\\\"></div><div class=\\\"fake-button\\\"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Many years ago, I was managing a group of Site Reliability Engineers in charge of running an (at that time) popular social network. Our internal documentation was a bit of a mess, so we got a tech writer in to help us patch it up. She started by shadowing the oncall rotation. After a week or two, during our first progress meeting, she spoke the classic words: \u201CJos, I have been looking over people\u2019s shoulders for the past couple of weeks. Everybody is doing something different and nobody follows the runbooks.\u201D</p><p>That sounds terrible, doesn\u2019t it? So we looked into what the problem was. Were the runbooks an inaccurate mess that were not worth the hard disk sectors they were stored on? Were the engineers a band of raving anarchists who considered runbooks an unconstitutional limitation of their freedom as engineers? We researched the problem and found that although the runbooks were not entirely accurate, by and large they were just fine. &lt;ominous tone&gt; There was something else going on\u2026</p><p>Most of the aberrant behavior was on display during the weekly release. Every week we would release a new version of the entire service by updating many thousands of machines with the latest and greatest software. Because of the complexity of the service, this was not a trivial process. The runbook was written to deal with <em>every</em> eventuality that we could think of: A region outage, dealing correctly with intra-service dependencies, rolling out during peak traffic, canarying our changes on a small subset of machines, you name it.</p><p>However, we found out that the engineers executing the procedure always had contextual information that allowed for shortcuts. For instance, they would know that <em>this</em> release did not contain changes to the static content, so that release step could be skipped. Or they knew that we were at a traffic trough in the diurnal cycle so they could increase the level of cluster parallelism. The engineers running the procedure reduced waiting times between steps, reordered steps for a more optimal running time, and used newer features of the underlying cloud system that hadn\u2019t been available yet when the runbook was written. In other words: They adapted the procedure to their own custom knowledge, experience, skills, and goals.</p><p>There is obviously not any one single safe and correct release procedure for a service like this. On top of that, different engineers like to do things differently. They all understood what they were doing though and instead of following the <em>letter</em> of the runbook, they (mostly) followed its <em>spirit</em> instead. Engineers who were newer and less familiar with the system followed the runbook a bit more diligently, whereas experienced engineers went totally rogue and released quickly and safely in completely unorthodox and novel ways.</p><blockquote><p>I am looking at you, frob!</p></blockquote><p>In a subsequent life, I was involved with a large travel website. Airlines would regularly call us to say that they had made a mistake in creating the ticket pricing rules and could we please inject a hot patch into the system to correct that on the double while the real fix was grinding its way through proper channels. We had a runbook for that which included instructions on how to write a small snippet of LISP code and copy that into a file that we would inject into our pricing engine\u2019s virtual machines.</p><blockquote><p>Yes, the flight pricing engine was written in LISP :-)</p></blockquote><p>The runbook contained instructions how to to copy and paste from a template, make the appropriate changes, and submit the final snippet into our version control system. People typically did that faithfully, but, as it turned out, often a bit too faithfully. The runbook was written in Google Docs and quotes in Google Docs are often \u201C<a href=\\\"https://www.fonts.com/content/learning/fyti/typographic-tips/smart-quotes\\\">smart quotes</a>\u201D, which have different character codes than regular \u201C<a href=\\\"https://community.tillerhq.com/t/understanding-smart-versus-dumb-quotes/9696\\\">dumb quotes</a>\u201D. Consequently, these smart quotes were not recognized as string delimiters by the LISP compiler. When that compiler, which was embedded in the virtual machine, saw the smart quotes, it completely gave up on compiling the patch and terminated the entire process instead. You can imagine the havoc that wreaked: The power of copy and paste combined with massively parallel code injection brought down a significant part of the fleet every time someone made that particular mistake.</p><blockquote><p>At this point I am awarding a free <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_bar\\\">Mars bar</a> to the first person to tell me that the configuration change process that injected this snippet of code should be canaried on a single machine before going out to the entire fleet.</p></blockquote><p>Runbooks are a sore point in our profession. People complain about them all the time: Either they are not there and then we don\u2019t know what to do. Or they are there and then they don\u2019t get followed. Or they do get followed but since they are imperfect they cause major mayhem.</p><p>Runbooks are programs for an imperfect execution engine of highly variable quality. People are generally very bad at reading and equally bad at following instructions to the letter. When interrupted, we lose context. When we have executed the same runbook a number of times, we think we know it already and stop following it (I myself caused an incident by doing exactly that only two months ago). We are lazy and when the runbook contains commands that seem ready made for copying and pasting verbatim, we will do so.</p><p>When things go wrong we blame the runbook. When it\u2019s not there, we criticize its absence. When it\u2019s there and contains errors, we criticize its imperfection. When it is there and perfect, we wonder why it\u2019s not a shell script. Clearly, when you are a runbook, you cannot win.</p><p>This might well be an unsolvable problem. Writing runbooks is maybe akin to cleaning your house: A permanent chore that needs constant attention; you\u2019re never done and it\u2019s never done perfectly. Don\u2019t do it and you live in a mess. Work on it regularly and you are still not happy with the combination of effort and result (but at least there are no dust bunnies floating around).</p><p>My preference is to treat runbooks not as a program for a <a href=\\\"https://tomorrowcorporation.com/humanresourcemachine\\\">human resource machine</a> but as a piece of documentation on how the system works and a suggested approach for accomplishing some effect. Runbooks should definitely not give off the idea that they can be executed by people without any knowledge about the underlying system. They should preferably not contain commands that are copy/pastable if these commands require editing before execution. Like your garden shed they should be expected to be a mess and should be overhauled regularly.</p><p>In a more than completely static environment, runbooks are always out of date. There is unfortunately nothing to be done about that, just live with it!</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Boss tip</strong></em>: Document the date of the last overhaul at the top of the runbook as a visual indicator for the likelihood of its correctness.</p></blockquote><p>The less frequently the runbook is executed, the more likely it is to be incorrect. This is not only true for paper runbooks, but also for the scripts that might support or replace them. This is especially true if these scripts (as is commonly the case) are not tied into the main codebase and hence do not benefit from the various correctness checks that build and test procedures enforce. At one big tech company I worked for, we had a combination of runbooks and scripts to set up new clusters. We only executed this procedure a small handful of times per year, which meant that every time we wanted to use it, we had to first update the runbook and scripts to the latest and greatest changes in the environment.</p><p>Updating a runbook is a common action item resulting from a postmortem. However if you didn\u2019t analyze how the runbook got out of date in the first place and how its incorrectness was not perceived by the person following the runbook, you have not solved the real root cause and are likely to end up in the same postmortem in a few months.</p><p>But most importantly: Do not expect miracles from the poor runbook! It is really doing all it can already\u2026</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png\\\" width=\\\"400\\\" height=\\\"43\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:43,&quot;width&quot;:400,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eaXE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b181d44-c8f8-46c4-b9ef-edcd3ccf658b_400x43.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class=\\\"subscription-widget-wrap-editor\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://josvisser.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"SubscribeWidgetToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"subscription-widget show-subscribe\\\"><div class=\\\"preamble\\\"><p class=\\\"cta-caption\\\"><em>Reading runbooks is fun. You know what is more fun? Reading Wednesday Wisdom! Subscribe today for weekly reading fun.</em></p></div><form class=\\\"subscription-widget-subscribe\\\"><input type=\\\"email\\\" class=\\\"email-input\\\" name=\\\"email\\\" placeholder=\\\"Type your email\u2026\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\"><input type=\\\"submit\\\" class=\\\"button primary\\\" value=\\\"Subscribe\\\"><div class=\\\"fake-input-wrapper\\\"><div class=\\\"fake-input\\\"></div><div class=\\\"fake-button\\\"></div></div></form></div></div>\",\"has_dynamic_content\":false,\"truncated_body_text\":\"(Like this article? Read more Wednesday Wisdom! No time to read? No worries! This article will also become available as a podcast on Thursday)\",\"wordcount\":1485,\"post_preview_limit\":null,\"language\":\"en\",\"postTags\":[],\"postCountryBlocks\":[],\"headlineTest\":null,\"coverImagePalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[183,116,97],\"population\":405},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[96,36,44],\"population\":213},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[218,154,127],\"population\":402},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[155,90,75],\"population\":410},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[47,65,85],\"population\":31},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[211,178,160],\"population\":26}},\"publishedBylines\":[{\"id\":18765961,\"name\":\"Jos Visser\",\"handle\":\"josvisser\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5dbaec0-8262-48ae-b752-17838a462f6d_728x728.jpeg\",\"bio\":\"Mostly harmless...\",\"profile_set_up_at\":\"2022-12-17T19:06:51.223Z\",\"reader_installed_at\":null,\"publicationUsers\":[{\"id\":191985,\"user_id\":18765961,\"publication_id\":238960,\"role\":\"admin\",\"public\":true,\"is_primary\":true,\"publication\":{\"id\":238960,\"name\":\"Wednesday Wisdom\",\"subdomain\":\"josvisser\",\"custom_domain\":null,\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"Things that are on my mind when I think about work.\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/46e5d4a9-c122-48b4-9689-39e959cf850c_1080x1080.png\",\"author_id\":18765961,\"primary_user_id\":18765961,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#67BDFC\",\"created_at\":\"2020-12-14T19:11:39.462Z\",\"email_from_name\":\"Jos Visser (Wednesday Wisdom)\",\"copyright\":\"Josephus C.W. 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Funny, I don't remember this at all! And yes, runbooks are a blessing and a curse, as you say. I agree with your conclusion that they are helpful as introductions to the system overall, but definitely should not be used as copy-and-paste sources verbatim.\",\"body_json\":{\"type\":\"doc\",\"attrs\":{\"schemaVersion\":\"v1\"},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Was it really me? Funny, I don't remember this at all! And yes, runbooks are a blessing and a curse, as you say. 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