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data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" src="/_next/static/media/layers-fill.8225ae69.svg"/></div><div><div class="style_boldTitle__ZabOg">Infrastructure Lifecycle Management</div><div class="style_description__8FvdP">Infrastructure as code to automate and manage all environments</div></div></a><ul class="style_productList__ekuKU"><li><a aria-label="Terraform - Provision cloud infrastructure using a common workflow" hrefLang="en" class="style_focusIndicator__I7F0A" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/products/terraform"><div class="style_productWrapper__9O9kZ"><div class="style_productLogo__jYRJ4"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd style_terraform__jN3EO" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" id=":R2cpj9esupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-terraform-fill-16"></use></svg></div><div class="style_productTextContent__k4wlY"><span class="mds-typography-body-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold">Terraform</span><span class="style_productDesc__IgO_M">Provision cloud infrastructure using a common workflow</span></div></div></a></li><li><a aria-label="Packer - Build and manage images as code​​​​‌‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍​‍​‍​​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‍​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‌‍‌​‍‌​​​‍‍‌‍​‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌​‍​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‍‌‍​‌​‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌​​‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌​​‍‌‍​‍‌‍‍‌​‌‍​​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌​‍‌​‍​‌​​‍‌‌‍​‌‌​‌​‍​‍‌‌" hrefLang="en" class="style_focusIndicator__I7F0A" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/products/packer"><div class="style_productWrapper__9O9kZ"><div class="style_productLogo__jYRJ4"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" id=":R2kpj9esupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-packer-fill-color-16"></use></svg></div><div class="style_productTextContent__k4wlY"><span class="mds-typography-body-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold">Packer</span><span class="style_productDesc__IgO_M">Build and manage images as code​​​​‌‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍​‍​‍​​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‍​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‌‍‌​‍‌​​​‍‍‌‍​‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌​‍​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‍‌‍​‌​‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌​​‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌​​‍‌‍​‍‌‍‍‌​‌‍​​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌​‍‌​‍​‌​​‍‌‌‍​‌‌​‌​‍​‍‌‌</span></div></div></a></li><li><a aria-label="Waypoint - ​​​​Internal developer platform​​​​‌‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍​‍​‍​​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‍​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‌‍‌​‍‌​​​‍‍‌‍​‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌​‍​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‍‌‍​‌​‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌​​‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌​​‍‌‍​‍‌‍‍‌​‌‍​​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌​‍‌​‍​‌​​‍‌‌‍​‌‌​‌​‍​‍‌‌‌‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍​‍​‍​​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‍​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‌‍‌​‍‌​​​‍‍‌‍​‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌​‍​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‍‌‍​‌​‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌​​‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌​​‍‌‍​‍‌‍‍‌​‌‍​​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌​‍‌​‍​‌​​‍‌‌‍​‌‌​‌​‍​‍‌‌" hrefLang="en" class="style_focusIndicator__I7F0A" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/products/waypoint"><div class="style_productWrapper__9O9kZ"><div class="style_productLogo__jYRJ4"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" id=":R2spj9esupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-waypoint-fill-color-16"></use></svg></div><div class="style_productTextContent__k4wlY"><span class="mds-typography-body-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold">Waypoint</span><span class="style_productDesc__IgO_M">​​​​Internal developer platform​​​​‌‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍​‍​‍​​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‍​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‌‍‌​‍‌​​​‍‍‌‍​‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌​‍​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‍‌‍​‌​‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌​​‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌​​‍‌‍​‍‌‍‍‌​‌‍​​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌​‍‌​‍​‌​​‍‌‌‍​‌‌​‌​‍​‍‌‌‌‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍​‍​‍​​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‍​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‌‍‌​‍‌​​​‍‍‌‍​‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌​‍​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‍‌‍​‌​‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌​​‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌​​‍‌‍​‍‌‍‍‌​‌‍​​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌​‍‌​‍​‌​​‍‌‌‍​‌‌​‌​‍​‍‌‌</span></div></div></a></li><li><a aria-label="Nomad - Workload scheduling and orchestration" hrefLang="en" class="style_focusIndicator__I7F0A" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/products/nomad"><div class="style_productWrapper__9O9kZ"><div class="style_productLogo__jYRJ4"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" id=":R34pj9esupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-nomad-fill-color-16"></use></svg></div><div class="style_productTextContent__k4wlY"><span class="mds-typography-body-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold">Nomad</span><span class="style_productDesc__IgO_M">Workload scheduling and orchestration</span></div></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="style_productCategory__KUVCj style_productCategoryHasGroup__3DEG4"><a class="style_link__gi8Hr style_productGroupLink__mS_6M" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/infrastructure-cloud/security-lifecycle-management"><div class="style_iconBackground__F5zav" style="--iconBackground:#FF6423" data-theme="dark"><img alt="shield alert icon" loading="lazy" width="14" height="16" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" src="/_next/static/media/shield-alert-fill.2b54ddf8.svg"/></div><div><div class="style_boldTitle__ZabOg">Security Lifecycle Management</div><div class="style_description__8FvdP">Modern security to protect customer data and critical systems</div></div></a><ul class="style_productList__ekuKU"><li><a aria-label="Vault - Identity-based secrets management​​​​‌‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍​‍​‍​​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‍​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‌‍‌​‍‌​​​‍‍‌‍​‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌​‍​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‍‌‍​‌​‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌​​‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌​​‍‌‍​‍‌‍‍‌​‌‍​​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌​‍‌​‍​‌​​‍‌‌‍​‌‌​‌​‍​‍‌‌" hrefLang="en" class="style_focusIndicator__I7F0A" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/products/vault"><div class="style_productWrapper__9O9kZ"><div class="style_productLogo__jYRJ4"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" id=":R2d9j9esupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-vault-fill-color-16"></use></svg></div><div class="style_productTextContent__k4wlY"><span class="mds-typography-body-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold">Vault</span><span class="style_productDesc__IgO_M">Identity-based secrets management​​​​‌‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍​‍​‍​​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍​‍​‍​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‍‍​‍​‍‌‍‍​‌‍​‌‌​‌‍‍​‌‍‍‌‌‍​‌‍‌​‍‌​​​‍‍‌‍​‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍​‍‍‌‍‌​‌‍​‌‌‌​‌‍‌‍​‌‍‌‌​​‍‍‌‍​‌‍‌‍‌​‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌​‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌​‍​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌​​‌‍‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‍‌​‌‍‌‍‌‍​‌​‌‌‌​​‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌‌‍‌‌​​‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌​‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌​​‌​‍‌‍‍‌‌‌​‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌​​‍‌‍​‍‌‍‍‌​‌‍​​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍​‌‌‍‍‌‌​‌‌‍‍‌​​‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌​‍‌​‍​‌​​‍‌‌‍​‌‌​‌​‍​‍‌‌</span></div></div></a></li><li><a aria-label="Boundary - Secure human, NHI and AI agent access" hrefLang="en" class="style_focusIndicator__I7F0A" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/products/boundary"><div class="style_productWrapper__9O9kZ"><div class="style_productLogo__jYRJ4"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" id=":R2l9j9esupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-boundary-fill-color-16"></use></svg></div><div class="style_productTextContent__k4wlY"><span class="mds-typography-body-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold">Boundary</span><span class="style_productDesc__IgO_M">Secure human, NHI and AI agent access</span></div></div></a></li><li><a aria-label="Vault Radar - Discover and remediate secret sprawl" hrefLang="en" class="style_focusIndicator__I7F0A" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/products/vault/hcp-vault-radar"><div class="style_productWrapper__9O9kZ"><div class="style_productLogo__jYRJ4"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" id=":R2t9j9esupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-vault-fill-color-16"></use></svg></div><div class="style_productTextContent__k4wlY"><div><span class="mds-typography-body-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold">Vault </span><span class="mds-typography-body-200 mds-typography-font-weight-regular">Radar</span></div><span class="style_productDesc__IgO_M">Discover and remediate secret sprawl</span></div></div></a></li><li><a aria-label="Consul - Service-based networking" hrefLang="en" class="style_focusIndicator__I7F0A" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/products/consul"><div class="style_productWrapper__9O9kZ"><div class="style_productLogo__jYRJ4"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" id=":R359j9esupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-consul-fill-color-16"></use></svg></div><div class="style_productTextContent__k4wlY"><span class="mds-typography-body-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold">Consul</span><span class="style_productDesc__IgO_M">Service-based networking</span></div></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="style_promo__EB4Ap"><div class="style_icon__8tGpC"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" id=":Rtj9esupjsq:" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-hashicorp-16"></use></svg></div><div class="style_rightContent__uriFd"><div><a class="style_title__1_GKe style_link__kUh6K" href="https://hashicorp.com/cloud">HashiCorp Cloud Platform</a><div class="style_description___11OB">Get started in minutes with our cloud products</div></div><a class="style_link__kUh6K" data-radix-collection-item="" href="https://portal.cloud.hashicorp.com/sign-up?ajs_aid=3e3b5796-ecd1-48e1-afed-7ee0ddb0f256">Sign up now<svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" id=":Rldj9esupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use 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aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.208 5.231A.75.75 0 0 1 9.27 5.21l6.5 6.25a.76.76 0 0 1 .23.54c0 .204-.084.4-.23.54l-6.5 6.25a.753.753 0 0 1-1.06-.02.75.75 0 0 1 .021-1.06L14.168 12 8.23 6.29a.75.75 0 0 1-.022-1.059" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button><div class="style_mobilePanel__JAy9J" data-testid="mobile-panel-company"><div class="style_panelInner__TvqMP"><div class="style_panelContent__n1buH"><div class="style_root__p_Cu_"><div class="style_columns__lrqWw"><div class="style_column__78NkP"><ul class="style_linkList__qlMv_"><li><a class="style_link__gi8Hr" hrefLang="en" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/about"><div class="style_iconWrapper__Mgixo"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="var(--mds-color-foreground-faint)" id=":R2djpesupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use 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href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-heart-16"></use></svg></div><div><div class="">Our principles</div></div></a></li><li><a class="style_link__gi8Hr" hrefLang="en" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/tao-of-hashicorp"><div class="style_iconWrapper__Mgixo"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="var(--mds-color-foreground-faint)" id=":R3ljpesupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use href="/_next/static/media/svg-sprite.e0bb55ed.svg#flight-docs-16"></use></svg></div><div><div class="">The Tao of HashiCorp</div></div></a></li><li><a class="style_link__gi8Hr" hrefLang="en" data-radix-collection-item="" href="/en/partners/become-a-partner"><div class="style_iconWrapper__Mgixo"><svg class="style_flight-icon__mIocd" aria-hidden="true" fill="var(--mds-color-foreground-faint)" id=":R3tjpesupjsq:" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><use 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solutions</span></a></li></ol></nav><div class="header_text__4vZse"><h1 class="mds-typography-display-expressive-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold mds-foreground-strong header_title__G0E7J">Load Balancing Strategies for Consul</h1><span class="mds-typography-body-300 mds-foreground-primary header_subtitle__Mjo_L">This post discusses a few common strategies for load balancing with Consul in microservice architectures.</span></div><div class="header_byline__IWsZ6"><ul class="header_authorImages__6273a"><li class="header_authorImage__dGN8Z"><img loading="lazy" width="958" height="958" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F2885%2F1509043827-gravatar.jpg&amp;w=1080&amp;q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F2885%2F1509043827-gravatar.jpg&amp;w=1920&amp;q=75 2x" 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class="post_image__HcHB3"><img loading="lazy" width="203" height="60" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/2885/1508281312-blog-consul.svg"/></div><div class="post_leftColumn__jGAH9"><div class="post_stickyColumn__r9Nt9"><div style="opacity:0"><p class="mds-typography-label mds-typography-font-weight-semibold mds-foreground-primary metadata_date__U3gdS">Nov 27, 2017</p><div class="metadata_authors__93aK0"><ul class="metadata_authorImages__Jx_ji"><li class="metadata_authorImage___o_G0"><img loading="lazy" width="958" height="958" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F2885%2F1509043827-gravatar.jpg&amp;w=1080&amp;q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F2885%2F1509043827-gravatar.jpg&amp;w=1920&amp;q=75 2x" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datocms-assets.com%2F2885%2F1509043827-gravatar.jpg&amp;w=1920&amp;q=75"/></li></ul><ul class="metadata_authorNames__E_2ZH"><li class="metadata_author__CLjad"><a href="/blog/authors/seth-vargo"><span class="mds-typography-body-200 mds-typography-font-weight-medium mds-foreground-primary">Seth Vargo</span></a></li></ul></div><div><p class="mds-typography-label mds-typography-font-weight-semibold mds-foreground-faint metadata_shareText__qKUkx">Share article</p><ul class="style_blogPostSocialShare__Ysxc5"><li><button class="style_shareButton__ZEqi3"><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal">Twitter share</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="currentColor" d="M13.712 10.622 20.413 3h-1.587l-5.819 6.618L8.36 3H3l7.027 10.007L3 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clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button><div id="copy-url-tooltip" class="style_tooltip__j5P42 g-type-body-small" aria-live="polite" role="status" style="opacity:0"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M20 6 9 17l-5-5" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="post_content__vTzsg"><div class="post_content__vTzsg style_longformContentSection__MxJft g-type-body-long blockquote_blockquote__pvK2y hr_hr__MX7C_ ol-ul-lists_olUlLists__bhxBm"><p><a href="https://www.hashicorp.com/products/consul/">Consul</a> is a free and open source tool that provides service discovery, health checking, load balancing, and a globally distributed key-value store. Additionally, it provides a set of primitives for building orchestration workflows and tools. In microservice architectures, applications often run across many IP addresses and bind to a variety of ports. <a href="https://www.hashicorp.com/resources/modern-service-networking-cloud-microservices">Service discovery</a> aids in the process of finding these different services, regardless of where they are located.</p><p>Since multiple instances of the same service are often running simultaneously in a microservice architecture, we need a strategy for evenly balancing traffic to all healthy instances of the service while handling changes in health, changes in the number of instances, and changes in the cluster state. This is the job of the load balancing layer. This post discusses a few common strategies for load balancing with Consul in microservice architectures.</p><h2><a class="__permalink-h" href="#consul-directly" aria-label="consul directly permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="consul-directly" aria-hidden="true"></a>Consul Directly</h2><p>One approach to load balancing with Consul is to use Consul&#x27;s built-in load balancing functionality. Consul integrates health checks with service discovery. This means that unhealthy hosts are never returned from queries to the service discovery layer. In this mode, applications and services talk directly to Consul each time they want to find other services in the datacenter.</p><p>Consider the following configuration file which includes an IP address to a backend service:</p><pre data-language="yaml"><code>services:
backend: 10.2.5.391</code></pre><p>It is generally considered a bad practice to hardcode an IP address, especially in a microservice architecture. As applications move throughout the system, it becomes challenging to keep this configuration file up to date, especially across a cluster of machines. Instead, a better approach is to leverage Consul&#x27;s DNS discovery layer.</p><pre data-language="yaml"><code>services:
backend: backend.service.consul</code></pre><p>Just like &quot;www.hashicorp.com&quot; is a web address, so too is &quot;backend.service.consul&quot;. The TLD or domain suffix is configurable, but the default value is <code>.consul</code>. Any request that ends with that TLD is resolved to Consul. The <code>.service</code> namespace tells Consul to find services (as opposed to nodes which are machines). <code>backend</code> is the name of the service to find. The request to &quot;backend.service.consul&quot; resolves to a set of IP addresses the same way a request to &quot;www.hashicorp.com&quot; resolves to a set of IP addresses. With Consul, however, that resolution happens at the service discovery layer with integrations into the health checking mechanism.</p><p>Each time the application or kernel resolves that DNS entry, it will receive a randomized round-robin response of a list of IP addresses which correspond to healthy services in the cluster. The DNS interface offers essentially zero-touch service discovery integration into any application.</p><h3><a class="__permalink-h" href="#pros" aria-label="pros permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="pros" aria-hidden="true"></a>Pros</h3><ul><li><p>No reliance on external tools or processes</p></li><li><p>No other services to monitor or maintain</p></li><li><p>Highly available by default</p></li><li><p>As close to real time as possible</p></li><li><p>DNS is easy to use, minimal effort</p></li><li><p>Health check is distributed, minimal cluster load</p></li></ul><h3><a class="__permalink-h" href="#cons" aria-label="cons permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="cons" aria-hidden="true"></a>Cons</h3><ul><li><p>Single point of failure - even though Consul is highly available by default, this mode provides no fail-over if Consul is unavailable or inaccessible</p></li><li><p>Requires using the HTTP API directly in the application OR making DNS queries and assuming port OR making two DNS queries to find the address and port</p></li><li><p>Tight coupling between the application and Consul</p></li></ul><h2><a class="__permalink-h" href="#fabio" aria-label="fabio permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="fabio" aria-hidden="true"></a>Fabio</h2><p><a href="https://github.com/fabiolb/fabio">Fabio</a> is an open source tool that provides fast, modern, zero-conf load balancing HTTP(S) and TCP router for services managed by Consul. Users register services in Consul with a health check and fabio will automatically route traffic to them. No additional configuration required.</p><p>Users register a service with a tag beginning with <code>urlprefix-</code>, like:</p><pre><code>urlprefix-/my-service</code></pre><p>In this example, when a request is made to fabio at <code>/my-service</code>, fabio will automatically route traffic to a healthy service in the cluster. Fabio also supports more <a href="https://github.com/fabiolb/fabio/wiki/Routing#config-language">advanced routing configurations</a>.</p><h3><a class="__permalink-h" href="#pros" aria-label="pros permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="pros" aria-hidden="true"></a>Pros</h3><ul><li><p>Rich integrations with Consul</p></li><li><p>More control over load balancing than the DNS approach</p></li><li><p>Strong community backing and adoption with over 4,000 GitHub stars</p></li><li><p>Support for TCP proxying</p></li><li><p>Accessing logging and a <a href="https://github.com/fabiolb/fabio/wiki/Features">slew of other awesome features</a></p></li><li><p>HashiCorp Vault integration</p></li><li><p>Optional Web UI for routing visualization</p></li><li><p>Very detailed, open source documentation</p></li></ul><h3><a class="__permalink-h" href="#cons" aria-label="cons permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="cons" aria-hidden="true"></a>Cons</h3><ul><li><p>Requires an additional service to run and monitor</p></li><li><p>Tight coupling with Consul and Consul tags</p></li></ul><h2><a class="__permalink-h" href="#nginxhaproxy-with-consul-template" aria-label="nginx/haproxy with consul template permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="nginxhaproxy-with-consul-template" aria-hidden="true"></a>Nginx/HAProxy with Consul Template</h2><p>Another approach to load balancing with Consul is to use a third-party tool such as <a href="https://nginx.org">Nginx</a> or <a href="https://haproxy.org">HAProxy</a> to balance traffic and an open source tool like <a href="https://github.com/hashicorp/consul-template">Consul Template</a> to manage the configuration. In this mode, Consul Template dynamically manages the <code>nginx.conf</code> or <code>haproxy.conf</code> configuration file which defines the load balancer and the list of servers. This list is <em>templatized</em>, and Consul Template runs as a service to keep the template up-to-date. Consul Template has a continuous connection to the Consul cluster, and, when a change to a service pool occurs, Consul Template writes a new configuration file and signals the Nginx or HAProxy process to reload its configuration. Here is a sample Nginx Consul Template template:</p><pre data-language="liquid"><code>upstream myapp {
{{ range service &quot;myapp&quot; }}
server {{ .Address }}:{{ .Port }}
{{ end }}
}</code></pre><p>In this example, Consul Template would watch all services named &quot;myapp&quot;. If any of their state&#x27;s changed, Consul Template would render a new configuration file and signal the Nginx process to reload. The template above would render <code>nginx.conf</code> like this:</p><pre data-language="nginx"><code>upstream myapp {
server 10.2.5.60:13845
server 10.6.96.234:45033
server 10.10.20.123:18677
}</code></pre><p>It is important to note that in this mode neither Nginx nor HAProxy are aware of Consul&#x27;s existence; they simply reads their configuration as if the values were hardcoded by an operator or configuration management tool.</p><h3><a class="__permalink-h" href="#pros" aria-label="pros permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="pros" aria-hidden="true"></a>Pros</h3><ul><li><p>Handles applications running on non-default ports without additional API requests</p></li><li><p>Nginx and HAProxy are both battle-tested tools</p></li><li><p>Organizations may already have expertise or existing infrastructure with these tools</p></li><li><p>If Consul were to go offline, there is still a record of the last-known good state of services</p></li><li><p>Consul Template also integrates with <a href="https://www.vaultproject.io">Vault</a>, which makes this an ideal solution if the configuration file has secret data like TLS private keys or shared passwords</p></li></ul><h3><a class="__permalink-h" href="#cons" aria-label="cons permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="cons" aria-hidden="true"></a>Cons</h3><ul><li><p>Requires two additional services to manage and monitor - Nginx/HAProxy and Consul Template</p></li><li><p>Inefficient templates can place significant pressure on the Consul cluster due to blocking queries</p></li><li><p>Challenging to practice the &quot;one service per container&quot; paradigm</p></li><li><p>A &quot;flappy&quot; cluster (a cluster where services are flipping between healthy and unhealthy or a cluster with a lot of continuous rapid churn) can cause instability in the Nginx/HAproxy configuration</p></li></ul><h2><a class="__permalink-h" href="#nginx-with-custom-module" aria-label="nginx with custom module permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="nginx-with-custom-module" aria-hidden="true"></a>Nginx with Custom Module</h2><p>Recently I set out on a goal to try and remove Consul Template from the equation but keep the time-tested flexibility and familiarity of Nginx. There are some very interesting and innovative approaches in the community, namely:</p><ul><li><p><a href="https://medium.com/@sigil66/dynamic-nginx-upstreams-from-consul-via-lua-nginx-module-2bebc935989b">Dynamic Nginx Upstreams for Consul via lua-nginx-module by Zachary Schneider</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://github.com/weibocom/nginx-upsync-module">Nginx upsync module</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/service-discovery-nginx-plus-srv-records-consul-dns/">Nginx Pro DNS resolution</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://github.com/robinmonjo/ngx_http_l">ngx_http_set_backend</a> which inspired binding Nginx modules in C to Consul in Golang</p></li></ul><p>Ultimately these approaches either involved too many moving parts or included features that scaled beyond basic service discovery in Consul. As such, I wrote the <a href="https://github.com/hashicorp/ngx_http_consul_backend_module">ngx_http_consul_backend_module</a> which dynamically chooses an upstream on each request to nginx.</p><p>It looks like this:</p><pre><code>http {
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
location /my-service {
consul $backend service-name;
proxy_pass http://$backend;
}
}
}</code></pre><p>On each request, the <code>consul</code> key tells Nginx to delegate to the custom module and choose a random healthy backend, and then proxy the request to that backend. There are definitely areas for improvement, but this proof-on-concept shows that it is possible to connect Nginx and Consul together directly without intermediary tools.</p><h3><a class="__permalink-h" href="#pros" aria-label="pros permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="pros" aria-hidden="true"></a>Pros</h3><ul><li><p>Handles applications running on non-default ports without additional API requests</p></li><li><p>No external tools - just run Nginx and point directly to Consul</p></li><li><p>Using the official Consul SDK client library gives HTTP/2, stale queries, and more out of the box</p></li></ul><h3><a class="__permalink-h" href="#cons" aria-label="cons permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="cons" aria-hidden="true"></a>Cons</h3><ul><li><p>Requires compiling Nginx from source to install the custom module</p></li><li><p>Calls out to Consul on each request to the backend (each request eats the RTT of the request and the RTT of the Consul resolution)</p></li><li><p>Requires knowledge of Nginx custom modules to contribute</p></li><li><p>Does not integrate with <a href="https://www.vaultproject.io">Vault</a> for TLS private keys or shared passwords</p></li><li><p>Module is not battle-tested (yet)</p></li></ul><h2><a class="__permalink-h" href="#haproxy-1.8" aria-label="haproxy 1.8 permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="haproxy-1.8" aria-hidden="true"></a>HAProxy 1.8</h2><p><a href="https://www.haproxy.com/blog/whats-new-haproxy-1-8/">HAProxy 1.8</a> (currently a release candidate at the time of this writing) adds built-in functionality for service discovery via DNS without the use of third-party tools or modules. HAProxy has had built-in DNS resolution for some time, but <a href="https://www.haproxy.com/blog/dns-service-discovery-haproxy/">HAProxy 1.8 brings resolution for ports through SRV records and support for EDNS</a>, making it pair perfectly with Consul.</p><h3><a class="__permalink-h" href="#pros" aria-label="pros permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="pros" aria-hidden="true"></a>Pros</h3><ul><li><p>No external tools - just run HAProxy and point directly to Consul</p></li><li><p>Handles graceful reloads, TTLs, etc</p></li><li><p>Supports Kubernetes and Docker Swarm service discovery too</p></li></ul><h3><a class="__permalink-h" href="#cons" aria-label="cons permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="cons" aria-hidden="true"></a>Cons</h3><ul><li><p>Requires HAProxy</p></li><li><p>Less flexibility over failure scenarios than Consul Template</p></li></ul><h2><a class="__permalink-h" href="#conclusion" aria-label="conclusion permalink">»</a><a class="__target-h" id="conclusion" aria-hidden="true"></a>Conclusion</h2><p>There are many strategies and technologies for load balancing microservice applications with Consul. This post details a few of the most common techniques and hopefully sparks inspiration for new and exciting ways to integrate industry-standard load balancing tools with Consul. Whether you are using Consul directly, bridging the gap with Consul Template, compiling a custom build of Nginx yourself, or trying the HAProxy 1.8 release candidate, we look forward to hearing how you load balance your microservices.</p></div></div><div class="post_rightColumn__68W3s"><div class="post_stickyColumn__r9Nt9"><div style="opacity:0"><ul class="table-of-contents_root__GEAlv"><li><a class="table-of-contents_itemLink__InXH7" href="#consul-directly"><div class="table-of-contents_bar__Lw5aX"></div><span class="mds-typography-display-expressive-100 mds-typography-font-weight-medium mds-foreground-faint table-of-contents_heading__3AE_6">Consul Directly</span></a></li><li><a class="table-of-contents_itemLink__InXH7" href="#fabio"><div class="table-of-contents_bar__Lw5aX"></div><span class="mds-typography-display-expressive-100 mds-typography-font-weight-medium mds-foreground-faint table-of-contents_heading__3AE_6">Fabio</span></a></li><li><a class="table-of-contents_itemLink__InXH7" href="#nginxhaproxy-with-consul-template"><div class="table-of-contents_bar__Lw5aX"></div><span class="mds-typography-display-expressive-100 mds-typography-font-weight-medium mds-foreground-faint table-of-contents_heading__3AE_6">Nginx/HAProxy with Consul Template</span></a></li><li><a class="table-of-contents_itemLink__InXH7" href="#nginx-with-custom-module"><div class="table-of-contents_bar__Lw5aX"></div><span class="mds-typography-display-expressive-100 mds-typography-font-weight-medium mds-foreground-faint table-of-contents_heading__3AE_6">Nginx with Custom Module</span></a></li><li><a class="table-of-contents_itemLink__InXH7" href="#haproxy-1.8"><div class="table-of-contents_bar__Lw5aX"></div><span class="mds-typography-display-expressive-100 mds-typography-font-weight-medium mds-foreground-faint table-of-contents_heading__3AE_6">HAProxy 1.8</span></a></li><li><a class="table-of-contents_itemLink__InXH7" href="#conclusion"><div class="table-of-contents_bar__Lw5aX"></div><span class="mds-typography-display-expressive-100 mds-typography-font-weight-medium mds-foreground-faint table-of-contents_heading__3AE_6">Conclusion</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="layout__bSrhA mds-dark-mode padding-top-medium__GrQm5 padding-bottom-small__LraeK"><div class="style_root__84n5O g-grid g-grid-container style_center__dypx3"><div class="style_root__Wt_Lu style_small__pq4dc style_heading__VFxEw style_center__TD2MQ"><div class="style_content__jQFmG"><div class="style_eyebrow-headline__shFQE"><h2 class="mds-typography-display-expressive-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold mds-foreground-strong styles_root__jRock styles_small__U1bCJ"><span data-br=":R15jefnkv4upjsq:" data-brr="1" style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;text-decoration:inherit;text-wrap:balance">More posts like 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Additionally, it provides a set of primitives for building orchestration workflows and tools. In microservice architectures, applications often run across many IP addresses and bind to a variety of ports. \"},{\"url\":\"https://www.hashicorp.com/resources/modern-service-networking-cloud-microservices\",\"type\":\"link\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Service discovery\"}]},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\" aids in the process of finding these different services, regardless of where they are located.\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Since multiple instances of the same service are often running simultaneously in a microservice architecture, we need a strategy for evenly balancing traffic to all healthy instances of the service while handling changes in health, changes in the number of instances, and changes in the cluster state. This is the job of the load balancing layer. This post discusses a few common strategies for load balancing with Consul in microservice architectures.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"level\":2,\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Consul Directly\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"One approach to load balancing with Consul is to use Consul's built-in load balancing functionality. Consul integrates health checks with service discovery. This means that unhealthy hosts are never returned from queries to the service discovery layer. In this mode, applications and services talk directly to Consul each time they want to find other services in the datacenter.\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Consider the following configuration file which includes an IP address to a backend service:\"}]},{\"code\":\"services:\\n backend: 10.2.5.391\",\"type\":\"code\",\"language\":\"yaml\"},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"It is generally considered a bad practice to hardcode an IP address, especially in a microservice architecture. As applications move throughout the system, it becomes challenging to keep this configuration file up to date, especially across a cluster of machines. 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The request to \\\"backend.service.consul\\\" resolves to a set of IP addresses the same way a request to \\\"www.hashicorp.com\\\" resolves to a set of IP addresses. With Consul, however, that resolution happens at the service discovery layer with integrations into the health checking mechanism.\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Each time the application or kernel resolves that DNS entry, it will receive a randomized round-robin response of a list of IP addresses which correspond to healthy services in the cluster. 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In this mode, Consul Template dynamically manages the \"},{\"type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"code\"],\"value\":\"nginx.conf\"},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\" or \"},{\"type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"code\"],\"value\":\"haproxy.conf\"},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\" configuration file which defines the load balancer and the list of servers. This list is \"},{\"type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"emphasis\"],\"value\":\"templatized\"},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\", and Consul Template runs as a service to keep the template up-to-date. Consul Template has a continuous connection to the Consul cluster, and, when a change to a service pool occurs, Consul Template writes a new configuration file and signals the Nginx or HAProxy process to reload its configuration. Here is a sample Nginx Consul Template template:\"}]},{\"code\":\"upstream myapp {\\n{{ range service \\\"myapp\\\" }}\\n server {{ .Address }}:{{ .Port }}\\n{{ end }}\\n}\",\"type\":\"code\",\"language\":\"liquid\"},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"In this example, Consul Template would watch all services named \\\"myapp\\\". If any of their state's changed, Consul Template would render a new configuration file and signal the Nginx process to reload. The template above would render \"},{\"type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"code\"],\"value\":\"nginx.conf\"},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\" like this:\"}]},{\"code\":\"upstream myapp {\\n server 10.2.5.60:13845\\n server 10.6.96.234:45033\\n server 10.10.20.123:18677\\n}\",\"type\":\"code\",\"language\":\"nginx\"},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"It is important to note that in this mode neither Nginx nor HAProxy are aware of Consul's existence; they simply reads their configuration as if the values were hardcoded by an operator or configuration management tool.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"level\":3,\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Pros\"}]},{\"type\":\"list\",\"style\":\"bulleted\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Handles applications running on non-default ports without additional API requests\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Nginx and HAProxy are both battle-tested tools\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Organizations may already have expertise or existing infrastructure with these tools\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"If Consul were to go offline, there is still a record of the last-known good state of services\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Consul Template also integrates with \"},{\"url\":\"https://www.vaultproject.io\",\"type\":\"link\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Vault\"}]},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\", which makes this an ideal solution if the configuration file has secret data like TLS private keys or shared passwords\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"level\":3,\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Cons\"}]},{\"type\":\"list\",\"style\":\"bulleted\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Requires two additional services to manage and monitor - Nginx/HAProxy and Consul Template\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Inefficient templates can place significant pressure on the Consul cluster due to blocking queries\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Challenging to practice the \\\"one service per container\\\" paradigm\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"A \\\"flappy\\\" cluster (a cluster where services are flipping between healthy and unhealthy or a cluster with a lot of continuous rapid churn) can cause instability in the Nginx/HAproxy configuration\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"level\":2,\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Nginx with Custom Module\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Recently I set out on a goal to try and remove Consul Template from the equation but keep the time-tested flexibility and familiarity of Nginx. There are some very interesting and innovative approaches in the community, namely:\"}]},{\"type\":\"list\",\"style\":\"bulleted\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"url\":\"https://medium.com/@sigil66/dynamic-nginx-upstreams-from-consul-via-lua-nginx-module-2bebc935989b\",\"type\":\"link\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Dynamic Nginx Upstreams for Consul via lua-nginx-module by Zachary Schneider\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"url\":\"https://github.com/weibocom/nginx-upsync-module\",\"type\":\"link\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Nginx upsync module\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"url\":\"https://www.nginx.com/blog/service-discovery-nginx-plus-srv-records-consul-dns/\",\"type\":\"link\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Nginx Pro DNS resolution\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"url\":\"https://github.com/robinmonjo/ngx_http_l\",\"type\":\"link\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"ngx_http_set_backend\"}]},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\" which inspired binding Nginx modules in C to Consul in Golang\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Ultimately these approaches either involved too many moving parts or included features that scaled beyond basic service discovery in Consul. As such, I wrote the \"},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/hashicorp/ngx_http_consul_backend_module\",\"type\":\"link\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"ngx_http_consul_backend_module\"}]},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\" which dynamically chooses an upstream on each request to nginx.\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"It looks like this:\"}]},{\"code\":\"http {\\n server {\\n listen 80;\\n server_name example.com;\\n\\n location /my-service {\\n consul $backend service-name;\\n proxy_pass http://$backend;\\n }\\n }\\n}\",\"type\":\"code\"},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"On each request, the \"},{\"type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"code\"],\"value\":\"consul\"},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\" key tells Nginx to delegate to the custom module and choose a random healthy backend, and then proxy the request to that backend. There are definitely areas for improvement, but this proof-on-concept shows that it is possible to connect Nginx and Consul together directly without intermediary tools.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"level\":3,\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Pros\"}]},{\"type\":\"list\",\"style\":\"bulleted\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Handles applications running on non-default ports without additional API requests\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"No external tools - just run Nginx and point directly to Consul\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Using the official Consul SDK client library gives HTTP/2, stale queries, and more out of the box\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"level\":3,\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Cons\"}]},{\"type\":\"list\",\"style\":\"bulleted\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Requires compiling Nginx from source to install the custom module\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Calls out to Consul on each request to the backend (each request eats the RTT of the request and the RTT of the Consul resolution)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Requires knowledge of Nginx custom modules to contribute\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Does not integrate with \"},{\"url\":\"https://www.vaultproject.io\",\"type\":\"link\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Vault\"}]},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\" for TLS private keys or shared passwords\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Module is not battle-tested (yet)\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"level\":2,\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"HAProxy 1.8\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"url\":\"https://www.haproxy.com/blog/whats-new-haproxy-1-8/\",\"type\":\"link\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"HAProxy 1.8\"}]},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\" (currently a release candidate at the time of this writing) adds built-in functionality for service discovery via DNS without the use of third-party tools or modules. HAProxy has had built-in DNS resolution for some time, but \"},{\"url\":\"https://www.haproxy.com/blog/dns-service-discovery-haproxy/\",\"type\":\"link\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"HAProxy 1.8 brings resolution for ports through SRV records and support for EDNS\"}]},{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\", making it pair perfectly with Consul.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"level\":3,\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Pros\"}]},{\"type\":\"list\",\"style\":\"bulleted\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"No external tools - just run HAProxy and point directly to Consul\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Handles graceful reloads, TTLs, etc\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Supports Kubernetes and Docker Swarm service discovery too\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"level\":3,\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Cons\"}]},{\"type\":\"list\",\"style\":\"bulleted\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Requires HAProxy\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Less flexibility over failure scenarios than Consul Template\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"level\":2,\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"Conclusion\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"span\",\"value\":\"There are many strategies and technologies for load balancing microservice applications with Consul. This post details a few of the most common techniques and hopefully sparks inspiration for new and exciting ways to integrate industry-standard load balancing tools with Consul. Whether you are using Consul directly, bridging the gap with Consul Template, compiling a custom build of Nginx yourself, or trying the HAProxy 1.8 release candidate, we look forward to hearing how you load balance your microservices.\"}]}]}},\"blocks\":[]}}]}],[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"layout__bSrhA mds-dark-mode padding-top-medium__GrQm5 padding-bottom-small__LraeK\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"style_root__84n5O g-grid g-grid-container style_center__dypx3\",\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"style_root__Wt_Lu style_small__pq4dc style_heading__VFxEw style_center__TD2MQ\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"style_content__jQFmG\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"style_eyebrow-headline__shFQE\",\"children\":[null,[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"className\":\"mds-typography-display-expressive-200 mds-typography-font-weight-semibold mds-foreground-strong styles_root__jRock 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