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<a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://my.apnic.net/">MyAPNIC</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://academy.apnic.net/">Academy</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://blog.apnic.net/">Blog</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://orbit.apnic.net/">Orbit</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://rex.apnic.net/">REx</a><a class="dropdown-item omnibar-quick-links__link" href="https://dash.apnic.net/">DASH</a>
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<a class="omnibar-primary-action__button"
href="https://my.apnic.net/">
<span class="omnibar-primary-action__button-text">Log in</span>
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<div class="contextual contextual--grey">
<div class="container contextual__container">
<div class="container_group-left">
<a class="contextual__h1-link" href="/">
<h1 class="contextual__h1">Home</h1>
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<form role="search"
method="get"
action="https://blog.apnic.net"
class="form-inline omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__search">
<label class="sr-only"
for="form-search">Whois and website search</label>
<input type="text"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__search-input"
id="form-search"
name="s"
value=""
aria-label="Search"
placeholder="WHOIS & WEBSITE">
<button type="submit"
class="btn omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__search-submit">
<span class="sr-only">Search</span>
<span class="fa fa-search"
aria-hidden="true"></span>
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<div class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__all-caps">
<a href="https://wq.apnic.net/whois-search/static/search.html">Advanced Whois</a>
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<div class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-secondary__all-caps">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/">Make
a
payment</a>
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<div id="ip"></div>
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<div class="contextual__navbar-mobile">
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aria-expanded="false">
<span class="omnibar-contextual-search__toggle-text--toggled">Close Search</span>
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<div class="dropdown-menu omnibar-contextual-search__wrap"
aria-labelledby="mobileContextualSearch">
<form class="form-inline omnibar-contextual-search__form"
role="search"
method="get"
action="https://blog.apnic.net">
<div class="input-group w-100">
<label class="sr-only"
for="contextualSearchInput">Search APNIC.net OR enter Whois database
query</label>
<input type="text"
class="form-control omnibar-contextual-search__input"
name="s"
value=""
id="contextualSearchInput"
placeholder="Search APNIC.net OR enter Whois database query">
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aria-labelledby="mobileContextualMenu">
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<ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav">
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Get IP</button>
<ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav">
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/get-ip-addresses-asn/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Get IP</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Make a payment</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Membership</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/faqs/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">FAQs</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Manage IP</button>
<ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav">
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/myapnic/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">MyAPNIC</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/using-whois/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Using Whois</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/ipv4-exhaustion/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">IPv4 exhaustion</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/ipv6/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Go IPv6</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/apnic-services/routing-registry/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Routing Registry</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Make a payment</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Training</button>
<ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav">
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://academy.apnic.net/about"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">About</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://academy.apnic.net/events"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Events</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://academy.apnic.net"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Academy</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://academy.apnic.net/community-trainers"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Community Trainers</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://academy.apnic.net/catalog"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Courses</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Events</button>
<ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav">
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/conferences/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Conferences</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/calendar"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Calendar</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/sponsor-an-event"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Sponsorship</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/apnic-community-code-of-conduct/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Code of Conduct</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Insights</button>
<ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav">
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://labs.apnic.net/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Labs</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://dash.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&amp;utm_medium=button&amp;utm_campaign=insights_page"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">DASH to secure your networks</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://rex.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&amp;utm_medium=button&amp;utm_campaign=insights_page"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">REx</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://ftp.apnic.net/public/stats/apnic"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Raw Data</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">Community</button>
<ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav">
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://orbit.apnic.net/news-feed/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Orbit</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/community-demographics/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Community demographics</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/policy/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Policy Development</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/fellowship/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Fellowship</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/policy/current/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Addressing policies</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/ecosystem/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Internet community</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/apnic-community-code-of-conduct/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Code of Conduct</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/technical-assistance/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Technical Assistance</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/root-servers/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Root servers</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/security/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Security at APNIC</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/support/isif/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">ISIF Asia</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://apnic.foundation"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Foundation</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/participate/elections/nro-elections/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">NRO Number Council (NC)</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<a class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link <?php
echo ?>"
href="https://blog.apnic.net/">
Blog
</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<a class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link <?php
echo ?>"
href="https://help.apnic.net/s/">
Help Centre
</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<button class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__button ">About</button>
<ul class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav">
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/apnic-region/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Region</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Membership</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/structure/apnic-executive-council/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Executive Council</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/service-updates/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Service updates</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/team/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Team</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/corporate-documents/annual-reports/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Annual Reports</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/transparency/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Transparency</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/participate/member-feedback/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">APNIC Survey</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/corporate-documents/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Corporate Documents</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/publications-archive/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Publications Archive</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/employment/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Careers</a>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/a-z-glossary/"
class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-sub-nav__link">Glossary</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<a class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link <?php
echo omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link--last-of-section ?>"
href="https://www.apnic.net/about-apnic/organization/contact-apnic/">
Contact
</a>
</li>
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<a class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link--alt"
href="https://wq.apnic.net/whois-search/static/search.html"
>Advanced Whois</a>
</li>
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<a class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link--alt"
href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/"
>Make a payment</a>
</li>
<li class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__item">
<div id="ipSecondary" class="omnibar-contextual-navigation-mobile-nav__link"></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</nav><header class="apnic-header">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-8">
<div class="apnic-header-brand">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/"
aria-label="APNIC Home">
<img src="https://webdist.data.apnic.net/web-framework-theme/9.1.5/images/apnic.svg"
alt="APNIC Home">
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 d-none d-lg-block text-right">
<div id="glyph"
class="header-glyph"
style="z-index: 1;"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header><nav class="navbar apnic-main-nav navbar-expand-lg" id="apnic-navbar-content">
<div class="container">
<ul class="navbar-nav nav nav-pills justify-content-end ml-auto">
<li class="navigation-item has-dropdown">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/get-ip-addresses-asn/" aria-expanded="false">Get IP</a>
<ul class="navigation-sub-menu">
<li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/get-ip-addresses-asn/">Get IP</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/">Make a payment</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/">Membership</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/faqs/">FAQs</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/" aria-expanded="false">Manage IP</a>
<ul class="navigation-sub-menu">
<li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/myapnic/">MyAPNIC</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/using-whois/">Using Whois</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/ipv4-exhaustion/">IPv4 exhaustion</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/ipv6/">Go IPv6</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/manage-ip/apnic-services/routing-registry/">Routing Registry</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/get-ip/apnic-membership/billing-procedure/make-a-payment/">Make a payment</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown">
<a href="https://academy.apnic.net" aria-expanded="false">Training</a>
<ul class="navigation-sub-menu">
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<a href="https://academy.apnic.net/about">About</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://academy.apnic.net/events">Events</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://academy.apnic.net">APNIC Academy</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://academy.apnic.net/community-trainers">Community Trainers</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://academy.apnic.net/catalog">Courses</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/" aria-expanded="false">Events</a>
<ul class="navigation-sub-menu">
<li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/conferences/">Conferences</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/calendar">Calendar</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/sponsor-an-event">Sponsorship</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/events/apnic-community-code-of-conduct/">Code of Conduct</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/insights" aria-expanded="false">Insights</a>
<ul class="navigation-sub-menu">
<li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://labs.apnic.net/">APNIC Labs</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://dash.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&amp;utm_medium=button&amp;utm_campaign=insights_page">DASH to secure your networks</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://rex.apnic.net/?utm_source=insights&amp;utm_medium=button&amp;utm_campaign=insights_page">REx</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://ftp.apnic.net/public/stats/apnic">Raw Data</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li><li class="navigation-item has-dropdown">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/" aria-expanded="false">Community</a>
<ul class="navigation-sub-menu">
<li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://orbit.apnic.net/news-feed/">Orbit</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/community-demographics/">Community demographics</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/policy/">Policy Development</a>
</li><li class="navigation-sub-item">
<a href="https://www.apnic.net/community/fellowship/">Fellowship</a>
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<h1 class="entry-title">Chromium’s impact on root DNS traffic</h1>
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By <a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matthew-thomas/" title="Posts by Matthew Thomas" rel="author">Matthew Thomas</a> on 21 Aug 2020</p>
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<img width="555" height="202" src="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Chromium_banner-555x202.png?v=5cdd06c74236b8655b65ab607daac944abb409e67938197f5db8fa6799f3b192" class="attachment-featuredImageLarge size-featuredImageLarge wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Chromium_banner-555x202.png?v=5cdd06c74236b8655b65ab607daac944abb409e67938197f5db8fa6799f3b192 555w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Chromium_banner-300x110.png?v=5cdd06c74236b8655b65ab607daac944abb409e67938197f5db8fa6799f3b192 300w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Chromium_banner-768x281.png?v=5cdd06c74236b8655b65ab607daac944abb409e67938197f5db8fa6799f3b192 768w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Chromium_banner-1024x375.png?v=5cdd06c74236b8655b65ab607daac944abb409e67938197f5db8fa6799f3b192 1024w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Chromium_banner-624x228.png?v=5cdd06c74236b8655b65ab607daac944abb409e67938197f5db8fa6799f3b192 624w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Chromium_banner-206x75.png?v=5cdd06c74236b8655b65ab607daac944abb409e67938197f5db8fa6799f3b192 206w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Chromium_banner-256x93.png?v=5cdd06c74236b8655b65ab607daac944abb409e67938197f5db8fa6799f3b192 256w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Chromium_banner.png?v=5cdd06c74236b8655b65ab607daac944abb409e67938197f5db8fa6799f3b192 1110w" sizes="(max-width: 555px) 100vw, 555px" />
<p>Chromium is an open-source software project that forms the foundation for Google’s Chrome web browser, as well as several other browser products, including Microsoft Edge, Opera, Amazon Silk, and Brave. Since its introduction in 2008, Chromium-based browsers have risen steadily in popularity and today comprise approximately <a rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)" href="https://www.w3counter.com/trends" target="_blank">70% of the market share</a>.</p>
<p>Chromium has, since its early days, included a feature known as the <a rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow" aria-label="omnibox (opens in a new tab)" href="https://www.chromium.org/omnibox-history-provider" target="_blank">omnibox</a>, which allows users to enter either a website name, URL, or search terms. But the omnibox has an interface challenge. The user might enter a word like “marketing” that could refer to both an (intranet) website and a search term. Which should the browser choose to display? Chromium treats it as a search term but also displays an infobar that says something like “did you mean http://marketing/?” if a background DNS lookup for the name results in an IP address.</p>
<p>At this point, a new issue arises. Some
networks (for example, ISPs) use products or services designed to intercept and
capture traffic from mistyped domain names. This is sometimes known as
“NXDomain hijacking.” Users on such networks might be shown the “did you mean” infobar
on every single-term search. To work around this, Chromium needs to know if it
can trust the network to provide non-intercepted DNS responses.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Chromium probe design</h2>
<p>Inside the Chromium source code, there is a
file named intranet_redirect_detector.c. The functions in this file attempt to
load three URLs, the hostnames of which consist of a randomly generated
single-label domain name, as shown in Figure 1 below.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image advgb-dyn-2a6d105f"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig1_Chromium_source-code-example.png"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="307" src="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig1_Chromium_source-code-example-1024x307.png" alt="Example of Chromium source code" class="wp-image-38904" srcset="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig1_Chromium_source-code-example-1024x307.png 1024w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig1_Chromium_source-code-example-300x90.png 300w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig1_Chromium_source-code-example-768x231.png 768w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig1_Chromium_source-code-example-624x187.png 624w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig1_Chromium_source-code-example.png 1299w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 1: Chromium source code that implements random URL fetches.</figcaption></figure>
<p>This code results in three URL fetches — such as <tt>http://rociwefoie/</tt>, <tt>http://uawfkfrefre/</tt> and <tt>http://awoimveroi/</tt> — and these, in turn, result in three DNS lookups for the random hostnames. As can be deduced from the source code, these random names are 7-15 characters in length (line 151) and consist of only the letters a-z (line 153). In versions of the code before February 2014, the random names were always 10 characters in length.</p>
<p>The intranet redirect detector functions
are executed each time the browser starts up, each time the system/device’s IP
address changes, and each time the system/device’s DNS configuration changes.
If any two of these fetches resolve to the same address, that address is stored
as the browser’s <em>redirect origin</em>.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Identifying Chromium queries</h2>
<p>Nearly any cursory glance at root name
server traffic will exhibit queries for names that look like those used in
Chromium’s probe queries. For example, here are 20 sequential queries received
at an a.root-servers.net instance:</p>
<pre style="font-size: 12px">$ /usr/sbin/tcpdump -n -c 20 ...
20:01:34.063474 IP x.x.x.x.7288 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 34260% [1au] A? ip-10-218-80-155. (45)
20:01:34.063474 IP x.x.x.x.31500 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 64756 [1au] AAAA? <mark>fwhjxbnoicuu</mark>. (41)
20:01:34.063474 IP x.x.x.x.46073 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 13606 A? cluster1-1.cluster1.etcd. (42)
20:01:34.064413 IP6 x:x:x::x.9905 &gt; 2001:503:ba3e::2:30.domain: 52824 [1au] A? <mark>xxnwikspwxdw</mark>. (53)
20:01:34.064413 IP x.x.x.x.30251 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 9286% [1au] AAAA? <span style="background-color:#32CD32">cxhplqrpuuck.home</span>. (46)
20:01:34.064413 IP x.x.x.x.56760 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 60980% [1au] A? <span style="background-color:#32CD32">ofydbfct.home</span>. (42)
20:01:34.065295 IP x.x.x.x.15410 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 21829% [1au] A? <mark>wwtsjikkls</mark>. (39)
20:01:34.065295 IP6 x:x:x::x.58815 &gt; 2001:503:ba3e::2:30.domain: Flags [.], ack 3919467200, win 30118, length 0
20:01:34.065295 IP6 x:x:x::x.58815 &gt; 2001:503:ba3e::2:30.domain: Flags [F.], seq 0, ack 1, win 30118, length 0
20:01:34.065295 IP x.x.x.x.17442 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 32435% [1au] A? <mark>agawwhcwueppouu</mark>. (44)
20:01:34.065295 IP x.x.x.x.35247 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 1328% [1au] A? dev-app.stormwind.local. (52)
20:01:34.065295 IP x.x.x.x.18462 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 23433% [1au] AAAA? <span style="background-color:#32CD32">liffezmsdw.home</span>. (44)
20:01:34.065295 IP x.x.x.x.40905 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 40371% [1au] A? <span style="background-color:#32CD32">sqtpvvmi.home</span>. (42)
20:01:34.066283 IP x.x.x.x.18125 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 45688% [1au] A? <mark>kktaruyy</mark>. (37)
20:01:34.066283 IP x.x.x.x.7986 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 60608 [1au] A? <mark>bpbutdlihan</mark>. (40)
20:01:34.066283 IP x.x.x.x.53489 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 27734% [1au] A? ip-100-65-32-140. (45)
20:01:34.066283 IP x.x.x.x.54028 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 41670 A? qvo7-itirqg3g.www.rabbitair.co.uk.notary-production. (69)
20:01:34.066283 IP x.x.x.x.43866 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 21093% [1au] A? ip-10-0-71-17. (42)
20:01:34.066283 IP x.x.x.x.41141 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 49747% [1au] A? edu. (32)
20:01:34.066283 IP x.x.x.x.36283 &gt; 198.41.0.4.domain: 65449% [1au] SRV? _ldap._tcp.dc._msdcs.mwaa.local. (60) </mark></pre>
<p class="has-text-align-center has-text-color has-small-font-size" style="color:#767575">(Hover over data to scroll)</p>
<p>In this brief snippet of data, we can see six
queries (yellow highlight) for random, single-label names, and another four (green
highlight) with random first labels followed by an apparent domain search
suffix. These match the pattern from the Chromium source code, being 7-15
characters in length and consisting of only the letters a-z.</p>
<p>To characterize the amount of Chromium
probe traffic in larger amounts of data (that is, covering a 24-hour period), we
tabulated queries based on the following attributes:</p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Response code (NXDomain or
NoError)</li>
<li>Popularity of the leftmost
label</li>
<li>Length of the leftmost label</li>
<li>Characters used in the leftmost
label</li>
<li>Number of labels in the full
query name</li>
</ul>
<figure class="wp-block-image advgb-dyn-b62ac01e"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig2_Chromium_sankey-graph.png"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="382" src="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig2_Chromium_sankey-graph-1024x382.png" alt="Sankey graph showing the classification of queries matching Chromium probe patterns." class="wp-image-38905" srcset="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig2_Chromium_sankey-graph-1024x382.png 1024w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig2_Chromium_sankey-graph-300x112.png 300w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig2_Chromium_sankey-graph-768x287.png 768w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig2_Chromium_sankey-graph-624x233.png 624w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig2_Chromium_sankey-graph-1320x493.png 1320w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig2_Chromium_sankey-graph.png 1759w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 2: Sankey graph showing the classification of queries matching Chromium probe patterns.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Figure 2 shows a classification of data from a.root-servers.net on 13 May 2020. Here we can see that 51% of all queried names were observed fewer than four times in the 24-hour period. Of those, nearly all were for non-existent TLDs, although a very small amount comes from the existing TLDs (labelled “YXD” on the left). This small sliver represents either false positives or Chromium probe queries that have been subject to domain suffix search appending by stub resolvers or end-user applications.</p>
<p>Of the 51% observed fewer than four times, all
but 2.86% of these have a first label between 7 and 15 characters in length
(inclusive). Furthermore, most of these match the pattern consisting of only a-z
characters (case insensitive), leaving us with 45.80% of total traffic on this
day that appear to be from Chromium probes.</p>
<p>From there we’ve broken down the queries by
the number of labels and the length of the first label. Note that label lengths
(on the far right of the graph) have a very even distribution, except for 7 and
10 characters. Labels with 10 characters are more popular because older
versions of Chromium generated only 10-character names. We believe that 7 is
less popular due to the increased probability of collisions in only 7
characters, which can increase the query count to above our threshold of three.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Longitudinal analysis</h2>
<p>Next, we turned our attention to the analysis of how the total root traffic percentage of Chromium-like queries has changed over time. We used two data sets in this analysis: data from DNS-OARC’s “Day In The Life” (DITL) <a rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)" href="https://www.dns-oarc.net/oarc/data/ditl" target="_blank">collections</a>, and Verisign’s data for a.root-servers.net and j.root-servers.net.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image advgb-dyn-1321b951"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig3_Chromium_long-term-analysis-graph.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig3_Chromium_long-term-analysis-graph-1024x768.png" alt="Line graph showing long-term trend analysis of Chromium-like queries to root name servers." class="wp-image-38906" srcset="https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig3_Chromium_long-term-analysis-graph-1024x768.png 1024w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig3_Chromium_long-term-analysis-graph-300x225.png 300w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig3_Chromium_long-term-analysis-graph-768x576.png 768w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig3_Chromium_long-term-analysis-graph-624x468.png 624w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig3_Chromium_long-term-analysis-graph-100x75.png 100w, https://blog.apnic.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Fig3_Chromium_long-term-analysis-graph.png 1135w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 3: Long-term trend analysis of Chromium-like queries to root name servers.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Figure 3 shows the results of the long-term analysis. We were able to analyse the annual DITL data from 2006-2014, and from 2017-2018, labelled “DITL Full” in the figure. The 2015-2016 data was unavailable on the DNS-OARC systems. The 2019 dataset could not be analysed in full due to its size, so we settled for a sampled analysis instead, labelled “DITL Sampled” in Figure 3. The 2020 data was not ready for analysis by the time our research was done.</p>
<p>In every DITL dataset, we analysed each root server identity (“letter”) separately. This produces a range of values for each year. The solid line shows the average of all the identities, while the shaded area shows the range of values.</p>
<p>To fill in some of the DITL gaps, we used
Verisign’s data for a.root-servers.net and j.root-servers.net. Here we selected
a 24-hour period for each month. Again, the solid line shows the average and
the shaded area represents the range.</p>
<p>The figure also includes a line labelled
“Chrome market share” (note: Chrome, not Chromium-based browsers) and a marker
indicating when the feature was first added to the source code.</p>
<p>There were some false positive
Chromium-like queries observed in the DITL data before the introduction of the
feature, comprising about 1% of the total traffic, but in the 10+ years since
the feature was added, we now find that half of the DNS root server traffic is
very likely due to Chromium’s probes. That equates to about 60 billion queries to
the root server system on a typical day.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Interception is the exception rather than the norm</h2>
<p>The root server system is, out of
necessity, designed to handle very large amounts of traffic. As we have shown
here, under normal operating conditions, half of the traffic originates with a
single library function, on a single browser platform, whose sole purpose is to
detect DNS interception. Such interception is certainly the exception rather
than the norm. In almost any other scenario, this traffic would be
indistinguishable from a distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack.</p>
<p>Could Chromium achieve its goal while only
sending one or two queries instead of three? Are other approaches feasible? For
example, Firefox’s captive portal test uses delegated namespace probe queries,
directing them away from the root servers towards the browser’s infrastructure.</p>
<p>While technical solutions such as Aggressive NSEC Caching (<a rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8198" target="_blank">RFC 8198</a>), Qname Minimization (<a rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7816" target="_blank">RFC 7816</a>), and NXDomain Cut (<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow" aria-label=" (opens in a new tab)">RFC 8020</a>) could also significantly reduce probe queries to the root server system, these solutions require action by recursive resolver operators, who have limited incentive to deploy and support these technologies.</p>
<p>Contributors: Duane Wessels</p>
<p class="has-text-color" style="color:#7d7c7c"><em>Matt Thomas is a Principal Engineer in Verisign&#8217;s CSO Applied Research division.</em></p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Keiya</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59885"><time datetime="2020-08-21T17:58:22+10:00">August 21, 2020 at 5:58 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>You are, unfortunately, straight up wrong about DNS hijacking being the exception. Every home ISP I&#8217;ve used since the early &#8217;00s has done it. Usually sufficiently ineptly that I even get results for domains the spec &#8220;guarantees&#8221; will never be valid.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Winfried Angele</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59886"><time datetime="2020-08-21T18:23:22+10:00">August 21, 2020 at 6:23 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>&#8220;The intranet redirect detector functions are executed each time the browser starts up, each time the system/device’s IP address changes, and each time the system/device’s DNS configuration changes.&#8221;</p>
<p>I wonder if it wouldn&#8217;t be fully sufficient to just test when the IP address or DNS changes and not at startup. That would significantly mitigate the problem.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Simon</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59888"><time datetime="2020-08-21T20:27:52+10:00">August 21, 2020 at 8:27 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Keiya, your personal experience with some ISPs you happened to use represents all ISPs all across the globe? How many countries have you lived in? I&#8217;ve never encountered any DNS hijacking with any ISP so far.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Guillem</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59890"><time datetime="2020-08-21T21:51:16+10:00">August 21, 2020 at 9:51 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Hello, thanks for the report. I&#8217;m interesting in analysing spikes. I try to identify the datasets you used, but I could not find the data with the same granularity.<br />
Could you point out the datasets you used ?</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Heiki</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59891"><time datetime="2020-08-21T22:32:05+10:00">August 21, 2020 at 10:32 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>DNS highjacking was the norm a few years back here in Germany. It&#8217;s not allowed anymore and so the practice has stopped.</p>
<p>Sometimes laws are a good thing.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Jens</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59892"><time datetime="2020-08-21T23:27:45+10:00">August 21, 2020 at 11:27 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>This ugly workaround by Chrome highlights why Omnibox is just bad design and having address bar and search bar as separate windows is better: the user always knows if he enters a search term or an address and enters it in the appropriate box. Not workaround needed.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">J Bernardo</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59893"><time datetime="2020-08-21T23:48:11+10:00">August 21, 2020 at 11:48 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Fig1_Chromium_source-code-example.png sould be a html5 figure with text. Accessibility is very Important.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Burak</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59896"><time datetime="2020-08-22T01:59:38+10:00">August 22, 2020 at 1:59 am</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>I once had an isp with dns hijacking. Annoying, but when asked nicely on customer hotline they deactivated it for me. No need to increase traffic on a central infrastructure by 100% just for the test of a browser. And yes, the browser could cache the result based on the ip of the current dns, and only check once per month or something, instead of every single time the browser is started. That is just bad design. Most people probably only ever use 2 or 3 isp&#8217;s with any given computer within a timeframe of a month. (like home/work/mobile plus maybe some hotspots. No need to query 20 times a day)</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Tim</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59897"><time datetime="2020-08-22T02:48:25+10:00">August 22, 2020 at 2:48 am</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Have you reached out to Chromium folks via their bug tracker or other means? I would imagine they&#8217;d be open to a discussion of alternative approaches.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn"><a href="http://www.chromium.org/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Peter Kasting</a></b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59898"><time datetime="2020-08-22T03:41:49+10:00">August 22, 2020 at 3:41 am</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>I&#8217;m the original author of this code, though I no longer maintain it.</p>
<p>Just want to give folks a heads-up that we&#8217;ve been in discussion with various parties about this for some time now, as we agree the negative effects on the root servers are undesirable. So in terms of &#8220;do the Chromium folks know/care&#8221;; yes, and yes.</p>
<p>This is a challenging problem to solve, as we&#8217;ve repeatedly seen in the past that NXDOMAIN hijacking is pervasive (I can&#8217;t speak quantitatively or claim that &#8220;exception rather than the norm&#8221; is false, but it&#8217;s certainly at least very common), and network operators often actively worked around previous attempts to detect it in order to ensure they could hijack without Chromium detecting it.</p>
<p>We do have some proposed designs to fix; at this point much of the issue is engineering bandwidth. Though I&#8217;m sure that if ISPs wanted to cooperate with us on a reliable way to detect NXDOMAIN hijacking, we wouldn&#8217;t object. Ideally, we wouldn&#8217;t have to frustrate them, nor they us.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">neil</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59906"><time datetime="2020-08-22T18:17:42+10:00">August 22, 2020 at 6:17 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Does this mean that 50% of the power, servers, support of the root dns servers is being used to service a chrome feature? Easy efficiency gain if it is turned off then.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Michael Paoli</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59907"><time datetime="2020-08-22T19:00:18+10:00">August 22, 2020 at 7:00 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Looks like Chromium project has opened and is tracking it as bug: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1090985<br />
They&#8217;ve even noticed the negative publicity on it (e.g.: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1090985#c4 &#8211; from right here!)- so hopefully it gains traction and gets fixed.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">plex</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59910"><time datetime="2020-08-22T21:50:33+10:00">August 22, 2020 at 9:50 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>&#8220;needs to know&#8221; is an interesting choice of words. technically this is a value-add feature, why not disable the &#8216;search&#8217; feature if hijacking is detected? you know, Play Nice(tm) instead of forcing a thing? a big problem seems to be the assumption that there is &#8220;need&#8221; at all. nice write-up btw.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn"><a href="https://www.toddklindt.com" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Todd Klindt</a></b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59911"><time datetime="2020-08-22T22:51:47+10:00">August 22, 2020 at 10:51 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>I&#8217;m speaking out of my area of expertise here, but could some of this DNS traffic be caused by malware doing random DNS queries to see if it&#8217;s being sandboxed, or looking for random C&amp;C servers? This article kind of touches on it, https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/answer/Sandbox-evasion-How-to-detect-cloaked-malware</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Jerry Preissler</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59912"><time datetime="2020-08-23T00:05:51+10:00">August 23, 2020 at 12:05 am</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>&gt; I wonder if it wouldn’t be fully sufficient to just test when the IP address or DNS changes and not at startup.</p>
<p>Winfried, as far as I can see this approach would not work for machines running in a NATed network since the external IP is not visible to the machine running the browser. I grant you that in this case the likelihood of domain hijacking is greatly reduced since the ISP would typically stick to the same behaviour. Maybe a time-based approach would work, e.g. do the check once per day?</p>
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<cite><b class="fn"><a href="https://centroid.eu" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Peter Philipp</a></b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59946"><time datetime="2020-08-24T20:13:52+10:00">August 24, 2020 at 8:13 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Hmm, well that&#8217;s funny. I always thought there was more method behind these chromium random generated names. I personally thought they came from someone trying to guess the next nearer NSEC3 domain name or do metrics to get close to that. I guess I was wrong, I did notice these in my DNS query logs but didn&#8217;t know chromium was generating them. I guess I never put 2+2 together in my logs which makes me either careless or allows for privacy.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Robert Enger</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59947"><time datetime="2020-08-24T21:24:18+10:00">August 24, 2020 at 9:24 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>NXDomain hijacking has been active on FiOS (under Verizon and now Frontier) for many years.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Dave</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59956"><time datetime="2020-08-25T16:23:58+10:00">August 25, 2020 at 4:23 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>@Keiya: The plural of &#8220;anecdote&#8221; is not &#8220;evidence&#8221;. This study is based on large-scale evidence, not one person&#8217;s anecdote.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn"><a href="https://twitter.com/kakurady" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Kakurady</a></b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59959"><time datetime="2020-08-25T21:39:45+10:00">August 25, 2020 at 9:39 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>The author presents compelling evidence that Chromium&#8217;s redirect detector is overloading root servers, but also claims NXDOMAIN hijacking is &#8220;certainly the exception rather than the norm&#8221; while offering no evidence. </p>
<p>Hence the anecdotes &#8211; from multiple people &#8211; countering that claim.</p>
<p>(I&#8217;ve personally had experience with NXDOMAIN hijacking with an ISP, but that was many years ago.)</p>
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<cite><b class="fn"><a href="https://jothan.com" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Jothan</a></b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59964"><time datetime="2020-08-26T06:44:37+10:00">August 26, 2020 at 6:44 am</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Of note is the data log, where the author seems to be using .home on an internal network. </p>
<p>cxhplqrpuuck.home. is a query to the root that counts in the &#8220;Name Collision&#8221; studies, and this effectively blocked three strings, CORP MAIL and HOME from being delegated in the 2012 round.</p>
<p>The rationale, which seemed extreme hyperbole, was concerns about the introduction of TLDs that might leak sensitive data or create threats to human life (that last one is fairly sensational).</p>
<p>Randomly generated strings of 7-15 characters within a certain TLD should be scrubbed from that process in order to trust the integrity of that data in the future. Clearly this report is substantial evidence that there is traffic with no ability to harm human life.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">John Doe</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59965"><time datetime="2020-08-26T07:52:27+10:00">August 26, 2020 at 7:52 am</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>The irony of the folks who came up with the sitefinder wildcard .com and .net DNS entries writing this pretty funny. </p>
<p>Seriously &#8211; you had the bandwidth to shove full pages of partner offers down our throats, but can&#8217;t get 3 dns packets back?</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Mohnish Chaudhary</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-59970"><time datetime="2020-08-26T14:09:54+10:00">August 26, 2020 at 2:09 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Maybe, treat it as a domain instead of a search item only if it ends with a &#8220;/&#8221;.<br />
OR avoid any pre-intelligent discovery to check whether the potential domain is valid or not &#8211; let the user visit it.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Eric B Scoles</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-60081"><time datetime="2020-08-31T22:53:58+10:00">August 31, 2020 at 10:53 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Intercept is SOP on RoadRunner/Time Warner, and I have seen it on Comcast. It would be unusual in work environments except as an implementation of corporate policy, in which case you shouldn&#8217;t do it.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Eric B Scoles</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-60082"><time datetime="2020-08-31T22:54:33+10:00">August 31, 2020 at 10:54 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Should&#8217;t circumvent it, that is.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Ewald van Geffen</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-60524"><time datetime="2020-09-24T01:02:35+10:00">September 24, 2020 at 1:02 am</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Sort of agree with you, I used to work at a captive-portal maker, You chrome guys can make all the promises to your end-users, they are still using my network and ToS to access services. So it would be nice if you simply complied.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">sk</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-60788"><time datetime="2020-10-18T07:42:34+10:00">October 18, 2020 at 7:42 am</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>the ips of these wildcard redirections of what should be nxdomains do not change often. maybe detect them like 1/1000 or less, publish the results publicly, and let each browser dl the list occasionally.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">laggardkernel</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-61141"><time datetime="2020-11-19T13:32:32+10:00">November 19, 2020 at 1:32 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>I personally care more about my privacy but not the huge traffic on root DNSs. When setting &#8220;use a prediction service to help complete searches and URLs typed in the address bar&#8221; is enabled in Chrome (default behavior), the content users search is wrapped in a DNS A/AAAA query. And it could be leaked to upstream DNS, mainly ISP and public DNSs of the content being searched.</p>
<p>`domain-needed` setting in `dnsmasq` seems solve the problem. I&#8217;m looking for some solution in unbound.</p>
<p>https://github.com/NLnetLabs/unbound/issues/349</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Alex Murphy</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-74131"><time datetime="2023-02-08T23:49:23+10:00">February 8, 2023 at 11:49 pm</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>Who in their right mind thinks users want DNS interception!?! No one cares if it&#8217;s &#8220;your network&#8221; &#8211; especially if I&#8217;m the one paying for it. I want either the actual domain I typed or, if it doesn&#8217;t exist, the results from my selected search provider.</p>
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<cite><b class="fn">Tyler</b> </cite><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2020/08/21/chromiums-impact-on-root-dns-traffic/#comment-75148"><time datetime="2023-04-13T07:11:58+10:00">April 13, 2023 at 7:11 am</time></a> </header><!-- .comment-meta -->
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<p>I&#8217;m afraid I don&#8217;t understand figure 2. It looks as though the slice of existent domains (YXD) does not match the probe query criteria, so doesn&#8217;t that mean it&#8217;s not a false positive? YXD would instead be made up probe queries that were appended to by the stub resolver (false negative) and all other queries for existent TLDs (true negative).</p>
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<li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/a-khalil-aziz/">A Khalil Azizi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/a-s-m-rizvi/">A S M Rizvi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/aaron-van-diepen/">Aaron van Diepen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/abdelrahman-abdou/">AbdelRahman Abdou</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/abhishek-jain/">Abhishek Jain</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/abu-sufian/">Abu Sufian</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/achie-atienza/">Achie Atienza</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adam/">Adam Gosling</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adam-mcfillin/">Adam McFillin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adam-oest/">Adam Oest</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adeel-sadiq/">Adeel Sadiq</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adiel-akplogan/">Adiel Akplogan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adisorn-lertsinsrubtavee/">Adisorn Lertsinsrubtavee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adli-w/">Adli Wahid</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adrian-farrel/">Adrian Farrel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adrianwan/">Adrian Wan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/afifa-abbas/">Afifa Abbas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/afsheen-saadat/">Afsheen Saadat</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/aftab-siddiqui/">Aftab Siddiqui</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/agustin-formoso/">Agustín Formoso</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ahmad-darki/">Ahmad Darki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ajay-kumar/">Ajay Kumar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/akimichi-ogawa/">Akimichi Ogawa</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/adeola-alain-aina/">Alain Aina</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alan-dekok/">Alan DeKok</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alan-mauldin/">Alan Mauldin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/albert-gran-alcoz/">Albert Gran Alcoz</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alden-hilton/">Alden Hilton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alec-muffett/">Alec Muffett</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alejandro-acosta/">Alejandro Acosta</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alex-band/">Alex Band</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alex-boten/">Alex Boten</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alex-turing/">Alex Turing</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alex-yen/">Alex Yen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alexander-azimov/">Alexander Azimov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alexander-kozlov/">Alexander Kozlov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/alfred-arouna/">Alfred Arouna</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ali-abedi/">Ali Abedi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ali-norouzi/">Ali Norouzi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/amanda-h-a-watson/">Amanda H A Watson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/amaury-van-bemten/">Amaury Van Bemten</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/amreesh-phokeer/">Amreesh Phokeer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/amrita-choudhury/">Amrita Choudhury</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anand-buddhdev/">Anand Buddhdev</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anant-shah/">Anant Shah</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andra-lutu/">Andra Lutu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andregelderblom/">Andre Gelderblom</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrea-sordello/">Andrea Sordello</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andreas-dewes/">Andreas Dewes</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andreas-reuter/">Andreas Reuter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andree-toonk/">Andree Toonk</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrei-robachevsky/">Andrei Robachevsky</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-ayer/">Andrew Ayer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-campling/">Andrew Campling</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-cormack/">Andrew Cormack</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-cushen/">Andrew Cushen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-ferguson/">Andrew Ferguson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-gray/">Andrew Gray</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrewsullivan/">Andrew Sullivan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrew-toimoana/">Andrew Toimoana</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andrijana-todosijevic/">Andrijana Todosijević</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andy-mindnich/">Andy Mindnich</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/andy-newton/">Andy Newton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anju-mangal/">Anju Mangal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anlei-hu/">Anlei Hu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anna-maria-mandalari/">Anna Maria Mandalari</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/annaliza-mulingbayan/">Annaliza Mulingbayan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anosh-khan/">Anosh Khan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anriette-esterhuysen/">Anriette Esterhuysen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anthony-lee/">Anthony Lee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anton-strydom/">Anton Strydom</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anup-changaroth/">Anup Changaroth</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/anurag-bhatia/">Anurag Bhatia</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/apnic/">APNIC</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/apoorv-shukla/">Apoorv Shukla</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arash-molavi-kakhki/">Arash Molavi Kakhki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arian-niaki/">Arian Niaki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/aris-tzermias/">Aris Tzermias</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arjuna-sathiaseelan/">Arjuna Sathiaseelan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arlin-kokkelmans/">Arlin Kokkelmans</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arth-paulite/">Arth Paulite</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arthur-gilly/">Arthur Gilly</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/artyom-gavrichenkov/">Artyom Gavrichenkov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/arun-neelicattu/">Arun Neelicattu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/asad-ali/">Asad Ali</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/asanka-sayakkara/">Asanka Sayakkara</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ashil-oogarah/">Ashil Oogarah</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ashwin-kumar/">Ashwin Kumar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ashwin-rangan/">Ashwin Rangan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/athina-fragkouli/">Athina Fragkouli</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/audreyrandall/">Audrey Randall</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/aurelien-aptel/">Aurélien Aptel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/austin-hounsel/">Austin Hounsel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/austin-ruckstuhl/">Austin Ruckstuhl</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/avery-pennarun/">Avery Pennarun</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ayesha-iftikhar/">Ayesha Iftikhar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/aysha-labiba/">Aysha Labiba</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ayush-mishra/">Ayush Mishra</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/azfar-adib/">Azfar Adib</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/azhar-khuwaja/">Azhar Khuwaja</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/azura-mat-salim/">Azura Mat Salim</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/baojun-liu/">Baojun Liu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/baptiste-jonglez/">Baptiste Jonglez</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/barbara-jantzen/">Barbara Jantzen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/barry-greene/">Barry Greene</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bart-hogeveen/">Bart Hogeveen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/basileal-imana/">Basileal Imana</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bastian-kanbach/">Bastian Kanbach</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/batmagnai-erdene/">Batmagnai Erdene</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bayar-batjargal/">Bayar Batjargal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/beau-gieskens/">Beau Gieskens</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ben-cox/">Ben Cox</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ben-du/">Ben Du</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ben-schwartz/">Ben Schwartz</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bengz-gerard-sevilla/">Benjz Gerard Sevilla</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/benno-overeinder/">Benno Overeinder</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/berislav-todorovic/">Berislav Todorovic</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bert-hubert/">Bert Hubert</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bhadrika/">Bhadrika Magan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bhumika-sapkota/">Bhumika Sapkota</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bikram-shrestha/">Bikram Shrestha</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bill-hess/">Bill Hess</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bill-sterns/">Bill Stearns</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bill-woodcock/">Bill Woodcock</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bjorn-ivar-teigen/">Bjørn Teigen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/blake-anderson/">Blake Anderson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/blandine-cousin/">Blandine Cousin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/blas-trigueros/">Blas Trigueros</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/branden-palacio/">Branden Palacio</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brandner-laurin/">Brandner Laurin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brandon-hitzel/">Brandon Hitzel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brenda-buwu/">Brenda Buwu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brenden-kuerbis/">Brenden Kuerbis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brent-carey/">Brent Carey</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brett-bralley/">Brett Bralley</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brian-carpenter/">Brian Carpenter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brian-nisbet/">Brian Nisbet</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brian-trammell/">Brian Trammell</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/brianna-boudreau/">Brianna Boudreau</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bruce-davie/">Bruce Davie</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/bruce-spang/">Bruce Spang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/byambajargal-jamsran/">Byambajargal Jamsran</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/byron-ellacott/">Byron Ellacott</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/byungjin-jun/">Byungjin Jun</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cameron-steel/">Cameron Steel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/carlos-martinez-cagnazzo/">Carlos Martinez-Cagnazzo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/carsten-strotmann/">Carsten Strotmann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/caspar-schutijser/">Caspar Schutijser</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cecilia-testart/">Cecilia Testart</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cengiz-alaettinoglu/">Cengiz Alaettinoglu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cf-chui/">CF Chui</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/champika-wijayatunga/">Champika Wijayatunga</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/charith-amarasinghe/">Charith Amarasinghe</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/che-hoo-cheng/">Che-Hoo Cheng</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cheeyong-tay/">Cheeyong Tay</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cherie-lagakali/">Cherie Lagakali</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jolin-chan/">Chia Ling (Jolin) Chan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chika-yoshimura/">Chika Yoshimura</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ching-heng-ku/">Ching-Heng Ku</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-amin/">Chris Amin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-buckridge/">Chris Buckridge</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-grundemann/">Chris Grundemann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-parker/">Chris Parker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-ritzo/">Chris Ritzo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chris-siebenmann/">Chris Siebenmann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/christian-giese/">Christian Giese</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/christian-huitema/">Christian Huitema</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/christoph-dietzel/">Christoph Dietzel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/christopher-hawker/">Christopher Hawker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/chuan-jiang/">Chuan Jiang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ciprian-popoviciu/">Ciprian Popoviciu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/clarence-filsfils/">Clarence Filsfils</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/claudio-jeker/">Claudio Jeker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/clemens-mosig/">Clemens Mosig</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/colin-perkins/">Colin Perkins</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/constance-bommelaer/">Constance Bommelaer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/constantin-sander/">Constantin Sander</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/constanze-dietrich/">Constanze Dietrich</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/cordian-daniluk/">Cordian Daniluk</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/craig-miller/">Craig Miller</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/craig-ng/">Craig Ng</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/craig-rowland/">Craig Rowland</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dale-roberts/">Dale Roberts</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dan-fidler/">Dan Fidler</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dan-groshev/">Dan Groshev</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dan-li/">Dan Li</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/daniel-dib/">Daniel Dib</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/daniel-kopp/">Daniel Kopp</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/danilo-giordano/">Danilo Giordano</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/danny-alex-lachos-perez/">Danny Alex Lachos Perez</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/danny-pinto/">Danny Pinto</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/daryll-swer/">Daryll Swer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dashzeveg-baatartsogt/">Dashzeveg Baatartsogt</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dave-mill/">Dave Mill</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dave-phelan/">Dave Phelan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/david-anderson/">David Anderson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/david-burkett/">David Burkett</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/david-dawson/">David Dawson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/david-holder/">David Holder</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/david-holsgrove/">David Holsgrove</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/david-huberman/">David Huberman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dean-pemberton/">Dean Pemberton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/debashis-pal/">Debashis Pal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/debopam-bhattacherjee/">Debopam Bhattacherjee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/deepak-vasisht/">Deepak Vasisht</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/denesh-bhabuta/">Denesh Bhabuta</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dennis-baaten/">Dennis Baaten</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/desiree-miloshevic/">Désirée Miloshevic</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dewangga-alam/">Dewangga Alam</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dewole-ajao/">Dewole Ajao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dhruv-dhody/">Dhruv Dhody</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/di-ma/">Di Ma</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/diego-pino-garcia/">Diego Pino 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author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/doug-montgomery/">Doug Montgomery</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dr-bahaa-al-musawi/">Dr Bahaa Al-Musawi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/drgovind/">Dr Govind</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/drikus-brits/">Drikus Brits</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/duane-wessels/">Duane Wessels</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/duncan/">Duncan Macintosh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/e-marie-brierley/">E. Marie Brierley</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ebrima-jaw/">Ebrima Jaw</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ed-horley/">Ed Horley</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/edward-lewis/">Edward Lewis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/edwinsandys/">Edwin Sandys</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ege-cem-kirci/">Ege Cem Kirci</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eline-stehouwer/">Eline Stehouwer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eliot-lear/">Eliot Lear</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/elizabeth-krumbach-joseph/">Elizabeth Krumbach Joseph</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ellisha-heppner/">Ellisha Heppner</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/elly-tawhai/">Elly Tawhai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/elvin-prasad/">Elvin Prasad</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/emile-aben/">Emile Aben</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/emily-gallarde/">Emily Gallarde</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/emily-stark/">Emily Stark</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/emirbeganovic/">Emir Beganović</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eneken-tikk/">Eneken Tikk</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/enno-rey/">Enno Rey</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/enric-pujol/">Enric Pujol</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eric-lawrence/">Eric Lawrence</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eric-loos/">Eric Loos</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eric-vyncke/">Eric Vyncke</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/erik-hjelmvik/">Erik Hjelmvik</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/erik-rye/">Erik Rye</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/erin-scherer/">Erin Scherer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eshaan-bansal/">Eshaan Bansal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/esteban-carisimo/">Esteban Carisimo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eugene-bogomazov/">Eugene Bogomazov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eunju-kang/">Eunju Kang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eunju-pak/">Eunju Pak</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/eyal-estrin/">Eyal Estrin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fabian-bustamante/">Fabián Bustamante</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fahad-hilal/">Fahad Hilal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fakrul-alam/">Fakrul Alam</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/farbod-shahinfar/">Farbod Shahinfar</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/farha-diba/">Farha Diba</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fenglu-zhang/">Fenglu Zhang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ferenc-fejes/">Ferenc Fejes</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fernando-gont/">Fernando Gont</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/flavia-salutari/">Flavia Salutari</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/flavio-luciani/">Flavio Luciani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/florentin-rochet/">Florentin Rochet</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/florian-holzbauer/">Florian Holzbauer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/florian-steurer/">Florian Steurer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/florian-streibelt/">Florian Streibelt</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/foy-shiver/">Foy Shiver</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/francesco-ferreri/">Francesco Ferreri</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/francesco-sassi/">Francesco Sassi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/franckmartin/">Franck Martin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/francois-michel/">François Michel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/frane-maroevic/">Frane Maroevic</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/frank-denis/">Frank Denis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/frank-herberg/">Frank Herberg</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/franziska-lichtblau/">Franziska Lichtblau</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fred-christopher/">Fred Christopher</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fred-templin/">Fred Templin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/fredrik-lindenberg/">Fredrik Lindeberg</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gael-hernandez/">Gael Hernandez</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ganga-r-dhungyel/">Ganga R Dhungyel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gaurab-raj-upadhaya/">Gaurab Raj Upadhaya</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gaurav-kansal/">Gaurav Kansal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gautam-akiwate/">Gautam Akiwate</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gavin-reid/">Gavin Reid</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gavin-tweedie/">Gavin Tweedie</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/geoff-huston/">Geoff Huston</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/george/">George Kuo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ggm/">George 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author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gonchig-altansukh/">Gonchig Altansukh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gordon-king/">Gordon King</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/greg-ferro/">Greg Ferro</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/greg-hankins/">Greg Hankins</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gregory-mounier/">Grégory Mounier</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/guangliang-pan/">Guangliang Pan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/guillermo-baltra/">Guillermo Baltra</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/guoliang-yang/">Guoliang Yang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/gazi-zehadul-kabir/">GZ Kabir</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ha-dao/">Ha Dao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/dr-haisheng-yu/">Haisheng Yu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hammas-bin-tanveer/">Hammas Bin Tanveer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/han-zhang/">Han Zhang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hanna-kreitem/">Hanna Kreitem</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hannah-durack/">Hannah Durack</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hanno-bock/">Hanno Böck</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hans-petter-holen/">Hans Petter 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class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hiroko-kamata/">Hiroko Kamata</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hiromu-shiozawa/">Hiromu Shiozawa</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hisham-ibrahim/">Hisham Ibrahim</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/nguyen-phong-hoang/">Hoàng Nguyên Phong</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/holly-bergen/">Holly Bergen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/houlin-zhao/">Houlin Zhao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hyeonmin-lee/">Hyeonmin Lee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/hyojoon-kim/">Hyojoon Kim</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ignacio-castro/">Ignacio Castro</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ihitagangavarpu/">Ihita Gangavarpu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ike-kunze/">Ike Kunze</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ilker-nadi-bozkurt/">Ilker Nadi Bozkurt</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/imtiaz-rahman/">Imtiaz Rahman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/indya/">Indya Bolton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ioana-livadariu/">Ioana Livadariu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/italo-cunha/">Italo Cunha</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ivan-ristic/">Ivan 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Ivanov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/yip-ivy/">Ivy Yip</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/izumi-okutani/">Izumi Okutani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jaber-daneshamooz/">Jaber Daneshamooz</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jaclyn-knight/">Jaclyn Knight</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jacob-davis/">Jacob Davis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jakob-ginesin/">Jacob Ginesin</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jahangir/">Jahangir Hossain</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jake-bauer/">Jake Bauer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jake-flint/">Jake Flint</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jake-holland/">Jake Holland</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-ah-wai/">James Ah Wai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-bensley/">James Bensley</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-kettle/">James Kettle</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-pavur/">James Pavur</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-richards/">James Richards</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/james-shank/">James Shank</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jamie-gillespie/">Jamie 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href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jari-arkko/">Jari Arkko</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jason-livingood/">Jason Livingood</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jason-reid/">Jason Reid</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jason-smith/">Jason Smith</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jasper-den-hertog/">Jasper den Hertog</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jawad-ahmed/">Jawad Ahmed</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jay-daley/">Jay Daley</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jay-ford/">Jay Ford</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jeff-chan/">Jeff Chan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jeff-fry/">Jeff Fry</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jeff-man/">Jeff Man</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jeff-osborn/">Jeff Osborn</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jen-linkova/">Jen Linkova</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jenine-beekhuyzen/">Jenine Beekhuyzen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jens-link/">Jens Link</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jeremy-harrison/">Jeremy Harrison</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jerry-lundstrom/">Jerry Lundström</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jessica-shen/">Jessica Shen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jessica-wei/">Jessica Wei</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jethro-webston/">Jethro Webston</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jia-rong-low/">Jia Rong Low</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jilong-wang/">Jilong Wang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jim-cowie/">Jim Cowie</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jim-forster/">Jim Forster</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jim-vella/">Jim Vella</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jimmy-lim/">Jimmy Lim</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jing-qiao/">Jing Qiao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jinghua-bai/">Jinghua Bai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jinwei-zhao/">Jinwei Zhao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joanna-kulesza/">Joanna Kulesza</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joao-sobrinho/">João L. Sobrinho</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joao-luis-silva-damas/">Joao Luis Silva Damas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joao-ceron/">Joao M. Ceron</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/job-snijders/">Job Snijders</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joel-jaeggli/">Joel Jaeggli</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/johanna-amann/">Johanna Amann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/johannes-krupp/">Johannes Krupp</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/johannes-weber/">Johannes Weber</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/johannes-zirngibl/">Johannes Zirngibl</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-althouse/">John Althouse</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-bambenek/">John Bambenek</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-curran/">John Curran</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-garrity/">John Garrity</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-jack/">John Jack</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-jason-brzozowski/">John Jason Brzozowski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-kristoff/">John Kristoff</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-scudder/">John Scudder</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/john-welborn/">John Welborn</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joji-odagi/">Joji Odagi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jonas-muecke/">Jonas Mücke</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jonathan-brewer/">Jonathan Brewer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jonathan-magnusson/">Jonathan Magnusson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jordan-carter/">Jordan Carter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jordan-jueckstock/">Jordan Jueckstock</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jordi-paillise/">Jordi Paillissé</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/jordi-palet-martinez/">Jordi Palet Martinez</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/josef-gustafsson/">Josef Gustafsson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joseph-salowey/">Joseph Salowey</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joy-chan/">Joy Chan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joyceapnic-net/">Joyce Chen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/joyeeta-sen-rimpee/">Joyeeta Sen Rimpee</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/juan-ramon-santana/">Juan Ramón Santana</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/juha-saarinen/">Juha Saarinen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/julia-evans/">Julia Evans</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/julian-martin-del-fiore/">Julián Martín Del Fiore</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a 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Metcalf</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lenore-zuck/">Lenore Zuck</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/leo-vegoda/">Leo Vegoda</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/leonid-todorov/">Leonid Todorov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/leslie-daigle/">Leslie Daigle</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/lia-hestina/">Lia Hestina</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/liang-wang/">Liang Wang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/liang-zhao/">Liang Zhao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/liangcheng-yu/">Liangcheng Yu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a 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href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marco-cilloni/">Marco Cilloni</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marco-hogewoning/">Marco Hogewoning</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marcus-brinkmann/">Marcus Brinkmann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marcus-keane/">Marcus Keane</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marek-majkowski/">Marek Majkowski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maria-namestnikova/">Maria Namestnikova</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maria-theresa-perez/">Maria Theresa Perez</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mariano-scazzariello/">Mariano Scazzariello</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mariko-kobayashi/">Mariko Kobayashi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marilyn-zhang/">Marilyn Zhang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mario-loffredo/">Mario Loffredo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-andrews/">Mark Andrews</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-karpilovskij/">Mark Karpilovskij</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-nottingham/">Mark Nottingham</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-prior/">Mark Prior</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-smith/">Mark Smith</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mark-tinka/">Mark Tinka</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/markus-dahlmanns/">Markus Dahlmanns</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/markus-legner/">Markus Legner</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/markus-sosnowski/">Markus Sosnowski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marta-burocchi/">Marta Burocchi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/marten-porte/">Marten Porte</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-hannigan/">Martin Hannigan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-hoffmann/">Martin Hoffmann</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-langer/">Martin Langer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-pedram/">Martin Pedram</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-thomson/">Martin Thomson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martin-winter/">Martin Winter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/martino-trevisan/">Martino Trevisan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mary-hogan/">Mary Hogan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mary-rose-ofianga-rontal/">Mary Rose Ofianga-Rontal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/masanori-yajima/">Masanori Yajima</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/masataka-mawatari/">Masataka Mawatari</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/massimo-candela/">Massimo Candela</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mat-ford/">Mat Ford</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matheus-stolet/">Matheus Stolet</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/yoshinobu-matsuzaki/">Matsuzaki Yoshinobu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matt-larson/">Matt Larson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matt-oh/">Matt Oh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matt-palmer/">Matt Palmer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matt-ringel/">Matt Ringel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matt-stith/">Matt Stith</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matthew-james/">Matthew James</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matthew-thomas/">Matthew Thomas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matthiaswichtlhuber/">Matthias Wichtlhuber</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/matthijs-mekking/">Matthijs Mekking</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mattijs-jonker/">Mattijs Jonker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/max-von-hippel/">Max von Hippel</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maxime-mouchet/">Maxime Mouchet</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maxime-piraux/">Maxime Piraux</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/maynard-koch/">Maynard Koch</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/md-abdul-awal/">Md Abdul Awal</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/md-mahedi-hasan/">Md Mahedi Hasan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/md-main-uddin-hasan/">Md Main Uddin Hasan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/md-kamruzzaman-khan/">Md. Kamruzzaman Khan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/megan-baker/">Megan Baker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/melchior-aelmans/">Melchior Aelmans</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/melody-bendindang/">Melody Bendindang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/merike-kaeo/">Merike Kaeo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/metin-acikalin/">Metin Açıkalın</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michael-clare/">Michael Clare</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michael-kende/">Michael Kende</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/michael-patterson/">Michael Patterson</a></li><li 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author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mike-kosek/">Mike Kosek</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/min-sun-jung/">Min Sung Jung</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mingming-zhang/">Mingming Zhang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mingwei-zhang/">Mingwei Zhang</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mingxuan-liu/">Mingxuan Liu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/minzhao-lyu/">Minzhao Lyu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/miwa-fujii/">Miwa Fujii</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mohamad-dikshie-fauzie/">Mohamad Dikshie Fauzie</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mohamed-awnallah/">Mohamed Awnallah</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mohamed-boucadair/">Mohamed Boucadair</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mohamed-kassem/">Mohamed Kassem</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mohammad-larosh-khan/">Mohammad Larosh Khan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/molay-gosh/">Molay Ghosh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/momoka-yamamoto/">Momoka Yamamoto</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/moritz-muller/">Moritz Müller</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/mubashir-sargana/">Mubashir Sargana</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a 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href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pascal-huppert/">Pascal Huppert</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/patrick-mcmanus/">Patrick McManus</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/patrick-sattler/">Patrick Sattler</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/patrik-faltstrom/">Patrik Fältström</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/paul-dale/">Paul Dale</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/paul-grubbs/">Paul Grubbs</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/paul-wilson/">Paul Wilson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pavel-odintsov/">Pavel Odintsov</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pawel-kowalik/">Pawel Kowalik</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pawel-foremski/">Paweł Foremski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pawel-urbanek/">Paweł Urbanek</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pedro-marcos/">Pedro Marcos</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/peng-hu/">Peng Hu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pengxiong-zhu/">Pengxiong Zhu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pete-sclafani/">Pete Sclafani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pete-stevens/">Pete Stevens</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/peter-blee/">Peter 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href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/philip-homburg/">Philip Homburg</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/philip-paeps/">Philip Paeps</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/philip-smith/">Philip Smith</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/philipp-jeitner/">Philipp Jeitner</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/philipp-richter/">Philipp Richter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pier-carlo-chiodi/">Pier Carlo Chiodi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pim-van-pelt/">Pim van Pelt</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/piotr-kijewski/">Piotr Kijewski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/platon-kotzias/">Platon Kotzias</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pouyan-fotouhi-tehrani/">Pouyan Fotouhi Tehrani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/prakriti/">Prakriti Timilsina</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pranav-kondala/">Pranav Kondala</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/praneet-kaur/">Praneet Kaur</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/premanand-seralathan/">Premanand Seralathan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/pubudu-jayasinghe/">Pubudu Jayasinghe</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/qasim-lone/">Qasim Lone</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/quincy-liao/">Quincy Liao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rachee-singh/">Rachee Singh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rafaelcintra/">Rafael Cintra</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rafal-opilowski/">Rafal Opilowski</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raffaele-sommese/">Raffaele Sommese</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raffaele-zullo/">Raffaele Zullo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rahul-makhija/">Rahul Makhija</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rajnesh-singh/">Rajnesh Singh</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ralph-dolmans/">Ralph Dolmans</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ralph-holz/">Ralph Holz</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ram-sundara-raman/">Ram Sundara Raman</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ramakrishna-padmanabhan/">Ramakrishna Padmanabhan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rami-al-dalky/">Rami Al-Dalky</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ramin-yazdani/">Ramin Yazdani</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ran-ben-basat/">Ran Ben Basat</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ranysha-ware/">Ranysha Ware</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raphael-hiesgen/">Raphael Hiesgen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raquel-gomez/">Raquel Gomez</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raquel-rugani-lage/">Raquel Rugani Lage</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/raskia-nayanajith/">Raskia Nayanajith</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ray-bellis/">Ray Bellis</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rebekah-houser/">Rebekah Houser</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/remi-gacogne/">Remi Gacogne</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rene-bakker/">Rene Bakker</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rene-wilhelm/">René Wilhelm</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/renee-burton/">Renée Burton</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/richard-cziva/">Richard Cziva</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/richard-jimmerson/">Richard Jimmerson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/richard-nelson/">Richard Nelson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/richard-patterson/">Richard Patterson</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/richard-read/">Richard Read</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rick-mcelroy/">Rick McElroy</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rishabh-chhabra/">Rishabh Chhabra</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rob-schult/">Rob Schult</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/robbie-mitchell/">Robbie Mitchell</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/robert-alexander/">Robert Alexander</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/robert-kisteleki/">Robert Kisteleki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/robin-marx/">Robin Marx</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roderick-fanou/">Roderick Fanou</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roger-meyer/">Roger Meyer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rohana-palliyaguru/">Rohana Palliyaguru</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roland-meier/">Roland Meier</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roland-van-rijswijk-deij/">Roland van Rijswijk-Deij</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rolf-winters/">Rolf Winter</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/romain-fontugne/">Romain Fontugne</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ron-bonica/">Ron Bonica</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ron-winward/">Ron Winward</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ronald-van-kleunen/">Ronald van Kleunen</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rowena-schoo/">Rowena Schoo</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/roy-arends/">Roy Arends</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/rudiger-birkner/">Rüdiger Birkner</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/russ-white/">Russ White</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ryan-beckett/">Ryan Beckett</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ryan-gerstenkorn/">Ryan Gerstenkorn</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/ryo-nakamura/">Ryo Nakamura</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sachin-ashok/">Sachin Ashok</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/safiqul-islam/">Safiqul 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href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sarah-escandor-tomas/">Sarah Escandor-Tomas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sarah-mcaree/">Sarah McAree</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sarmad-hussain/">Sarmad Hussain</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sarveshmathi/">Sarvesh Mathi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sasha-romijn/">Sasha Romijn</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/satadal-sengupta/">Satadal Sengupta</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/satoru-matsushima/">Satoru Matsushima</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/satoru-tsurumaki/">Satoru Tsurumaki</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a 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author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shian-shyong-tseng/">Shian-Shyong Tseng</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shinoj-pittandavida/">Shinoj Pittandavida</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shishio-tsuchiya/">Shishio Tsuchiya</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shivan-sahib/">Shivan Sahib</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shoko-nakai/">Shoko Nakai</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shu-hao-tung/">Shu Hao Tung</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shuai-hao/">Shuai Hao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/shucheng-liu/">Shucheng Liu</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a 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Ramanathan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sofia-silva-berenguer/">Sofia Silva Berenguer</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/sonam-keba/">Sonam Keba</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/song-bing/">Song Bing</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/spiros-thanasoulas/">Spiros Thanasoulas</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/srikanth-sundaresan/">Srikanth Sundaresan</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/srimal-andrahennadi/">Srimal Andrahennadi</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stanley-osao/">Stanley Osao</a></li><li class="author-all author-all-hidden"><a href="https://blog.apnic.net/author/stefan-mehner/">Stefan Mehner</a></li><li 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