Files
nexus/sreweekly/articles/92/03-chaos-engineering-unearths-it-deployments-dark-debt.html
2026-09-12 17:23:01 +08:00

870 lines
243 KiB
HTML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters
This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--><html class="no-js gt-ie8" dir="ltr" lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" null><!--<![endif]-->
<head>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://s.dpmsrv.com/"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.doubleverify.com/"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.optimizely.com/"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/"/>
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://static.chartbeat.com/"/>
<link rel='preload' href='/rms/ux/responsive/fonts/PublicSans-Regular.woff2' as='font' type='font/woff2' crossorigin>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" />
<title>What is chaos engineering? Chaos engineering and its principles explained</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
<meta name="description" content="Learn how companies use chaos engineering to improve distributed networks, the best practices involved and all about the Simian Army chaos tool suite." />
<meta name="robots" content="noodp" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definition/chaos-engineering" />
<meta property="og:title" content="What is chaos engineering? Chaos engineering and its principles explained" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="IT Infrastructure" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definition/chaos-engineering" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Learn how companies use chaos engineering to improve distributed networks, the best practices involved and all about the Simian Army chaos tool suite." />
<meta property="fb:app_id" content="870327132989388" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="article:publisher" content="" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@techtargetnews" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="What is chaos engineering? Chaos engineering and its principles exp..." />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Learn how companies use chaos engineering to improve distributed networks, the best practices involved and all about the Simian Army chaos tool suite." />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.techtarget.com/ITKE/images/logos/TTlogo-379x201.png" />
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.techtarget.com/ITKE/images/logos/TTlogo-379x201.png" />
<meta name="robots" content="noarchive" />
<style def-inline type="text/css">
@font-face{font-family:"Public Sans";src:url(/rms/ux/responsive/fonts/PublicSans-Regular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/rms/ux/responsive/fonts/PublicSans-Regular.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Public Sans Bold";src:url(/rms/ux/responsive/fonts/PublicSans-Bold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/rms/ux/responsive/fonts/PublicSans-Bold.ttf) format("truetype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,nav,section,summary{display:block}audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1}audio:not([controls]){display:none;height:0}[hidden]{display:none}html{font-size:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}html,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:sans-serif}body{margin:0}a:active,a:hover{outline:0}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}h2{font-size:1.5em;margin:.83em 0}h3{font-size:1.17em;margin:1em 0}h4{font-size:1em;margin:1.33em 0}h5{font-size:.83em;margin:1.67em 0}h6{font-size:.67em;margin:2.33em 0}abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted}b,strong{font-weight:700}blockquote{margin:1em 40px}dfn{font-style:italic}hr{-moz-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box;height:0}mark{background:#ff0;color:#000}p,pre{margin:1em 0}code,kbd,pre,samp{font-family:monospace,serif;_font-family:"courier new",monospace;font-size:1em}pre{white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;word-wrap:break-word}q{quotes:none}q:before,q:after{content:"";content:none}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sup{top:-.5em}sub{bottom:-.25em}dl,menu,ol,ul{margin:1em 0}dd{margin:0 0 0 40px}menu,ol,ul{padding:0 0 0 40px}nav ul,nav ol{list-style:none;list-style-image:none}img{border:0;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden}figure{margin:0}form{margin:0}fieldset{border:1px solid silver;margin:0 2px;padding:.35em .625em .75em}legend{border:0;padding:0;white-space:normal;*margin-left:-7px}button,input,select,textarea{font-size:100%;margin:0;vertical-align:baseline;*vertical-align:middle}button,input{line-height:normal}button,select{text-transform:none}button,html input[type=button],input[type=reset],input[type=submit]{-webkit-appearance:button;cursor:pointer;*overflow:visible}button[disabled],html input[disabled]{cursor:default}input[type=checkbox],input[type=radio]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;*height:13px;*width:13px}input[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;-moz-box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}input[type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,input[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}.publicSans,.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-next,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-next,.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-prev,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-prev,.file-extensions li a,.continue-reading li,#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .esg-contributor-link,#sdef .main-article-author.v2>span,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radioButtonList li label,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .checkboxList li label,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radio-related-products label,.header_v3-whatis .nav-links>a,.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner,.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links,.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile,.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li,.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header,.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-header,input,body{font-family:"Public Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal}.publicSans-i{font-family:"Public Sans",sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:italic}.publicSans-m,.inline-reg .meterDescription,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header p span,.nav-list-item-header-type,.nav-list-item-header .view-all,.nav-list-sublist-header .view-all,.publicSans-b,.pillar .pillar-navbar h5,#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header .title,.guide_v2 .guide-header .title,#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header .heading,.guide_v2 .guide-header .heading,#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav h3,#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav>span,.guide_v2 .guide-nav h3,.guide_v2 .guide-nav>span,.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left h3,.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left>span,.file-extensions .powered-by span,.file-extensions h2,.related-terms dt,.related-terms h4,.definition-title,.definition-header .eyebrow,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .onereg-error.submit-error p,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input[type=submit],.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form label,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form h2,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form>span.headline,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li input[type=submit],.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li label,.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header h2,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header h2,.resources-bar-item,.related-bar-item,.related-bar-header,.resources-bar-header,.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item.title,.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile span,.nav-list-sublist-header-topics,.nav-user-action,.nav-links,.nav-join-pro,.header-logo,.section-title,.splash-heading,.button,b,strong{font-family:"Public Sans Bold",sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-style:normal}.clearfix:before,.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form:before,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form:before,.content-columns:before,.clearfix:after,.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form:after,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form:after,.content-columns:after{content:"";display:table}.clearfix:after,.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form:after,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form:after,.content-columns:after{clear:both}.border-box,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form select,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form textarea,.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn,.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-textfield,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-textfield,.nav-list-sublist-header-topics,.nav-list-item-header,.nav-list-sublist-header,.nav,.header-search-input{box-sizing:border-box}.link-teal,.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item a{color:#007268}.link-teal:hover,.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item a:hover{color:#15312D}.link-blue,.nav-join-pro{color:#008bc1}.link-blue:hover,.nav-join-pro:hover{color:#005272}.link-blue-l{color:#00b9d8}.link-blue-l:hover{color:#005272}.link-teal-new,.pillar .pillar-navbar ul li a,.related-terms dd .definition-link,.continue-reading li a,.inline-reg.login-register a,.share-bar-item-desktop a,.indentfix li a,.default-list li a,.main-content .content-columns .content-center .section>ul li a,p a{color:#007268}.link-teal-new:hover,.pillar .pillar-navbar ul li a:hover,.related-terms dd .definition-link:hover,.continue-reading li a:hover,.inline-reg.login-register a:hover,.share-bar-item-desktop a:hover,.indentfix li a:hover,.default-list li a:hover,.main-content .content-columns .content-center .section>ul li a:hover,p a:hover{color:#15312D}.link-teal-new-on-gray{color:#007a76}.link-teal-new-on-gray:hover{color:#000}.link-blue-new,.nav-links li a,#content-body p a,li[type=disc] a,.noindent li a,table a,table .indentfix li a,table .indentfix li.indentfix a,li.indentfix a,.default-list li a,.main-content .content-columns .content-center #content-body .section>ul.default-list li a,.definition-link{color:#007268}.link-blue-new:hover,.nav-links li a:hover,#content-body p a:hover,li[type=disc] a:hover,.noindent li a:hover,table a:hover,table .indentfix li a:hover,li.indentfix a:hover,.default-list li a:hover,.main-content .content-columns .content-center #content-body .section>ul.default-list li a:hover,.definition-link:hover{color:#15312D}body{font-size:15px;color:#1f1f24;min-width:320px;background:#fff;position:relative;z-index:320}@media (min-width:640px){body{z-index:640}}@media (min-width:960px){body{z-index:960}}@media (min-width:1280px){body{z-index:1280}}a{text-decoration:none;color:inherit;transition:color .2s}p{font-size:15px;line-height:1.53em;color:#35353a;margin:1.5em 0}@media (min-width:640px){p{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75em}}@media (min-width:960px){p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.71em}}@media (min-width:1280px){p{font-size:18px;line-height:1.67em}}i{font-style:normal}ul{margin:0;padding:0}button{border:0;background:0}.button{font-size:13px;line-height:50px;letter-spacing:-.02em;text-align:center;color:#fff;height:50px;border-radius:4px;transition:background-color .2s}.blue-button,.teal-button{background:#283857;color:#fff}.blue-button:hover,.teal-button:hover{background:#51617a}.black-button{background:#283857}.black-button:hover{background:#51617a}.primaryButton{background-color:#007268;padding:10px 30px}.icon{position:relative}.site-container.fixed{position:fixed;width:100%;top:0}.main-content{margin:20px 20px 0;background:#fff;position:relative;z-index:2}@media (min-width:960px){.main-content{width:800px;margin:10px auto 0;padding:0 40px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.main-content{width:1120px}}.main-content.ads-by-google{z-index:auto}@media (min-width:960px){.content-left{width:170px;padding-top:50px;position:relative;float:left;clear:left}}@media (min-width:1280px){.content-left{width:200px}}@media (min-width:960px){.locking-full-bar{width:170px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.locking-full-bar{width:200px}}.content-center{position:relative;margin:0 20px}@media (min-width:640px){.content-center{margin:0 40px}}@media (min-width:960px){.content-center{width:590px;margin:0 0 0 40px;float:left}}@media (min-width:1280px){.content-center{width:640px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.content-right{float:left;width:200px;margin-left:40px}}.top-gradient-bar{display:none!important;width:100%;background-size:cover;min-height:10px;margin-bottom:20px}@media (min-width:640px){.top-gradient-bar{min-height:20px}}@media (min-width:960px){.top-gradient-bar{width:880px;height:29px;margin:0 -40px -29px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.top-gradient-bar{width:1200px;height:40px;margin-bottom:-40px}}.top-gradient-bar{background:#0b7686;background:linear-gradient(to right,#0b7686 0,#0b7686 1%,#3cab9a 40%,#176584 100%)}.definition-link{margin-right:-.2em}.definition-link .icon{font-size:1.5em;top:.15em}.show-more{color:#35353a;cursor:pointer;transition:color .2s}.show-more:hover{color:#1f1f24}::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#35353a}:-moz-placeholder{color:#35353a}::-moz-placeholder{color:#35353a;opacity:1}:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#35353a}.indentfix,.default-list,.main-content .content-columns .content-center .section>ul{margin:0 0 20px 25px;padding:0}.indentfix li,.default-list li,.main-content .content-columns .content-center .section>ul li{font-size:15px;color:#35353a;margin:10px 0}@media (min-width:640px){.indentfix li,.default-list li,.main-content .content-columns .content-center .section>ul li{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75em}}@media (min-width:960px){.indentfix li,.default-list li,.main-content .content-columns .content-center .section>ul li{font-size:17px;line-height:1.71em}}@media (min-width:1280px){.indentfix li,.default-list li,.main-content .content-columns .content-center .section>ul li{font-size:18px;line-height:1.67em}}.indentfix li a.button,.default-list li a.button,.main-content .content-columns .content-center .section>ul li a.button{color:#fff}.indentfix li a.button:hover,.default-list li a.button:hover,.main-content .content-columns .content-center .section>ul li a.button:hover{color:#fff}#site-container h1 a,#site-container h2 a,#site-container h3 a,#site-container h4 a,#site-container h5 a,#site-container h6 a{color:#1f1f24}#site-container h1 a:hover,#site-container h2 a:hover,#site-container h3 a:hover,#site-container h4 a:hover,#site-container h5 a:hover,#site-container h6 a:hover{color:#51617a}li.indentfix{font-size:15px;color:#35353a;margin:10px 0}@media (min-width:640px){li.indentfix{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75em}}@media (min-width:960px){li.indentfix{font-size:17px;line-height:1.71em}}@media (min-width:1280px){li.indentfix{font-size:18px;line-height:1.67em}}li.indentfix table{margin-right:30px}.extra-info-inner .indentfix li,.extra-info-inner .default-list li,.extraInfo .indentfix li,.extraInfo .default-list li,.sidebar .indentfix li,.sidebar .default-list li{font-size:13px}table{color:#35353a}table td{vertical-align:top}table td .nav{padding:0}table .indentfix{margin:0 0 20px 25px;padding:0}table .indentfix li,table .indentfix li.indentfix{font-size:15px;color:#35353a;margin:10px 0}@media (min-width:640px){table .indentfix li,table .indentfix li.indentfix{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75em}}@media (min-width:960px){table .indentfix li,table .indentfix li.indentfix{font-size:17px;line-height:1.71em}}@media (min-width:1280px){table .indentfix li,table .indentfix li.indentfix{font-size:18px;line-height:1.67em}}@media (min-width:640px){table{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75em}}@media (min-width:960px){table{font-size:17px;line-height:1.71em}}@media (min-width:1280px){table{font-size:18px;line-height:1.67em}}pre{background-color:#eee;padding:10px;white-space:pre;word-wrap:break-word;overflow:auto;max-height:300px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;clear:both}@media (min-width:640px){pre{max-height:600px}}.code-toolbar{clear:both}.content-center img{max-width:600px}.hidden{display:none}.paywall{display:none!important}.grecaptcha-badge{visibility:hidden;z-index:2}img[alt]{font-size:8px;color:#35353a}.inline-block{display:inline-block}#sp_privacy_manager_container{z-index:9999999999999!important}html.sp-pm-open{margin-top:0!important}#cmp-banner{position:fixed;bottom:0;right:0;z-index:100}@media (min-width:960px){#cmp-banner{bottom:20px}}#cmp-banner:empty{display:none}#gpcBannerContainer{position:fixed;bottom:20px;left:20px;background:#f2f2f2;padding:10px 20px;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:3px;font-size:13px;color:#1f1f24;z-index:9999999999}body .content-center .section>div:not(#inlineRegistrationWrapper):not(.imagecaption){color:#35353a}@media (min-width:640px){body .content-center .section>div:not(#inlineRegistrationWrapper):not(.imagecaption){font-size:16px}}@media (min-width:960px){body .content-center .section>div:not(#inlineRegistrationWrapper):not(.imagecaption){font-size:17px}}@media (min-width:1280px){body .content-center .section>div:not(#inlineRegistrationWrapper):not(.imagecaption){font-size:18px}}.alignLeft{float:none}.alignRight{float:none}.color1,.color2{background-color:#666}table .colorback{background-color:#666;color:#fff}table .colorback p{color:#fff}table .colorback td{padding:5px}table .colorSuperLite{background-color:#efefef}u{text-decoration:none!important}.noindent{margin:0 0 20px 25px;padding:0}.noindent li{font-size:15px;color:#35353a;margin:10px 0}@media (min-width:640px){.noindent li{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75em}}@media (min-width:960px){.noindent li{font-size:17px;line-height:1.71em}}@media (min-width:1280px){.noindent li{font-size:18px;line-height:1.67em}}li[type=disc]{font-size:15px;color:#35353a;margin:10px 0}@media (min-width:640px){li[type=disc]{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75em}}@media (min-width:960px){li[type=disc]{font-size:17px;line-height:1.71em}}@media (min-width:1280px){li[type=disc]{font-size:18px;line-height:1.67em}}.imagecaption{clear:both;text-align:left}.imagecaption.alignRight{float:right;margin:0 0 30px 40px}.imagecaption.alignLeft{float:left;margin:0 40px 30px 0}.imagecaption img{display:block;margin:5px 0}.content-center .section>div.imagecaption,.imagecaption{font-size:13px;color:#35353a}i{font-style:italic}i.icon{font-style:normal}.section{padding-top:10px;margin-top:50px}.section-title,.splash-heading{font-size:18px;line-height:1.22em;margin-top:21px;margin-bottom:-3px;position:relative}@media (min-width:640px){.section-title,.splash-heading{font-size:24px;line-height:1.08em;margin-top:28px;margin-bottom:30px}}@media (min-width:960px){.section-title,.splash-heading{font-size:28px;line-height:1.21em}}@media (min-width:1280px){.section-title,.splash-heading{font-size:30px}}.section-title .icon,.splash-heading .icon{font-size:35px;color:#95a2b8;position:absolute}@media (min-width:640px){.section-title .icon,.splash-heading .icon{font-size:48px}}@media (min-width:960px){.section-title .icon,.splash-heading .icon{font-size:53px}}#site-container .vgn-ext-region,#site-container .vgn-ext-component{min-height:0!important;min-width:0!important;position:static!important;word-wrap:normal!important}.visuallyhidden{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio:3/2),only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5){.replace_2x{font-size:1px}}#anchor{top:-150px;position:relative}.header{min-width:320px;width:100%;height:60px;background-color:#fff;position:relative;z-index:100}@media (min-width:960px){.header{height:140px;padding-bottom:10px;background:#fff;z-index:auto}}.header-logo{font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;color:#35353a;height:60px;position:absolute;left:60px;right:60px;margin:0 auto;text-align:center;top:0}@media (min-width:640px){.header-logo{font-size:16px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header-logo{width:120px;height:89px;margin:0;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e9;top:50px;bottom:10px;left:0}}.header-logo.mobile-link{display:block}@media (min-width:960px){.header-logo.mobile-link{display:none}}.header-logo.desktop-link{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header-logo.desktop-link{display:block}}@media (min-width:960px){.header-logo.desktop-link:after{content:"";width:1px;position:absolute;left:113px;top:18px;height:50px;border-right:1px solid #42c7c1}}.header-logo.desktop-link img{display:none}.header-logo:focus{outline:0}.header-logo-mobile{position:relative;top:20px}@media (min-width:960px){.header-logo-mobile{display:none}}.header-logo-desktop{width:84px;height:44px;display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header-logo-desktop{position:relative;top:20px;left:15px;display:block;border-right:1px solid #42c7c1;margin:-3px 0;padding:3px 20px 3px 0}}.header-logo-small{display:none}.header-search-toggle{width:60px;height:60px;border-left:1px solid #6AC4C0;background-color:#fff;position:absolute;top:0;right:0}@media (min-width:960px){.header-search-toggle{width:70px;height:90px;border:0;background-color:transparent;top:auto;bottom:10px;z-index:4}}.header-search-toggle.selected{background-color:#015944}@media (min-width:960px){.header-search-toggle.selected{background-color:transparent}}.header-search-toggle>.icon{font-size:45px;color:#fff;transition:color .2s}@media (min-width:960px){.header-search-toggle>.icon{color:#007268;position:absolute;right:12px;top:22px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header-search-toggle:hover>.icon{color:#e6e6e9}}@media (min-width:960px){.form-open.header-search-toggle{width:70px!important}}.header-search{z-index:999999;width:100%;position:absolute;top:60px;right:0;display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header-search{top:51px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header-search{display:block}}.header-search span.placeholder{font-size:15px;line-height:50px;color:#35353a}@media (min-width:640px){.header-search span.placeholder{font-size:18px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header-search span.placeholder{font-size:24px;line-height:80px!important}}.header-search-input{font-size:15px;line-height:50px;color:#35353a;width:100%;height:50px;padding:0 20px;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #E7E8E9}@media (min-width:640px){.header-search-input{font-size:18px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header-search-input{font-size:24px;height:89px;border-bottom:0}}.header-search-input:focus{color:#1f1f24}.header-search-input::-ms-clear{display:none}.nav-toggle{width:60px;height:60px;border-right:1px solid #6AC4C0;background-color:#fff}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-toggle{display:none}}.nav-toggle.selected{background-color:#015944}.nav-toggle>.icon{font-size:37px;color:#fff;top:1px}.nav{width:100%;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9;background:#fff;position:absolute;top:60px;left:0;display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.nav{padding:50px 0 0 120px;border-bottom:0;position:static;display:block}}.nav-join-pro{font-size:11px;line-height:50px;height:50px;padding-left:20px;display:block}@media (min-width:640px){.nav-join-pro{font-size:12px}}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-join-pro{display:none}}.nav-join-pro span{display:inline-block;width:120px;vertical-align:middle;line-height:normal}@media (min-width:640px){.nav-join-pro span{width:63%}}.nav-links{z-index:1;font-size:11px;margin:5px 0 0;padding:10px 20px;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e9}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-links{height:50px;margin:0;padding:0 20px;position:absolute;top:0;left:15px;padding-left:0;border-top:0;background-color:#fff;z-index:10}}.nav-links ul{clear:both;overflow:hidden}.nav-links li{float:left;line-height:30px}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-links li{line-height:50px;padding:0}}.nav-links li:last-child a{border:0}.nav-links li:nth-child(3){float:left}.nav-links li a{border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9;text-transform:uppercase;padding-right:10px;margin-right:10px}.nav-user{font-size:11px;line-height:50px;height:50px;position:absolute;right:20px;top:0;z-index:1}@media (min-width:640px){.nav-user{font-size:12px}}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-user{right:206px}}.nav-user-name{color:#35353a;padding:0 10px 0 0;border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9}@media (min-width:640px){.nav-user-name{padding-right:15px}}.nav-user-action{text-transform:uppercase;color:#007268;padding-left:8px;cursor:pointer;transition:color .2s}@media (min-width:640px){.nav-user-action{padding-left:13px}}.nav-user-action:hover{color:#15312D}.nav-user-action.cookies{border-left:1px solid #e6e6e9;padding-left:10px;margin-left:8px}@media (min-width:640px){.nav-user-action.cookies{padding-left:15px;margin-left:13px}}.nav-list{border-top:1px solid #e6e6e9}.nav-list-item{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item{width:175px;height:89px;border-bottom:0;border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9;position:relative;z-index:9}}@media (min-width:1280px){.nav-list-item{width:200px}}.nav-list-item.selected{background-color:#f2f2f3}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item.selected{background-color:transparent}}.nav-list-item.selected .nav-list-item-header,.nav-list-item.selected .nav-list-sublist-header{border-bottom:1px solid #e7e8e9}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item.selected .nav-list-item-header,.nav-list-item.selected .nav-list-sublist-header{border:0}}.nav-list-item.selected .nav-list-item-header>.icon-arrow-down:before,.nav-list-item.selected .nav-list-sublist-header>.icon-arrow-down:before{content:"3"}.nav-list-item.selected .nav-list-item-dropdown{display:block}.nav-list-item-border{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9;z-index:999998}.nav-list-item-header,.nav-list-sublist-header{font-size:13px;line-height:50px;color:#007268;height:50px;margin:0 20px;position:relative;cursor:pointer}@media (min-width:640px){.nav-list-item-header,.nav-list-sublist-header{font-size:14px}}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-header,.nav-list-sublist-header{margin:0}}.nav-list-item-header .icon,.nav-list-sublist-header .icon{color:#4e4e4e;position:absolute;top:18px;right:0}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-header .icon,.nav-list-sublist-header .icon{font-size:20px;top:33px;right:20px;transition:color .2s}}.nav-list-item-header .view-all,.nav-list-sublist-header .view-all{font-size:9px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#35353a;padding-right:27px;position:absolute;top:16px;right:5px;cursor:pointer;transition:color .2s}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-header .view-all,.nav-list-sublist-header .view-all{top:17px}}.nav-list-item-header .view-all .icon,.nav-list-sublist-header .view-all .icon{font-size:20px;color:#35353a;top:0}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-header .view-all .icon,.nav-list-sublist-header .view-all .icon{right:0}}.nav-list-item-header .view-all:hover,.nav-list-sublist-header .view-all:hover{color:#1f1f24}.nav-list-item-header .view-all:hover .icon,.nav-list-sublist-header .view-all:hover .icon{color:#1f1f24}.nav-list-item-header{line-height:16px}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-header{height:89px;margin:0}}.nav-list-item-header .icon-navigation-detail,.nav-list-item-header .icon-navigation-arrow{display:none}.nav-list-item-header:hover .icon{color:#007268}.nav-list-item-header-type{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#1f1f24;position:absolute;top:10px;left:14px;display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-header-type{display:block}}.nav-list-item-header-title{height:50px;display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-header-title{width:110px;height:89px;padding:0 50px 0 15px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.nav-list-item-header-title{width:135px}}.nav-list-item-dropdown{max-height:135px;overflow:auto;display:none;box-shadow:inset 0 -10px 5px -5px #e6e6e9}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-dropdown{max-height:none;padding:20px;border:1px solid #e6e6e9;border-top:0;background-color:#fff;position:absolute;top:89px;left:0;overflow:visible;box-shadow:none}}.nav-list-item-jscroll{overflow:hidden}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-jscroll{overflow:auto}}.nav-list-parent-topics{display:none;cursor:pointer}.nav-list-sublist-header.nav-list-sublist-header-gray{font-size:13px;color:#35353a}.nav-list-sublist{padding:10px 0;border-top:1px solid #fff}.nav-list-sublist-item,.nav-list-sublist-link{font-size:11px;color:#35353a;padding:9px 20px}@media (min-width:640px){.nav-list-sublist-item,.nav-list-sublist-link{font-size:13px}}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-sublist-item,.nav-list-sublist-link{padding:9px 0}}.nav-list-sublist-item:hover,.nav-list-sublist-link:hover{color:#000}.nav-list-sublist-item.sponsored,.nav-list-sublist-link.sponsored{color:#007268}.nav-list-sublist-item.sponsored:hover,.nav-list-sublist-link.sponsored:hover{color:#15312D}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-searchsites,.nav-list-item-all-sites{width:240px}}.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header,.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-header{font-size:14px}@media (min-width:640px){.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header,.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-header{font-size:16px}}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header,.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-header{font-size:17px;line-height:22px;color:#fff;font-weight:700;background-color:#007268}}.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header a,.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-header a{display:block}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header .icon,.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-header .icon{color:#fff;top:34px;right:10px}}.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header .icon:hover,.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-header .icon:hover{color:#007268}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header-title,.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-header-title{width:190px}}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-dropdown,.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-dropdown{left:-120px;width:318px;padding:20px;margin:0}}.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header .icon:hover{color:#1f1f24}.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header.searchdatacenteres .icon-arrow-down{display:none}.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-jscroll .nav-list-child-sites:first-child{display:none}.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-jscroll .nav-list-parent-sites{display:block}.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-child-sites{display:none}.nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-parent-sites{cursor:pointer}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-topics{position:absolute;left:360px;top:51px}}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-topics .nav-list-item-dropdown{width:311px;padding:20px;left:-1px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.nav-list-item-topics .nav-list-item-dropdown{width:361px}}.nav-list-item-topics .nav-list-item-dropdown.infotype .nav-list-item-jscroll .nav-list-child-topics:first-child{display:none}.nav-list-item-topics .nav-list-item-dropdown.infotype .nav-list-item-jscroll .nav-list-parent-topics{display:block}.nav-list-item-topics .nav-list-child-topics{position:relative}.nav-list-sublist-header-topics{cursor:auto;line-height:20px;width:100%;height:50px;padding:0 90px 0 20px;display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-sublist-header-topics{padding-left:0}}.nav-list-child-topics{display:none}.nav-list-item-jscroll .nav-list-child-topics:first-child{display:block}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-sections{position:absolute;left:536px;top:51px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.nav-list-item-sections{left:561px}}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-sections .nav-list-item-dropdown{width:311px;padding:20px;margin:0;left:-177px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.nav-list-item-sections .nav-list-item-dropdown{width:361px;left:-202px}}.desktop-fixed-search{display:none}.nav-social{text-align:center;height:60px}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-social{height:50px;padding-left:15px;border-left:1px solid #e6e6e9;position:absolute;top:0;right:12px}}.nav-social-item{margin:0 1px;display:inline-block}.nav-social-item a{color:#35353a}.nav-social-item a:hover{color:#007268}.nav-social-item .icon{font-size:35px;line-height:60px;top:2px}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-social-item .icon{line-height:50px}}.header_v2 .nav-links{display:none}@media (min-width:640px){.header_v2 .nav-links{display:block}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-links{padding-right:10px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-links li:first-child{border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9;margin-right:10px;padding-right:10px}}@media (min-width:960px) and (min-width:1280px){.header_v2 .nav-links li:first-child{margin-right:15px;padding-right:15px}}.header_v2 .nav-links li:first-child a{border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9;padding-right:10px;margin-right:10px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-links li:first-child a{border:0;padding-right:0;margin-right:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-links li:last-child a{padding-right:0;margin-right:0}}.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content{display:none;margin-right:10px;padding-right:10px;border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content{margin-right:15px;padding-right:15px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content{display:block}}.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content .icon-arrow-down{right:-2px;display:inline-block;min-width:11px}.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #e6e6e9;border-top:0;display:none;margin-left:-6px;margin-top:0;position:absolute;width:118px;padding-top:0}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown{margin-left:-11px;width:125px}}.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist{padding:0 5px 10px}.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li{border-right:0;color:#008bc1;cursor:pointer;height:auto;line-height:15px;margin-right:0;padding:0;width:108px;font-size:13px;margin-bottom:5px;transition:background-color .2s}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li{width:117px}}.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li:hover{background-color:#007268}.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li:hover a{color:#fff}.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li a{text-transform:none;padding:5px;display:block}.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content.hovered .more-content-dropdown{display:block}.header_v2 .nav-links li.more-content a{border:0;padding-right:0;margin-right:0}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-user{right:153px;padding-right:15px}}.header_v2 .nav-user a:first-child .nav-user-action,.header_v2 .nav-user .icon{border-right:0;padding-right:7px;margin-right:-5px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-user a:first-child .nav-user-action,.header_v2 .nav-user .icon{padding-right:5px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v2 .nav-user a:first-child .nav-user-action,.header_v2 .nav-user .icon{padding-right:10px}}.header_v2 .nav-user .icon{color:#007268;border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9}.header_v2 .nav-user .register{border-left:1px solid #e6e6e9;padding-left:10px;margin-left:5px;color:#fff;transition:background-color .2s}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-user .register{padding-left:7px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v2 .nav-user .register{padding-left:15px}}.header_v2 .nav-user .register:hover span{background-color:#15312D}.header_v2 .nav-user .register span{padding:5px 13px;margin:0;border:0;background-color:#007268;color:#fff;transition:background-color .2s}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-user .register span{padding:5px 10px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v2 .nav-user .register span{padding:5px 13px}}.header_v2 .nav-social{right:10px}.header_v2 .nav-social .nav-social-item{margin:0;min-width:28px}.header_v2 .nav-social .nav-social-item .icon{font-size:28px;color:#007268;transition:color .2s}.header_v2 .nav-social .nav-social-item .icon:hover{color:#15312D}.header_v2 .nav-social .nav-social-item .icon.x_logo{font-size:15px;top:-4px;left:-2px}.header_v2 .nav-social .nav-social-item.title{font-size:12px;color:#35353a;margin-right:5px}.header_v2 .nav-list-item.hovered .nav-list-item-dropdown{display:block}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-searchsites{width:189px;display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-searchsites{display:block}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-topics{left:309px;width:200px;border-right:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-topics .nav-list-item-header{padding:10px 0 0 20px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-topics .nav-list-item-header .icon{top:10px;right:115px;font-size:15px}}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-topics .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-type{position:static}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-topics .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title{padding:0 20px 0 0;display:block;height:49px;width:auto;overflow:hidden;border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-topics .nav-list-item-dropdown{width:280px;padding:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-sections{left:535px;width:200px;border-right:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-sections .nav-list-item-header{padding:10px 0 0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-sections .nav-list-item-header .icon{top:10px;right:105px;font-size:15px}}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-sections .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-type{position:static}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-sections .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title{padding:0 20px 0 0;display:block;height:49px;width:165px;overflow:hidden}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-sections .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title{width:auto}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-sections .nav-list-item-dropdown{left:-27px;width:280px}}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-header-type{color:#35353a}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-dropdown{padding:0}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist{padding:0}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li{font-size:14px;margin:0 10px 10px;padding:5px 10px;transition:color .2s;transition:background-color .2s}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#007268}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li a{word-wrap:break-word;display:block}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-dropdown.nav-list-sublist{padding:0}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-dropdown.nav-list-sublist li{font-size:14px;margin:0 10px 10px;padding:5px 10px;transition:color .2s;transition:background-color .2s}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-dropdown.nav-list-sublist li:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#007268}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-dropdown.nav-list-sublist li a{word-wrap:break-word;display:block}}.header_v2 .nav-list-sublist-item.view-all{color:#007268}.header_v2 .header-search{top:60px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .header-search{display:block!important;right:57px;top:73px;max-width:450px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v2 .header-search{width:555px;top:71px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .header-search .header-search-toggle{display:none}}.header_v2 .header-search-input{font-size:13px;height:45px;background-color:#fff;color:#35353a;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9;line-height:normal}@media (min-width:640px){.header_v2 .header-search-input{font-size:15px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .header-search-input{border:2px solid #f2f2f2;padding:0 14px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v2 .header-search-input{padding:0 20px;font-size:17px}}.header_v2 .header-search-input:focus{color:#1f1f24;outline:0}.header_v2 .header-search-input::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#35353a}.header_v2 .header-search-input:-moz-placeholder{color:#35353a}.header_v2 .header-search-input::-moz-placeholder{color:#35353a}.header_v2 .header-search-input:-ms-input-placeholder{color:#35353a}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .header-search-toggle{display:none}}.header_v2 .header-search-submit{width:60px;height:60px;border-left:1px solid #6AC4C0;background-color:#007268;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;display:none;transition:background-color .2s}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .header-search-submit{width:45px;height:45px;border:0;z-index:4;right:-45px;display:block}}.header_v2 .header-search-submit:focus{outline:0}.header_v2 .header-search-submit.selected{background-color:#015944}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .header-search-submit.selected{background-color:transparent}}.header_v2 .header-search-submit>.icon{font-size:45px;color:#fff;transition:color .2s}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .header-search-submit>.icon{position:absolute;top:0;right:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .header-search-submit:hover{background-color:#15312D}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2.fr .nav-user{right:231px}}.header_v2.fr .nav-user-action.cookies{padding-left:12px;margin-left:5px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .header-search{max-width:450px}}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-list-item.hovered .nav-list-item-dropdown{display:block}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-dropdown,.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-dropdown{padding:20px}.header_logged_in_icon{font-size:14px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_logged_in_icon{top:2px}}@media (min-width:960px){.nav-list-item-jscroll{max-height:500px}}.header_v2 .nav-social,.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-social{font-size:0;z-index:11;background-color:#fff}.header_v2 .nav-rss,.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-rss{border-right:0!important}.header_v2 .nav-user,.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-user{background-color:#fff;padding-left:10px;z-index:999999!important}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-links,.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links{height:50px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-links>ul,.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links>ul{height:50px}}.header_v2 .nav-list-item-all-sites.hovered .icon-arrow-down:before,.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-list-item-all-sites.hovered .icon-arrow-down:before{content:"3"}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-header .icon:hover,.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-list-item-header .icon:hover{color:#fff}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2 .nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-jscroll,.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-list-item-all-sites .nav-list-item-jscroll{height:270px;max-height:270px}}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-social .nav-social-item .icon.x_logo{font-size:15px;top:-4px;left:-2px}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-social .nav-social-item .bluesky_icon{width:19px;height:19px;display:block;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;filter:invert(34%) sepia(59%) saturate(265%) hue-rotate(173deg) brightness(99%) contrast(89%);top:0}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-social .nav-social-item .bluesky_icon:hover{filter:invert(11%) sepia(12%) saturate(6%) hue-rotate(353deg) brightness(96%) contrast(78%)}.header.header_v2,.header.header_v2-keep-nav,.header{position:static;position:sticky;top:0;z-index:100}@media (min-width:960px){.header.header_v2,.header.header_v2-keep-nav,.header{top:-50px}}.header.header_v2 .header-search,.header.header_v2-keep-nav .header-search,.header .header-search{}@media (min-width:960px){.header.header_v2 .header-search,.header.header_v2-keep-nav .header-search,.header .header-search{width:60px}}@media (min-width:1000px){.header.header_v2 .header-search,.header.header_v2-keep-nav .header-search,.header .header-search{width:100px}}@media (min-width:1050px){.header.header_v2 .header-search,.header.header_v2-keep-nav .header-search,.header .header-search{width:150px}}@media (min-width:1100px){.header.header_v2 .header-search,.header.header_v2-keep-nav .header-search,.header .header-search{width:200px}}@media (min-width:1150px){.header.header_v2 .header-search,.header.header_v2-keep-nav .header-search,.header .header-search{width:250px}}@media (min-width:1200px){.header.header_v2 .header-search,.header.header_v2-keep-nav .header-search,.header .header-search{width:300px}}@media (min-width:1250px){.header.header_v2 .header-search,.header.header_v2-keep-nav .header-search,.header .header-search{width:350px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header.header_v2 .header-search,.header.header_v2-keep-nav .header-search,.header .header-search{width:555px}}.header-leaderboard{height:70px;width:100%}@media (min-width:960px){.header-leaderboard{height:110px}}.header-leaderboard #leaderboard{height:90px;width:728px;left:0;right:0}@media (min-width:960px){#microsite .header.header_v2,#microsite .header.header_v2-keep-nav,#microsite .header{top:0}}#microsite .header-leaderboard,#microsite .cls-hlb-wrapper-mobile,#microsite .cls-hlb-wrapper-desktop{display:none}#micrositePromo .header-leaderboard,#micrositePromo .cls-hlb-wrapper-mobile,#micrositePromo .cls-hlb-wrapper-desktop,#article .header-leaderboard,#article .cls-hlb-wrapper-mobile,#article .cls-hlb-wrapper-desktop{display:none}.header_v2.es .nav-user{position:relative;right:-12px}@media (min-width:640px){.header_v2.es .nav-user{position:absolute;right:20px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2.es .nav-user{right:135px}}.header_v2.es a.nav-join-pro{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9}@media (min-width:640px){.header_v2.es a.nav-join-pro{border:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2.es .nav-list-item-header.searchdatacenteres .nav-list-item-header-title{padding-left:10px}}.header_v3{height:50px;border-bottom:1px solid #e3e3e3}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3{height:140px;background:#fff;padding-bottom:0;top:-30px;border-bottom:0}}.header_v3 .header-logo{height:50px;left:50%;transform:translate(-50.1%,0);right:auto;width:calc(100% - 100px);display:flex;align-content:center;justify-content:center;align-items:center;text-align:left}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-logo{left:0;transform:none;right:60px;width:120px;height:109px;top:30px;text-align:center;box-sizing:border-box}}.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile{display:block;text-align:left;font-size:13px;position:static;top:0;padding-left:108px;height:17px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile{display:none}}.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile span{display:inline;font-size:15px}.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile span:first-child{border-left:1px solid #e6e6e9;padding-left:12px}.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile .logo-search,.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile .logo-1{font-weight:400;color:#35353a;font-size:15px}.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile .logo-2,.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile .logo-3,.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile .logo-4{display:inline;margin-right:3px;color:#35353a}.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile.searchvmware .logo-1{font-weight:700}.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile.searchvmware .logo-2,.header_v3 .header-logo .header-logo-mobile.searchvmware .logo-3{display:inline-block}.header_v3 .header-logo svg#techtarget-logo{height:30px;width:55px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-logo svg#techtarget-logo{position:relative;top:auto;width:84px;height:44px}}.header_v3 .header-logo svg#techtarget-logo .cls-5,.header_v3 .header-logo svg#techtarget-logo path{fill:#fff}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-logo:after{content:"";width:0;position:absolute;left:115px;top:30px;height:50px;border-right:1px solid #cef0ee}}.header_v3 .nav-toggle,.header_v3 .header-search-toggle{border:0;height:50px;width:50px;padding:0}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-toggle,.header_v3 .header-search-toggle{display:none}}.header_v3 .nav-toggle.selected,.header_v3 .header-search-toggle.selected{background-color:#fff}.header_v3 .nav-toggle.selected .icon,.header_v3 .header-search-toggle.selected .icon{color:#7a7a80}.header_v3 .nav-toggle .icon,.header_v3 .header-search-toggle .icon{color:#7a7a80;font-size:34px}.header_v3 .header-search-toggle .icon{font-size:37px;top:2px}.header_v3 .nav,.header_v3 .header-search{top:50px}.header_v3 .nav:before,.header_v3 .header-search:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:-9px;left:15px;border-left:10px solid transparent;border-right:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid #fff}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav:before,.header_v3 .header-search:before{display:none}}.header_v3 .nav input:focus,.header_v3 .header-search input:focus{outline:0}.header_v3 .nav{height:calc(100% - 120px);position:fixed;top:120px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav{height:140px;padding-top:30px;background-color:#f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9;padding-left:120px;overflow:visible;top:50px;position:static}}.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9;margin-bottom:10px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links{border:0;margin:0}}.header_v3 .nav .nav-wrapper{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;flex-direction:column;height:calc(100% - 60px);overflow:scroll}.header_v3 .nav .nav-wrapper .nav-wrapper-top{height:100%;overflow-y:scroll;display:flex;flex-direction:column}.header_v3 .nav .nav-wrapper .nav-wrapper-top .nav-list-item-dropdown{max-height:none}.header_v3 .nav .nav-wrapper .nav-wrapper-top .nav-list-item-topics{border:0}.header_v3 .nav .nav-wrapper .nav-wrapper-mid{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.header_v3 .nav .nav-wrapper .nav-wrapper-mid .nav-links>a{height:auto}.header_v3 .nav .nav-wrapper-bot{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;min-height:60px;align-items:center}.header_v3 .nav.add-height{height:calc(100% - 50px);top:50px}.header_v3 .header-search:before{left:auto;right:15px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-search{top:0;height:30px;width:215px;right:125px;border-left:1px solid #e6e6e9;border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9;display:block}}.header_v3 .header-search-input{color:#35353a;font-size:13px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-search-input{height:30px;font-size:11px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:35px}}.header_v3 .header-search-submit{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-search-submit{display:block;position:absolute;right:0;top:2px}}.header_v3 .header-search-submit .icon{transition:color .2s}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-search-submit .icon{font-size:24px;color:#7a7a80}}.header_v3 .header-search-submit .icon:hover{color:#7a7a80}.header_v3 .nav-links{background-color:#f2f2f2;margin:0;font-size:12px;padding:0}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links{height:30px;font-size:11px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links ul{overflow:visible}}.header_v3 .nav-links li{float:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links li{line-height:30px;float:left}}.header_v3 .nav-links li a{text-transform:none;color:#35353a;border:0}.header_v3 .nav-links li a:hover{color:#1f1f24}.header_v3 .nav-links li:first-child a{padding-right:20px;margin-right:20px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links li:first-child a{border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content{position:relative}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content:hover .more-content-dropdown{display:block}}.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content:hover a,.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content:hover a .icon-arrow-down{color:#15312D}.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown{display:block}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown{display:none;position:absolute;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 8px 8px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);width:130px;left:-5px;padding-bottom:15px}}.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist{padding:0;border:0}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li{padding:0;margin:5px;float:none;line-height:normal;white-space:normal}}.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li a{color:#35353a;display:block;width:100%;height:100%;transition:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li a{color:#007268;padding:5px;box-sizing:border-box}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content .more-content-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li a:hover{background-color:#007268;color:#fff}}.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content .icon-arrow-down{position:relative;top:2px;left:2px;color:#35353a;transition:color .2s}.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content>a{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links li.more-content>a{display:block}}.header_v3 .nav-links>a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;font-size:13px;color:#007268;position:relative;padding:15px 20px;box-sizing:border-box}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links>a{display:none;padding:0}}.header_v3 .nav-links>a.selected:after{content:"-";right:23px}.header_v3 .nav-links>a:after{content:"+";position:absolute;right:20px;font-size:22px;line-height:18px;font-weight:400}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links>a:after{display:none}}.header_v3 .nav-links>ul{display:none}.header_v3 .nav-links>ul.mobile-show{display:block;padding:0 20px 15px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-links>ul{display:block}}.header_v3 .nav-user{position:static;padding-left:20px;float:left;font-size:13px;line-height:30px;height:auto}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-user{position:absolute;padding-left:0;float:none;right:20px;height:30px;line-height:30px;font-size:11px;color:#35353a;top:0;bottom:auto;left:auto}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-user a:last-child .nav-user-action{border-left:1px solid #e6e6e9;padding-left:10px;margin-left:5px}}.header_v3 .nav-user a.register{padding-left:7px;border-left:1px solid #e6e6e9;margin-left:5px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-user a.register{padding-left:10px;margin-left:5px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-user a.register:hover .nav-user-action{color:#1f1f24}}.header_v3 .nav-user a.register .nav-user-action{background:#007268;padding:6px 10px;color:#fff}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-user a.register .nav-user-action{background:#f2f2f2;color:#35353a;padding:0;margin:0;border:0}}.header_v3 .nav-user .header_logged_in_icon{margin-right:10px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-user .header_logged_in_icon{border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9;padding-right:10px;margin-right:5px}}.header_v3 .nav-user-action{text-transform:none;color:#35353a;padding-left:0}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-user-action{padding-left:8px}}.header_v3 .nav-user-action:hover{color:#1f1f24}.header_v3 .nav-social{height:auto;float:right;padding-right:15px;background-color:#fff}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-social{height:30px;top:35px;right:14px;border:0;z-index:9;padding-right:0;float:none}}.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item{margin:0 3px}.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item.title{font-size:11px;color:#35353a;position:relative;top:-5px;margin:0}.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item .icon{font-size:26px;line-height:30px}.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item .icon.x_logo{font-size:15px;top:-3px}.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item .youtube_icon{font-size:15px;top:-2px;left:1px}.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item .tiktok_icon{font-size:15px;top:-3px;left:9px}.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item:nth-child(3) .icon{left:-2px}.header_v3 .nav-social .nav-social-item:last-child .icon{left:5px}.header_v3 .nav-list{border:0}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list{background-color:#fff;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e9;box-sizing:border-box;height:100%}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item{height:100%}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites{display:block;width:auto;float:left;margin-right:20px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header{height:100%;font-size:17px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title{padding-right:20px;padding-left:15px;width:auto;height:108px}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-search,.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-1{font-size:14px;font-weight:400;color:#fff;display:block;margin-bottom:-4px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-2,.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-3{display:block;line-height:22px}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header.searchvmware .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-1{font-weight:700}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header.searchvmware .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-1,.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header.searchvmware .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-2{display:inline-block}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics{position:relative;left:auto;top:auto;width:auto;border:0;box-sizing:border-box;display:table;padding-top:45px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics{width:1040px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul{padding:0;display:table;display:flex;flex-direction:row;max-width:790px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul{max-width:1040px}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li{font-size:13px;font-weight:700}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li{height:50px;border-left:1px solid #e6e6e9;font-size:15px;padding:5px 20px 0;max-width:200px;box-sizing:border-box;padding-top:22px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li{min-width:120px;max-width:none}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li:first-child{border:0;padding-left:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li:last-child{width:150px;flex-shrink:0}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.active a{color:#007268}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more{position:relative;font-weight:400;padding-top:0}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more{font-weight:700;padding-top:22px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more:hover .nav-list-item-dropdown{display:block}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more:hover>a,.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more:hover>a .icon-arrow-down{color:#007268}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more>a{padding-top:9px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more>a{padding-top:0}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more>a:hover{color:#35353a}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more>a:hover{color:#007268}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more>a .icon{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more>a .icon{display:inline}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown{box-shadow:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown{width:130px;top:47px;padding:0 0 15px;left:10px;border:0;box-shadow:0 8px 8px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2)}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist{padding:0;border:0}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li{padding:9px 0;margin:0;font-size:13px;font-weight:700}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li{margin:5px;padding:0;font-size:13px}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li a{transition:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li a{padding:5px;box-sizing:border-box}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li a:hover{background-color:#007268;color:#fff}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown.mobile-show{display:block}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown.mobile-show+a:after{content:"-";right:23px}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown+a:after{content:"+";position:absolute;right:20px;font-size:22px;line-height:18px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown+a:after{display:none}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li a{display:block;width:100%;height:100%}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li a:hover,.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li a:hover .icon-arrow-down{color:#007268}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li .icon-arrow-down{position:relative;left:2px;top:2px;color:#35353a;transition:color .2s}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links{left:0;background-color:#fff;top:16px}}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links li:first-child a{padding-right:10px;margin-right:10px;border:0}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links li:hover a{color:#15312D}.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links li a{color:#35353a}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links li a{color:#007268}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links li a:hover{color:#15312D}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links>ul{white-space:nowrap}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links>ul>li{display:inline-block;float:none}}#home.corporate .site-container .header_v3,#home.corporate .site-container .header_v3#page-header,#home.corporate .site-container .header_v2-keep-nav .header_v3-whatis,.site-container .header_v3,.site-container .header_v3#page-header,.site-container .header_v2-keep-nav .header_v3-whatis{margin-top:36px}@media (min-width:640px){#home.corporate .site-container .header_v3,#home.corporate .site-container .header_v3#page-header,#home.corporate .site-container .header_v2-keep-nav .header_v3-whatis,.site-container .header_v3,.site-container .header_v3#page-header,.site-container .header_v2-keep-nav .header_v3-whatis{margin-top:36px}}@media (min-width:960px){#home.corporate .site-container .header_v3,#home.corporate .site-container .header_v3#page-header,#home.corporate .site-container .header_v2-keep-nav .header_v3-whatis,.site-container .header_v3,.site-container .header_v3#page-header,.site-container .header_v2-keep-nav .header_v3-whatis{margin-top:0}}#home.corporate .site-container .explore-mobile.mobile-banner,.site-container .explore-mobile.mobile-banner{background:#525a5c;font-size:11px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;color:#fff;padding:10px 0;text-align:center;margin-bottom:-36px;box-sizing:border-box;height:36px}@media (min-width:640px){#home.corporate .site-container .explore-mobile.mobile-banner,.site-container .explore-mobile.mobile-banner{margin-bottom:-36px;font-size:11px}}#home.corporate .site-container .explore-mobile.mobile-banner:hover,.site-container .explore-mobile.mobile-banner:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:5px}#home.corporate .site-container .explore-mobile.mobile-banner:after,.site-container .explore-mobile.mobile-banner:after{position:relative;display:inline-block;left:5px;content:"";background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;width:10px;height:10px}#home.corporate .site-container .nav-wrapper-mid .nav-links .informa-logo,#home.corporate .site-container .nav-wrapper-mid .nav-links .explore,.site-container .nav-wrapper-mid .nav-links .informa-logo,.site-container .nav-wrapper-mid .nav-links .explore{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3,.header_v3-whatis{top:-36px;height:145px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-logo,.header_v3-whatis .header-logo{top:35px;height:110px}}.header_v3 .nav,.header_v3-whatis .nav{top:156px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav,.header_v3-whatis .nav{background:#525a5c;height:146px;padding-top:35px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links{background:#525a5c;display:flex;width:100%;left:0;align-items:center;height:36px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>ul>li:first-child a,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>ul>li:first-child a{border-right:0;border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);padding-right:10px;margin-right:10px;padding-left:16px;margin-left:16px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>a{display:block;width:auto;line-height:30px;color:#fff}}.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.informa-logo,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>a.informa-logo{overflow:hidden;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;padding-left:16px;display:flex;margin-left:32px;align-items:center;min-width:16px;height:16px}.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.informa-logo:hover span,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>a.informa-logo:hover span{padding-left:4px;opacity:1;max-width:200px}.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.informa-logo span,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>a.informa-logo span{font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;max-width:0;transition:max-width .5s ease-in-out,opacity .5s ease-in-out,padding-left .5s ease-in-out;opacity:0}.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.explore,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>a.explore{display:none;line-height:20px;height:20px;display:block;font-size:11px;padding-right:15px;margin-right:32px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.explore,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>a.explore{display:inline-block;margin-left:auto}}.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.explore:hover,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>a.explore:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #fff}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.explore:after,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>a.explore:after{position:absolute;right:0;top:5px;display:block;content:"";background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;width:10px;height:10px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.explore-mobile,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>a.explore-mobile{display:none}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.explore-network,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links>a.explore-network{display:none}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links li a,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links li a{color:#fff}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav>.nav-links li a:hover,.header_v3-whatis .nav>.nav-links li a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:5px;color:#fff}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-user,.header_v3-whatis .nav .nav-user{top:52px;right:30px}}.header_v3 .nav .nav-user a.register,.header_v3-whatis .nav .nav-user a.register{border-radius:4px;background-color:#33d7c8;margin-left:10px;padding:8px 10px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-user a.register,.header_v3-whatis .nav .nav-user a.register{border:0;display:inline-block;line-height:1;transition:background-color .2s}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-user a.register:hover,.header_v3-whatis .nav .nav-user a.register:hover{background-color:#80edda}}.header_v3 .nav .nav-user a.register .nav-user-action,.header_v3-whatis .nav .nav-user a.register .nav-user-action{color:#0a0a0a;background:0}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-user a:last-child .nav-user-action,.header_v3-whatis .nav .nav-user a:last-child .nav-user-action{border:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-user .header_logged_in_icon,.header_v3-whatis .nav .nav-user .header_logged_in_icon{padding-right:12px;margin-right:-6px}}.header_v3 .nav .nav-wrapper,.header_v3-whatis .nav .nav-wrapper{height:calc(100% - 93px)}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-search,.header_v3-whatis .header-search{top:52px;border:1px solid #e3e3e3;right:158px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav-social,.header_v3-whatis .nav-social{display:none}}.header_v2-keep-nav{margin-top:36px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav{margin-top:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav{margin-top:36px}}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner{background:#525a5c;display:flex;width:100%;left:0;align-items:center;height:36px;top:-36px;padding:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>ul>li:first-child a{border-right:0;border-left:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.6);padding-right:10px;margin-right:10px;padding-left:16px;margin-left:16px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a{display:block;width:auto;line-height:30px;color:#fff}}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a.informa-logo{overflow:hidden;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;padding-left:16px;display:none;margin-left:32px;align-items:center;min-width:16px;height:16px;margin-right:-16px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a.informa-logo{display:flex}}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a.informa-logo:hover span{padding-left:4px;opacity:1;max-width:200px}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a.informa-logo span{font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;max-width:0;transition:max-width .5s ease-in-out,opacity .5s ease-in-out,padding-left .5s ease-in-out;opacity:0;margin-right:16px}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a.explore{display:none;line-height:20px;height:20px;font-size:11px;padding-right:15px;margin-right:32px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a.explore{display:inline-block;margin-left:auto;position:relative}}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a.explore:hover{border-bottom:1px solid #fff}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a.explore:after{position:absolute;right:0;top:5px;display:block;content:"";background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat;width:10px;height:10px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a.explore-mobile{display:none}}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner>a.explore-network{display:none}.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner li a{font-weight:700}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner li a{text-transform:none;border:0;font-weight:400}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner li a{color:#fff}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v2-keep-nav .nav-links.banner li a:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:5px;color:#fff}}.header_v3-whatis{margin-top:36px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3-whatis{margin-top:0}}.header_v3-whatis .nav-links>a.informa-logo{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3-whatis .nav-links>a.informa-logo{margin-right:-16px;display:flex}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3-whatis .nav-links>a.informa-logo span{margin-right:16px}}.header_v3-whatis .nav-links>a.explore{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3-whatis .nav-links>a.explore{position:relative;display:inline-block}}@media (min-width:960px){#home.corporate .header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.informa-logo{display:flex}}@media (min-width:960px){#home.corporate .header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.explore-network,#home.corporate .header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a.explore-mobile{display:none}}@media (min-width:960px){#home.corporate .header_v3 .nav>.nav-links>a{line-height:20px!important}}@media (min-width:960px){#home.corporate .header_v3 .header-search,#hub .header_v3 .header-search,#contributor-alpha .header_v3 .header-search,#contributor-year .header_v3 .header-search,#about .header_v3 .header-search,#newsListing .header_v3 .header-search{right:158px!important;top:52px!important;width:215px!important}}@media (min-width:960px){#home.corporate .header_v3 .nav .nav-user,#hub .header_v3 .nav .nav-user,#contributor-alpha .header_v3 .nav .nav-user,#contributor-year .header_v3 .nav .nav-user,#about .header_v3 .nav .nav-user{top:52px}}#home.corporate .homepage-header{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){#microsite .header_v3,#article .header_v3{height:140px!important}}#microsite .header_v3 .nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title span,#article .header_v3 .nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title span{font-weight:700!important}#microsite .header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links,#article .header_v3 .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links{display:none}.no-scroll{touch-action:none;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:none;overflow:hidden;overscroll-behavior:none}#home.corporate header#page-header{margin-top:36px}techtarget-informa-banner{margin-bottom:-36px}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-logo{background-size:contain;z-index:10;height:30px;width:171px;border:0;top:58px;left:15px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .header-logo:after{border-right:0}}.header_v3 .header-logo svg{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav{padding-left:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item{border-right:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-searchsites .nav-list-item-header{min-width:205px}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics .nav-links li a{color:#35353a}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li{font-size:13px;color:#35353a;font-weight:400;border:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item.nav-list-item-topics>ul>li.more .nav-list-item-dropdown .nav-list-sublist li{font-weight:400}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item .nav-list-item-header{background:#fff}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title{background:#fff;height:auto;position:relative;top:63px;color:#35353a}}@media (min-width:960px){.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-search,.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-1,.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-2,.header_v3 .nav .nav-list-item .nav-list-item-header .nav-list-item-header-title .logo-3{display:inline;color:#35353a;font-size:17px;font-weight:700}}@media (min-width:960px){#home.corporate .header_v3 .nav{background:#fff}}.ad{margin:0 auto}.ad-ist{display:none}.ad-lb{width:728px;height:90px;display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.ad-lb{display:block}}.ad-mb{width:300px;height:50px}@media (min-width:960px){.ad-mb{display:none}}.ad-mbt{width:300px;height:90px;display:none}@media (min-width:640px){.ad-mbt{display:block}}.ad-hp{width:300px;min-height:250px;display:none}@media (min-width:1280px){.ad-hp{display:block}}.ad-mu{width:300px;min-height:250px;margin-bottom:40px;position:relative}.ad-pr{width:800px;height:45px;display:none}@media (min-width:1280px){.ad-pr{display:block}}.header-leaderboard .ad{padding:10px 0}@media (min-width:960px){.header-leaderboard .ad{padding:15px 0}}.header-leaderboard.ad-desktop{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.header-leaderboard.ad-desktop{display:block;background-color:#f2f2f2}}.header-leaderboard.ad-mobile{background-color:#1f1f24}@media (min-width:960px){.header-leaderboard.ad-mobile{display:none;background-color:#1f1f24}}.page-header-ad{position:absolute;right:0;z-index:1;display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.page-header-ad.ad-desktop{display:block}}@media (min-width:1280px){.page-header-ad.ad-desktop-w{display:block}}@media (min-width:960px){.page-header-ad.ad-desktop-duo{display:block}}@media (min-width:1280px){.page-header-ad.ad-desktop-duo .ad-mu{display:none}}.ad-inline{margin:0 -30px}@media (min-width:640px){.ad-inline{margin:0}}.ad-inline .ad{padding:10px 0}@media (min-width:640px){.ad-inline.ad-mobile-x{display:none}}@media (min-width:960px){.ad-inline.ad-mobile{display:none}}.ad-inline.ad-tablets{display:none}@media (min-width:640px){.ad-inline.ad-tablets{display:block}}@media (min-width:1280px){.ad-inline.ad-tablets{display:none}}.ad-inline.ad-desktop{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.ad-inline.ad-desktop{display:block}}.ad-inline.ad-desktop-w{display:none}@media (min-width:1280px){.ad-inline.ad-desktop-w{display:block}}@media (min-width:1280px){.ad-inline.ad-x-desktop-w{display:none}}.ad-embedded{margin:0 -30px;padding:10px 0;background-color:#f2f2f2}@media (min-width:640px){.ad-embedded{border-left:20px solid #fff;float:right;padding:0;margin:0 0 20px 20px}}.ad-embedded.no-float{background:0;float:none;margin:0}@media (min-width:960px){.ad-embedded .ad-mu{display:none}}@media (min-width:960px){.ad-embedded .ad-hp{display:block}}#content-right .ad-embedded{float:none;border:0;margin:20px 0 40px}.no-float .ad{margin:1.5em auto}.float-mask{display:none;float:right;width:312px;background:#fff}@media (min-width:1280px){.float-mask{width:100px;margin-bottom:40px}}.nav-pro-callout,.body-pro-callout{display:none}@media (min-width:1280px){.nav-pro-callout,.body-pro-callout{display:block}}.nav-pro-callout{position:absolute;top:0;left:20px;height:50px}.body-pro-callout{width:1200px;padding-top:60px;margin:0 auto;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9;background:#fff}#home .body-pro-callout{margin-top:-40px;padding-top:0}.body-pro-callout-inner{margin:0 40px;padding:20px 0;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e9}#magNav .body-pro-callout,#ezineDetail .body-pro-callout,#ezineDetailLogin .body-pro-callout,#ebookChapter .body-pro-callout,#ebookChapterLogin .body-pro-callout,#ebookDetail .body-pro-callout,#ebookDetailLogin .body-pro-callout,#eproductsNav .body-pro-callout{border-bottom:0;margin-bottom:40px;padding-top:0}#magNav .body-pro-callout-inner,#ezineDetail .body-pro-callout-inner,#ezineDetailLogin .body-pro-callout-inner,#ebookChapter .body-pro-callout-inner,#ebookChapterLogin .body-pro-callout-inner,#ebookDetail .body-pro-callout-inner,#ebookDetailLogin .body-pro-callout-inner,#eproductsNav .body-pro-callout-inner{border:0}.cls-hlb-wrapper-mobile{background-color:#1f1f24;width:100%;height:70px}@media (min-width:960px){.cls-hlb-wrapper-mobile{display:none}}.cls-hlb-wrapper-desktop{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.cls-hlb-wrapper-desktop{display:block;background:transparent;width:100%;height:110px}}.ad-wrapper .ad>div{position:relative}.ad-wrapper .ad>div:before,#interstitial.ad>div>div:before,.ad.ad-mu>div:before{content:"ADVERTISEMENT";font-size:8px;position:absolute;top:-10px;left:calc(50% - 34px);text-transform:uppercase;color:#35353a}#interstitial.ad>div>div:before{top:5px;color:#fff;background-color:#000}.ad-wrapper.header-leaderboard .ad>div:before{color:#fff}@media (min-width:960px){.ad-wrapper.header-leaderboard .ad>div:before{color:#35353a}}#content-right #mu-top{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){#content-right #mu-top{display:block}}.actions-bar{padding-bottom:18px;position:absolute;top:31px;left:-40px;z-index:10;list-style:none}@media (min-width:640px){.actions-bar{left:-60px}}@media (min-width:960px){.actions-bar{display:none}}.actions-bar li:last-child:after{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;content:"";border-right:20px solid #ccc;border-bottom:18px solid transparent}.actions-bar .actions-bar-share,.actions-bar .actions-bar-chapters,.actions-bar .actions-bar-resources{display:none}.locking-left-bar .share-bar-desktop,.actions-bar .share-bar-desktop,.ezine-article .share-bar-desktop,.pillar-nav .share-bar-desktop{display:none;float:none;margin-right:0;width:30px;margin-left:0}@media (min-width:640px){.locking-left-bar .share-bar-desktop,.actions-bar .share-bar-desktop,.ezine-article .share-bar-desktop,.pillar-nav .share-bar-desktop{width:40px}}@media (min-width:960px){.locking-left-bar .share-bar-desktop,.actions-bar .share-bar-desktop,.ezine-article .share-bar-desktop,.pillar-nav .share-bar-desktop{margin-left:-65px;display:block;background:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:50px}}.resources-bar-header{padding:25px 20px 15px 0}.related-bar-header{padding:25px 20px 15px 0}.resources-bar-item,.related-bar-item{padding:15px 0;list-style:none;font-size:12px}.resources-bar-item span,.related-bar-item span{display:block;color:#35353a;font-weight:400}.resources-bar-item.see-more a,.related-bar-item.see-more a{color:#35353a;font-size:14px;text-align:center;display:block}.locking-left-bar{position:relative}.share-bar-desktop{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.share-bar-desktop{width:170px;text-align:center;padding:25px 0 15px;list-style:none;white-space:nowrap;display:block}}@media (min-width:1280px){.share-bar-desktop{width:200px}}.share-bar-item-desktop{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top}.share-bar-item-desktop a{font-size:25px}.share-bar-item-desktop .count{display:block;font-size:9px;color:#35353a;text-align:center}.share-bar-item-desktop.share-bar-title{display:none}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg{position:relative}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg{display:block}}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-content,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content{padding:20px}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header h2,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header h2{display:block;margin:0;color:#007268;font-size:24px;line-height:1em;margin-bottom:10px}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-content p,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content p{margin:0;color:#1f1f24;font-size:15px}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-content p.sign-up-fine-print,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content p.sign-up-fine-print{font-size:10px;line-height:1.5em;color:#35353a}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-content p.safeHarbor,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content p.safeHarbor{margin-top:20px}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-content a,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content a{text-decoration:underline}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-header,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-header{position:relative}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form{position:relative;margin:25px 0 20px}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form .placeholder,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form .placeholder{font-size:24px;color:#35353a;top:12px!important}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-textfield,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-textfield{float:left;padding:0 0 0 15px;margin:0;padding:12px 0 13px 10px;width:64%;color:#35353a;border:1px solid #bbb;font-size:13px;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-textfield,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-textfield{height:60px;padding:0;padding-left:16px;font-size:24px;width:75%}}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;padding:12px 0 13px;margin:0 0 0 -1%;width:36%;letter-spacing:-.02em;color:#fff;background:#007268;border:1px solid #007268;font-size:13px;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0;transition:background-color .2s}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn:hover,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn:hover{background-color:#15312D;border-color:#15312D}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn{height:50px;padding:0;font-size:18px;width:25%;letter-spacing:normal}}#content-body #inlineRegistration .sign-up-content .sign-up-fine-print a{color:#35353a}#inlineRegistrationWrapper{margin-bottom:40px}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content{background-color:#f2f2f2;padding:20px 25px}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header{clear:both;overflow:hidden}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header h2,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header>span.headline{color:#1f1f24;margin-bottom:20px}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header p{color:#35353a}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header p span{color:#1f1f24}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header img{width:100%;margin-bottom:10px}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header img{float:right;width:250px;margin-left:40px;margin-bottom:0;max-height:175px}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form{clear:both}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form ul{list-style-type:none}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li{margin-top:20px}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li label{font-size:15px;margin-bottom:5px;float:none;width:100%;display:block}@media (min-width:960px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li label{font-size:18px}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li select{float:none;width:100%;height:50px;border-radius:4px}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li input[type=submit]{background:#b20000;border-radius:4px;width:auto;margin-left:0;position:static;padding:10px 20px;font-size:11px;border:0}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li input[type=submit]{font-size:18px}}@media (min-width:960px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li input[type=submit]{font-size:24px}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form li input[type=submit]:hover{background-color:#7a0000}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg{padding:10px 0;margin:40px 0}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .wrapper-curl,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .wrapper-curl{display:none}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header{margin-bottom:20px}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header{min-height:210px}}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow{font-size:12px;color:#b20000;margin-bottom:10px;text-transform:uppercase;display:block}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover>img,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover>img{display:none}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover>img,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover>img{display:block}}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover .cover,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover .cover{box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,.631373) 5px 4px 12px -2px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover .cover,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover .cover{width:200px}}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover .cover-curl,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover .cover-curl{position:absolute;right:0;width:64px;height:43px}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button{display:none}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content p,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content p{font-size:16px}}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 li,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 li{margin:0}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 label,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 label{line-height:22px;font-size:15px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input{border-color:#adadad;height:60px;max-width:355px}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input{width:355px}}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input[type=submit],.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input[type=submit]{max-width:355px;height:60px;font-size:16px;white-space:normal}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input[type=submit],.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input[type=submit]{margin-bottom:40px;font-size:22px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input[type=submit],.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input[type=submit]{margin-left:195px;width:355px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 select,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 textarea,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 select,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 textarea{float:none}}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 .optInCheckboxes .checkboxList li input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 .optInCheckboxes .checkboxList li input{height:auto;width:auto;float:left}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 .error p,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 .error p{margin-left:195px}}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-fine-print,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-fine-print{font-size:10px}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .error p,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .error p{color:#b20000;font-size:12px}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step{padding:0}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .wrapper-curl,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .wrapper-curl,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .wrapper-curl,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .wrapper-curl{position:absolute;right:0;display:block;top:0;z-index:3}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .ctd-wrapper,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .ctd-wrapper,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .ctd-wrapper,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .ctd-wrapper{background:linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,0) 40%,#fff 70%);min-height:260px;padding:40px 20px 20px}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content{background-color:#fff}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header{overflow:visible}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .reg-cover{display:none}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header h2,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header>span.headline,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header h2,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header>span.headline,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header h2,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header>span.headline,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header h2,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header>span.headline{margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:10px}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow{background-color:#007268;padding:20px;margin-top:-40px;margin-left:-10px;z-index:1;font-size:14px;color:#fff;text-transform:none}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .eyebrow{font-size:16px}}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header>p,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header>p,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header>p,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header>p{margin-right:0}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button{display:block;width:100%;background-color:#b20000;width:100%;margin-top:20px;font-size:14px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button{font-size:22px}}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button:hover,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button:hover,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button:hover,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-header .button:hover{background-color:#7a0000}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1{display:none;background-color:#fff}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-fine-print,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .safeHarbor,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-fine-print,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .safeHarbor,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-fine-print,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step .sign-up-content .safeHarbor,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-fine-print,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .safeHarbor{display:none}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-header,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-header,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-header,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-header{min-height:0}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form{background-color:#fff}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.logged-in,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.logged-in,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.three-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.logged-in,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step #dloWrapper .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.logged-in{min-height:0}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1{display:block;background-color:#fff}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-fine-print,#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .safeHarbor,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .sign-up-fine-print,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content .safeHarbor{display:block}#sdef .sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content #expand-ctd,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg.two-step .sign-up-content #expand-ctd{display:none}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg{margin-bottom:1.5em}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form{background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form{margin-top:10px}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form h2,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form>span.headline{font-size:20px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:0}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form h2,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form>span.headline{font-size:26px}}@media (min-width:960px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form h2,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form>span.headline{font-size:30px}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form h3{font-size:14px;margin-top:0}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form h3{font-size:18px}}@media (min-width:960px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form h3{display:none}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .meterContainer{margin-bottom:10px;padding:20px 20px 0}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .meterContainer .meter{height:24px;width:100%;line-height:24px;border:1px solid #e6e6e9;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:none}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .meterContainer .meter .green{height:24px;font-size:12px}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form ul{list-style:none}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form ul li{clear:both;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:20px}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form select,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form textarea{width:100%;padding:0 0 0 10px;margin-bottom:0;border-radius:4px;font-size:13px;color:#35353a;background:#fff;border:1px solid #e6e6e9}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form select,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form textarea{font-size:21px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form select,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form textarea{float:left;width:345px}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input.error,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form select.error,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form textarea.error{border:1px solid #b20000}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form label{margin-bottom:10px;color:#1f1f24;display:block;text-align:left}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form label{margin-top:15px}}@media (min-width:960px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form label{font-size:16px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form label{float:left;width:175px;text-align:right;margin-right:20px}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input[type=submit]{padding:0 20px;transition:background-color .2s;font-size:12px;color:#fff;background:#b20000;height:50px}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input[type=submit]:hover{background-color:#7a0000}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input[type=submit]{width:auto;padding:0 25px;margin-top:10px;font-size:20px}}@media (min-width:960px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input[type=submit]{font-size:24px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input[type=submit]{margin-left:195px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.logged-in input[type=submit]{margin-left:0}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form input[type=radio]{width:auto;height:auto;float:left;margin:0 10px 0 0}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radio-related-products{padding-top:0;margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width:1280px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radio-related-products{margin-left:195px}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radio-related-products label{font-size:13px;color:#35353a;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:25px}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radio-related-products label{margin-right:0;text-align:left;margin-top:0}}@media (min-width:1280px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radio-related-products label{float:none;width:auto;text-align:left;margin-right:0}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radio-related-products input[type=radio]{width:auto;height:auto;float:left;margin:0 10px 0 0}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radio-related-products input[type=radio]{margin-right:0}}@media (min-width:1280px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radio-related-products input[type=radio]{width:auto}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .filled label{display:none}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .filled label{display:block}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .filled input{background-color:#f2f2f2;border:0;font-size:13px;color:#1f1f24;padding-left:0}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .filled input{font-size:20px}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radioButtonList,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .checkboxList{border:0;padding:0}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radioButtonList li input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .checkboxList li input{float:left;margin-bottom:10px;margin-right:0;width:auto;height:auto;padding:0}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .radioButtonList li label,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .checkboxList li label{font-size:13px;margin-left:20px;margin-top:0}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .onereg-error p{color:#b20000;font-size:12px;margin:0;text-align:right}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .onereg-error p span{color:#35353a}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .onereg-error p a{color:#b20000}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .onereg-error p a:hover{color:#7a0000}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .onereg-error.submit-error p{font-size:13px;text-align:center;margin-top:15px}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .onereg-error.submit-error p{float:left;margin-left:15px;margin-top:25px;text-align:left}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .error label{color:#b20000}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .error input,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .error select,.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .error textarea{border:1px solid #b20000}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .error p{color:#b20000;font-size:12px}@media (min-width:1280px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .error p{margin-left:195px;clear:both}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .error.optInCheckboxes .signupErrors{margin-top:-10px}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .error.optInCheckboxes label{color:#1f1f24}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .default-list{margin-left:0}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form #inlineRegProcessing{text-align:left;margin:25px 0}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form #inlineRegProcessing{margin:25px 100px 0;float:left}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .processing{height:18px;color:#35353a;font-size:14px;display:block;vertical-align:middle}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .processing .animatedIcon{height:16px;width:16px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:15px 10px 15px -65px}@media (min-width:640px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .processing .animatedIcon{margin:0 10px 20px -65px}}@media (min-width:960px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .processing .animatedIcon{margin-top:-5px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .processing .animatedIcon{margin-top:0}}.sign-up-wrapper.cascading-reg .sign-up-content .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form p.declarationOfConsent{clear:both;padding-bottom:15px}.content-continues{text-align:center;color:#35353a;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;display:block}.inline-reg.login-register{position:relative;padding:6px;padding-left:12px;text-align:right;font-size:14px}.inline-reg fieldset{border:0;margin:0;padding:0}.inline-reg ul li{list-style-type:none;line-height:normal}.inline-reg form li{margin-bottom:0}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-textfield{width:100%;border-radius:4px}@media (min-width:640px){.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-textfield{width:75%;font-size:24px;height:60px}}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-textfield#inlineRegistration_Address-2{margin-bottom:19px}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-selectfield{display:block;font-size:13px;padding:17px 0 13px 13px;border:1px solid #bbb;width:100%;margin-bottom:20px;color:#35353a;line-height:1.1em;border-radius:4px}@media (min-width:640px){.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-selectfield{width:75%;font-size:24px;height:60px}}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-selectfield.no-value{color:#35353a}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-selectfield option{color:#1f1f24}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-checkbox-wrapper{clear:both;color:#35353a;font-size:21px;font-weight:200;margin-bottom:19px}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-checkbox-wrapper label{position:relative;top:-6px;display:inline-block;font-size:13px;width:80%}@media (min-width:640px){.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-checkbox-wrapper label{font-size:21px;width:90%}}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-checkbox-wrapper .sign-up-checkboxfield{float:left;height:26px;width:26px;color:#35353a;background:#f2f2f2;border:1px solid #e3e3e3;margin-bottom:19px;margin-right:10px}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn{position:relative;border-radius:4px;margin:30px 0 10px;width:100%;clear:both;display:block}@media (min-width:640px){.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn{width:36%}}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-selectfield.error,.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-textfield.error{border:1px solid #ea0000;margin-bottom:3px}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-content p.sign-up-error-msg{margin:5px 0;display:block;color:#ea0000;font-size:11px;top:35px;left:30px}@media (min-width:640px){.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-content p.sign-up-error-msg{font-size:12px}}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-content p.sign-up-error-msg.hidden{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-header a{display:block;position:relative;top:auto;margin:10px 0 0}}.inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper.page2 .sign-up-form #inlineregEmail input{background-color:#ddd;border:0;color:#1f1f24;padding-left:0}.inline-reg .checkboxList{margin-left:0;text-align:left}.inline-reg .checkboxList li input{float:none;margin:3px 7px 0 0;width:auto;vertical-align:top}.inline-reg .checkboxList li label{display:inline-block;text-align:left;float:none;font-size:13px;line-height:20px;font-weight:400;margin-top:3px;width:220px}.inline-reg #signupErrors{clear:both;margin:20px 0}.inline-reg ul{margin:0}.inline-reg .signupErrors{clear:both;margin:0 0 20px}.inline-reg .signupErrors.hidden{display:none}.inline-reg .error input[type=text]:focus,.inline-reg .error input[type=password]:focus,.inline-reg .error select:focus,.inline-reg .error textarea:focus{outline:0}.inline-reg .processing{height:18px;color:#35353a;font-size:14px;display:block;vertical-align:middle}.inline-reg .processing .animatedIcon{height:16px;width:16px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:10px}.inline-reg .meterContainer{margin-bottom:30px}.inline-reg .meter,.inline-reg .meterDescription{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-top:20px;line-height:20px}.inline-reg .meter{color:#fff;clear:both;text-align:center;position:relative;margin:0;background-color:#fafafa;box-shadow:inset 1px 1px 2px #d0d0d0;border-radius:3px;width:230px;height:18px;font-size:13px;line-height:18px;margin-top:5px}@media (min-width:640px){.inline-reg .meter{width:350px;height:24px;line-height:24px;margin-top:20px}}.inline-reg .meter #percentage{line-height:18px;font-size:12px;height:18px}@media (min-width:640px){.inline-reg .meter #percentage{line-height:24px;height:24px}}.inline-reg .meter .green{width:0;height:17px;border-radius:3px;position:absolute;display:block;overflow:hidden;text-shadow:0 1px 1px #555;background:-webkit-gradient(linear,0 0,44 44,color-stop(0,rgba(255,255,255,.17)),color-stop(0.25,rgba(255,255,255,.17)),color-stop(0.26,rgba(255,255,255,0)),color-stop(0.5,rgba(255,255,255,0)),color-stop(0.51,rgba(255,255,255,.17)),color-stop(0.75,rgba(255,255,255,.17)),color-stop(0.76,rgba(255,255,255,0)),color-stop(1,rgba(255,255,255,0))),-webkit-gradient(linear,left bottom,left top,color-stop(0,rgba(255,255,255,0)),color-stop(1,rgba(255,255,255,.35)));background:-moz-repeating-linear-gradient(top left -30deg,rgba(255,255,255,.17),rgba(255,255,255,.17) 15px,rgba(255,255,255,0) 15px,rgba(255,255,255,0) 30px),-moz-linear-gradient(rgba(255,255,255,.25) 0,rgba(255,255,255,0) 100%);-webkit-background-size:40px 40px;-moz-background-size:40px 40px;background-color:teal;border-bottom:1px solid #007a76}.inline-reg .meterDescription{font-size:16px;margin-right:6px;vertical-align:middle;line-height:18px}.inline-reg .green{height:18px}@media (min-width:640px){.inline-reg .green{height:24px}}.inline-reg .optInCheckboxes{clear:both;margin:10px 0}.inline-reg .optInCheckboxes input{float:left;margin-top:2px}.inline-reg .optInCheckboxes label{display:block;margin-left:20px;font-size:13px;color:#35353a}.eoc_v2 #content-right .rightrail-wrapper{display:none}.eoc_v2.leadIn #content-right .ad-wrapper.ad-embedded{display:none}.eoc_v2.leadIn #content-right .ad-wrapper.ad-embedded.sidebarAdLeadIn{display:block}.eoc_v2.frontEndMetering #content-right .ad-wrapper.ad-embedded{display:none}.eoc_v2.frontEndMetering #content-right .ad-wrapper.ad-embedded.sidebarAdMetering{display:block}.ezine-article #mu-2-rightrail{display:none}.ezine-article .sidebarAdMetering #halfpage,.ezine-article .sidebarAdMetering #mu-2,.ezine-article .sidebarAdLeadIn #halfpage,.ezine-article .sidebarAdLeadIn #mu-2{display:none}.ezine-article .sidebarAdMetering #halfpage-rightrail,.ezine-article .sidebarAdMetering #mu-2-rightrail,.ezine-article .sidebarAdLeadIn #halfpage-rightrail,.ezine-article .sidebarAdLeadIn #mu-2-rightrail{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.ezine-article .sidebarAdMetering #halfpage-rightrail,.ezine-article .sidebarAdMetering #mu-2-rightrail,.ezine-article .sidebarAdLeadIn #halfpage-rightrail,.ezine-article .sidebarAdLeadIn #mu-2-rightrail{display:block}}.ezine-article.frontEndMetering #mu-2-rightrail{display:block}.pillar-bridge .ad-bridge-mobile,.pillar-bridge .ad-bridge-desktop{display:none}.pillar-bridge.reg-login .ad-bridge-mobile{display:block}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-bridge.reg-login .ad-bridge-mobile{display:none}}.pillar-bridge.reg-login .ad-bridge-desktop{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-bridge.reg-login .ad-bridge-desktop{display:block}}#postreg-splash,.right-rail-overlay-wrapper,.pillar-offer-modal,.collection-offer-modal{display:none}.sign-up-wrapper.inline-reg.sc-smartforms-techtarget .sign-up-content{padding:0}sf-tt-doi-stop-message{margin-bottom:40px;clear:both}#sdef{}#sdef .main-content .content-left{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .main-content .content-left{display:block;width:0;padding-top:0;clear:left}#sdef .main-content .content-left .share-bar-desktop{display:block;margin-left:-65px;position:relative;clear:none;overflow:visible}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-content .content-left{display:block;width:0}}#sdef .main-content .content-left .locking-left-bar{display:block}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .main-content .content-center{margin-left:0;margin-right:40px;width:460px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-content .content-center{width:740px}}#sdef .main-content .content-center p a,#sdef .main-content .content-center .section.definition-section li a{text-decoration:underline}#sdef .main-content .content-center figure{margin:1.5em auto}#sdef #main-content #content-center>div>div>p,#sdef #main-content #content-center>div>div>ul li,#sdef #main-content #content-center>div>div>ol li,#sdef .main-article-chapter p{color:#000}#sdef #content-center .section-title+.main-article-image{margin-top:40px}#sdef .definition-section img:not(.sc-input-component){display:block;height:auto;width:100%;max-width:740px}#sdef .main-content .content-right{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .main-content .content-right{margin-left:500px;display:block;margin-top:-60px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-content .content-right{margin-left:820px;width:300px;float:none}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .main-content .content-right .desktop-related-bar,#sdef .main-content .content-right .desktop-resources-bar{width:300px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .main-content .content-right .resources-bar.desktop-resources-bar{z-index:999999999;width:300px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0!important;position:relative!important;top:0!important;margin-left:0}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .main-content .content-right .resources-bar.desktop-resources-bar .primary{margin-top:260px}}#sdef .main-content .main-article-image{margin:0 auto 1.5em;max-height:none}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .main-content .main-article-image{width:460px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-content .main-article-image{width:auto;max-width:780px}}#sdef .main-content .main-article-image img{max-height:600px;object-fit:cover;object-position:left top}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .main-content .main-article-image figcaption{position:relative;margin-top:0;width:100%}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-content .main-article-image figcaption{box-sizing:border-box;padding-right:0;min-height:50px}}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .main-content .main-article-image .main-article-image-enlarge{width:40px;height:40px;top:35px;right:20px}}#sdef .main-content .main-article-image .main-article-image-enlarge .icon{font-size:36px;top:0}#sdef .main-content .main-article-image.half-col{max-width:370px;width:100%;height:auto}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .main-content .main-article-image.half-col{float:left;margin:0 40px 20px 0}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .main-content .main-article-image.half-col{float:none}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-content .main-article-image.half-col{float:left}}#sdef .main-content .main-article-image.half-col img{width:100%}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .main-content .main-article-image.half-col figcaption{box-sizing:border-box;padding-right:0;min-height:50px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{top:20px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{display:block!important;clear:both;top:auto;left:auto;float:right;position:static;position:absolute}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .resources-bar-header{font-size:15px;padding-left:0}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .resources-bar-header .icon{display:none}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .sponsored-news .resources-bar-item.see-more a{text-align:left}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .sponsored-news .resources-bar-item.see-more a{text-align:center}}#sdef .share-bar-desktop{display:none;width:30px;margin-left:0}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .share-bar-desktop{width:40px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .share-bar-desktop{margin-left:-5px;background:0;padding:0;width:50px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .share-bar-desktop{clear:both;overflow:hidden;margin-right:0;margin-left:-65px;display:block;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left;position:absolute}}#sdef .share-bar-desktop.fixed{position:fixed;top:180px}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop{display:block;text-align:center}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.socialMedia-facebook{background-color:#3b5998}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.socialMedia-twitter{background-color:#000}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.socialMedia-google{background-color:#db4437}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.socialMedia-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.socialMedia-xing{background-color:#1a7576}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.socialMedia-flipboard{background-color:#e12828}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.contentTools-print,#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.contentTools-email{background-color:#5c5d5d}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.share-bar-title{display:none}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop a{color:#fff;font-size:24px;display:block;padding:3px;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:34px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop a{font-size:26px;padding:5px;min-height:41px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop a{font-size:30px;padding:7px;min-height:49px}}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop a .x_logo{font-size:14px;top:-1px}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop a .x_logo{font-size:18px}}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop a:hover{color:#fff}#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.socialMedia-flipboard a{font-size:18px;padding:8px 3px 4px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.socialMedia-flipboard a{padding:12px 3px 7px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .share-bar-desktop .share-bar-item-desktop.socialMedia-flipboard a{font-size:23px;padding:11px 7px 10px}}#sdef .breadcrumbs{margin:0 20px -15px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .breadcrumbs{margin-top:5px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .breadcrumbs{margin:10px auto -5px;width:880px;text-align:left;box-sizing:border-box}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .breadcrumbs{width:1200px}}#sdef .breadcrumbs ul{list-style:none}#sdef .breadcrumbs ul li{display:inline;padding-right:5px;font-size:11px;color:#35353a}#sdef .breadcrumbs ul li:before{content:"\003e";padding-right:7px;color:#35353a}#sdef .breadcrumbs ul li:first-child:before{content:"";padding-right:0}#sdef .breadcrumbs ul li a{color:#35353a}#sdef .breadcrumbs ul li a:hover{color:#1f1f24;text-decoration:underline}#sdef .top-gradient-bar{height:15px;min-height:15px;margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .top-gradient-bar{margin-bottom:-15px}}#sdef .section.definition-section{padding-top:0;min-height:250px;background:0;margin-top:0}#sdef .section.definition-section p{color:#35353a}#sdef .section.definition-section p.sign-up-error-msg{color:#EA0000}#sdef .section.main-article-chapter{background:0;padding-top:0;margin-top:27px}#sdef .section.main-article-chapter .section-title,#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h4{margin:0}#sdef .section.main-article-chapter .section-title+p,#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h4+p{margin-top:8px}#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h4,#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h3:not(.section-title){font-size:15px;margin:0 0 10px}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h4,#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h3:not(.section-title){font-size:17px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h4,#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h3:not(.section-title){font-size:18px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h4,#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h3:not(.section-title){font-size:19px}}#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h4+p,#sdef .section.main-article-chapter h3:not(.section-title)+p{margin-top:-3px}#sdef h2.section-title,#sdef h3.section-title{padding-left:0}#sdef h2.section-title .icon,#sdef h3.section-title .icon{display:none}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef h2.section-title,#sdef h3.section-title{font-size:18px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef h2.section-title,#sdef h3.section-title{font-size:23px;line-height:1.4em}}#sdef #content-body h4{font-size:15px;margin-top:0;line-height:1.22em}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef #content-body h4{font-size:16px;line-height:1.08em}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef #content-body h4{font-size:17px;line-height:1.4em}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef #content-body h4{font-size:18px}}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .section.next-steps,#sdef .section.dig-deeper{clear:both}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .sign-up-header{overflow:visible;z-index:2}}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-header h2,#sdef .sign-up-header>span.headline{width:100%}}#sdef .sign-up-header>img{display:none}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-header>img{display:block;width:40%}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .sign-up-header>img{width:240px;position:relative;right:0;max-height:175px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .sign-up-header>p{margin-right:280px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form{min-height:150px}}#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form .error .errorMessageInput{clear:both}#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1{margin-top:20px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 li{margin:0}}#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 li input{max-width:408px;height:55px}#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input{width:100%;font-size:21px;max-width:408px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input{font-size:24px}}#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input[type=submit]{font-size:21px;width:100%;max-width:408px;height:55px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input[type=submit]{font-size:24px}}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input[type=submit]{margin-bottom:40px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 input[type=submit]{margin-left:0}}#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 #inlineRegProcessing{float:none;margin-bottom:20px}#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 #inlineRegProcessing .processing .animatedIcon{margin:0}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 #inlineRegProcessing .processing .animatedIcon{margin:0 10px 20px -65px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .sign-up-form.cascading-reg-form.page1 .error p{margin-left:0}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .actions-bar{display:none}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .discussion-sidebar{width:300px;left:820px}}#sdef .main-article-author{width:100%;list-style:none;margin:0}#sdef .main-article-author-info{width:auto;float:none}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-article-author-info{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;height:60px}}#sdef .main-article-author-byline{display:inline-block;border:0;padding:0;margin:0}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .main-article-author-byline{display:block}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-article-author-byline{display:inline;padding-right:15px;margin-right:15px}}#sdef .main-article-author.v2{background:0;list-style:none;max-width:none;float:none;width:auto;margin:0 0 20px;display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9;padding-bottom:15px;padding-top:5px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2{display:flex}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2{margin:0 0 30px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:2px;min-height:0}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2{margin:20px 0}}#sdef .main-article-author.v2>span{display:none;color:#35353a;font-size:12px;margin-right:3px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2>span{display:inline-block}}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 ul{list-style:none;clear:both;overflow:hidden}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2 ul{padding-right:40px;clear:none;overflow:visible}}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 li{color:#35353a;font-size:12px;margin-bottom:7px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2 li{float:left;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:5px;padding-right:10px;border-right:1px solid #35353a}}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 li:last-child{border:0;padding-right:0;margin-right:0}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 li a{color:#1f1f24}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 li a:hover{color:#51617a}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 li .main-article-author-title{color:#35353a;font-size:12px;line-height:normal}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .main-article-author-date{white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:top;margin-top:0;margin-left:auto}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .main-article-author-date span{color:#35353a}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .image-resize{display:none}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .image-resize{display:block;margin:-12px 10px 5px 0;width:40px;height:40px}}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .image-resize img{width:auto}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .image-resize img{height:52px}}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .esg-contributor-link{position:relative;display:block;color:#35353a;transition:color .2s}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .esg-contributor-link{display:inline-block}}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .esg-contributor-link .esg-contributor-tooltip{display:none;width:220px;padding:55px 10px 10px;position:absolute;top:34px;left:calc(50% - 133px);border-top:3px solid #007268;box-shadow:0 8px 8px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2)}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .esg-contributor-link .esg-contributor-tooltip{width:280px;left:calc(50% - 143px)}}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .esg-contributor-link .esg-contributor-tooltip:before{position:absolute;left:calc(50% - 8px);top:-14px;border-right:8px solid transparent;border-left:8px solid transparent;border-bottom:12px solid #007268;content:""}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .esg-contributor-link .esg-contributor-tooltip p{font-size:12px;line-height:normal;margin:0}#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .esg-contributor-link:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#15312D}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef .main-article-author.v2 .esg-contributor-link:hover .esg-contributor-tooltip{display:block}}.definition-header{margin-top:10px}@media (min-width:960px){.definition-header{margin-top:35px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.definition-header{clear:both;overflow:hidden}}.definition-header .eyebrow{font-size:12px;color:#35353a;text-transform:uppercase;display:block;margin:0 20px}@media (min-width:640px){.definition-header .eyebrow{margin:0 40px}}@media (min-width:960px){.definition-header .eyebrow{margin:0 0 5px}}@media (min-width:960px){.definition-header .page-header-ad{right:40px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.definition-header .page-header-ad{top:70px}}.definition-title{font-size:25px;line-height:1.1em;letter-spacing:-.02em;color:#1f1f24;margin:0 20px 10px}@media (min-width:640px){.definition-title{font-size:40px;margin:0 40px 15px}}@media (min-width:960px){.definition-title{padding-bottom:10px;margin:0;width:460px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.definition-title{width:740px;float:left}}.continue-reading{margin:40px 0}@media (min-width:640px){.continue-reading{clear:both}}.continue-reading ul{list-style-type:none}.continue-reading li{color:#1f1f24;font-size:15px;margin:0 0 10px;padding-left:40px;position:relative}@media (min-width:640px){.continue-reading li{font-size:18px}}.continue-reading li:before{color:#95a2b8;content:"\2219";font-size:108px;line-height:16px;position:absolute;left:5px;top:0}@media (min-width:640px){.continue-reading li:before{line-height:26px}}.continue-reading li:first-child{margin-top:15px}@media (min-width:960px){.continue-reading li:first-child{margin-top:25px}}@media (min-width:640px){.continue-reading li{font-size:16px;margin-bottom:20px}}.related-terms{margin:40px 0}@media (min-width:640px){.related-terms{padding:10px;background-repeat:repeat;clear:both}}.related-terms h4{font-size:18px;padding-bottom:3px;margin-top:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9}@media (min-width:640px){.related-terms h4{font-size:26px;padding-bottom:10px;margin-top:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.related-terms h4{font-size:30px}}@media (min-width:640px){.related-terms dl{margin-bottom:0}}.related-terms dt{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-.02em}@media (min-width:640px){.related-terms dt{font-size:20px}}@media (min-width:960px){.related-terms dt{font-size:24px}}.related-terms dt a{color:#1f1f24}.related-terms dt a:hover{color:#51617a}.related-terms dd{font-size:12px;line-height:1.58em;color:#35353a;padding-bottom:15px;margin:12px 0 25px;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e9}@media (min-width:640px){.related-terms dd{font-size:13px}}@media (min-width:960px){.related-terms dd{font-size:14px}}.related-terms dd:last-child{margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width:640px){.related-terms .related-terms-inner{padding:20px;background:#f1f5fb}}@media (min-width:640px){.related-terms .related-terms-inner dd{margin:15px 0}}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef .related-terms-inner h4{margin-bottom:0}}.file-extensions{display:none;padding:40px}@media (min-width:960px){.file-extensions{display:block}}.file-extensions h2{margin:0 0 20px}.file-extensions ul{clear:both;list-style-type:none;margin-bottom:20px;overflow:hidden}@media (min-width:1280px){.file-extensions ul{clear:none;float:left;overflow:visible}}@media (min-width:1280px){.file-extensions .list-1 li:first-child{border-left:0;padding-left:0;margin-left:0}}.file-extensions li{border-left:1px solid #e6e6e9;float:left;padding-left:13px;margin-left:13px}.file-extensions li a{color:#35353a;font-size:20px;display:inline-block;width:14px;text-align:center}.file-extensions .powered-by{border-top:1px solid #e6e6e9;clear:both;margin-top:10px;padding-top:20px}.file-extensions .powered-by span{color:#35353a;font-size:12px;float:left;margin-right:15px}.file-extensions .powered-by img{width:125px}#sdef.collection .collections-eyebrow{background:linear-gradient(to right,#117785 0,#33a79a 23%,#5db4ae 48%,#187690 100%);margin:-50px -40px -40px;padding:40px 40px 0;clear:both;overflow:hidden}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef.collection .collections-eyebrow{margin-top:-52px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.collection .collections-eyebrow{margin-top:-50px}}#sdef.collection .collections-eyebrow .infotype-eyebrow{margin-bottom:-25px;margin-left:40px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef.collection .collections-eyebrow .infotype-eyebrow{padding-left:40px;margin-top:30px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0}}#sdef.collection .eyebrow{display:none}#sdef.collection .definition-title{float:none;margin:0 40px}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef.collection .definition-title{margin-bottom:20px}}#sdef.collection #collectionTopNav{background:#fff;padding:30px 40px 60px}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.collection .definition-header{min-height:400px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef.collection .definition-header{min-height:0;clear:none;overflow:visible}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.collection .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{top:120px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef.collection .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{top:auto}}#sdef.collection #main-content .content-right{margin-top:290px!important}#sdef.collection .main-article-author.v2{margin-left:20px}@media (min-width:640px){#sdef.collection .main-article-author.v2{margin-left:0}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef.collection .main-article-author.v2{margin-left:40px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef.collection .main-content .content-left{padding-top:90px}}.main-guide-hero-header{height:85px;margin:0 -20px;overflow:hidden}@media (min-width:640px){.main-guide-hero-header{margin:0;height:120px}}@media (min-width:960px){.main-guide-hero-header{height:130px}}@media (min-width:960px){.main-guide-hero-header{margin:0 -40px}}.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left{margin:20px 0 0}.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left.full-width{width:100%;border:0}.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left.full-width h3{text-align:left}@media (min-width:640px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left{border-right:1px solid #46afa2;float:left;height:30px;margin:21px 0 0;padding-top:5px}}@media (min-width:960px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left{height:44px;margin-top:25px;padding-top:5px}}.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left h3,.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left>span{color:#fff;font-size:14px;margin:0}@media (min-width:640px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left h3,.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left>span{font-size:18px;margin-right:20px;margin-left:80px}}@media (min-width:960px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left h3,.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left>span{font-size:22px;margin-left:90px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left h3,.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-left>span{font-size:24px;margin-left:100px}}.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-right{margin:0;padding:0 20px 0 67px}@media (min-width:640px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-right{display:table-cell;height:76px;padding:0 40px 0 20px;vertical-align:middle;overflow:hidden}}@media (min-width:960px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-right{height:96px}}.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-right h4{color:#fff;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4em;margin:0}@media (min-width:640px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-right h4{font-weight:700}}@media (min-width:960px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-right h4{font-size:15px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-right h4{font-size:16px}}.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-right h5{display:none;color:#fff;font-weight:400;margin:0}@media (min-width:960px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-right h5{display:block;font-size:12px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.main-guide-hero-header .main-guide-hero-header-right h5{font-size:13px}}.main-guide-hero-header{background:#117785;background:linear-gradient(to right,#117785 0,#33a79a 23%,#5db4ae 48%,#187690 100%)}#essentialGuide.eg_v2,.guide_v2{}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .background-image,#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .background-image-credit,.guide_v2 .background-image,.guide_v2 .background-image-credit{display:none}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .fullScreenImage,.guide_v2 .fullScreenImage{position:absolute;width:100%;background:#d6ecf9;background:linear-gradient(180deg,#d6ecf9 0,#9fcde6 28%,#70a4ba 49%,#bee1f3 76%,#dff1f8 100%);height:100%;max-height:800px}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .fullScreenImage .backgroundGradient,.guide_v2 .fullScreenImage .backgroundGradient{background:#f2f2f2;background-size:cover;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(0deg,#FFF 0,#33D7C8 538.89%)}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .ad-wrapper,.guide_v2 .ad-wrapper{background-color:#1f1f24!important}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav-wrapper,.guide_v2 .guide-nav-wrapper{display:none;background-color:#1f1f24}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav-wrapper,.guide_v2 .guide-nav-wrapper{background-color:#000}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav,.guide_v2 .guide-nav{background-color:#1f1f24;text-align:center}@media (min-width:640px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav,.guide_v2 .guide-nav{text-align:left;padding-left:20px}}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav,.guide_v2 .guide-nav{padding-left:0;background-color:#000;height:60px;width:880px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto}}@media (min-width:1280px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav,.guide_v2 .guide-nav{width:1200px}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav h3,#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav>span,.guide_v2 .guide-nav h3,.guide_v2 .guide-nav>span{font-size:18px;color:#faaf40!important;display:inline-block}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav h3,#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav>span,.guide_v2 .guide-nav h3,.guide_v2 .guide-nav>span{margin:0;float:left;padding-top:20px}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav h3 a:hover,#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav>span a:hover,.guide_v2 .guide-nav h3 a:hover,.guide_v2 .guide-nav>span a:hover{color:#c03c0c!important}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav h3 a,#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav>span a,.guide_v2 .guide-nav h3 a,.guide_v2 .guide-nav>span a{color:#faaf40!important}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav h3 a:hover,#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav>span a:hover,.guide_v2 .guide-nav h3 a:hover,.guide_v2 .guide-nav>span a:hover{color:#c03c0c!important}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse{color:#fff;margin-left:15px;border-left:1px solid #35353a;display:inline-block;padding:10px 0 10px 15px}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse{display:none;padding:0;margin:0;border:0;height:60px}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse:hover,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse:hover{color:#faaf40}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse>span,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse>span{padding:10px 0 10px 20px;margin:10px 0 10px 20px;border-left:1px solid #35353a;display:inline-block}}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected{width:300px;margin-left:20px}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected>li,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected>li{height:auto;border-bottom:1px solid #333}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected>li:after,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected>li:after{content:"";box-shadow:5px 0 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);height:100%;position:absolute;width:100%;left:0;top:0;z-index:999999}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected>li:last-child,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected>li:last-child{border-bottom:0}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected>li>span,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected>li>span{margin-left:0;padding:0 50px 0 20px;border-left:0;display:inline-block}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected>li>span .icon,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected>li>span .icon{display:inline-block}}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected .guide-list-child.selected,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected .guide-list-child.selected{top:0;left:300px;background-color:#1f1f24}}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected .guide-list-child.selected>li,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .browse .guide-list-parent.selected .guide-list-child.selected>li{min-height:58px;box-sizing:border-box;box-shadow:none;border-bottom:1px solid #666}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .icon,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .icon{color:#faaf40;display:inline-block;padding-left:10px;top:2px}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent{display:none;list-style:none}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent{height:60px}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent.selected,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent.selected{display:block;position:absolute;z-index:99;background-color:transparent;width:100%;text-align:left}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent.selected,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent.selected{z-index:999999}}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent.selected>li,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent.selected>li{float:none}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li{padding:20px 50px 20px 20px;color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f24;background-color:#000;margin:0 20px;position:relative}@media (min-width:640px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li{margin:0 40px 0 0}}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li{float:left;padding:20px 0;margin:0;border-bottom:0;height:60px;box-sizing:border-box}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li:last-child,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li:last-child{border-bottom:0}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li:hover,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li:hover{color:#faaf40}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li:hover .icon,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li:hover .icon{color:#faaf40}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li:hover .guide-list-child,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li:hover .guide-list-child{color:#fff}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li>span,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li>span{border-left:1px solid #35353a;margin-left:20px;padding:10px 0 10px 20px}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li .icon,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li .icon{position:absolute;top:22px;right:20px;color:#fff}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li .icon,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent>li .icon{display:none}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child{display:none;list-style:none}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child.selected,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child.selected{display:block;background-color:#1f1f24;margin:20px -50px -20px -20px}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child.selected,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child.selected{margin:0;position:absolute;z-index:999999;top:60px;left:20px;width:300px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;background-color:#000}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li{padding:0;border-bottom:1px solid #35353a}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li{box-shadow:5px 5px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-bottom:1px solid #1f1f24}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:last-child,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:last-child{box-shadow:0 5px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3)}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:first-child,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:first-child{box-shadow:inset 0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3)}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:first-child,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:first-child{box-shadow:5px 5px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3)}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li a,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li a{padding:20px;display:block}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:hover,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:hover{cursor:pointer;background-color:#faaf40;color:#1f1f24}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:hover,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:hover{color:#000}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:last-child,.guide_v2 .guide-nav .guide-list-parent .guide-list-child>li:last-child{border:0}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header,.guide_v2 .guide-header{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.7);padding:12px 20px 17px;position:relative;margin:20px 20px 0}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header,.guide_v2 .guide-header{margin:60px auto 0;box-sizing:border-box;width:880px;padding:20px 40px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header,.guide_v2 .guide-header{width:1200px}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header .heading,.guide_v2 .guide-header .heading{color:#faaf40;font-size:12px;display:block;margin-bottom:7px}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header .heading,.guide_v2 .guide-header .heading{font-size:14px;margin-bottom:10px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header .heading,.guide_v2 .guide-header .heading{font-size:15px}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header .title,.guide_v2 .guide-header .title{font-size:16px;display:block;color:#fff}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header .title:hover,.guide_v2 .guide-header .title:hover{color:#faaf40}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header .title,.guide_v2 .guide-header .title{font-size:26px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .guide-header .title,.guide_v2 .guide-header .title{font-size:28px}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 #main-content,.guide_v2 #main-content{margin-top:0}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 #main-content>.imageWithCredit,.guide_v2 #main-content>.imageWithCredit{display:none}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .main-article-header,.guide_v2 .main-article-header{margin-top:0}@media (min-width:640px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .main-article-header,.guide_v2 .main-article-header{margin:0 20px}}@media (min-width:960px){#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .main-article-header,.guide_v2 .main-article-header{margin:0 0 0 -40px}}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .main-article-author.v2,.guide_v2 .main-article-author.v2{margin-left:0}#essentialGuide.eg_v2 .header.header_v2,.guide_v2 .header.header_v2{margin-bottom:60px}.main-guide-series-hero-header{display:block;width:100%;height:35px}@media (min-width:640px){.main-guide-series-hero-header{height:75px}}@media (min-width:960px){.main-guide-series-hero-header{height:85px}}.main-guide-series-hero-header:hover{cursor:pointer}.main-guide-series-hero-header:hover .main-series-hero-header-right span{background-color:#fff;color:#007268}.main-guide-series-hero-header:hover .main-series-hero-header-right span .icon{color:#95a2b8}.main-series-hero-header-right{display:none;float:right;margin-top:24px;padding-right:40px}@media (min-width:640px){.main-series-hero-header-right{display:block}}@media (min-width:960px){.main-series-hero-header-right{margin-top:28px}}.main-series-hero-header-right span{font-size:14px;padding:10px;color:#fff;border-radius:4px;transition:background-color .2s}.main-series-hero-header-right span:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#007268}.main-series-hero-header-right span:hover .icon{color:#95a2b8}.main-series-hero-header-right span .icon{font-size:20px;top:4px}.pillar #main-content{margin-top:40px}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar #main-content{margin-top:60px}}.pillar #content-left,.pillar #content-right{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar #content-center{width:560px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar #content-center{width:880px}}.pillar #content-center .box-ad-wrapper,.pillar #content-center .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{text-align:center;background:#f2f2f2;float:none;margin:0 -20px 0 -20px;padding:20px 0}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar #content-center .box-ad-wrapper,.pillar #content-center .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{background:0;float:right;margin:0 0 20px 40px;padding-top:30px;position:relative}}.pillar #content-center .page-header-ad.ad-mobile{background:#f2f2f2;display:block;float:none;margin:0 -20px 0 -20px;position:relative;padding:20px 0;text-align:center}@media (min-width:640px){.pillar #content-center .page-header-ad.ad-mobile{display:none}}.pillar #content-center .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{background:0;display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar #content-center .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{display:block;padding:0;margin:0 0 20px 20px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar #content-center .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{padding:0 0 20px;margin-left:40px}}.pillar .download-button{opacity:0}.pillar .pillar-nav{width:200px;float:left;z-index:999}.pillar .pillar-nav .share-bar-desktop{padding-top:30px}.pillar .pillar-navbar{display:none;padding:20px 20px 0}@media (min-width:640px){.pillar .pillar-navbar{padding:20px 40px 0}}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar .pillar-navbar{display:block;position:relative;padding:30px 0 0 10px}}.pillar .pillar-navbar .icon.pillar{width:35px;height:23px;display:block;position:absolute;background-size:contain}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar .pillar-navbar .icon.pillar{left:15px}}.pillar .pillar-navbar h5{font-size:17px;line-height:30px;margin:0;padding-bottom:15px}@media (min-width:640px){.pillar .pillar-navbar h5{padding-bottom:20px}}.pillar .pillar-navbar ul{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar .pillar-navbar ul{display:block}}.pillar .pillar-navbar ul.fixed-height{height:calc(100vh - 240px);overflow:hidden;overflow-y:scroll}.pillar .pillar-navbar ul li{border-top:1px solid #e6e6e9;color:#007268;font-size:14px;list-style-type:none;padding:10px 25px}.pillar .pillar-navbar ul li:first-child{border:0}.pillar .pillar-navbar ul li.active{position:relative;font-weight:700}.pillar .pillar-navbar ul li.active:before{color:#007268;content:"\2219";font-size:60px;position:absolute;top:-15px;left:5px}.pillar .pillar-navbar ul li.active a{color:#1f1f24}.pillar .pillar-navbar ul li a{cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;line-height:18px}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar #main-content .pillar-body{width:560px;float:left;margin:0 0 0 40px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar #main-content .pillar-body{width:880px}}.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .main-article-header{margin:0}.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .main-article-header .eyebrow-container{margin-left:0}.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .main-article-title{margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding:0}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .main-article-title{margin-bottom:25px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .main-article-title{width:840px}}.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .main-article-subtitle{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .main-article-subtitle{padding:0;width:240px;min-height:250px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .main-article-subtitle{width:550px;min-height:0}}.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .main-article-author{margin:0 0 30px}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .main-article-author{padding:0}}.pillar .background-image,.pillar .background-image-credit,.pillar-cluster .background-image,.pillar-cluster .background-image-credit,.pillar-bridge .background-image,.pillar-bridge .background-image-credit{display:none}.pillar .fullScreenImage,.pillar-cluster .fullScreenImage,.pillar-bridge .fullScreenImage{position:absolute;width:100%;background:#e8f4f3;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#D2EAEA 0,#e8f4f3 15%,#e8f4f3 35%,#80c1bb 100%);height:100%;max-height:800px}.pillar .fullScreenImage .backgroundGradient,.pillar-cluster .fullScreenImage .backgroundGradient,.pillar-bridge .fullScreenImage .backgroundGradient{background:#f2f2f2;background:linear-gradient(0deg,#FFF 0,#33D7C8 538.89%);background-size:cover;height:100%}.pillar-cluster .breadcrumbs:not(#content-center .breadcrumbs),.pillar-bridge .breadcrumbs:not(#content-center .breadcrumbs){margin:0 20px;position:relative;height:0;z-index:1;top:15px}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster .breadcrumbs:not(#content-center .breadcrumbs),.pillar-bridge .breadcrumbs:not(#content-center .breadcrumbs){margin:0 auto;top:35px;width:880px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar-cluster .breadcrumbs:not(#content-center .breadcrumbs),.pillar-bridge .breadcrumbs:not(#content-center .breadcrumbs){width:1200px}}#sdef.pillar .breadcrumbs:not(#content-center .breadcrumbs),.pillar .breadcrumbs:not(#content-center .breadcrumbs){margin:0 20px;position:relative;height:0;z-index:1;top:15px}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar .breadcrumbs:not(#content-center .breadcrumbs),.pillar .breadcrumbs:not(#content-center .breadcrumbs){margin:0 auto;top:35px}}#sdef.pillar .pillar-body #content-center .breadcrumbs{display:none}.pillar-cluster #main-content,.pillar-bridge #main-content{margin-top:40px}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster #main-content,.pillar-bridge #main-content{margin-top:60px}}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster.eoc_v2 .main-content .content-left.is_stuck,.pillar-bridge.eoc_v2 .main-content .content-left.is_stuck{padding-top:120px}}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster#infographic.eoc_v2 .main-content .content-left.is_stuck,.pillar-bridge#infographic.eoc_v2 .main-content .content-left.is_stuck{padding-top:160px}}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster .main-article-header,.pillar-cluster .article-guide-header,.pillar-cluster .definition-guide-header,.pillar-bridge .main-article-header,.pillar-bridge .article-guide-header,.pillar-bridge .definition-guide-header{padding-top:100px}}.pillar-cluster .main-article-header,.pillar-bridge .main-article-header{margin-top:0;padding-top:100px}@media (min-width:640px){.pillar-cluster .main-article-header,.pillar-bridge .main-article-header{margin-left:20px}}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster .main-article-header,.pillar-bridge .main-article-header{margin-left:-40px}}@media (min-width:640px){.pillar-cluster.eoc_v2 .main-article-author.v2,.pillar-bridge.eoc_v2 .main-article-author.v2{margin-left:0}}.pillar-cluster.eoc_v2 .main-article-share-counts,.pillar-bridge.eoc_v2 .main-article-share-counts{top:80px}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar-cluster.eoc_v2 .main-article-share-counts,.pillar-bridge.eoc_v2 .main-article-share-counts{top:0}}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-container,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-container{width:860px;position:absolute;top:15px;left:-20px;z-index:999;max-width:100%;transition:top .2s linear}@media (min-width:640px){.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-container,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-container{top:20px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-container,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-container{width:840px}}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-header,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-header{z-index:1;max-width:100%;position:relative;background:#fff}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-header,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-header{box-shadow:0 0 10px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.25);display:flex}}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-header:after,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-header:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-heading,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading{background:#fff;float:left;padding:3px 20px 5px 30px;width:100%;max-width:100%;box-shadow:0 0 10px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-heading,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading{width:635px;box-shadow:none}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-heading,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading{width:615px}}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-heading:before,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading:before{position:absolute;bottom:-20px;left:-20px;border-bottom:20px solid transparent;border-left:20px solid transparent;border-right:20px solid #1f1f24;content:""}.pillar-cluster .icon.pillar,.pillar-bridge .icon.pillar{width:23px;height:19px;display:block;position:absolute;background-size:contain;top:9px}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-heading img,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading img{width:35px}}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-heading span,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading span{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;position:relative;top:4px;vertical-align:middle}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-heading a,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading a{color:#1f1f24;display:block;font-weight:700;font-size:15px;text-decoration:none;margin-top:8px;margin-bottom:5px}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-heading a,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading a{margin-bottom:0;font-size:18px}}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-heading a:hover,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading a:hover{color:#51617a}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-nav,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-nav{background:#007268;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:none;width:175px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;transition:background .2s}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-nav,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-nav{display:flex}}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-nav:hover,.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-nav.displayedClusterNav,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-nav:hover,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-nav.displayedClusterNav{background:#15312D}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-nav .icon,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-nav .icon{top:2px;left:2px}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination{color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:none;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:#fff;margin-right:25px}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination{display:flex}}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination a.prev,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination a.prev{display:inline-block;border-right:1px solid #e6e6e9;color:#35353a;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;padding:3px 20px;margin:17px 0;position:relative}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination a.prev:hover,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination a.prev:hover{color:#007268}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination a.prev:before,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination a.prev:before{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;content:"";border-right:12px solid #95a2b8;border-top:7px solid transparent;border-bottom:7px solid transparent}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination a.next,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination a.next{display:inline-block;color:#35353a;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;padding:3px 20px;margin:17px 0;position:relative}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination a.next:hover,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination a.next:hover{color:#007268}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination a.next:after,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination a.next:after{position:absolute;top:3px;right:0;content:"";border-left:12px solid #95a2b8;border-top:7px solid transparent;border-bottom:7px solid transparent}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-prev,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-prev{display:none;background-color:#007268;position:absolute;padding:15px;font-size:14px;color:#fff;bottom:70px;right:0;white-space:pre}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-prev .icon,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-prev .icon{color:#95a2b8;position:absolute;top:43px;right:130px}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-next,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-next{display:none;background-color:#007268;position:absolute;padding:15px;font-size:14px;color:#fff;bottom:70px;right:0;white-space:pre}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-next .icon,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .cluster-nav-tooltip-next .icon{color:#95a2b8;position:absolute;top:43px;right:53px}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button{background:#33d7c8;cursor:pointer;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;position:absolute;bottom:-31px;right:0;z-index:299;display:none;transition:visibility 0s,opacity .5s linear;box-shadow:0 8px 10px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.25)}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button{display:block}}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button.show,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button.show{opacity:1;visibility:visible}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button:focus,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button:focus{outline:0}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button>a,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button>a{width:100%;height:100%;background-color:#33d7c8;display:block;padding:7px 20px;box-sizing:border-box;transition:background-color .2s}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button>a:hover,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button>a:hover{background-color:#80edda}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button>a:focus,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button>a:focus{outline:0}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button .icon,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button .icon{color:#0a0a0a;font-size:32px;position:absolute;right:15px;top:0}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button span,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button span{display:inline-block;color:#0a0a0a;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;padding-right:30px}.pillar-cluster .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button span.num,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-pagination .download-button span.num{margin:0;position:absolute;width:28px;height:28px;border-radius:14px;background-color:#EA0000;top:-15px;right:-10px;text-align:center;font-size:16px;line-height:28px;padding:0;color:#fff}.pillar-cluster#sdef .breadcrumbs,.pillar-bridge#sdef .breadcrumbs{margin:0 20px 15px}@media (min-width:640px){.pillar-cluster#sdef .breadcrumbs,.pillar-bridge#sdef .breadcrumbs{margin:0 40px 15px}}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster#sdef .breadcrumbs,.pillar-bridge#sdef .breadcrumbs{margin:-5px 0 15px 0;padding:0;width:460px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar-cluster#sdef .breadcrumbs,.pillar-bridge#sdef .breadcrumbs{width:780px}}.pillar-cluster#sdef .actions-bar,.pillar-bridge#sdef .actions-bar{top:-21px}.pillar-cluster#sdef .definition-header,.pillar-bridge#sdef .definition-header{padding-top:132px}@media (min-width:640px){.pillar-cluster#sdef .definition-header,.pillar-bridge#sdef .definition-header{padding-top:120px}}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster#sdef .definition-header,.pillar-bridge#sdef .definition-header{padding-top:100px}}@media (min-width:960px){.pillar-cluster#sdef .definition-header .page-header-ad.ad-desktop,.pillar-bridge#sdef .definition-header .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{top:105px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar-cluster#sdef .definition-header .page-header-ad.ad-desktop,.pillar-bridge#sdef .definition-header .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{top:auto}}@media (min-width:1280px){.pillar-cluster#sdef .cluster-callout-left,.pillar-bridge#sdef .cluster-callout-left{width:510px}}.pillar-cluster#sdef .cluster-download p,.pillar-bridge#sdef .cluster-download p{color:#15312D}.bridge,.pillar-bridge{}.bridge .actions-bar,.pillar-bridge .actions-bar{top:0}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge .actions-bar,.pillar-bridge .actions-bar{top:initial}}.bridge .page-header-ad.ad-mobile,.pillar-bridge .page-header-ad.ad-mobile{background:#f2f2f2;display:block;margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;padding:20px 0;position:static;text-align:center}@media (min-width:640px){.bridge .page-header-ad.ad-mobile,.pillar-bridge .page-header-ad.ad-mobile{display:none}}.bridge .page-header-ad.ad-desktop,.pillar-bridge .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{display:none;position:static}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge .page-header-ad.ad-desktop,.pillar-bridge .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{display:block;float:right;margin:0 -60px 40px 40px;padding:0;text-align:inherit}}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge .page-header-ad.ad-desktop,.pillar-bridge .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{margin-right:-80px}}@media (min-width:640px){.bridge .ad-wrapper.ad-embedded,.pillar-bridge .ad-wrapper.ad-embedded{float:none;background:#fff;border:0;margin:0 0 20px}}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge .ad-wrapper.ad-embedded,.pillar-bridge .ad-wrapper.ad-embedded{clear:right;float:right;border-left:20px solid #fff;margin:0 -60px 40px 20px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge .ad-wrapper.ad-embedded,.pillar-bridge .ad-wrapper.ad-embedded{margin-right:-80px}}.bridge .cluster-branding-container,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-container{position:relative;padding-bottom:30px}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge .cluster-branding-container,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-container{left:-60px;max-width:calc(100% + 60px);padding-bottom:20px}}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge .cluster-branding-heading,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading{padding-left:140px;padding-right:20px;width:525px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge .cluster-branding-heading,.pillar-bridge .cluster-branding-heading{padding-left:180px;width:465px}}.bridge .content-right,.pillar-bridge .content-right{display:none}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge .main-content .content-left,.pillar-bridge .main-content .content-left{padding-top:47px}}.bridge .main-article-header,.pillar-bridge .main-article-header{margin:0;padding-top:10px}.bridge .main-article-title,.pillar-bridge .main-article-title{margin-left:0;margin-top:10px;padding-left:0}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge .main-article-title,.pillar-bridge .main-article-title{margin-top:30px;padding-right:0}}.bridge .main-content .content-columns .content-center,.pillar-bridge .main-content .content-columns .content-center{}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge .main-content .content-columns .content-center,.pillar-bridge .main-content .content-columns .content-center{padding-left:80px;width:calc(100% - 160px)}}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge .main-content .content-columns .content-center,.pillar-bridge .main-content .content-columns .content-center{padding-left:120px;margin-right:80px;width:calc(100% - 240px)}}.bridge .main-content .content-columns .content-center .main-article-image img,.pillar-bridge .main-content .content-columns .content-center .main-article-image img{max-width:100%;width:100%;margin:0}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge #main-content .section.dig-deeper .dig-deeper-list li,.pillar-bridge #main-content .section.dig-deeper .dig-deeper-list li{width:283px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge #main-content .section.dig-deeper .dig-deeper-list li:last-child,.pillar-bridge #main-content .section.dig-deeper .dig-deeper-list li:last-child{width:880px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge #main-content .section.dig-deeper .dig-deeper-list li:last-child img,.pillar-bridge #main-content .section.dig-deeper .dig-deeper-list li:last-child img{width:1200px}}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge #main-content .section.dig-deeper .dig-deeper-list li>a>img,.pillar-bridge #main-content .section.dig-deeper .dig-deeper-list li>a>img{margin-left:0;width:640px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge #main-content .section.dig-deeper .dig-deeper-list li>a>img,.pillar-bridge #main-content .section.dig-deeper .dig-deeper-list li>a>img{width:780px}}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge figure.main-article-image,.bridge pre,.bridge code,.bridge .articleVideoFullWidth,.bridge .main-article-table,.bridge .extra-info,.pillar-bridge figure.main-article-image,.pillar-bridge pre,.pillar-bridge code,.pillar-bridge .articleVideoFullWidth,.pillar-bridge .main-article-table,.pillar-bridge .extra-info{left:-60px;max-width:calc(100% + 120px);width:calc(100% + 120px);margin:40px auto;position:relative}}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge figure.main-article-image,.bridge pre,.bridge code,.bridge .articleVideoFullWidth,.bridge .main-article-table,.bridge .extra-info,.pillar-bridge figure.main-article-image,.pillar-bridge pre,.pillar-bridge code,.pillar-bridge .articleVideoFullWidth,.pillar-bridge .main-article-table,.pillar-bridge .extra-info{left:-80px;max-width:calc(100% + 160px);width:calc(100% + 160px)}}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge figure.main-article-image.half-col,.pillar-bridge figure.main-article-image.half-col{left:0;margin-left:-60px;float:left;z-index:1}}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge figure.main-article-image.half-col,.pillar-bridge figure.main-article-image.half-col{margin-left:-80px}}.bridge .main-article-table,.pillar-bridge .main-article-table{left:0;width:100%;max-width:100%}.bridge.reg-login .main-article-header,.bridge.reg-login .main-article-header:before,.bridge.reg-login .main-article-header:after,.pillar-bridge.reg-login .main-article-header,.pillar-bridge.reg-login .main-article-header:before,.pillar-bridge.reg-login .main-article-header:after{clear:none}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge.reg-login #inlineRegistrationWrapper,.pillar-bridge.reg-login #inlineRegistrationWrapper{width:420px;float:left;clear:none;margin-left:-60px}}@media (min-width:1280px){.bridge.reg-login #inlineRegistrationWrapper,.pillar-bridge.reg-login #inlineRegistrationWrapper{width:620px;margin-left:0}}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge.reg-login #inlineRegistrationWrapper .inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn,.pillar-bridge.reg-login #inlineRegistrationWrapper .inline-reg.sign-up-wrapper .sign-up-form .sign-up-btn{width:200px}}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge.reg-login .box-ad-wrapper,.pillar-bridge.reg-login .box-ad-wrapper{margin-right:0}}.bridge.reg-login .main-article-author.v2 .image-resize,.pillar-bridge.reg-login .main-article-author.v2 .image-resize{top:-12px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-7px;position:relative}@media (min-width:960px){.bridge.reg-login.frontEndMetering #inlineRegistrationWrapper,.pillar-bridge.reg-login.frontEndMetering #inlineRegistrationWrapper{float:none}}.bridge .articleVideoFullWidth #singlePlayer,.bridge .articleVideoFullWidth #singlePlayer-0,.bridge .articleVideoFullWidth #singlePlayer-1,.bridge .articleVideoFullWidth #singlePlayer-2,.pillar-bridge .articleVideoFullWidth #singlePlayer,.pillar-bridge .articleVideoFullWidth #singlePlayer-0,.pillar-bridge .articleVideoFullWidth #singlePlayer-1,.pillar-bridge .articleVideoFullWidth #singlePlayer-2{width:100%;padding-bottom:56.25%}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar #content-center{width:560px}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef.pillar #content-center{width:880px}}#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .breadcrumbs{margin:10px 0 20px}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .breadcrumbs{padding-left:0;width:auto;margin-top:25px}}#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .breadcrumbs ul li{color:#35353a}#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-header{float:none;margin-top:20px}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-header{margin-top:30px}}#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-header .eyebrow{margin-left:0}#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-header .definition-title{margin-left:0}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-header .definition-title{margin-bottom:25px}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-title{padding-bottom:0}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-authors{width:100%}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-authors{position:static;right:auto;width:300px;float:right;margin:10px 0 20px 40px}}#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-authors .main-article-author{margin-bottom:0}#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-authors .publish-date{margin:0}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body #publish-date{overflow:hidden}}@media (min-width:1280px){#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-section p:first-of-type{margin-top:0}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar #main-content .pillar-body .definition-section .ad-embedded{clear:both}}#sdef.pillar .box-ad-wrapper{position:static}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{margin:0 0 20px 40px;padding-top:20px;top:0!important}}@media (min-width:960px) and (min-width:1280px){#sdef.pillar .page-header-ad.ad-desktop{padding-top:0}}@media (min-width:960px){#sdef.pillar .share-bar-desktop{display:block;margin-left:-65px;width:50px;padding-top:30px}}</style>
<script src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/ux/responsive/js/libs/jquery-1.10.2.min.js" type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript"></script><script src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/7d0fa10a/cloudflare-static/rocket-loader.min.js" data-cf-settings="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-|49"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/ux/responsive/css/main.css?v=9.86" media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null;">
<noscript>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/ux/responsive/css/main.css?v=9.86">
</noscript><script src="https://www.techtarget.com/cmp/sourcepoint/gdprTCFv2-config.min.js?v=9.86" type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript"></script><script src="https://www.techtarget.com/cmp/sourcepoint/ccpa-config.min.js?v=9.86" type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript"></script><script src="https://www.techtarget.com/cmp/ttCmpApi.min.js?v=9.86" type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript"></script><script src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/ux/responsive/js/responsive.min.js?v=9.86" type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript"></script><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript" src="https://optimizely.techtarget.com/optimizely-edge/17796810052" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade" async></script><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">
TT("page", {"contentAge":1927,"topical":true,"techtax":"912,4385,4694","isCFBotEnabledSite":"false","appCode":"98","industrytaxGTM":"(0)(0)(0) ","parentTopicId":"2240033969","zone":"DEFINITION","isSearchsite":true,"id":"01db9c1d4f3b1610VgnVCM1000002901c80aRCRD","contentType":"DEFINITION","showRightRailOverlay":"true","siteType":"editorial","audience":"USA","wordCount":1515,"userRegLib":"https://users.techtarget.com/registration/js/userreg-lib.js","uidType":"content","collection":"NONE","pubDate":"2021-06-01","adScheme":"1","topicId":"366641447","adId":"252435379","pubYear":"2021","pubMonthYear":"06/2021","markettax":"223,375,373,374,377,371,370,376,3930,3918","subType":"/Definition","gadText":"-ADS BY GOOGLE","parentTopicName":"Topics","configCharCount":110,"siteName":"ITInfrastructure","uid":"252435379","allowedPages":1,"isDBEnabledSite":"true","adAbbr":"ttitinfra","isServerSideMetering":"false","markettax_ranked":"223 major,375 major,373 major,374 major,377 major,371 major,370 major,376 major,3930 major,3918 major","siteClass":"teal","ga":true,"lang":"en","inlineLinkCount":12,"regTopicName":"IT Systems Monitoring & Management","timestamp":"2026-09-10 21:54:15","hasVideo":"false","homeAdId":"366641319","techtax_ranked":"912 major,4385 major,4694 major","regTopicId":"366641444","techtaxGTM":"(3)(0)(0) 912,4385,4694","ttgtRegHost":"https://users.techtarget.com","atHost":"https://go.techtarget.com","regHost":"https://users.techtarget.com","markettaxGTM":"(10)(0)(0) 223,375,373,374,377,371,370,376,3930,3918","pageIndex":0,"siteId":3227,"topicName":"IT Operations","topicIds":["366641447","2240113817","450280953","2240150245","2240113886","450296028","252514337"],"showLeadGenOverlay":"true"});
</script>
<!-- Begin Chartbeat -->
<script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">var _sf_startpt=(new Date()).getTime();</script><!-- End Chartbeat -->
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/favicon.ico">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144×144" href="/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114×114" href="/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72×72" href="/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144×144" href="/apple-touch-icon-144x144-precomposed.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114×114" href="/apple-touch-icon-114x114-precomposed.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72×72" href="/apple-touch-icon-72x72-precomposed.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png">
<script type="text/javascript">window.GEO = {"country":"US"}</script></head>
<body id="sdef" class=" ">
<!-- Begin Google Tag Manager -->
<noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PWWZSH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PWWZSH');</script><noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MKCV6V9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MKCV6V9');</script><!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<div id="site-container" class="site-container">
<!-- PinnedNavBarController, generated at 21:54:16 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<!-- AdsController, generated at 21:54:16 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<div id="interstitial" class="ad ad-ist"><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">GPT.display('interstitial')</script></div><div class="cls-hlb-wrapper-mobile">
<div class="ad-wrapper header-leaderboard ad-mobile">
<!-- AdsController, generated at 21:54:16 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<div id="mobile-lb" class="ad ad-mb"><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">GPT.display('mobile-lb')</script></div></div>
</div>
<header class="header header_v3 en" id="page-header">
<button aria-label="Navigation Menu" class="nav-toggle"><i class="icon" data-icon="9"></i></button>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/">
<span href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/" class="header-logo">
<svg id="techtarget-logo" viewBox="0 0 288 150" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:space="preserve" xmlns:serif="http://www.serif.com/" style="fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-miterlimit:2;"><g transform="matrix(1.31477,0,0,1.31477,-46.3587,-43.3817)"><g><g><path d="M62.49,105.87L51.78,105.87L51.78,135.38L45.86,135.38L45.86,105.87L35.26,105.87L35.26,101.06L62.49,101.06L62.49,105.87Z"/><path d="M69.27,135.86C65.64,135.86 62.7,134.72 60.44,132.43C58.19,130.14 57.06,127.1 57.06,123.29L57.06,122.58C57.06,120.03 57.55,117.76 58.53,115.76C59.51,113.76 60.89,112.2 62.67,111.08C64.45,109.96 66.43,109.41 68.61,109.41C72.08,109.41 74.77,110.52 76.66,112.73C78.55,114.95 79.5,118.08 79.5,122.14L79.5,124.45L62.83,124.45C63,126.56 63.71,128.22 64.94,129.45C66.17,130.68 67.73,131.29 69.6,131.29C72.22,131.29 74.36,130.23 76.01,128.11L79.1,131.06C78.08,132.58 76.71,133.77 75.01,134.61C73.3,135.43 71.39,135.86 69.27,135.86ZM68.58,114C67.01,114 65.74,114.55 64.77,115.65C63.8,116.75 63.19,118.28 62.92,120.25L73.84,120.25L73.84,119.83C73.71,117.91 73.2,116.46 72.31,115.48C71.41,114.49 70.17,114 68.58,114Z"/><path d="M93.74,131.28C95.17,131.28 96.36,130.86 97.3,130.03C98.24,129.2 98.75,128.17 98.81,126.94L104.21,126.94C104.15,128.53 103.65,130.01 102.73,131.38C101.8,132.76 100.55,133.84 98.96,134.65C97.37,135.45 95.66,135.85 93.82,135.85C90.25,135.85 87.42,134.69 85.33,132.38C83.24,130.07 82.19,126.88 82.19,122.81L82.19,122.22C82.19,118.34 83.23,115.23 85.3,112.9C87.37,110.57 90.2,109.4 93.79,109.4C96.82,109.4 99.29,110.28 101.2,112.05C103.11,113.82 104.11,116.14 104.21,119.02L98.81,119.02C98.75,117.56 98.25,116.36 97.31,115.41C96.37,114.47 95.18,114 93.74,114C91.88,114 90.46,114.67 89.45,116.02C88.44,117.36 87.93,119.4 87.92,122.14L87.92,123.06C87.92,125.83 88.42,127.89 89.42,129.25C90.42,130.6 91.86,131.28 93.74,131.28Z"/><path d="M113.22,112.66C115.09,110.49 117.45,109.41 120.32,109.41C125.76,109.41 128.52,112.51 128.59,118.72L128.59,135.39L122.86,135.39L122.86,118.93C122.86,117.17 122.48,115.92 121.72,115.19C120.96,114.46 119.84,114.09 118.36,114.09C116.07,114.09 114.35,115.11 113.22,117.15L113.22,135.37L107.49,135.37L107.49,99.17L113.22,99.17L113.22,112.66Z"/><path d="M154.23,105.87L143.52,105.87L143.52,135.38L137.6,135.38L137.6,105.87L127,105.87L127,101.06L154.23,101.06L154.23,105.87Z"/><path d="M165.21,135.38C164.96,134.89 164.74,134.1 164.55,133C162.73,134.9 160.5,135.85 157.86,135.85C155.3,135.85 153.21,135.12 151.59,133.66C149.97,132.2 149.16,130.39 149.16,128.24C149.16,125.52 150.17,123.44 152.19,121.98C154.21,120.53 157.1,119.8 160.85,119.8L164.36,119.8L164.36,118.13C164.36,116.81 163.99,115.75 163.25,114.96C162.51,114.17 161.39,113.77 159.88,113.77C158.58,113.77 157.51,114.1 156.67,114.75C155.84,115.4 155.42,116.23 155.42,117.24L149.69,117.24C149.69,115.84 150.15,114.53 151.08,113.32C152.01,112.1 153.27,111.15 154.86,110.46C156.46,109.77 158.24,109.42 160.2,109.42C163.19,109.42 165.57,110.17 167.34,111.67C169.12,113.17 170.03,115.28 170.07,118L170.07,129.5C170.07,131.8 170.39,133.63 171.04,134.99L171.04,135.39L165.21,135.39L165.21,135.38ZM158.91,131.26C160.04,131.26 161.11,130.99 162.1,130.43C163.1,129.88 163.85,129.14 164.35,128.21L164.35,123.4L161.26,123.4C159.14,123.4 157.54,123.77 156.47,124.51C155.4,125.25 154.87,126.29 154.87,127.65C154.87,128.75 155.24,129.63 155.97,130.28C156.71,130.93 157.69,131.26 158.91,131.26Z"/><path d="M188.47,115.11C187.72,114.98 186.94,114.92 186.14,114.92C183.52,114.92 181.75,115.93 180.84,117.94L180.84,135.39L175.11,135.39L175.11,109.88L180.58,109.88L180.72,112.73C182.1,110.51 184.02,109.41 186.47,109.41C187.29,109.41 187.96,109.52 188.5,109.74L188.47,115.11Z"/><path d="M189.84,122.44C189.84,118.48 190.77,115.32 192.63,112.95C194.49,110.58 196.96,109.4 200.04,109.4C202.95,109.4 205.23,110.41 206.9,112.44L207.16,109.87L212.32,109.87L212.32,134.6C212.32,137.95 211.28,140.59 209.2,142.52C207.12,144.45 204.31,145.42 200.77,145.42C198.9,145.42 197.07,145.03 195.29,144.25C193.51,143.47 192.15,142.45 191.22,141.2L193.93,137.76C195.69,139.85 197.86,140.9 200.44,140.9C202.34,140.9 203.84,140.38 204.94,139.36C206.04,138.33 206.59,136.82 206.59,134.82L206.59,133.1C204.94,134.94 202.74,135.86 199.99,135.86C197,135.86 194.56,134.67 192.67,132.3C190.78,129.92 189.84,126.64 189.84,122.44ZM195.54,122.94C195.54,125.5 196.06,127.52 197.11,128.99C198.15,130.46 199.61,131.19 201.46,131.19C203.77,131.19 205.48,130.2 206.6,128.22L206.6,117C205.52,115.07 203.82,114.1 201.51,114.1C199.62,114.1 198.16,114.85 197.11,116.34C196.06,117.83 195.54,120.03 195.54,122.94Z"/><path d="M227.75,135.86C224.12,135.86 221.18,134.72 218.92,132.43C216.67,130.14 215.54,127.1 215.54,123.29L215.54,122.58C215.54,120.03 216.03,117.76 217.01,115.76C217.99,113.76 219.37,112.2 221.15,111.08C222.93,109.96 224.91,109.41 227.09,109.41C230.56,109.41 233.25,110.52 235.14,112.73C237.03,114.95 237.98,118.08 237.98,122.14L237.98,124.45L221.31,124.45C221.48,126.56 222.19,128.22 223.42,129.45C224.65,130.68 226.21,131.29 228.08,131.29C230.7,131.29 232.84,130.23 234.49,128.11L237.58,131.06C236.56,132.58 235.19,133.77 233.49,134.61C231.79,135.43 229.87,135.86 227.75,135.86ZM227.07,114C225.5,114 224.23,114.55 223.26,115.65C222.29,116.75 221.68,118.28 221.41,120.25L232.33,120.25L232.33,119.83C232.2,117.91 231.69,116.46 230.8,115.48C229.9,114.49 228.65,114 227.07,114Z"/><path d="M248.88,103.68L248.88,109.88L253.38,109.88L253.38,114.12L248.88,114.12L248.88,128.36C248.88,129.34 249.07,130.04 249.46,130.47C249.84,130.9 250.53,131.12 251.52,131.12C252.18,131.12 252.85,131.04 253.52,130.88L253.52,135.31C252.22,135.67 250.96,135.85 249.75,135.85C245.35,135.85 243.15,133.42 243.15,128.57L243.15,114.12L238.95,114.12L238.95,109.88L243.15,109.88L243.15,103.68L248.88,103.68Z"/></g><path d="M250.15,48.64C247.93,48.64 245.98,46.79 245.98,44.43C245.98,42.09 247.93,40.23 250.15,40.23C252.36,40.23 254.31,42.08 254.31,44.43C254.31,46.79 252.35,48.64 250.15,48.64M250.15,40.68C248.08,40.68 246.51,42.38 246.51,44.43C246.51,46.49 248.08,48.19 250.15,48.19C252.22,48.19 253.78,46.49 253.78,44.43C253.78,42.38 252.21,40.68 250.15,40.68M251.31,46.8L249.83,44.77L249.09,44.77L249.09,46.8L248.6,46.8L248.6,42.07L250.03,42.07C251.22,42.07 251.79,42.5 251.79,43.35C251.79,44.09 251.15,44.7 250.44,44.73L251.98,46.8L251.31,46.8ZM249.9,42.52L249.08,42.52L249.08,44.36L250,44.36C250.82,44.36 251.25,44.04 251.25,43.37C251.26,42.66 250.55,42.52 249.9,42.52"/><g><path d="M253.7,64.11L253.7,60.87C236.76,43.97 214.26,34.66 190.35,34.66C166.43,34.66 143.94,43.97 127,60.87L127,64.11C142.19,52.55 160.24,45.38 179.23,43.37L180.2,43.27L179.31,43.67C169.77,48 163.6,57.56 163.6,68.01C163.6,82.76 175.6,94.76 190.35,94.76C205.1,94.76 217.1,82.76 217.1,68.01C217.1,57.56 210.94,48 201.39,43.67L200.5,43.27L201.47,43.37C220.46,45.38 238.52,52.55 253.7,64.11ZM210.01,68.01C210.01,78.85 201.19,87.67 190.35,87.67C179.51,87.67 170.69,78.85 170.69,68.01C170.69,57.17 179.51,48.35 190.35,48.35C201.19,48.35 210.01,57.17 210.01,68.01Z"/><path d="M178.59,68.05C178.59,74.54 183.87,79.81 190.35,79.81C196.84,79.81 202.11,74.53 202.11,68.05C202.11,61.57 196.83,56.29 190.35,56.29C183.86,56.28 178.59,61.56 178.59,68.05ZM195.21,68.05C195.21,70.73 193.03,72.91 190.35,72.91C187.67,72.91 185.49,70.73 185.49,68.05C185.49,65.37 187.67,63.19 190.35,63.19C193.03,63.19 195.21,65.37 195.21,68.05Z"/></g></g></g></svg>
<span class="header-logo-mobile itinfrastructure">IT Infrastructure</span>
</span>
</a>
<button aria-label="Search" class="header-search-toggle" ><i class="icon" data-icon="g"></i></button>
<form action="https://www.techtarget.com/search" method="get" class="header-search">
<label for="header-search-input" class="visuallyhidden">Search the TechTarget Network</label>
<input class="header-search-input ui-autocomplete-input" id="header-search-input" autocomplete="off" type="text" placeholder="Search the TechTarget Network">
<button aria-label="Search" class="header-search-submit"><i class="icon" data-icon="g"></i></button>
</form>
<nav class="nav">
<div class="nav-user">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/login" rel="nofollow"><span class="nav-user-action">Login</span></a>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/register" class="register" rel="nofollow"><span class="nav-user-action">Register</span></a>
</div>
<script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">TT(["context","lib/jquery"],function(c,$){var u=c.getUser();if(u.loggedIn){$('div.nav-user').children("a:first")
.before('<a href="https://users.techtarget.com/registration/ITInfrastructure/EditProfile.page?fromURL=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) +'"><i class="icon header_logged_in_icon" title="'+u.displayName+'"></i></a>')
.attr("href", "https://users.techtarget.com/registration/v2/api/logout?fromURL=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href)).children("span.nav-user-action:first").text('Logout');
$('.register').removeAttr('href');$('a.register').hide();}else{$('div.nav-user').children("a:first").attr("href", "https://www.techtarget.com/login?fromURL="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.href));
$('a.nav-join-pro').attr("href", "https://www.techtarget.com/login?fromURL="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.href));
$('.register').attr("href", "https://www.techtarget.com/register?fromURL="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.href));}});
</script>
<div class="nav-links">
<a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/" class="informa-logo"><span>Informa TechTarget</span></a>
<a href="#" class="explore-network">Explore the Network</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/ai/">AI & Emerging Tech</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/data-technologies/">Data Technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/enterprise-software/">Enterprise Software</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-strategy/">IT Strategy</a></li>
</ul>
<a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/" class="explore-mobile">An Informa TechTarget Publication</a>
<a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/our-brands" target="_blank" class="explore">Explore our brands</a>
</div>
<ul class="nav-list">
<li class="nav-list-item nav-list-item-searchsites">
<div class="nav-list-item-header itinfrastructure">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/">
<span class="nav-list-item-header-title">
IT Infrastructure</span>
</a>
</div>
</li>
<li class="nav-list-item nav-list-item-topics">
<ul class="nav-list-sublist">
<li class="nav-list-sublist-item">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/resources/Application-Architecture">Application Architecture</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-list-sublist-item">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/resources/Cloud-Computing">Cloud Computing</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-list-sublist-item">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/resources/Data-Center">Data Center</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-list-sublist-item">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/resources/IT-Operations">IT Operations</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-list-sublist-item">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/resources/Networking">Networking</a>
</li>
<li class="nav-list-sublist-item more">
<a href="#">More Topics<i class="icon icon-arrow-down" data-icon="5"></i></a>
<div class="nav-list-item-dropdown">
<ul class="nav-list-sublist">
<li class="nav-list-sublist-item">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/resources/Storage">Storage</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="nav-links">
<a href="#">Other Content</a>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/news/">News</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/features">Features</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/tips">Tips</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/webinars">Webinars</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/sponsored_communities">Sponsored Sites</a>
</li>
<li class="more-content">
<a href="#">
More<i class="icon icon-arrow-down" data-icon="5"></i>
</a>
<div class="more-content-dropdown">
<ul class="nav-list-sublist">
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/answers">Answers</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/guides">Conference Guides</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definitions">Definitions</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/opinions">Opinions</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/podcasts">Podcasts</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/quizzes">Quizzes</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/techaccelerators">Tech Accelerators</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/tutorials">Tutorials</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/videos">Videos</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="nav-social">
<li class="nav-social-item title">Follow:</li>
<li class="nav-social-item" title="Follow @techtargetnews on X"><a href="https://x.com/techtargetnews" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow on X"><i class="icon x_logo" data-icon="c"></i></a></li><li class="nav-social-item" title="Follow ITInfrastructure on LinkedIn"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/techtarget-editorial/" target="_blank"><i class="icon" data-icon="o"></i></a></li><li class="nav-social-item" title="Subscribe to Eye on Tech on Youtube"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/EyeonTech" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow on Youtube"><i class="icon youtube_icon"></i></a></li><li class="nav-social-item" title="Follow Eye on Tech on TikTok"><a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@eyeontech" target="_blank" aria-label="Follow on TikTok"><i class="icon tiktok_icon"></i></a></li></ul>
</nav>
</header>
<div class="cls-hlb-wrapper-desktop">
<div class="ad-wrapper header-leaderboard ad-desktop">
<!-- AdsController, generated at 21:54:16 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<div id="leaderboard" class="ad ad-lb"><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">GPT.display('leaderboard')</script></div></div>
</div>
<!-- BreadcrumbsController, generated at 13:17:59 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<section id="breadcrumb">
<div class="breadcrumbs">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/resources/IT-Operations">IT Operations</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>
<div id="main-content" class="main-content">
<article id="content-columns" class="content-columns">
<!-- ContentItemController, generated at 13:17:59 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<div class="top-gradient-bar"></div>
<header class="definition-header">
<span class="eyebrow">Definition</span>
<h1 class="definition-title">chaos engineering </h1>
<!-- GuideController, generated at 13:17:59 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
</header>
<div id="content-left" class="content-left">
<!-- SocialMediaShareBarController, generated at 13:59:32 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<div id="rail-share-bar">
<aside id="social-icons-desktop-links">
<ul id="social-icons-desktop" class="share-bar-desktop">
<li class="share-bar-item-desktop share-bar-title">Share this item with your network:</li>
<li class="share-bar-item-desktop socialMedia-facebook" title="Share on Facebook" data-socialsite="facebook">
<a href="#" target="_blank" aria-label="Facebook share"><i class="icon" data-icon="u"></i></a>
<span class="count"></span>
</li>
<li class="share-bar-item-desktop socialMedia-twitter" title="Share on X" data-socialsite="twitter" data-account="techtargetnews" data-related="">
<a href="#" target="_blank" aria-label="Twitter share"><i class="icon x_logo" data-icon="c"></i></a>
<span class="count"></span>
</li>
<li class="share-bar-item-desktop socialMedia-linkedin" title="Share on LinkedIn" data-socialsite="linkedin">
<a href="#" target="_blank" aria-label="LinkedIn share"><i class="icon" data-icon="o"></i></a>
<span class="count"></span>
</li>
<li class="share-bar-item-desktop contentTools-print" title="Print This Page">
<a href="#" target="_blank" aria-label="Print this page"><i class="icon" data-icon="i"></i></a>
</li>
<li class="share-bar-item-desktop contentTools-email" title="Email a Friend">
<a href="#" target="_blank" aria-label="Email A Friend"><i class="icon" data-icon="n"></i></a>
</li>
</ul>
</aside>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content-center" class="content-center">
<!-- ContentItemController, generated at 13:18:00 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<ul class="actions-bar">
<li class="actions-bar-item actions-bar-chapters"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i></li>
<li class="actions-bar-item actions-bar-resources"><i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i></li>
<li class="actions-bar-item actions-bar-share"><i class="icon" data-icon="f"></i>
<aside id="social-icons-desktop">
<ul class="share-bar-mobile">
<li class="share-bar-item-mobile socialMedia-facebook" title="Share on Facebook" data-socialsite="facebook">
<a href="#"><i class="icon" data-icon="u" aria-label="Facebook share"></i></a><span class="count"></span>
</li>
<li class="share-bar-item-mobile socialMedia-twitter" title="Share on X" data-socialsite="twitter" data-account="techtargetnews" data-related="">
<a href="#"><i class="icon" data-icon="c" aria-label="Twitter share"></i></a><span class="count"></span>
</li>
<li class="share-bar-item-mobile socialMedia-linkedin" title="Share on LinkedIn" data-socialsite="linkedin">
<a href="#"><i class="icon" data-icon="o" aria-label="LinkedIn share"></i></a><span class="count"></span>
</li>
<li class="share-bar-item-mobile contentTools-email" title="Email a Friend">
<a href="#"><i class="icon" data-icon="n" aria-label="Email A Friend"></i></a>
</li>
</ul>
</aside>
</li>
</ul><section id="contributors-block">
<div class="main-article-author v2">
<span>By</span>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/contributor/Ben-Lutkevich">Ben Lutkevich,</a>
<span class="main-article-author-title">Site Editor</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/contributor/Alexander-S-Gillis">Alexander S. Gillis,</a>
<span class="main-article-author-title">Technical Writer and Editor</span>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="main-article-author-date">
Published: <span>Jun 01, 2021</span>
</div>
</div>
</section> <section class="section definition-section" data-menu-title="Definition" id="content-body">
<section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="What is chaos engineering?">
<h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>What is chaos engineering?</h2>
<p>Chaos engineering is the process of testing a distributed computing system to ensure that it can withstand unexpected disruptions. It relies on concepts underlying Chaos theory, which focus on random and unpredictable behavior. The goal of chaos engineering is to identify weakness in a system through controlled experiments that introduce random and unpredictable behavior.</p>
<p>A main benefit of chaos engineering is that organizations can use it to identify vulnerabilities before a hacker does or before a system failure. Changes made as a result of chaos engineering testing increase confidence in an organization's systems.</p>
<p>Some IT groups hold chaos engineering game days where teams try to break or breach systems. They use <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/FMEA-failure-mode-and-effective-analysis">failure mode and effective analysis</a> or other tactics to get insight into potential points of failure in their organization's systems.</p>
</section>
<section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="The concepts behind chaos engineering">
<h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>The concepts behind chaos engineering</h2>
<p>The main concept behind chaos engineering is to break a system on purpose to collect information that will help <u><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsoftwarequality/tip/Software-resilience-engineering-helps-teams-quash-chaos">improve the system's resiliency</a></u>. Chaos engineering is an approach to <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/software-testing">software testing</a> and quality assurance. It is well suited to modern distributed systems and processes.</p>
<p>Chaos engineering is particularly applicable to distributed computing environments. A distributed computing system is a group of computers linked over a network and sharing resources. These systems can break when unexpected situations occur. With large distributed systems, the components often have complex and unpredictable dependencies, and it is difficult to troubleshoot errors or predict when an error will occur.</p>
<p>There are many ways a distributed system can fail. Their size and complexity can cause seemingly random events to occur. The bigger and more complex the system, the more unpredictable and chaotic its behavior appears.</p>
<p>Chaos engineering experiments intentionally generate turbulent conditions in a distributed system to test the system and find weaknesses. Some example of problems a chaos experiment might uncover include:</p>
<ul class="default-list">
<li><strong>Blind spots.</strong> Places where monitoring software cannot gather adequate data.</li>
<li><strong>Hidden bugs.</strong> Glitches or other issues that can cause software to malfunction.</li>
<li><strong>Performance </strong><strong>bottlenecks</strong><strong>.</strong> Situations where efficiency and performance could be improved.</li>
</ul>
<p>As more companies move to the cloud or the enterprise <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/edge-computing">edge</a>, their systems are becoming more distributed and complex. The same can be said about software development methodologies where <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/definition/continuous-delivery-CD">continuous delivery</a> is emphasized. Those development processes are getting increasingly complex as well. As an organization's infrastructure and processes for working within that infrastructure become more complex, the need to adapt to chaos grows.</p>
</section>
<section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="How chaos engineering works">
<h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>How chaos engineering works</h2>
<p>Chaos engineering is similar to stress testing in that it aims to identify and correct system or network issues. Unlike stress testing, chaos engineering doesn't test and correct one component at a time.</p>
<p>Chaos engineering examines problems that have a seemingly infinite number of possible causes. It looks beyond the obvious issues and tests distributed systems against problems or sets of problems that are less likely to happen. The goal is to gain new knowledge about the system.</p>
<p>The process is typically divided into several steps:</p>
<ol class="default-list">
<li><strong>Set the baseline.</strong> Start by establishing a baseline. The testers must identify how the system should operate under optimal conditions and specify what constitutes a normal working state.</li>
<li><strong>Create a hypothesis.</strong> Consider one or more potential weaknesses and formulate a hypothesis about the effects of those weaknesses. For example, software testers might want to know what will happen if a large traffic spike occurs.</li>
<li><strong></strong> <strong>Test.</strong> Conduct experiments to gauge the consequences of a large spike. The experiments might reveal an error in a critical process or an unexpected cause-and-effect relationship. For example, a traffic spike simulation might reveal a storage performance issue.</li>
<li><strong></strong> <strong>Evaluate.</strong> Measure and evaluate how the hypothesis holds up and determine which problems to fix.</li>
</ol>
<p>Chaos engineering teams take an ordered approach in their experiments, testing the following:</p>
<ul class="default-list">
<li>The things they are aware of and understand.</li>
<li>The things they are aware of but don't fully understand.</li>
<li>The things they understand but are not aware of.</li>
<li>The things they are not fully aware of and do not fully understand.</li>
</ul>
<p>They use "what if" scenarios that can trigger faults and failures to evaluate the performance and integrity of the system.</p>
</section>
<section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Advanced principles of chaos engineering">
<h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Advanced principles of chaos engineering</h2>
<p>Computer scientist L. Peter Deutsch and his colleagues at Sun Microsystems developed a list of eight fallacies of distributed computing. These are false assumptions that programmers and engineers often make about distributed systems. They are a good starting point when applying chaos engineering to a problem. The eight fallacies include:</p>
<ol class="default-list">
<li>The network is reliable.</li>
<li>There is zero latency.</li>
<li>Bandwidth is infinite.</li>
<li>The network is secure.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/network-topology">Topology</a> never changes.</li>
<li>There is one admin.</li>
<li>Transport cost is zero.</li>
<li>The network is homogeneous.</li>
</ol>
<p>There is debate as to whether these fallacies are still fallacies, but chaos engineers continue to use them as core principles in understanding system and network problems. The theme underlying them is that systems and network are never perfect or 100% reliable. Because of this, we have the concept of "five nines" for highly available systems. Instead of striving for 100% availability, the closest engineers can get to perfection is 99.999%.</p>
<p>These false assumptions are easy to make in distributed computing environments, and they are the basis of the seemingly random problems that arise out of complex distributed systems.</p>
<figure class="main-article-image full-col" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineImages/microservices-distributed_computing.jpg">
<img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineImages/microservices-distributed_computing_mobile.jpg" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineImages/microservices-distributed_computing_mobile.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineImages/microservices-distributed_computing.jpg 1280w" alt="Eight distributed computing fallacies" height="235" width="520">
<figcaption>
<i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Many chaos engineering experiments are designed around these eight fallacies, which serve as a basis for determining the source of a problem in distributed architecture.
</figcaption>
<div class="main-article-image-enlarge">
<i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i>
</div>
</figure>
</section>
<section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Chaos engineering best practices">
<h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Chaos engineering best practices</h2>
<p>Chaos engineering is complicated. Following these best practices can help avoid problems that stem from the fallacies listed above:</p>
<ul class="default-list">
<li><strong>Understand the usual behavior of the system.</strong> Having a solid understanding of the system when it is healthy will help in diagnosing problems.</li>
<li><strong>Simulate realistic scenarios.</strong> Focus on injecting likely failures and bugs. For example, if latency has been a problem in the past, inject bugs that induce latency.</li>
<li><strong>Test using real-world conditions.</strong> This yields the most accurate results. Chaos engineering is often performed in production environments, especially when it is too cumbersome or expensive to duplicate a large, distributed system for testing purposes.</li>
<li><strong>Minimize the blast radius.</strong> Chaos engineering can be highly disruptive. Success demands coordination among IT staff, developers and business units. Experiments in production environments are rarely run at peak times, and ideally, nobody using the system will be able to tell that chaos experiments are taking place. Redundancy should be in place to ensure that services remain available if experiments do cause issues.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Examples of chaos engineering">
<h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Examples of chaos engineering</h2>
<p>Imagine a distributed system that can handle a certain number of transactions per second. Chaos engineering testing can be used to find out how the software would respond when that transaction limit is reached. Does performance suffer or would the system crash?</p>
<p>Chaos engineering can also be used to test how the distributed system behaves when it experiences a shortage of resources or <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchdatacenter/definition/Single-point-of-failure-SPOF">single point of failure</a>. If the system fails, developers can implement design changes. Once changes are made, the test is repeated to verify the desired results.</p>
<p>One notable real-world system failure had a chaos engineering connection. In 2015, Amazon's DynamoDB experienced an availability issue in one of its regional zones. That lapse caused over 20 Amazon Web Services that relied on DynamoDB to fail in that region. Sites that used the services -- including Netflix -- were down for several hours. However, Netflix experienced less of a failure than other sites, because it had created and used a chaos engineering tool called Chaos Kong to prepare for such a scenario.</p>
<p>Chaos Kong disables entire AWS availability zones, which are the AWS data centers that serve a geographical region. Using the tool had given <a href="https://netflixtechblog.com/chaos-engineering-upgraded-878d341f15fa" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Netflix experience responding to regional outages</a> like the one the DynamoDB issue caused. The company's ability to deal with the outage is often cited in explaining the importance of chaos engineering.</p>
</section>
<section class="section main-article-chapter" data-menu-title="Chaos engineering tools">
<h2 class="section-title"><i class="icon" data-icon="1"></i>Chaos engineering tools</h2>
<p>Netflix was a notable pioneer of chaos engineering and was among the first to use it in production systems. Netflix designed and open sourced chaos test automation platforms collectively dubbed the Simian Army.</p>
<p>There are several tools included in the Simian Army suite, including:</p>
<ul class="default-list">
<li><strong>Chaos Kong.</strong> Disables entire AWS availability zones.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/Chaos-Monkey"><strong>Chaos Monkey</strong></a><strong>.</strong> Randomly disables production environment instances to cause a system failure but is designed to not have effects on customer activity.</li>
<li><strong>Chaos Gorilla.</strong> Like Chaos Monkey but on a larger scale.</li>
<li><strong>Latency</strong><strong></strong> Introduces latency to simulate network outages and degradation.</li>
</ul>
<figure class="main-article-image" data-img-fullsize="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/editorial/sITO_Chaos_Monkey_tool.png">
<img data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/editorial/sITO_Chaos_Monkey_tool_mobile.png" class="lazy" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/editorial/sITO_Chaos_Monkey_tool_mobile.png 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/editorial/sITO_Chaos_Monkey_tool.png 1280w" alt="Chaos Monkey terminates service instances" data-credit="Netflix" height="248" width="519">
<figcaption>
<i class="icon pictures" data-icon="z"></i>Chaos Monkey is a tool that enables chaos engineering by creating problems on systems. Here, it is shown terminating instances of a service.
</figcaption>
<div class="main-article-image-enlarge">
<i class="icon" data-icon="w"></i>
</div>
</figure>
<p>The Netflix Simian Army continues to grow as more chaos-inducing programs are created to test the streaming service's capabilities. Some other chaos engineering tools include:</p>
<p><strong>Simoorg.</strong> An open source failure-inducing program. LinkedIn uses this program to perform chaos engineering experiments.</p>
<p><strong>Monkey-Ops.</strong> An open source tool implemented in Go and built to test and terminate random components and deployment configurations.</p>
<p><strong>Gremlin.</strong> A chaos engineering program that works with AWS and <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/definition/Google-Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a> and focuses on the retail and finance sectors. It comes with built-in redundancy that stops chaos engineering experiments when they threaten the system.</p>
<p><strong>AWS Fault Injection Simulator.</strong> Includes fault templates that AWS can inject into production instances. The platform has built-in redundancy and protective measures to keep the <a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsoftwarequality/definition/fault-injection-testing">failure injection testing</a> from causing system problems.</p>
<p><em>Testing, resilience and quality assurance in modern DevOps software development environments is crucial. Learn </em><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchsoftwarequality/feature/A-guide-to-testing-in-DevOps-and-key-strategies-practices"><em>best practices for testing in DevOps implementations</em></a><em> where continuous delivery and experimentation is a priority.</em></p>
</section></section>
<section class="section continue-reading" data-menu-title="Required Reading" id="required-reading">
<h4 class="section-title">
<i class="icon" data-icon="m"></i>
Continue Reading About chaos engineering
</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/How-to-achieve-resilience-the-modern-uptime-trinity">How to achieve resilience -- the modern uptime trinity</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/opinion/Why-software-resilience-should-be-the-real-goal-of-DevOps">Why software resilience should be the real goal of DevOps</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://searchapparchitecture.techtarget.com/tip/4-practical-methods-to-increase-service-resilience">4 practical methods to increase service resilience</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://searchitoperations.techtarget.com/news/252437934/Microservices-management-tools-harmonize-polyglot-chaos">Microservices management tools harmonize polyglot chaos</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://searchstorage.techtarget.com/feature/How-edge-object-storage-aids-distributed-computing">How edge object storage aids distributed computing</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<div class="ad-wrapper ad-inline ad-mobile">
<!-- AdsController, generated at 13:18:00 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<div id="mobile-2" class="ad ad-mb"><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">GPT.display('mobile-2')</script></div></div>
<!-- RelatedTermsController, generated at 13:18:01 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<section class="section related-terms" data-menu-title="Related Terms" id="related-terms">
<div class="related-terms-inner">
<h4>
Related Terms</h4>
<dl class="related-terms-list">
<dt>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definition/What-is-DevOps-Meaning-methodology-and-guide">What is DevOps? Meaning, methodology and guide</a>
</dt>
<dd>DevOps is a software development approach that brings development and IT operations teams together to deliver applications faster...<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definition/What-is-DevOps-Meaning-methodology-and-guide" class="definition-link">
See&nbsp;complete&nbsp;definition<i class="icon" data-icon="q"></i>
</a>
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definition/What-is-IT-automation-A-complete-guide-for-IT-teams">What is IT automation? A complete guide</a>
</dt>
<dd>IT automation uses instructions to create clear, consistent and repeatable processes that replace an IT professional's manual ...<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definition/What-is-IT-automation-A-complete-guide-for-IT-teams" class="definition-link">
See&nbsp;complete&nbsp;definition<i class="icon" data-icon="q"></i>
</a>
</dd>
<dt>
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definition/What-is-observability-The-ultimate-guide-for-IT-teams">What is observability? The ultimate guide for IT teams</a>
</dt>
<dd>Observability is a management strategy focused on keeping the most relevant, important and core issues at or near the top of an ...<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definition/What-is-observability-The-ultimate-guide-for-IT-teams" class="definition-link">
See&nbsp;complete&nbsp;definition<i class="icon" data-icon="q"></i>
</a>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</section>
<!-- DigDeeperController, generated at 21:54:17 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<section class="section dig-deeper" id="DigDeeperSplash">
<h4 class="section-title">
<i class="icon" data-icon="m"></i>Dig Deeper on IT Operations</h4>
<ul class="dig-deeper-list">
<li><a id="DigDeeperItem-1" href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366625697/How-breaking-things-builds-resilient-systems">
<img class="lazy" data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/visuals/German/article/cloud-service-outage-3-adobe_searchsitetablet_520X173.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/visuals/German/article/cloud-service-outage-3-adobe_searchsitetablet_520X173.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/visuals/German/article/cloud-service-outage-3-adobe.jpg 1280w" alt="">
<h5>How breaking things builds resilient systems</h5>
<div class="author">
<div class="image-resize">
<img src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/computerweekly/Aaron-Tan-Computer-Weekly-2025-140x180px.jpg" alt="AaronTan">
</div>
<span>By: <span>Aaron&nbsp;Tan</span></span>
</div>
</a></li>
<li><a id="DigDeeperItem-2" href="https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/Chaos-Monkey">
<img class="lazy" data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/visuals/digdeeper/2.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/visuals/digdeeper/2_searchsitetablet_520X173.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/visuals/digdeeper/2.jpg 1280w" alt="">
<h5>Chaos Monkey</h5>
<div class="author">
<div class="image-resize">
<img src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/hanna_katie.png" alt="KatieTerrell Hanna ">
</div>
<span>By: <span>Katie&nbsp;Terrell Hanna </span></span>
</div>
</a></li>
<li><a id="DigDeeperItem-3" href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/tip/Why-security-chaos-engineering-works-and-how-to-do-it-right">
<img class="lazy" data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/maze_g824298136_searchsitetablet_520X173.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/maze_g824298136_searchsitetablet_520X173.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineimages/maze_g824298136.jpg 1280w" alt="">
<h5>Why security chaos engineering works, and how to do it right</h5>
<div class="author">
<div class="image-resize">
<img src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineImages/tomnolle_new.jpg" alt="TomNolle">
</div>
<span>By: <span>Tom&nbsp;Nolle</span></span>
</div>
</a></li>
<li><a id="DigDeeperItem-4" href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/feature/3-lessons-from-the-2021-Facebook-outage-for-network-pros">
<img class="lazy" data-src="https://www.techtarget.com/visuals/German/article/facebook-reflection-adobe_searchsitetablet_520X173.jpg" data-srcset="https://www.techtarget.com/visuals/German/article/facebook-reflection-adobe_searchsitetablet_520X173.jpg 960w,https://www.techtarget.com/visuals/German/article/facebook-reflection-adobe.jpg 1280w" alt="">
<h5>3 lessons from the 2021 Facebook outage for network pros</h5>
<div class="author">
<div class="image-resize">
<img src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/onlineImages/irei_alissa.jpg" alt="AlissaIrei">
</div>
<span>By: <span>Alissa&nbsp;Irei</span></span>
</div>
</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<!-- CollectionController, generated at 17:35:38 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
</div>
<div id="content-right" class="content-right">
<aside class="resources-bar desktop-resources-bar" id="resources-bar">
<!-- AdsController, generated at 21:54:19 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<div id="mu-top" class="ad ad-mu"><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">GPT.display('mu-top')</script></div><!-- VendorResourcesController, generated at 13:18:03 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<div class="resources-bar-header"><i class="icon" data-icon="l"></i>Sponsored News</div>
<ul class="resources-bar-list sponsored-news">
<li class="resources-bar-item">
<a rel="sponsored" href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/DellTechnologiesStorage/Why-recovery-speed-not-backup-capacity-drives-cyber-resilience">Why recovery speed, not backup capacity, drives cyber resilience</a>
<span>&ndash;Dell Technologies</span>
</li>
<li class="resources-bar-item">
<a rel="sponsored" href="https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/UnityTech/How-Gaming-Innovation-Is-Accelerating-Manufacturings-Digital-Transformation">How Gaming Innovation Is Accelerating Manufacturing's Digital Transformation</a>
<span>&ndash;Unity Technologies</span>
</li>
<li class="resources-bar-item see-more"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/sponsored_communities">See More</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="resources-bar-header"><i class="icon" data-icon="l"></i>Vendor Resources</div>
<ul class="resources-bar-list" id="vendorResourcesSplash">
<li class="resources-bar-item">
<a href="https://www.bitpipe.com/detail/RES/1753714671_291.html">Why Security Chaos Engineering Works, and How to Do It Right</a>
<span>&ndash;TechTarget</span>
<i class="icon" data-icon="7"></i>
</li>
<li class="resources-bar-item">
<a href="https://www.bitpipe.com/detail/RES/1769031723_43.html">If Technology Breaks, Can You Keep Your Business Running?</a>
<span>&ndash;TechTarget</span>
<i class="icon" data-icon="8"></i>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="ad-wrapper ad-embedded">
<div id="halfpage" class="ad ad-hp"><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">GPT.display('halfpage')</script></div>
<div id="mu-1" class="ad ad-mu"><script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">GPT.display('mu-1')</script></div>
</div>
</aside>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<!-- GoogleAdSenseController, generated at 20:51:14 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<!-- NetworkCoverageController, generated at 20:51:33 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<section class="latest-wrapper" id="network-coverage">
<nav class="latest-nav-wrapper" aria-label="Latest Resources">
<span class="latest-heading">Latest TechTarget <span class="latest-title">resources</span></span>
<ul class="latest-nav">
<li>
<a href="#" class="latest-nav-item selected" data-item="1">
AI & Emerging Tech<i class="icon mobile-icon" data-icon="5"></i>
<i class="icon desktop-icon" data-icon="A"></i>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" class="latest-nav-item" data-item="2">
Cybersecurity<i class="icon mobile-icon" data-icon="5"></i>
<i class="icon desktop-icon" data-icon="A"></i>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" class="latest-nav-item" data-item="3">
Data Technologies<i class="icon mobile-icon" data-icon="5"></i>
<i class="icon desktop-icon" data-icon="A"></i>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" class="latest-nav-item" data-item="4">
Enterprise Software<i class="icon mobile-icon" data-icon="5"></i>
<i class="icon desktop-icon" data-icon="A"></i>
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#" class="latest-nav-item" data-item="5">
IT Strategy<i class="icon mobile-icon" data-icon="5"></i>
<i class="icon desktop-icon" data-icon="A"></i>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<span class="latest-nav-mask before-mask"></span>
<span class="latest-nav-mask after-mask"></span>
<div class="latest-body">
<div class="latest-content" data-item="1">
<span class="ai">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/ai/">
AI & Emerging Tech</a>
</span>
<ul>
<li>
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/ai/feature/What-it-finally-takes-to-make-quantum-commercially-viable">What it finally takes to make quantum commercially viable</a></span>
<p>Turns out quantum computing still has several missing links on the road to commercial viability, including better fault tolerance...</p>
</li>
<li>
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/ai/feature/Key-enterprise-strategies-for-AI-agent-observability">Key enterprise strategies for AI agent observability</a></span>
<p>Monitoring AI agents encompasses three pillars: agent intent, method and outcome. Explore all three, along with best practices ...</p>
</li>
<li class="hide-for-small">
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/ai/feature/To-justify-physical-AI-costs-choose-high-value-use-cases">To justify physical AI costs, choose high-value use cases</a></span>
<p>Physical AI is starting to drive business value in industries like manufacturing and healthcare. But the ROI calculus is subtle ...</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="latest-content" data-item="2">
<span class="cybersecurity">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/cybersecurity/">
Cybersecurity</a>
</span>
<ul>
<li>
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/cybersecurity/feature/The-growing-case-for-deputy-CISOs-in-the-enterprise">The growing case for deputy CISOs in the enterprise</a></span>
<p>Cybersecurity teams need a leader -- or do they need two? As the pressures on security professionals grow, the deputy CISO role ...</p>
</li>
<li>
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/cybersecurity/feature/EU-Cyber-Resilience-Act-reporting-What-CISOs-need-to-know">EU Cyber Resilience Act reporting: What CISOs need to know</a></span>
<p>The EU Cyber Resilience Act doesn't take full effect until 2027, but the mandatory vulnerability reporting deadline hits on ...</p>
</li>
<li class="hide-for-small">
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/cybersecurity/news/366650159/Billington-Summit-highlights-blurring-public-private-cybersecurity-lines">Billington Summit highlights blurring public-private cybersecurity lines</a></span>
<p>At the Billington Cybersecurity Summit, public sector security experts address a threat landscape that no longer distinguishes ...</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="latest-content" data-item="3">
<span class="datatechnologies">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/data-technologies/">
Data Technologies</a>
</span>
<ul>
<li>
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/data-technologies/tip/How-much-does-conversational-analytics-cost-in-2026">How much does conversational analytics cost in 2026?</a></span>
<p>Early estimates will often cover the technology but miss much of the added work. Expenses often rise as organizations prepare the...</p>
</li>
<li>
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/data-technologies/news/366648767/Cloudera-partners-with-Mistral-to-bring-AI-to-users-data">Cloudera partners with Mistral to bring AI to users' data</a></span>
<p>The integration enables Cloudera customers to keep data secure when building and deploying agents and helps differentiate the ...</p>
</li>
<li class="hide-for-small">
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/data-technologies/news/366650164/Databricks-launches-model-to-boost-data-retrieval-for-AI">Databricks launches model to boost data retrieval for AI</a></span>
<p>Adding sequential search to improve the speed and accuracy of responses to complex queries evolves existing capabilities and ...</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="latest-content" data-item="4">
<span class="enterprisesoftware">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/enterprise-software/">
Enterprise Software</a>
</span>
<ul>
<li>
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/enterprise-software/feature/Explaining-the-hidden-costs-of-ERP-implementations">Explaining the hidden costs of ERP implementations</a></span>
<p>It's easy to know what the software costs, but what about variables like customization, productivity and training? Experts reveal...</p>
</li>
<li>
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/enterprise-software/tip/Learn-why-HR-governance-is-important-for-any-organization">Learn why HR governance is important for any organization</a></span>
<p>A governance framework helps establish a positive workplace culture and ensure fair treatment for employees. Learn more about why...</p>
</li>
<li class="hide-for-small">
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/enterprise-software/tip/AI-knowledge-base-automation-reshapes-customer-self-service">AI knowledge base automation reshapes customer self-service</a></span>
<p>Knowledge base automation can be a powerful tool to enhance customer self-service. Learn how AI-powered knowledge bases can ...</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="latest-content" data-item="5">
<span class="itstrategy">
<a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-strategy/">
IT Strategy</a>
</span>
<ul>
<li>
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-strategy/feature/Why-hope-is-a-CIO-leadership-skill">Why hope is a CIO leadership skill</a></span>
<p>CIOs need to inspire teams as well as manage technology. Futurist Nikolas Badminton explains how hope can help leaders build ...</p>
</li>
<li>
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-strategy/tip/How-to-build-an-experience-level-agreement">How to build an experience-level agreement</a></span>
<p>Properly built experience-level agreements prioritize UX over traditional metrics, focusing on business outcomes and employee ...</p>
</li>
<li class="hide-for-small">
<i class="icon" data-icon="2"></i>
<span><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-strategy/tip/14-need-to-know-tips-for-digital-transformation-success">14 need-to-know tips for digital transformation success</a></span>
<p>What separates a successful digital transformation implementation from a recipe for disaster? These 14 tips will help ensure your...</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<!-- FooterLinksController, generated at 09:44:56 Thu Sep 10, 2026, by cds1 -->
<footer id="page-footer">
<div class="content-left">
<!-- Plug in TechTarget Logo inside the anchor tag here. -->
<div class="column column-logo">
</div>
</div>
<div class="content-center">
<ul class="column">
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-1 footer-item-row-1"><a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/editorial/">About Us</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-1 footer-item-row-2"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/techtarget-editorial-ethics-policy">Editorial Ethics Policy</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-1 footer-item-row-3"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/editorial-contacts">Meet The Editors</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-1 footer-item-row-4"><a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-1 footer-item-row-5"><a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/for-advertisers/">Advertisers</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-1 footer-item-row-6"><a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/partner-with-us/">Partner with Us</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-1 footer-item-row-7"><a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/TechTarget-Media-Kit-Handout-with-product-descriptions.pdf">Media Kit</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-1 footer-item-row-8"><a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/">Corporate Site</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="column">
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-2 footer-item-row-1"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/contributors">Contributors</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-2 footer-item-row-2"><a href="https://licensing.ygsgroup.com/ygspublishersolutions/">Reprints</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-2 footer-item-row-3"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/answers">Answers</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-2 footer-item-row-4"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definitions">Definitions</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-2 footer-item-row-5"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/eproducts">E-Products</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-2 footer-item-row-6"><a href="https://www.brighttalk.com/summits">Events</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-2 footer-item-row-7"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/features">Features</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="column column-mobile-hidden">
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-3 footer-item-row-1"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/guides">Guides</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-3 footer-item-row-2"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/opinions">Opinions</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-3 footer-item-row-3"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/photostories">Photo Stories</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-3 footer-item-row-4"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/quizzes">Quizzes</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-3 footer-item-row-5"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/tips">Tips</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-3 footer-item-row-6"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/tutorials">Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="footer-item footer-item-col-3 footer-item-row-7"><a href="https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/videos">Videos</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="content-right">
<div class="column column-legal">
<p class="footer-legal">
<span>
<a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/terms-of-use">&#x00A9;2026 TechTarget</a>, Inc. d/b/a Informa TechTarget.</span>
All Rights Reserved. <br />
<br />
<span>
<a href="https://www.informatechtarget.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a>
</span>
<br />
<span id="cPref" >
<a href="#" onclick="if (!window.__cfRLUnblockHandlers) return false; window._sp_.gdpr.loadPrivacyManagerModal(1048617,'purposes')" data-cf-modified-c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-="">Cookie Preferences </a>
<br />
</span>
<span id="cPrefCCPA" style="display:none">
<a href="#" onclick="if (!window.__cfRLUnblockHandlers) return false; window._sp_.usnat.loadPrivacyManagerModal('1048406')" data-cf-modified-c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-="">Cookie Preferences </a>
<br />
</span>
<span>
<a href="https://techtarget.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/requests/new?ticket_form_id=360004852434">Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information</a></span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</footer><script src="https://www.techtarget.com/rms/ux/responsive/js/responsive-ui.min.js?v=9.86" type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript"></script><!-- Begin Chartbeat -->
<script type="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-text/javascript">
var _sf_async_config={};
_sf_async_config.uid = 41935;
_sf_async_config.domain = 'techtargetnetwork.com';
_sf_async_config.sections = 'ttitinfra, ttitinfra - IT Operations';
_sf_async_config.authors = 'Ben Lutkevich, DEFINITION, ttitinfra - DEFINITION';
_sf_async_config.useCanonical = true;
</script><!-- End Chartbeat -->
<!-- Begin STRUCTUREDDATA -->
<script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definition/chaos-engineering"},"datePublished":"2021-06-01T00:00Z","name":"chaos engineering","author":[{"name":"Ben Lutkevich","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Alexander S. Gillis","@type":"Person"}],"publisher":{"name":"TechTarget","logo":{"url":"https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/amp/amp_teal_logo_115_60.png","height":60,"width":115,"@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"image":"https://cdn.ttgtmedia.com/rms/amp/AMPdefaultImage.jpg","description":"Chaos engineering is the process of testing a distributed computing system to ensure that it can withstand unexpected disruptions.","keywords":{"url":"https://www.techtarget.com/it-infrastructure/definition/chaos-engineering","name":"chaos engineering","description":"Chaos engineering is the process of testing a distributed computing system to ensure that it can withstand unexpected disruptions.","@type":"DefinedTerm"},"headline":"chaos engineering","@type":"Article","hasPart":{"cssSelector":".paywall","@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":false},"isAccessibleForFree":false,"@context":"https://schema.org"}</script><!-- End STRUCTUREDDATA -->
</div>
<div id="mobile-sidebars" class="mobile-sidebars">
</div>
<div id="image-overlay" class="image-overlay">
<div class="image-overlay-img"></div>
<div class="image-overlay-close">Close</div>
</div>
<!--
Component Load Times
====================
DefaultPageController=372 ms
PinnedNavBarController=243 ms
AdsController=0 ms
DigDeeperController=1530 ms
Total time=2145 ms
Request Serving Server: cds1
-->
<script src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/7d0fa10a/cloudflare-static/rocket-loader.min.js" data-cf-settings="c9c4d675258dca712212ed7d-|49" defer></script><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||(a.contentWindow&&a.contentWindow.document);if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a3937d2efc232afa',t:'MTc4OTA5NjMyNw=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script><script type="module" src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/v31edd6df95cf4e85bb4c19e7a9bdbcba1788362987495" integrity="sha512-iIg7k2xntmwu6/uSb5tpc/hySgZc4eoL31yB29W6tJFo2akwjPWcEqnCEdJvGexCL0KEQwVYv5BlowfhVz26hg==" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"9a304ef27e94431ca1278b62c9487931","spa":2}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
</body>
</html>