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<title data-rh="true">How to - Choose the Right Instance Size for AWS RDS</title>
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transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><time datetime="2024-10-20T23:31:49.849Z" title="2024-10-20T23:31:49.849Z">Oct 20, 2024</time></div></div></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG post-ufi"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><div class="like-button-container post-ufi-button style-button"><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Like (4)" aria-pressed="false" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-heart"><path d="M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 16.5 3c-1.76 0-3 .5-4.5 2-1.5-1.5-2.74-2-4.5-2A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 2 8.5c0 2.3 1.5 4.05 3 5.5l7 7Z"></path></svg></g></svg><div class="label">4</div></button></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="View comments (0)" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/p/how-to-choose-the-right-instance/comments" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button post-ufi-comment-button no-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" id="radix-P0-27" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg><div class="label">1</div></button></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><div class="label">Share</div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div><div><div class="dt-post-body"><div class="available-content"><div dir="auto" class="body markup"><p>Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service) offers a variety of instance types, each optimized for different workloads. These instances come with varying levels of CPU, memory, storage, and networking capacities. Choosing the right instance type is crucial because it directly affects three key aspects:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Performance</strong><span>: An undersized instance can lead to slow database queries, while an oversized one may result in unnecessary costs.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Cost</strong><span>: Larger instances are more expensive, so selecting the right size helps balance performance and cost.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Scalability</strong><span>: Instance size impacts your ability to scale effectively. Starting with an appropriate instance size sets you up for future growth.</span></p></li></ol><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Understanding RDS Instance Types<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§understanding-rds-instance-types" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/understanding-rds-instance-types" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>AWS offers a broad variety of instance types for both EC2 and RDS, each tailored to specific use cases:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png" width="1079" height="767" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:767,&quot;width&quot;:1079,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:143336,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Beware of Burstable Instances<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§beware-of-burstable-instances" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/beware-of-burstable-instances" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>Burstable instances (T2, T3, T4) are cost-effective but operate using a credit system. When the CPU utilization is below the baseline, credits are accumulated. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png" width="1050" height="1190" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1190,&quot;width&quot;:1050,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:86447,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>These credits can be consumed when the CPU usage spikes. Once the credits are exhausted:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Standard Mode</strong><span>: The instance is throttled to a lower performance, and no additional charges are incurred.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Unlimited Mode</strong><span> (default for T3 and T4): The CPU continues operating without throttling, but AWS bills extra for the burst usage, which can lead to higher costs.</span></p></li></ul><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Factors Influencing Instance Size<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§factors-influencing-instance-size" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/factors-influencing-instance-size" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>When deciding on an RDS instance size, consider the following factors:</p><ol><li><p><strong>CPU Utilization</strong><span>: High CPU performance is necessary for fast query execution. Monitor CPU usage regularly and adjust accordingly.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Memory Requirements</strong><span>: Adequate memory is critical for performance. Memory-optimized instances are ideal for workloads that require large amounts of RAM.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Storage Needs</strong><span>: Evaluate whether you need General Purpose, Provisioned IOPS, or Magnetic storage based on your workload’s requirements.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Network Bandwidth</strong><span>: Ensure the instance can handle your network traffic.</span></p></li></ol><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Monitoring Performance Metrics<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§monitoring-performance-metrics" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/monitoring-performance-metrics" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>AWS CloudWatch provides key performance metrics to help monitor your RDS instance:</p><ul><li><p><strong>CPU Utilization</strong><span>: Percentage of CPU capacity used.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Freeable Memory</strong><span>: How much RAM is available.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Read/Write Throughput</strong><span>: Data read from or written to disk per second.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Network Throughput</strong><span>: Rate of incoming and outgoing network traffic.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>DB Connections</strong><span>: Number of client sessions connected to the database.</span></p></li></ul><p>Regularly review these metrics in the CloudWatch Monitoring tab to ensure optimal performance.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post"><strong>Right-Sizing Strategies</strong><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§right-sizing-strategies" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/right-sizing-strategies" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>Techniques for matching instance size to workload demands.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">General Rules<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§general-rules" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/general-rules" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p><span>We'll consider </span><strong>downsizing</strong><span> if over a four-week period:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>If: vCPU utilization averages </span><strong>&lt; 40%</strong><span> and memory utilization averages </span><strong>&lt; 50%</strong></p><ul><li><p>Then: Evaluate stepping down to the next lower in the same instance family</p></li></ul></li></ul><p><span>We will consider </span><strong>up-sizing</strong><span> if over a four-week period:</span></p><ul><li><p><span>If: vCPU utilization averages </span><strong>> 80% </strong><span>and memory utilization averages </span><strong>&lt; 50%</strong></p><ul><li><p>Then: Evaluate a compute-optimized instance upgrade</p></li></ul></li><li><p><span>If: vCPU utilization averages </span><strong>&lt; 50%</strong><span> AND memory utilization averages </span><strong>> 80%</strong></p><ul><li><p>Then: Evaluated a memory-optimized instance upgrade</p></li></ul></li><li><p><span>If: vCPU utilization averages </span><strong>> 80%</strong><span> and memory utilization averages </span><strong>&lt; 80%</strong></p><ul><li><p>Then: Upgrade within the same instance family</p></li></ul></li></ul><pre><code>While there's no direct 'memory utilization percentage' metric in AWS RDS, we can estimate it using FreeableMemory
UsedMemory = TotalMemory - FreeableMemory
MemoryUtilizationPercentage = (UsedMemory / TotalMemory) * 100
Note: The FreeableMemory metric doesn't encapsulate all the ways a database engine like MySQL or PostgreSQL uses memory. You may need to consult OS-level metrics or database-specific tools</code></pre><p>Additionally, consider percentile-based utilization (e.g., p90, p95) for a more accurate understanding of peak usage periods. Plan for future growth by adding a buffer (e.g., 20%) to your utilization thresholds.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Example<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§example" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/example" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>Here’s an example of how different metrics (average, p95, p99.5) and headroom might affect your decision:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png" width="1084" height="269" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:269,&quot;width&quot;:1084,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:49173,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Reserved Instances vs. On-Demand Instances<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§reserved-instances-vs-on-demand-instances" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/reserved-instances-vs-on-demand-instances" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>Amazon offers two primary pricing models for RDS instances:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png" width="1097" height="421" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" 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y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Best Practices for Optimizing RDS Instances<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§best-practices-for-optimizing-rds-instances" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/best-practices-for-optimizing-rds-instances" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><ol><li><p><strong>Database Tuning</strong><span>: Before upgrading your instance, ensure your database is tuned for performance. </span></p><ol><li><p><span>Analyze PostgreSQL logs to find slow-running queries. Use tools like </span><strong>pgBadger</strong><span> to pinpoint resource-intensive queries.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Optimize SQL queries. Use </span><strong>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</strong><span> to understand query execution plan, and configure memory settings. </span></p></li><li><p><span>Adjust the </span><strong>shared_buffers</strong><span> parameter for the buffer pool. </span></p></li><li><p><span>Configure </span><strong>maintenance_work_mem</strong><span> and </span><strong>work_mem</strong><span> for local memory usage. </span></p></li><li><p><span>Use parallel restoration during data import/export. Set </span><strong>max_parallel_workers</strong><span> appropriately.</span></p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>Continuous Monitoring</strong><span>: Regularly analyze performance metrics and iteratively adjust parameters for optimal performance.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Right-Sizing</strong><span>: Implement a right-sizing schedule and enforce instance tagging to streamline the process.</span></p><p></p></li></ol><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Conclusion<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§conclusion" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/conclusion" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>Right sizing is the most effective way to control cloud costs. It involves continually analyzing instance performance and usage needs and patterns—and then turning off idle instances and right sizing instances that are either over provisioned or poorly matched to the workload. Because your resource needs are always changing, right sizing must become an ongoing process to continually achieve cost optimization. You can make right sizing a smooth process by establishing a right-sizing schedule for each team, enforcing tagging for all instances, and taking full advantage of the powerful tools that AWS and others provide to simplify resource monitoring and analysis.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">References<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§references" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/i/150494408/references" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><ol><li><p>https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/Concepts.DBInstanceClass.html#Concepts.DBInstanceClass.Summary</p></li><li><p>https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/burstable-credits-baseline-concepts.html</p></li><li><p>https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/UserGuide/PostgreSQL.Tuning.concepts.html</p></li><li><p>https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/database/optimizing-and-tuning-queries-in-amazon-rds-postgresql-based-on-native-and-external-tools/</p><p></p></li></ol><p></p></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div></div><div class="post-footer"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG 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thanks\",\"cookie_settings\":\"\",\"show_restacks_below_posts\":true,\"holiday_gifting_post_header\":false,\"homepage_message_text\":\"\",\"homepage_message_link\":\"\",\"about_us_author_ids\":\"\",\"archived_section_ids\":\"\",\"column_section_ids\":\"\",\"fp_primary_column_section_ids\":\"\",\"event_section_ids\":\"\",\"podcasts_metadata\":\"\",\"video_section_ids\":\"\",\"post_metering_enabled\":false,\"account_based_post_metering_enabled\":false,\"use_custom_theme\":false,\"reply_rules\":null,\"automatic_moderation_enabled\":true,\"auto_translate_enabled\":true,\"additional_post_languages_enabled\":false,\"high_res_recording_beta\":false},\"publicationUserSettings\":null,\"userSettings\":{\"user_id\":null,\"activity_likes_enabled\":true,\"dashboard_nav_refresh_enabled\":false,\"is_guest_post_enabled\":true,\"invite_friends_nux_dismissed_at\":null,\"suggestions_feed_item_last_shown_at\":null,\"last_notification_alert_shown_at\":null,\"disable_reply_hiding\":false,\"newest_seen_chat_item_published_at\":null,\"explicitContentEnabled\":false,\"contactMatchingEnabled\":false,\"messageRequestLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableInviteLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableChatLevel\":\"everyone\",\"creditTokensTreatmentExposed\":false,\"appBadgeIncludesChat\":false,\"autoPlayVideo\":true,\"autoAdvanceVideo\":true,\"smart_delivery_enabled\":false,\"chatbotTermsLastAcceptedAt\":null,\"has_seen_notes_post_app_upsell\":false,\"first_note_id\":null,\"show_concurrent_live_stream_viewers\":false,\"edit_profile_feed_item_dismissed_at\":null,\"mobile_permalink_app_upsell_seen_at\":null,\"new_user_checklist_enabled\":false,\"has_seen_youtube_shorts_auto_publish_announcement\":false,\"has_seen_publish_youtube_connect_upsell\":false,\"notificationQualityFilterEnabled\":true,\"hasSeenOnboardingNewslettersScreen\":false,\"bestsellerBadgeEnabled\":true,\"hasSelfIdentifiedAsCreator\":false,\"autoTranslateEnabled\":true,\"autoTranslateBlocklist\":[],\"fineTuneFeedItemSeenAt\":null,\"fineTuneFeedItemDismissedAt\":null,\"aiGeneratedTextMode\":\"show\",\"feedVideoPreference\":5,\"feedAudioPreference\":5,\"feedLongerPostsPreference\":5,\"feedChatPreference\":5},\"mux_env_key\":\"u42pci814i6011qg3segrcpp9\",\"persona_environment_id\":\"env_o1Lbk4JhpY4PmvNkwaBdYwe5Fzkt\",\"sentry_environment\":\"production\",\"launchWelcomePage\":false,\"pendingInviteForActiveLiveStream\":null,\"isEligibleForLiveStreamCreation\":true,\"webviewPlatform\":null,\"noIndex\":false,\"post\":{\"audience\":\"everyone\",\"audience_before_archived\":null,\"canonical_url\":\"https://reliabilityengineering.substack.com/p/how-to-choose-the-right-instance\",\"default_comment_sort\":null,\"editor_v2\":false,\"exempt_from_archive_paywall\":false,\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"id\":150494408,\"podcast_art_url\":null,\"podcast_duration\":null,\"podcast_preview_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_url\":null,\"post_date\":\"2024-10-20T23:31:49.849Z\",\"updated_at\":\"2024-10-20T23:32:18.216Z\",\"publication_id\":2495879,\"search_engine_description\":null,\"search_engine_title\":null,\"section_id\":null,\"should_send_free_preview\":false,\"show_guest_bios\":true,\"slug\":\"how-to-choose-the-right-instance\",\"social_title\":null,\"subtitle\":\"\",\"teaser_post_eligible\":true,\"title\":\"How to - Choose the Right Instance Size for AWS RDS\",\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"video_upload_id\":null,\"write_comment_permissions\":\"everyone\",\"meter_type\":\"none\",\"live_stream_id\":null,\"is_published\":true,\"restacks\":1,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":4},\"top_exclusions\":[],\"pins\":[],\"section_pins\":[],\"has_shareable_clips\":false,\"previous_post_slug\":\"postressql-database-pinned-to-a-cpu\",\"next_post_slug\":\"table-of-contents\",\"cover_image\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F492e4c9c-0f7b-4911-a63a-d54d2a3b6d45_512x512.png\",\"cover_image_is_square\":true,\"cover_image_is_explicit\":false,\"videoUpload\":null,\"podcastFields\":{\"post_id\":150494408,\"podcast_episode_number\":null,\"podcast_season_number\":null,\"podcast_episode_type\":null,\"should_syndicate_to_other_feed\":null,\"syndicate_to_section_id\":null,\"hide_from_feed\":false,\"free_podcast_url\":null,\"free_podcast_duration\":null,\"preview_contains_ad\":false,\"was_imported_self_serve_sync\":false,\"draft_free_podcast_url\":null,\"draft_free_podcast_duration\":null},\"podcastUpload\":null,\"podcastPreviewUpload\":null,\"voiceover_upload_id\":null,\"voiceoverUpload\":null,\"has_voiceover\":false,\"description\":\"Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service) offers a variety of instance types, each optimized for different workloads.\",\"body_html\":\"<p>Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service) offers a variety of instance types, each optimized for different workloads. These instances come with varying levels of CPU, memory, storage, and networking capacities. Choosing the right instance type is crucial because it directly affects three key aspects:</p><ol><li><p><strong>Performance</strong>: An undersized instance can lead to slow database queries, while an oversized one may result in unnecessary costs.</p></li><li><p><strong>Cost</strong>: Larger instances are more expensive, so selecting the right size helps balance performance and cost.</p></li><li><p><strong>Scalability</strong>: Instance size impacts your ability to scale effectively. Starting with an appropriate instance size sets you up for future growth.</p></li></ol><h3>Understanding RDS Instance Types</h3><p>AWS offers a broad variety of instance types for both EC2 and RDS, each tailored to specific use cases:</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 424w, 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data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:767,&quot;width&quot;:1079,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:143336,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Fv7D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1efdc3e-c03b-4dc8-8492-e6504a619096_1079x767.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" fetchpriority=\\\"high\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\"><g><path d=\\\"M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882\\\"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>Beware of Burstable Instances</h3><p>Burstable instances (T2, T3, T4) are cost-effective but operate using a credit system. When the CPU utilization is below the baseline, credits are accumulated. </p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png\\\" width=\\\"1050\\\" height=\\\"1190\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1190,&quot;width&quot;:1050,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:86447,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mDzM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa285a4c6-9763-43e9-a773-2dfa594b7a9c_1050x1190.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\"><g><path d=\\\"M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882\\\"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>These credits can be consumed when the CPU usage spikes. Once the credits are exhausted:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Standard Mode</strong>: The instance is throttled to a lower performance, and no additional charges are incurred.</p></li><li><p><strong>Unlimited Mode</strong> (default for T3 and T4): The CPU continues operating without throttling, but AWS bills extra for the burst usage, which can lead to higher costs.</p></li></ul><h3>Factors Influencing Instance Size</h3><p>When deciding on an RDS instance size, consider the following factors:</p><ol><li><p><strong>CPU Utilization</strong>: High CPU performance is necessary for fast query execution. Monitor CPU usage regularly and adjust accordingly.</p></li><li><p><strong>Memory Requirements</strong>: Adequate memory is critical for performance. Memory-optimized instances are ideal for workloads that require large amounts of RAM.</p></li><li><p><strong>Storage Needs</strong>: Evaluate whether you need General Purpose, Provisioned IOPS, or Magnetic storage based on your workload\u2019s requirements.</p></li><li><p><strong>Network Bandwidth</strong>: Ensure the instance can handle your network traffic.</p></li></ol><h3>Monitoring Performance Metrics</h3><p>AWS CloudWatch provides key performance metrics to help monitor your RDS instance:</p><ul><li><p><strong>CPU Utilization</strong>: Percentage of CPU capacity used.</p></li><li><p><strong>Freeable Memory</strong>: How much RAM is available.</p></li><li><p><strong>Read/Write Throughput</strong>: Data read from or written to disk per second.</p></li><li><p><strong>Network Throughput</strong>: Rate of incoming and outgoing network traffic.</p></li><li><p><strong>DB Connections</strong>: Number of client sessions connected to the database.</p></li></ul><p>Regularly review these metrics in the CloudWatch Monitoring tab to ensure optimal performance.</p><h3><strong>Right-Sizing Strategies</strong></h3><p>Techniques for matching instance size to workload demands.</p><h3>General Rules</h3><p>We'll consider <strong>downsizing</strong> if over a four-week period:</p><ul><li><p>If: vCPU utilization averages <strong>&lt; 40%</strong> and memory utilization averages <strong>&lt; 50%</strong></p><ul><li><p>Then: Evaluate stepping down to the next lower in the same instance family</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>We will consider <strong>up-sizing</strong> if over a four-week period:</p><ul><li><p>If: vCPU utilization averages <strong>&gt; 80% </strong>and memory utilization averages <strong>&lt; 50%</strong></p><ul><li><p>Then: Evaluate a compute-optimized instance upgrade</p></li></ul></li><li><p>If: vCPU utilization averages <strong>&lt; 50%</strong> AND memory utilization averages <strong>&gt; 80%</strong></p><ul><li><p>Then: Evaluated a memory-optimized instance upgrade</p></li></ul></li><li><p>If: vCPU utilization averages <strong>&gt; 80%</strong> and memory utilization averages <strong>&lt; 80%</strong></p><ul><li><p>Then: Upgrade within the same instance family</p></li></ul></li></ul><pre><code>While there's no direct 'memory utilization percentage' metric in AWS RDS, we can estimate it using FreeableMemory\\n\\nUsedMemory = TotalMemory - FreeableMemory\\n\\nMemoryUtilizationPercentage = (UsedMemory / TotalMemory) * 100\\n\\nNote: The FreeableMemory metric doesn't encapsulate all the ways a database engine like MySQL or PostgreSQL uses memory. You may need to consult OS-level metrics or database-specific tools</code></pre><p>Additionally, consider percentile-based utilization (e.g., p90, p95) for a more accurate understanding of peak usage periods. Plan for future growth by adding a buffer (e.g., 20%) to your utilization thresholds.</p><h3>Example</h3><p>Here\u2019s an example of how different metrics (average, p95, p99.5) and headroom might affect your decision:</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png\\\" width=\\\"1084\\\" height=\\\"269\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:269,&quot;width&quot;:1084,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:49173,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yKdU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90bca736-2f3e-43b9-b878-b2af596920e2_1084x269.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h3>Reserved Instances vs. On-Demand Instances</h3><p>Amazon offers two primary pricing models for RDS instances:</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png\\\" width=\\\"1097\\\" height=\\\"421\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:421,&quot;width&quot;:1097,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:75230,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!frw5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F55e9abfd-526e-4e26-88f9-6148e4cb6113_1097x421.png 424w, 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Use tools like <strong>pgBadger</strong> to pinpoint resource-intensive queries.</p></li><li><p>Optimize SQL queries. Use <strong>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</strong> to understand query execution plan, and configure memory settings. </p></li><li><p>Adjust the <strong>shared_buffers</strong> parameter for the buffer pool. </p></li><li><p>Configure <strong>maintenance_work_mem</strong> and <strong>work_mem</strong> for local memory usage. </p></li><li><p>Use parallel restoration during data import/export. Set <strong>max_parallel_workers</strong> appropriately.</p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong>Continuous Monitoring</strong>: Regularly analyze performance metrics and iteratively adjust parameters for optimal performance.</p></li><li><p><strong>Right-Sizing</strong>: Implement a right-sizing schedule and enforce instance tagging to streamline the process.</p><p></p></li></ol><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Right sizing is the most effective way to control cloud costs. 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