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<title data-rh="true">Multi-tiered SLOs - Alex Ewerlöf Notes</title>
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<meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#001426"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Multi-tiered SLOs"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="Multi-tiered SLOs"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Explore the advanced realm of Service Level Objectives (SLOs) with our comprehensive guide on multi-tier SLO, SLO window, and compound SLO strategies. Dive into real-world examples, including Google's approach, to understand how to effectively measure and optimize system reliability. Discover the intricacies of setting multiple targets for better granularity and control, like segmenting GraphQL query responses or parameterizing SLO windows for uptime. Learn the pros and cons of multi-tier SLOs, from enhanced risk control and consumer experience to the complexities of managing varied thresholds. Perfect for IT professionals and system administrators looking to refine their SLO strategies and improve service reliability."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="How can the same SLI have multiple SLOs? What are the advantages and disadvantages?"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="How can the same SLI have multiple SLOs? What are the advantages and disadvantages?"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1200,h_675,c_fill,f_jpg,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NdK_!,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Falexewerlof.substack.com%2Fapi%2Fv1%2Fpost_preview%2F139014450%2Ftwitter.jpg%3Fversion%3D4"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:modified_time" content="2023-11-21T20:34:19.094Z"/>
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stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg><div class="label">1</div></button></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><div class="label">Share</div></button></div></div></div></div><div><div class="dt-post-body"><div class="available-content"><div dir="auto" class="body markup"><p><a href="https://blog.alexewerlof.com/p/sli">SLI</a><span> (service level indicators) are normalized metrics to measure the reliability of a system and give a focus to data driven optimization. </span><a href="https://blog.alexewerlof.com/p/slo">SLO</a><span> (service level objective) specifies the reliability target.</span></p><p>But there’s no rule that says we need exactly one target. In fact, using multiple targets can be beneficial to maintain a guarantee on a critical threshold while optimizing for a desired threshold.</p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Example 1: Latency<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§example-1-latency" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://blog.alexewerlof.com/i/139014450/example-1-latency" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p><span>Let’s say </span><em>latency</em><span> is an important reliability metric for a system, with the following SLI:</span></p><blockquote><p><span>The proportion of </span><em>sufficiently fast</em><span> requests, as measured from the load balancer metrics.</span></p></blockquote><p><span>We could define </span><em>sufficiently fast</em><span> as:</span></p><blockquote><p>All requests which their response time is below 400ms.</p></blockquote><p>That’s good.</p><p>You look at the historical data and system architecture to set a reasonable objective and end up with 90% for the SLO.</p><p>Put together, it means:</p><blockquote><p>90% of all requests to the system should be responded to in less than 400ms.</p></blockquote><p>But what if you want to have a bit more granular control? Let’s say the clients have a request timeout of 850ms and you really don’t want to miss that for the majority of the requests. You want something like this:</p><blockquote><p>99% of all requests to the system should be responded to less than 850ms.</p></blockquote><p><span>Though not common, a single SLI can have multiple SLOs (service level objectives). You may notice that the definition of </span><em>sufficiently fast</em><span> was externalized in the definition of SLI above. That allows us to specify some parameters in the definition of SLO.</span></p><p>Putting it all together, we get this:</p><p>SLI:</p><blockquote><p><span>The proportion of </span><em>sufficiently fast</em><span> requests, as measured from the load balancer metrics.</span></p></blockquote><p>SLO:</p><blockquote><ul><li><p>90% of requests < 400ms</p></li><li><p>99% of requests < 850ms</p></li></ul></blockquote><p>These targets overlap with each other, hence the name multi-tier.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png" width="959" height="691" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":691,"width":959,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":63826,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>This example is taken directly from </span><a href="https://sre.google/workbook/slo-document/">Google’s example SLO document</a><span>.</span></p><p><span>You can also parameterize any part of SLI to be specified in a multi-tiered SLO. This is different from using </span><em><a href="https://blog.alexewerlof.com/p/valid-vs-total">valid</a></em><span> in the SLI formula to scope the performance optimization.</span></p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Example 2: Query segmentation<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§example-2-query-segmentation" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://blog.alexewerlof.com/i/139014450/example-2-query-segmentation" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>Let’s say that we have a GraphQL endpoint that is used for a range of queries. As you may know the response time of a GraphQL endpoint highly depends on the type of query.</p><p><span>One idea to guarantee an acceptable response time is to segment the queries by </span><em>operation type</em><span>:</span></p><p>SLI:</p><blockquote><p><span>The latency of the GraphQL endpoint by the </span><em>operation type</em><span>.</span></p></blockquote><p>SLO:</p><blockquote><ul><li><p><span>99.5% of </span><em>query</em><span> operations should be responded in less than 150ms</span></p></li><li><p><span>90% of </span><em>mutation</em><span> operations should be responded in less than 400ms</span></p></li><li><p><span>95% of </span><em>subscription</em><span> operations should be responded in less than 100ms</span></p></li></ul></blockquote><p>Instead of committing the same response time objective for all sorts of queries, we segmented the commitment into multiple tiers based on the query type:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png" width="966" height="761" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":761,"width":966,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":97234,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Example 3: Window<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§example-3-window" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://blog.alexewerlof.com/i/139014450/example-3-window" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>Multi-tier SLOs don’t require a parameterized SLI. You can also parameterize the SLO to have more control over the objective. A useful example is the 🔴window.</p><p>For example, if the SLI is uptime, a SLO of 99%, allows for 7 hours and 14 minutes of downtime.</p><p>This error budget can be consumed in one chunk or multiple smaller downtimes.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png" width="899" height="633" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":633,"width":899,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":29817,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Obviously the longer the outage, the more annoying it will be for the consumers. But there’s nothing in the SLI formula to optimize the distribution of the error budget.</p><p>Parameterizing the window allows us to have some control over the incident frequency and length.</p><div data-component-name="SubscribeWidget" class="subscribe-widget"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset"><div class="container-IpPqBD"><form action="/api/v1/free?nojs=true" method="post" novalidate class="form form-M5sC90"><input type="hidden" name="first_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="current_url"/><input type="hidden" name="current_referrer"/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="referral_code"/><input type="hidden" name="source" value="subscribe-widget"/><input type="hidden" name="referring_pub_id"/><input type="hidden" name="additional_referring_pub_ids"/><input type="hidden" name="source_post_id" value="139014450"/><div class="sideBySideWrap-vGXrwP"><div class="emailInputWrapper-QlA86j"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA"><input name="email" placeholder="Type your email..." type="email" class="pencraft emailInput-OkIMeB input-y4v6N4 inputText-pV_yWb"/></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" disabled class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft rightButton primary subscribe-btn button-VFSdkv buttonBase-GK1x3M"><span class="button-text ">Subscribe</span></button></div><div id="error-container"></div></form></div></div></div><p>99% uptime, translates to an error budget of:</p><ul><li><p><span>14m 24s downtime per </span><em>day</em></p></li><li><p><span>1h 40m 48s downtime per </span><em>week</em></p></li><li><p><span>7h 14m 41s downtime per </span><em>month</em></p></li></ul><p>Depending on what the business and consumers can tolerate, we can define a multi-tier SLO that has the month and week or day (or all 3 of them).</p><p>SLI:</p><blockquote><p>Uptime</p></blockquote><p>SLO:</p><blockquote><ul><li><p>99% in 30 days</p></li><li><p>99% in 1 days</p></li><li><p>99% in a day</p></li></ul><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><p>Please note that these are 3 different SLOs, each of which can be breached individually. But when all SLOs are met, the system hasn’t been down more than 14m and 24 seconds in any given day in the past 7 or 30 days.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png" width="992" height="804" data-attrs="{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":804,"width":992,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":54861,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}" alt srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>You may have different alerting rules for these SLOs. Obviously breaching the 850ms target is more serious than the ambitions of the performance optimization to meet the 400ms threshold.</p><h1 class="header-anchor-post">When to use multi-tier SLOs<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§when-to-use-multi-tier-slos" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://blog.alexewerlof.com/i/139014450/when-to-use-multi-tier-slos" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h1><p>As you can see multi-tier SLOs lead to a more complicated setup. The complexity becomes more evident when you’re setting alerts for each of those SLOs. Therefore, adopting multi-tier SLOs should be balanced against its pros and cons.</p><p><em><span>This post took about 4 hours to research, draft, edit, illustrate, and share. </span><a href="https://blog.alexewerlof.com/about#§q-what-is-your-monetization-strategy">My monetization strategy</a><span> is to give away the main chunk of the article for free. But for those who spare a few bucks to support my work, I have some pro tips. 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What are the advantages and disadvantages?\",\"teaser_post_eligible\":true,\"title\":\"Multi-tiered SLOs\",\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"video_upload_id\":null,\"write_comment_permissions\":\"only_paid\",\"meter_type\":\"none\",\"live_stream_id\":null,\"is_published\":true,\"restacks\":1,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":4},\"top_exclusions\":[],\"pins\":[],\"section_pins\":[],\"has_shareable_clips\":false,\"previous_post_slug\":\"washing-machine-vs-laundry-room\",\"next_post_slug\":\"sli\",\"cover_image\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png\",\"cover_image_is_square\":false,\"cover_image_is_explicit\":false,\"videoUpload\":null,\"podcastFields\":null,\"podcastUpload\":null,\"podcastPreviewUpload\":null,\"voiceover_upload_id\":null,\"voiceoverUpload\":null,\"has_voiceover\":false,\"description\":\"How can the same SLI have multiple SLOs? What are the advantages and disadvantages?\",\"body_html\":\"<p><a href=\\\"https://blog.alexewerlof.com/p/sli\\\">SLI</a> (service level indicators) are normalized metrics to measure the reliability of a system and give a focus to data driven optimization. <a href=\\\"https://blog.alexewerlof.com/p/slo\\\">SLO</a> (service level objective) specifies the reliability target.</p><p>But there\u2019s no rule that says we need exactly one target. In fact, using multiple targets can be beneficial to maintain a guarantee on a critical threshold while optimizing for a desired threshold.</p><h2>Example 1: Latency</h2><p>Let\u2019s say <em>latency</em> is an important reliability metric for a system, with the following SLI:</p><blockquote><p>The proportion of <em>sufficiently fast</em> requests, as measured from the load balancer metrics.</p></blockquote><p>We could define <em>sufficiently fast</em> as:</p><blockquote><p>All requests which their response time is below 400ms.</p></blockquote><p>That\u2019s good.</p><p>You look at the historical data and system architecture to set a reasonable objective and end up with 90% for the SLO.</p><p>Put together, it means:</p><blockquote><p>90% of all requests to the system should be responded to in less than 400ms.</p></blockquote><p>But what if you want to have a bit more granular control? Let\u2019s say the clients have a request timeout of 850ms and you really don\u2019t want to miss that for the majority of the requests. You want something like this:</p><blockquote><p>99% of all requests to the system should be responded to less than 850ms.</p></blockquote><p>Though not common, a single SLI can have multiple SLOs (service level objectives). You may notice that the definition of <em>sufficiently fast</em> was externalized in the definition of SLI above. That allows us to specify some parameters in the definition of SLO.</p><p>Putting it all together, we get this:</p><p>SLI:</p><blockquote><p>The proportion of <em>sufficiently fast</em> requests, as measured from the load balancer metrics.</p></blockquote><p>SLO:</p><blockquote><ul><li><p>90% of requests < 400ms</p></li><li><p>99% of requests < 850ms</p></li></ul></blockquote><p>These targets overlap with each other, hence the name multi-tier.</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png\\\" width=\\\"959\\\" height=\\\"691\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":691,"width":959,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":63826,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TzGW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc30b40bb-1f85-40dd-90eb-74ebc38b3425_959x691.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\"><g><path d=\\\"M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882\\\"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This example is taken directly from <a href=\\\"https://sre.google/workbook/slo-document/\\\">Google\u2019s example SLO document</a>.</p><p>You can also parameterize any part of SLI to be specified in a multi-tiered SLO. This is different from using <em><a href=\\\"https://blog.alexewerlof.com/p/valid-vs-total\\\">valid</a></em> in the SLI formula to scope the performance optimization.</p><h2>Example 2: Query segmentation</h2><p>Let\u2019s say that we have a GraphQL endpoint that is used for a range of queries. As you may know the response time of a GraphQL endpoint highly depends on the type of query.</p><p>One idea to guarantee an acceptable response time is to segment the queries by <em>operation type</em>:</p><p>SLI:</p><blockquote><p>The latency of the GraphQL endpoint by the <em>operation type</em>.</p></blockquote><p>SLO:</p><blockquote><ul><li><p>99.5% of <em>query</em> operations should be responded in less than 150ms</p></li><li><p>90% of <em>mutation</em> operations should be responded in less than 400ms</p></li><li><p>95% of <em>subscription</em> operations should be responded in less than 100ms</p></li></ul></blockquote><p>Instead of committing the same response time objective for all sorts of queries, we segmented the commitment into multiple tiers based on the query type:</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png\\\" width=\\\"966\\\" height=\\\"761\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":761,"width":966,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":97234,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EYmU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa56cb0c0-912a-4e10-9006-c116cb564330_966x761.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" 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y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>Example 3: Window</h2><p>Multi-tier SLOs don\u2019t require a parameterized SLI. You can also parameterize the SLO to have more control over the objective. A useful example is the \uD83D\uDD34window.</p><p>For example, if the SLI is uptime, a SLO of 99%, allows for 7 hours and 14 minutes of downtime.</p><p>This error budget can be consumed in one chunk or multiple smaller downtimes.</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 424w, 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Wxz-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8b18d69c-1985-4e37-ba41-c2d5ae50c66e_899x633.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\"><g><path d=\\\"M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882\\\"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Obviously the longer the outage, the more annoying it will be for the consumers. But there\u2019s nothing in the SLI formula to optimize the distribution of the error budget.</p><p>Parameterizing the window allows us to have some control over the incident frequency and length.</p><p class=\\\"button-wrapper\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"url":"https://blog.alexewerlof.com/subscribe?","text":"Subscribe now","action":null,"class":null}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"ButtonCreateButton\\\"><a class=\\\"button primary\\\" href=\\\"https://blog.alexewerlof.com/subscribe?\\\"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>99% uptime, translates to an error budget of:</p><ul><li><p>14m 24s downtime per <em>day</em></p></li><li><p>1h 40m 48s downtime per <em>week</em></p></li><li><p>7h 14m 41s downtime per <em>month</em></p></li></ul><p>Depending on what the business and consumers can tolerate, we can define a multi-tier SLO that has the month and week or day (or all 3 of them).</p><p>SLI:</p><blockquote><p>Uptime</p></blockquote><p>SLO:</p><blockquote><ul><li><p>99% in 30 days</p></li><li><p>99% in 1 days</p></li><li><p>99% in a day</p></li></ul><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><p>Please note that these are 3 different SLOs, each of which can be breached individually. But when all SLOs are met, the system hasn\u2019t been down more than 14m and 24 seconds in any given day in the past 7 or 30 days.</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png\\\" width=\\\"992\\\" height=\\\"804\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":804,"width":992,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":54861,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false,"align":null,"offset":false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LZ-r!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01c23b62-ebea-492e-bf3f-ecd06e776055_992x804.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\"><g><path d=\\\"M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882\\\"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>You may have different alerting rules for these SLOs. 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