806 lines
86 KiB
HTML
806 lines
86 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||
<html lang="en">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta charset="UTF-8">
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
|
||
|
||
<title>Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking – the morning paper</title>
|
||
<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
|
||
|
||
<!-- Async WordPress.com Remote Login -->
|
||
<script id="wpcom_remote_login_js">
|
||
var wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth = '';
|
||
function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( element_id ) {
|
||
var dom_node = document.getElementById( element_id );
|
||
if ( dom_node ) { dom_node.parentNode.removeChild( dom_node ); }
|
||
}
|
||
function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( class_name ) {
|
||
var dom_nodes = document.querySelectorAll( '.' + class_name );
|
||
for ( var i = 0; i < dom_nodes.length; i++ ) {
|
||
dom_nodes[ i ].parentNode.removeChild( dom_nodes[ i ] );
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
function wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup() {
|
||
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( "wpcom_remote_login_msg" );
|
||
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
|
||
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
|
||
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_js" );
|
||
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_iframe" );
|
||
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_styles" );
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Watch for messages back from the remote login
|
||
window.addEventListener( "message", function( e ) {
|
||
if ( e.origin === "https://r-login.wordpress.com" ) {
|
||
var data = {};
|
||
try {
|
||
data = JSON.parse( e.data );
|
||
} catch( e ) {
|
||
wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN' ) {
|
||
// Clean up the login check iframe
|
||
wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
|
||
|
||
var id_regex = new RegExp( /^[0-9]+$/ );
|
||
var token_regex = new RegExp( /^.*|.*|.*$/ );
|
||
if (
|
||
token_regex.test( data.token )
|
||
&& id_regex.test( data.wpcomid )
|
||
) {
|
||
// We have everything we need to ask for a login
|
||
var script = document.createElement( "script" );
|
||
script.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
|
||
script.src = '/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=validate'
|
||
+ '&wpcomid=' + data.wpcomid
|
||
+ '&token=' + encodeURIComponent( data.token )
|
||
+ '&host=' + window.location.protocol
|
||
+ '//' + window.location.hostname
|
||
+ '&postid=9278'
|
||
+ '&is_singular=1';
|
||
document.body.appendChild( script );
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Safari ITP, not logged in, so redirect
|
||
if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REDIRECT' ) {
|
||
window.location = 'https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=' + window.location.href;
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Safari ITP, storage access failed, remove the request
|
||
if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REMOVE' ) {
|
||
var css_zap = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 782px ) { html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } }';
|
||
var style_zap = document.createElement( 'style' );
|
||
style_zap.type = 'text/css';
|
||
style_zap.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css_zap ) );
|
||
document.body.appendChild( style_zap );
|
||
|
||
var e = document.getElementById( 'wpcom_request_access_iframe' );
|
||
e.parentNode.removeChild( e );
|
||
|
||
document.cookie = 'wordpress_com_login_access=denied; path=/; max-age=31536000';
|
||
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Safari ITP
|
||
if ( data.msg === 'REQUEST_ACCESS' ) {
|
||
console.log( 'request access: safari' );
|
||
|
||
// Check ITP iframe enable/disable knob
|
||
if ( wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth !== 'safari_itp_iframe' ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// If we are in a "private window" there is no ITP.
|
||
var private_window = false;
|
||
try {
|
||
var opendb = window.openDatabase( null, null, null, null );
|
||
} catch( e ) {
|
||
private_window = true;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( private_window ) {
|
||
console.log( 'private window' );
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var iframe = document.createElement( 'iframe' );
|
||
iframe.id = 'wpcom_request_access_iframe';
|
||
iframe.setAttribute( 'scrolling', 'no' );
|
||
iframe.setAttribute( 'sandbox', 'allow-storage-access-by-user-activation allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation' );
|
||
iframe.src = 'https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=request_access&origin=' + encodeURIComponent( data.origin ) + '&wpcomid=' + encodeURIComponent( data.wpcomid );
|
||
|
||
var css = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 46px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 46px !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 660px ) { html { margin-top: 71px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 71px !important; } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { display: block; height: 71px !important; } } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { border: 0px; height: 46px; position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: #23282d; } ';
|
||
|
||
var style = document.createElement( 'style' );
|
||
style.type = 'text/css';
|
||
style.id = 'wpcom_request_access_styles';
|
||
style.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css ) );
|
||
document.body.appendChild( style );
|
||
|
||
document.body.appendChild( iframe );
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( data.msg === 'DONE' ) {
|
||
wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}, false );
|
||
|
||
// Inject the remote login iframe after the page has had a chance to load
|
||
// more critical resources
|
||
window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function( e ) {
|
||
var iframe = document.createElement( "iframe" );
|
||
iframe.style.display = "none";
|
||
iframe.setAttribute( "scrolling", "no" );
|
||
iframe.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
|
||
iframe.src = "https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php"
|
||
+ "?wpcom_remote_login=key"
|
||
+ "&origin=aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmFjb2x5ZXIub3Jn"
|
||
+ "&wpcomid=23592848"
|
||
+ "&time=" + Math.floor( Date.now() / 1000 );
|
||
document.body.appendChild( iframe );
|
||
}, false );
|
||
</script>
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s2.wp.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts-api.wp.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s1.wp.com' />
|
||
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' />
|
||
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="the morning paper » Feed" href="https://blog.acolyer.org/feed/" />
|
||
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="the morning paper » Comments Feed" href="https://blog.acolyer.org/comments/feed/" />
|
||
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="the morning paper » Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking Comments Feed" href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/feed/" />
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
/* <![CDATA[ */
|
||
function addLoadEvent(func) {
|
||
var oldonload = window.onload;
|
||
if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {
|
||
window.onload = func;
|
||
} else {
|
||
window.onload = function () {
|
||
oldonload();
|
||
func();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
/* ]]> */
|
||
</script>
|
||
<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css">
|
||
img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2-1' href='/_static/??-eJxtjEsKgDAMBS9kjbqwuBDPUtog9o9J8fpaEQSRBw8GhoEjC50iY2QIRWRf1i0SWOSstHsYQkr1TPFIsKNXjEbkRPyhVhM18J/0m8M3fFPVlzD3UnbTtWG0J2CTNNk=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css">
|
||
|
||
img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
|
||
display: inline !important;
|
||
border: none !important;
|
||
box-shadow: none !important;
|
||
height: 1em !important;
|
||
width: 1em !important;
|
||
margin: 0 0.07em !important;
|
||
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
|
||
background: none !important;
|
||
padding: 0 !important;
|
||
}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css">
|
||
:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}:root .has-text-align-center{text-align:center}:root .has-text-align-left{text-align:left}:root .has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-break:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-color],[style*=";border-color"],[style*="; border-color"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-color],[style*=";border-top-color"],[style*="; border-top-color"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-color],[style*=";border-right-color"],[style*="; border-right-color"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-color],[style*=";border-bottom-color"],[style*="; border-bottom-color"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-color],[style*=";border-left-color"],[style*="; border-left-color"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-width],[style*=";border-width"],[style*="; border-width"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-width],[style*=";border-top-width"],[style*="; border-top-width"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-width],[style*=";border-right-width"],[style*="; border-right-width"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-width],[style*=";border-bottom-width"],[style*="; border-bottom-width"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-width],[style*=";border-left-width"],[style*="; border-left-width"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}
|
||
|
||
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/common.min.css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css-extra">
|
||
.has-text-align-justify {
|
||
text-align:justify;
|
||
}
|
||
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=wp-block-library-inline-css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css">
|
||
.wp-block-button__link{background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-size:1.125em;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff}.wp-block-accordion-heading{margin:0}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle{background-color:inherit!important;color:inherit!important}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus,.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:hover{background-color:inherit!important;border:none;box-shadow:none;color:inherit;padding:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20,1em) 0;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-text-color){color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-background){background-color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:focus,.wp-block-tab:hover{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-tab:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/classic.min.css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
<style id="coblocks-inline-format-inline-css">
|
||
.uppercase{text-transform:uppercase}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=coblocks-inline-format-inline-css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-12-1' href='/_static/??/wp-content/mu-plugins/core-compat/wp-mediaelement.css,/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-bbpress-premium-themes.css?m=1432920480j&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
|
||
:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #fff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--dark-green: #1c7c7c;--wp--preset--color--dark-gray: #666;--wp--preset--color--medium-gray: #999;--wp--preset--color--light-gray: #eee;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(6,147,227) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(252,185,0) 0%,rgb(255,105,0) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,105,0) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: 'Albert Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya: Alegreya, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--arvo: Arvo, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda: 'Bodoni Moda', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque: 'Bricolage Grotesque', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cabin: Cabin, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--chivo: Chivo, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner: Commissioner, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant: Cormorant, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime: 'Courier Prime', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro: 'Crimson Pro', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono: 'DM Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display: 'DM Serif Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--domine: Domine, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond: 'EB Garamond', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue: Epilogue, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang: Fahkwang, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--figtree: Figtree, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans: 'Fira Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one: 'Fjalla One', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces: Fraunces, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito: Gabarito, system-ui;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova: 'Ibarra Real Nova', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif: 'Instrument Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--inter: Inter, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans: 'Josefin Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--jost: Jost, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville: 'Libre Baskerville', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin: 'Libre Franklin', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--literata: Literata, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--lora: Lora, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather: Merriweather, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat: Montserrat, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader: Newsreader, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono: 'Noto Sans Mono', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--nunito: Nunito, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--overpass: Overpass, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif: 'PT Serif', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--petrona: Petrona, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla: Piazzolla, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display: 'Playfair Display', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--poppins: Poppins, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--raleway: Raleway, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto: Roboto, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab: 'Roboto Slab', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rubik: Rubik, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--rufina: Rufina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--sora: Sora, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3: 'Source Sans 3', sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4: 'Source Serif 4', serif;--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono: 'Space Mono', monospace;--wp--preset--font-family--syne: Syne, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--texturina: Texturina, serif;--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist: Urbanist, sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans: 'Work Sans', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgb(255, 255, 255), 6px 6px rgb(0, 0, 0);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgb(0, 0, 0);}.wp-block-button{--wp--preset--dimension--25: 25%;--wp--preset--dimension--50: 50%;--wp--preset--dimension--75: 75%;--wp--preset--dimension--100: 100%;}:where(body) { margin: 0; }:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-weight: inherit;letter-spacing: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding-top: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-right: calc(1.333em + 2px);padding-bottom: calc(0.667em + 2px);padding-left: calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;text-transform: inherit;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-dark-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-green) !important;}.has-dark-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-medium-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-dark-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-green) !important;}.has-dark-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-medium-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-dark-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-green) !important;}.has-dark-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--dark-gray) !important;}.has-medium-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--medium-gray) !important;}.has-light-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-gray) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-alegreya-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--alegreya) !important;}.has-arvo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--arvo) !important;}.has-bodoni-moda-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bodoni-moda) !important;}.has-bricolage-grotesque-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--bricolage-grotesque) !important;}.has-cabin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cabin) !important;}.has-chivo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--chivo) !important;}.has-commissioner-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--commissioner) !important;}.has-cormorant-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cormorant) !important;}.has-courier-prime-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--courier-prime) !important;}.has-crimson-pro-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--crimson-pro) !important;}.has-dm-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-mono) !important;}.has-dm-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-sans) !important;}.has-dm-serif-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--dm-serif-display) !important;}.has-domine-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--domine) !important;}.has-eb-garamond-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--eb-garamond) !important;}.has-epilogue-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--epilogue) !important;}.has-fahkwang-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fahkwang) !important;}.has-figtree-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--figtree) !important;}.has-fira-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fira-sans) !important;}.has-fjalla-one-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fjalla-one) !important;}.has-fraunces-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fraunces) !important;}.has-gabarito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--gabarito) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-mono) !important;}.has-ibm-plex-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibm-plex-sans) !important;}.has-ibarra-real-nova-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--ibarra-real-nova) !important;}.has-instrument-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--instrument-serif) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-josefin-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--josefin-sans) !important;}.has-jost-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--jost) !important;}.has-libre-baskerville-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-baskerville) !important;}.has-libre-franklin-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--libre-franklin) !important;}.has-literata-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--literata) !important;}.has-lora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--lora) !important;}.has-merriweather-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--merriweather) !important;}.has-montserrat-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--montserrat) !important;}.has-newsreader-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--newsreader) !important;}.has-noto-sans-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--noto-sans-mono) !important;}.has-nunito-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--nunito) !important;}.has-open-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--open-sans) !important;}.has-overpass-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--overpass) !important;}.has-pt-serif-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--pt-serif) !important;}.has-petrona-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--petrona) !important;}.has-piazzolla-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--piazzolla) !important;}.has-playfair-display-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--playfair-display) !important;}.has-plus-jakarta-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--plus-jakarta-sans) !important;}.has-poppins-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--poppins) !important;}.has-raleway-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--raleway) !important;}.has-roboto-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto) !important;}.has-roboto-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--roboto-slab) !important;}.has-rubik-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rubik) !important;}.has-rufina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--rufina) !important;}.has-sora-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--sora) !important;}.has-source-sans-3-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-sans-3) !important;}.has-source-serif-4-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--source-serif-4) !important;}.has-space-mono-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--space-mono) !important;}.has-syne-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--syne) !important;}.has-texturina-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--texturina) !important;}.has-urbanist-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--urbanist) !important;}.has-work-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--work-sans) !important;}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=global-styles-inline-css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
|
||
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-14-1' href='/_static/??/wp-content/themes/pub/penscratch-2/css/reset.css,/wp-content/themes/pub/penscratch-2/style.css?m=1779214100j&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id="penscratch-2-style-inline-css">
|
||
.cat-links, .byline .author, .group-blog .byline + .sep, .single .byline + .sep { clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; position: absolute; overflow: hidden; width: 1px; }
|
||
/*# sourceURL=penscratch-2-style-inline-css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel='stylesheet' id='penscratch-2-fonts-css' href='https://fonts-api.wp.com/css?family=Roboto+Slab%3A300%2C400%2C700&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext' media='all' />
|
||
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-16-1' href='/_static/??-eJyNjsEKAjEMRH/ImO0iLB7Eb+mG2K22aWmyLP691YuIIN7mHd7M4FaBihiLoS2cWbGuM1YWpeaNFhiRVHFOhW6673GHfyhRCNXuiWGrVPKXl1eoaQ1RFBv37tBjeA298ZcUuEB/5C0W+QC4JB/bUz3nk5um4+gObhiuD4S6VWY=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='print-css-17-1' href='/wp-content/mu-plugins/global-print/global-print.css?m=1465851035i&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='print' />
|
||
<style id="jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css">
|
||
:root { --font-headings: unset; --font-base: unset; --font-headings-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; --font-base-default: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=jetpack-global-styles-frontend-style-inline-css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-20-1' href='/_static/??-eJyNjcEKAjEMRH/ImhVlqwfxU6TbhrZrmhTTIv69u+JFvHgZ5sHwBh7VeOGG3KB0U6nHzAoztur87cNQRNYInVBBk7tjcCE83zVz3HrVDfxvumb2MPVMAVR8dmRIougX/DhbwrK8pwNEksnROriU884e9+PJDnaYXxwFS20=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<script id="jetpack_related-posts-js-extra">
|
||
var related_posts_js_options = {"post_heading":"h4"};
|
||
//# sourceURL=jetpack_related-posts-js-extra
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script id="wpcom-actionbar-placeholder-js-extra">
|
||
var actionbardata = {"siteID":"23592848","postID":"9278","siteURL":"https://blog.acolyer.org","xhrURL":"https://blog.acolyer.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"e8f3aebd24","isLoggedIn":"","statusMessage":"","subsEmailDefault":"instantly","proxyScriptUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/js/wpcom-proxy-request.js?m=1513050504i&ver=20211021","shortlink":"https://wp.me/p1AZzO-2pE","i18n":{"followedText":"New posts from this site will now appear in your \u003Ca href=\"https://wordpress.com/reader\"\u003EReader\u003C/a\u003E","foldBar":"Collapse this bar","unfoldBar":"Expand this bar","shortLinkCopied":"Shortlink copied to clipboard."}};
|
||
//# sourceURL=wpcom-actionbar-placeholder-js-extra
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script id="jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before">
|
||
var JETPACK_MU_WPCOM_SETTINGS = {"assetsUrl":"https://s1.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-mu-wpcom-plugin/moon/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-mu-wpcom/src/build/"};
|
||
//# sourceURL=jetpack-mu-wpcom-settings-js-before
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='/_static/??/wp-content/mu-plugins/jetpack-plugin/moon/_inc/build/related-posts/related-posts.min.js,/wp-content/js/rlt-proxy.js?m=1788798821j'></script>
|
||
<script id="rlt-proxy-js-after">
|
||
rltInitialize( {"token":null,"iframeOrigins":["https:\/\/widgets.wp.com"]} );
|
||
//# sourceURL=rlt-proxy-js-after
|
||
</script>
|
||
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://adriancolyer.wordpress.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" />
|
||
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress.com" />
|
||
<link rel="canonical" href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/" />
|
||
<link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/p1AZzO-2pE' />
|
||
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/oembed/?format=json&url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.acolyer.org%2F2019%2F11%2F11%2Fsnap-networking%2F&for=wpcom-auto-discovery" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/xml+oembed" href="https://public-api.wordpress.com/oembed/?format=xml&url=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.acolyer.org%2F2019%2F11%2F11%2Fsnap-networking%2F&for=wpcom-auto-discovery" />
|
||
<!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
|
||
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
|
||
<meta property="og:title" content="Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking" />
|
||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/" />
|
||
<meta property="og:description" content="Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking Marty et al., SOSP’19 This paper describes the networking stack, Snap, that has been running in production at Google for the last three years+.…" />
|
||
<meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-11-11T06:00:00+00:00" />
|
||
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-11-10T16:01:15+00:00" />
|
||
<meta property="og:site_name" content="the morning paper" />
|
||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://blog.acolyer.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/snap-fig-1.jpeg?w=640" />
|
||
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="" />
|
||
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
|
||
<meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/WordPresscom" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://blog.acolyer.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/snap-fig-1.jpeg?w=144" />
|
||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
|
||
|
||
<!-- End Jetpack Open Graph Tags -->
|
||
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=32" sizes="16x16" />
|
||
<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=32" sizes="16x16" />
|
||
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=114" />
|
||
<link rel='openid.server' href='https://blog.acolyer.org/?openidserver=1' />
|
||
<link rel='openid.delegate' href='https://blog.acolyer.org/' />
|
||
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://blog.acolyer.org/osd.xml" title="the morning paper" />
|
||
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://s1.wp.com/opensearch.xml" title="WordPress.com" />
|
||
<meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" />
|
||
<meta name="description" content="Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking Marty et al., SOSP'19 This paper describes the networking stack, Snap, that has been running in production at Google for the last three years+. It’s been clear for a while that software designed explicitly for the data center environment will increasingly want/need to make different design trade-offs to…" />
|
||
<style id="custom-background-css">
|
||
body.custom-background { background-color: #ffffff; }
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style type="text/css" id="custom-colors-css"> .widget a:hover,
|
||
.site-footer .widget a:hover {
|
||
color: #666;
|
||
}
|
||
.jetpack-social-navigation ul a:hover { color: #FFFFFF;}
|
||
body { background-color: #ffffff;}
|
||
.jetpack-social-navigation ul a:hover { background-color: #1c7c7c;}
|
||
.jetpack-recipe-title { border-color: #1c7c7c;}
|
||
.toggled .menu-toggle, .wp_widget_tag_cloud a:hover, .tags-links a:hover { border-color: #1B7878;}
|
||
.button:hover, .button:focus, .button:active, button:hover, button:focus, button:active, input[type="button"]:hover, input[type="button"]:focus, input[type="button"]:active, input[type="reset"]:hover, input[type="reset"]:focus, input[type="reset"]:active, input[type="submit"]:hover, input[type="submit"]:focus, input[type="submit"]:active, #infinite-handle span:hover { border-color: #1B7878;}
|
||
.button:hover, .button:focus, .button:active, button:hover, button:focus, button:active, input[type="button"]:hover, input[type="button"]:focus, input[type="button"]:active, input[type="reset"]:hover, input[type="reset"]:focus, input[type="reset"]:active, input[type="submit"]:hover, input[type="submit"]:focus, input[type="submit"]:active, #infinite-handle span:hover { color: #1B7878;}
|
||
.menu-toggle:hover #menu-icon, .toggled #menu-icon { fill: #1B7878;}
|
||
a, a:visited, .site-footer a:hover, .main-navigation li:hover > a, .current_page_item a, .current-menu-item a, .toggled .menu-toggle, .entry-footer a:hover, .entry-meta a:hover, .entry-title a:hover, .site-main .post-navigation .meta-nav, .site-main .paging-navigation .meta-nav, .comment-meta .comment-metadata a:hover, .required, .widget a, #wp-calendar a, .wp_widget_tag_cloud a:hover, #infinite-footer .container a:hover, #infinite-handle span, .tags-links a:hover, .current_page_item a, .current-menu-item a, .current_page_item a:visited, .current-menu-item a:visited { color: #1B7878;}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" id="custom-css-css" type="text/css" href="https://s2.wp.com/?custom-css=1&csblog=1AZzO&cscache=6&csrev=16" />
|
||
</head>
|
||
|
||
<body class="wp-singular post-template-default single single-post postid-9278 single-format-standard custom-background wp-embed-responsive wp-theme-pubpenscratch-2 customizer-styles-applied no-sidebar jetpack-reblog-enabled categories-hidden author-hidden custom-colors">
|
||
<div id="page" class="hfeed site">
|
||
<a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a>
|
||
<header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner">
|
||
<div class="site-branding">
|
||
<p class="site-title"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/" rel="home">the morning paper</a></p>
|
||
<p class="site-description">a random walk through Computer Science research, by Adrian Colyer</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation">
|
||
<button class="menu-toggle">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><rect x="0" fill="none" width="16" height="16"/><g><path id="menu-icon" d="M0 14h16v-2H0v2zM0 2v2h16V2H0zm0 7h16V7H0v2z"/></g></svg>
|
||
Menu </button>
|
||
<div class="menu"><ul>
|
||
<li class="page_item page-item-2"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/about/">About</a></li>
|
||
<li class="page_item page-item-8716"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/archives/">Archives</a></li>
|
||
<li class="page_item page-item-5027"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/infoq-quarterly-review-editions/">InfoQ QR Editions</a></li>
|
||
<li class="page_item page-item-8713"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/search/">Search</a></li>
|
||
<li class="page_item page-item-406"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/email-subs/">Subscribe</a></li>
|
||
<li class="page_item page-item-8719"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/tags/">Tags</a></li>
|
||
<li class="page_item page-item-6991"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/privacy/">Privacy</a></li>
|
||
</ul></div>
|
||
</nav><!-- #site-navigation -->
|
||
</header><!-- #masthead -->
|
||
|
||
<div id="content" class="site-content">
|
||
|
||
<div id="primary" class="content-area">
|
||
<main id="main" class="site-main" role="main">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<article id="post-9278" class="post-9278 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-uncategorized tag-google tag-networking">
|
||
<header class="entry-header">
|
||
<h1 class="entry-title">Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking</h1>
|
||
<div class="entry-meta">
|
||
<span class="posted-on"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-11-11T06:00:00+00:00">November 11, 2019</time><time class="updated" datetime="2019-11-10T16:01:15+00:00">November 10, 2019</time></a></span><span class="byline"><span class="author vcard"><span class="sep"> ~ </span><a class="url fn n" href="https://blog.acolyer.org/author/adriancolyer/">adriancolyer</a></span></span> </div><!-- .entry-meta -->
|
||
</header><!-- .entry-header -->
|
||
|
||
<div class="entry-content">
|
||
<p><a href="https://ai.google/research/pubs/pub48630/">Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking</a> Marty et al., <em>SOSP’19</em></p>
|
||
<p>This paper describes the networking stack, <em>Snap</em>, that has been running in production at Google for the last three years+. It’s been clear for a while that software designed explicitly for the data center environment will increasingly want/need to make different design trade-offs to e.g. general-purpose systems software that you might install on your own machines. But wow, I didn’t think we’d be at the point yet where we’d be abandoning TCP/IP! You need a <em>lot</em> of software engineers and the willingness to rewrite a lot of software to entertain that idea. Enter Google!</p>
|
||
<p>I’m jumping ahead a bit here, but the component of Snap which provides the transport and communications stack is called <em>Pony Express</em>. Here are the bombshell paragraphs:</p>
|
||
<blockquote><p>Our datacenter applications seek ever more CPU-efficient and lower-latency communication, which Pony Express delivers. It implements reliability, congestion control, optional ordering, flow control, and execution of remote data access operations. Rather than reimplement TCP/IP or refactor an existing transport, <strong>we started Pony Express from scratch to innovate on more efficient interfaces, architecture, and protocol</strong>. (Emphasis mine).</p></blockquote>
|
||
<p>and later on “<em>we are seeking to grow usage of Snap, particularly with Pony Express as a general-purpose TCP/IP replacement</em>“.</p>
|
||
<h3>The forces shaping Snap’s design</h3>
|
||
<p>The desire for CPU efficiency and lower latencies is easy to understand. But the thing that really stands out to me as a key driving force in determining Snap’s design is the desire to be able to evolve Snap rapidly – i.e. being able to do regular releases of software upgrades to deploy new network functionality and performance optimisations.</p>
|
||
<p>With the previous kernel space solution, networking enhancements took longer to develop, and a really long time to deploy: “<em>in practice, a change to the kernel-based stack takes 1-2 months to deploy whereas a new Snap release gets deployed to our fleet on a weekly basis</em>.” That’s 4-8x the speed of evolution and feedback cycles.</p>
|
||
<p>To get that release speed, Snap needs to be a <em>user space</em> solution. But if rolling out a new release of Snap required all applications using it to also roll out a release, that would be even more painful. So Snap needs to be outside of both the kernel and any application using it. This rules out a ‘library’ approach.</p>
|
||
<h3>Where Snap fits into the stack</h3>
|
||
<p>What’s left is a design whereby Snap runs as userspace ‘microkernel’, which applications communicate with using shared memory reads and writes. This combines all the benefits of centralised management without the tight coupling and slow release cycles. It reminds me of <a href="https://zeromq.org/">ZeroMQ</a>.</p>
|
||
<p><img src="https://blog.acolyer.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/snap-fig-1.jpeg?w=640" alt="" /></p>
|
||
<blockquote><p>Snap’s architecture is a composition of recent ideas in user-space networking, in-service upgrades, centralized resource accounting, programmable packet processing, kernel-bypass, RDMA functionality, and optimized co-design of transport, congestion control and routing.</p></blockquote>
|
||
<p>Snap’s control plane is orchestrated via RPCs. Data plane operations are handled by pluggable <em>engines</em> (Pony Express is an engine).</p>
|
||
<p><img src="https://blog.acolyer.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/snap-fig-2.jpeg?w=640" alt="" /></p>
|
||
<h3>Upgrading in a Snap</h3>
|
||
<p>When it comes time to rollout a new release of Snap, the upgrade takes place in two phases. A <em>brownout</em> phase performs a preparatory background transfer of all the key state to a memory region shared with the new version. Then a short blackout period (200ms or less) cuts over to the new version. Upgrades are performed incrementally, one engine at a time. Upgrades are also rolled out progressively across the cluster of course.</p>
|
||
<blockquote><p>…with a gradual upgrade process across a cluster, we have found that our existing applications do not notice hundred millisecond blips in communication that occur once per week.</p></blockquote>
|
||
<p><img src="https://blog.acolyer.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/snap-fig-5.jpeg?w=480" alt="" /></p>
|
||
<p>During a rollout there will be periods when multiple release versions can exist in a fleet. Thus new releases have to backwards compatible with older protocol versions. An out-of-band mechanism (tcp socket) is used to advertise the available wire protocol versions when connecting to a remote machine, and the lowest common denominator will be used. Once the whole fleet has turned over, the code for the now unused version(s) can be removed.</p>
|
||
<h3>The little engine that could</h3>
|
||
<blockquote><p>Engines are stateful, single-threaded tasks that are scheduled and run by a Snap engine scheduling runtime.</p></blockquote>
|
||
<p>There are three broad categories of <em>scheduling modes</em> for engines:</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>Dedicated cores: an engine is pinned to a dedicated hyperthread on which no other work can run. When under/over provisioning is not a concern, this can deliver very low latency.</li>
|
||
<li>Spreading: engines are assigned to threads that schedule only when active, and block on interrupt notification when idle. This mode scales CPU consumption in proportion to load, and provides the best tail latency properties.</li>
|
||
<li>Compacting: this mode collapses work onto as few cores as possible, relying on periodic polling of engine queuing delays to detect load imbalance.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<blockquote><p>The CPU scheduling modes also provide options to mitigate Spectre-class vulnerabilities by cleanly separating cores running engines for certain applications from those running engines for different applications.</p></blockquote>
|
||
<h3>All aboard the Pony Express</h3>
|
||
<p>Pony Express, as we saw earlier, is a ground-up implementation of networking primitives. It offers <em>asynchronous</em> operation-level commands and completions, with both two-sided and one-sided operations (of which RDMA is an example). One-sided operations do not involve any remote application thread interaction.</p>
|
||
<p>Client applications interact with Pony Express over a Unix domain socket using the Pony Express client library. Command and completion queues are managed in shared memory. Application threads can either spin-poll the completion queue to receive results, or can request a thread notification when a completion is written.</p>
|
||
<p><img src="https://blog.acolyer.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/snap-fig-4.jpeg?w=520" alt="" /></p>
|
||
<p>The upper layer of Pony Express implements state machines for application-level operations, and the lower layer implements reliability and congestion control.</p>
|
||
<blockquote><p>The congestion control algorithm we deploy with Pony Express is a variant of <a href="https://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2015/pdf/papers/p537.pdf">Timely</a>, and runs on dedicated fabric QoS classes. The ability to rapidly deploy new versions of Pony Express significantly aided development and tuning of congestion control.</p></blockquote>
|
||
<p>One-sided operations seem to be the one place where applications and Snap are coupled – if an application needs a new one-sided operation it must be pre-defined and pre-installed as part of a Pony Express release.</p>
|
||
<h3>Performance numbers</h3>
|
||
<p>Compared to a baseline setup using the <a href="https://github.com/google/neper">Neper</a> utility, Snap/Pony delivers 38Gpbp using 1.05 cores, vs 22Gbps using 1.2 cores for the baseline.</p>
|
||
<p>It has low latency, stable tail latency, and high cpu efficiency as shown in the charts below.</p>
|
||
<p><img src="https://blog.acolyer.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/snap-fig-6.jpeg?w=640" alt="" /></p>
|
||
<p>Production workloads have achieved up to 5 million remote memory accesses per second using a single dedicate Snap/Pony core – twice the production performance of the hardware RDMA implementation it replaced (to prevent thrashing, the hardware implementation had caps in place).</p>
|
||
<blockquote><p>Our evaluation demonstrates up to 3x improvement in Gbps/core efficiency, sub-10-microsecond latency, dynamic scaling capability, millions of one-sided operations per second, and CPU scheduling with a customizable emphasis between efficiency and latency.</p></blockquote>
|
||
<div id="jp-post-flair" class="sharedaddy sd-like-enabled sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon-text sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
|
||
data-shared="sharing-twitter-9278"
|
||
class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon"
|
||
href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/?share=twitter"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
aria-labelledby="sharing-twitter-9278"
|
||
>
|
||
<span id="sharing-twitter-9278" hidden>Share on X (Opens in new window)</span>
|
||
<span>X</span>
|
||
</a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
|
||
data-shared="sharing-linkedin-9278"
|
||
class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon"
|
||
href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/?share=linkedin"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
aria-labelledby="sharing-linkedin-9278"
|
||
>
|
||
<span id="sharing-linkedin-9278" hidden>Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span>
|
||
<span>LinkedIn</span>
|
||
</a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
|
||
data-shared="sharing-email-9278"
|
||
class="share-email sd-button share-icon"
|
||
href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Snap%3A%20a%20microkernel%20approach%20to%20host%20networking&body=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.acolyer.org%2F2019%2F11%2F11%2Fsnap-networking%2F&share=email"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
aria-labelledby="sharing-email-9278"
|
||
data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="a8b942bee7" data-email-share-track-url="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/?share=email">
|
||
<span id="sharing-email-9278" hidden>Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span>
|
||
<span>Email</span>
|
||
</a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"
|
||
data-shared="sharing-print-9278"
|
||
class="share-print sd-button share-icon"
|
||
href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/#print?share=print"
|
||
target="_blank"
|
||
aria-labelledby="sharing-print-9278"
|
||
>
|
||
<span id="sharing-print-9278" hidden>Print (Opens in new window)</span>
|
||
<span>Print</span>
|
||
</a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class='sharedaddy sd-block sd-like jetpack-likes-widget-wrapper jetpack-likes-widget-unloaded' id='like-post-wrapper-23592848-9278-6aa499ea49bc3' data-src='//widgets.wp.com/likes/index.html?ver=20260912#blog_id=23592848&post_id=9278&origin=adriancolyer.wordpress.com&obj_id=23592848-9278-6aa499ea49bc3&domain=blog.acolyer.org' data-name='like-post-frame-23592848-9278-6aa499ea49bc3' data-title='Like or Reblog'><div class='likes-widget-placeholder post-likes-widget-placeholder' style='height: 55px;'><span class='button'><span>Like</span></span> <span class='loading'>Loading...</span></div><span class='sd-text-color'></span><a class='sd-link-color'></a></div>
|
||
<div id='jp-relatedposts' class='jp-relatedposts' >
|
||
<h3 class="jp-relatedposts-headline"><em>Related</em></h3>
|
||
</div></div> </div><!-- .entry-content -->
|
||
|
||
<footer class="entry-footer">
|
||
<span class="cat-links">
|
||
Posted in <a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/category/uncategorized/" rel="category tag">Uncategorized</a> </span>
|
||
<span class="tags-links">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/tag/google/" rel="tag">Google</a><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/tag/networking/" rel="tag">Networking</a> </span>
|
||
</footer><!-- .entry-footer -->
|
||
|
||
</article><!-- #post-## -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<nav class="navigation post-navigation" aria-label="Posts">
|
||
<h2 class="screen-reader-text">Post navigation</h2>
|
||
<div class="nav-links"><div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/08/the-inflection-point-hypothesis/" rel="prev"><span class="meta-nav">‹ Previous</span>The inflection point hypothesis: a principled approach to finding the root cause of a failure</a></div><div class="nav-next"><a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/13/scaling-symbolic-evaluation-serval/" rel="next"><span class="meta-nav">Next ›</span>Scaling symbolic evaluation for automated verification of systems code with Serval</a></div></div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
|
||
<div id="comments" class="comments-area">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="comments-title">
|
||
7 thoughts on “<span>Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking</span>” </h2><!-- .comments-title -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ol class="comment-list">
|
||
<li id="comment-81270" class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent">
|
||
<article id="div-comment-81270" class="comment-body">
|
||
<footer class="comment-meta">
|
||
<div class="comment-author vcard">
|
||
<img referrerpolicy="no-referrer" alt='Adam Sah's avatar' src='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0a309c38ba9f88141400c39b18ae76ef678e157abe54a6814536c370a6066c6a?s=60&d=identicon&r=G' srcset='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0a309c38ba9f88141400c39b18ae76ef678e157abe54a6814536c370a6066c6a?s=60&d=identicon&r=G 1x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0a309c38ba9f88141400c39b18ae76ef678e157abe54a6814536c370a6066c6a?s=90&d=identicon&r=G 1.5x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0a309c38ba9f88141400c39b18ae76ef678e157abe54a6814536c370a6066c6a?s=120&d=identicon&r=G 2x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0a309c38ba9f88141400c39b18ae76ef678e157abe54a6814536c370a6066c6a?s=180&d=identicon&r=G 3x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0a309c38ba9f88141400c39b18ae76ef678e157abe54a6814536c370a6066c6a?s=240&d=identicon&r=G 4x' class='avatar avatar-60' height='60' width='60' decoding='async' /> <b class="fn">Adam Sah</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
|
||
|
||
<div class="comment-metadata">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/#comment-81270"><time datetime="2019-11-11T08:19:37+00:00">November 11, 2019 at 8:19 am</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
|
||
|
||
</footer><!-- .comment-meta -->
|
||
|
||
<div class="comment-content">
|
||
<p>Is this architecture vulnerable to SPECTRE/MELTDOWN type attacks from one app to the other?</p>
|
||
</div><!-- .comment-content -->
|
||
|
||
</article><!-- .comment-body -->
|
||
<ol class="children">
|
||
<li id="comment-81410" class="comment byuser comment-author-adriancolyer bypostauthor odd alt depth-2">
|
||
<article id="div-comment-81410" class="comment-body">
|
||
<footer class="comment-meta">
|
||
<div class="comment-author vcard">
|
||
<img referrerpolicy="no-referrer" alt='adriancolyer's avatar' src='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/3a354cf7a8268ff825f87b3c13e24831e4d773c637ee1a81895ed8e861fa8f1d?s=60&d=identicon&r=G' srcset='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/3a354cf7a8268ff825f87b3c13e24831e4d773c637ee1a81895ed8e861fa8f1d?s=60&d=identicon&r=G 1x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/3a354cf7a8268ff825f87b3c13e24831e4d773c637ee1a81895ed8e861fa8f1d?s=90&d=identicon&r=G 1.5x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/3a354cf7a8268ff825f87b3c13e24831e4d773c637ee1a81895ed8e861fa8f1d?s=120&d=identicon&r=G 2x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/3a354cf7a8268ff825f87b3c13e24831e4d773c637ee1a81895ed8e861fa8f1d?s=180&d=identicon&r=G 3x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/3a354cf7a8268ff825f87b3c13e24831e4d773c637ee1a81895ed8e861fa8f1d?s=240&d=identicon&r=G 4x' class='avatar avatar-60' height='60' width='60' decoding='async' /> <b class="fn"><a href="https://adriancolyer.wordpress.com" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">adriancolyer</a></b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
|
||
|
||
<div class="comment-metadata">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/#comment-81410"><time datetime="2019-11-11T20:37:02+00:00">November 11, 2019 at 8:37 pm</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
|
||
|
||
</footer><!-- .comment-meta -->
|
||
|
||
<div class="comment-content">
|
||
<p>There’s an interesting discussion in the full paper about the way the Engine scheduling policies allow for full separation of engine traffic when desired by pinning an engine to a *dedicated* core. They explicitly reference protection against such side-channel attacks as a benefit here.</p>
|
||
</div><!-- .comment-content -->
|
||
|
||
</article><!-- .comment-body -->
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
</ol><!-- .children -->
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
<li id="comment-81448" class="pingback even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1">
|
||
<div class="comment-body">
|
||
Pingback: <a href="https://the-newscast.com/googles-networking-stack-snap-a-microkernel-approach-to-host-networking/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Google's networking stack – Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking - the-newscast.com</a> </div>
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
<li id="comment-81531" class="pingback odd alt thread-even depth-1">
|
||
<div class="comment-body">
|
||
Pingback: <a href="https://www.g33kinfo.com/info/2019/11/12/snap-a-microkernel-approach-to-host-networking-the-morning-paper/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Snap: a microkernel approach to host networking – the morning paper – Linux Shtuff</a> </div>
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
<li id="comment-81958" class="pingback even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1">
|
||
<div class="comment-body">
|
||
Pingback: <a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/15/facebook-taiji/" class="url" rel="ugc">Taiji: managing global user traffic for large-scale Internet services at the edge – the morning paper</a> </div>
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
<li id="comment-82746" class="comment odd alt thread-even depth-1">
|
||
<article id="div-comment-82746" class="comment-body">
|
||
<footer class="comment-meta">
|
||
<div class="comment-author vcard">
|
||
<img referrerpolicy="no-referrer" alt='Antoine Kaufmann's avatar' src='https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/2b4dad914ad7169785bade64f2f8c0cd91da894e9c5edee4d2b9b76c4a4402b7?s=60&d=identicon&r=G' srcset='https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/2b4dad914ad7169785bade64f2f8c0cd91da894e9c5edee4d2b9b76c4a4402b7?s=60&d=identicon&r=G 1x, https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/2b4dad914ad7169785bade64f2f8c0cd91da894e9c5edee4d2b9b76c4a4402b7?s=90&d=identicon&r=G 1.5x, https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/2b4dad914ad7169785bade64f2f8c0cd91da894e9c5edee4d2b9b76c4a4402b7?s=120&d=identicon&r=G 2x, https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/2b4dad914ad7169785bade64f2f8c0cd91da894e9c5edee4d2b9b76c4a4402b7?s=180&d=identicon&r=G 3x, https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/2b4dad914ad7169785bade64f2f8c0cd91da894e9c5edee4d2b9b76c4a4402b7?s=240&d=identicon&r=G 4x' class='avatar avatar-60' height='60' width='60' decoding='async' /> <b class="fn"><a href="https://people.mpi-sws.org/~antoinek/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Antoine Kaufmann</a></b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
|
||
|
||
<div class="comment-metadata">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/#comment-82746"><time datetime="2019-11-20T11:18:26+00:00">November 20, 2019 at 11:18 am</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
|
||
|
||
</footer><!-- .comment-meta -->
|
||
|
||
<div class="comment-content">
|
||
<p>With TAS (in EuroSys’2019, <a href="https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3303985" rel="nofollow ugc">https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3303985</a>) we ended up building a TCP stack with a similar architecture. The stack also runs as a privileged user space service on dedicated cores, and adapts the number of cores to workload demand. Even some of the implementation aspects are similar, using a Unix sockets for control operation and then switching over to asynchronous shared memory queues. After publication we also added support to integrate with the Linux network stack to make the stack opt-in for applications.</p>
|
||
<p>For TAS the main motivation was performance, we were looking to get performance/CPU efficiency close to kernel bypass without losing any of the traditional OS protection/isolation guarantees, and while supporting multiple applications without just relying on busy polling. Another difference, was that we were looking to preserve backward compatiblity with TCP sockets applications. RDMA support (likely RoCE) is on our TODO list, and Snap confirms that we should be able to get similar performance benefits there too.</p>
|
||
<p>Encouraging to see that Google seems to agree with the motivation behind this architecture. And the addition of transparent upgrades seems like a great opportunity that we haven’t considered yet. My guess is that this would be a bit trickier to pull off with TCP, but probably doable.</p>
|
||
<p>Unlike Snap, TAS is available open source: <a href="https://github.com/tcp-acceleration-service/tas" rel="nofollow ugc">https://github.com/tcp-acceleration-service/tas</a></p>
|
||
</div><!-- .comment-content -->
|
||
|
||
</article><!-- .comment-body -->
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
<li id="comment-84109" class="pingback even thread-odd thread-alt depth-1">
|
||
<div class="comment-body">
|
||
Pingback: <a href="http://blog.neurobashing.com/2019/12/01/if-it-doesnt-run-a-browser-does-it-matter/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">If it doesn’t run a browser, does it matter? – 21st Century Digital Boy</a> </div>
|
||
</li><!-- #comment-## -->
|
||
</ol><!-- .comment-list -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="no-comments">Comments are closed.</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- #comments -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</main><!-- #main -->
|
||
</div><!-- #primary -->
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- #content -->
|
||
|
||
<footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo">
|
||
<div class="site-info-wrapper clear">
|
||
<div class="site-info">
|
||
<a href="https://wordpress.com/?ref=footer_blog" rel="nofollow">Blog at WordPress.com.</a>
|
||
|
||
</div><!-- .site-info -->
|
||
</div><!-- .site-info-wrapper -->
|
||
</footer><!-- #colophon -->
|
||
</div><!-- #page -->
|
||
|
||
<!-- -->
|
||
<script type="speculationrules">
|
||
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["/wp-*.php","/wp-admin/*","/files/*","/wp-content/*","/wp-content/plugins/*","/wp-content/themes/pub/penscratch-2/*","/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script id="grofiles-cards-js" src="//0.gravatar.com/js/hovercards/hovercards.min.js?ver=202637d1133547e8a1f2801609f51cef12522abe7f6647d869e9fbc974fe356a37e613"></script>
|
||
<script id="wpgroho-js-extra">
|
||
var WPGroHo = {"my_hash":""};
|
||
//# sourceURL=wpgroho-js-extra
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='/wp-content/mu-plugins/gravatar-hovercards/wpgroho.js?m=1610363240i'></script>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
// Initialize and attach hovercards to all gravatars
|
||
( function() {
|
||
function init() {
|
||
if ( typeof Gravatar === 'undefined' ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( typeof Gravatar.init !== 'function' ) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
Gravatar.profile_cb = function ( hash, id ) {
|
||
WPGroHo.syncProfileData( hash, id );
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
Gravatar.my_hash = WPGroHo.my_hash;
|
||
Gravatar.init(
|
||
'body',
|
||
'#wp-admin-bar-my-account',
|
||
{
|
||
i18n: {
|
||
'Edit your profile →': 'Edit your profile →',
|
||
'View profile →': 'View profile →',
|
||
'Contact': 'Contact',
|
||
'Send money': 'Send money',
|
||
'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.': 'Sorry, we are unable to load this Gravatar profile.',
|
||
'Gravatar not found.': 'Gravatar not found.',
|
||
'Too Many Requests.': 'Too Many Requests.',
|
||
'Internal Server Error.': 'Internal Server Error.',
|
||
'Is this you?': 'Is this you?',
|
||
'Claim your free profile.': 'Claim your free profile.',
|
||
'Email': 'Email',
|
||
'Home Phone': 'Home Phone',
|
||
'Work Phone': 'Work Phone',
|
||
'Cell Phone': 'Cell Phone',
|
||
'Contact Form': 'Contact Form',
|
||
'Calendar': 'Calendar',
|
||
},
|
||
}
|
||
);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ( document.readyState !== 'loading' ) {
|
||
init();
|
||
} else {
|
||
document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', init );
|
||
}
|
||
} )();
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<div style="display:none">
|
||
<div class="grofile-hash-map-381e9846c1b60ff31657951942b8847f">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="grofile-hash-map-a795b4f89a6d096f314fc0a2c80479c1">
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="grofile-hash-map-ab09ba07935f646ca4d96abaf6bf800e">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="actionbar" dir="ltr" style="display: none;"
|
||
class="actnbr-pub-penscratch-2 actnbr-has-follow actnbr-has-actions">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden">
|
||
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-reblog" href="">
|
||
<svg class="gridicon gridicons-reblog" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M22.086 9.914L20 7.828V18c0 1.105-.895 2-2 2h-7v-2h7V7.828l-2.086 2.086L14.5 8.5 19 4l4.5 4.5-1.414 1.414zM6 16.172V6h7V4H6c-1.105 0-2 .895-2 2v10.172l-2.086-2.086L.5 15.5 5 20l4.5-4.5-1.414-1.414L6 16.172z"/></g></svg><span>Reblog</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-btn actnbr-hidden">
|
||
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-follow " href="">
|
||
<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m4 4.5h12v6.5h1.5v-6.5-1.5h-1.5-12-1.5v1.5 10.5c0 1.1046.89543 2 2 2h7v-1.5h-7c-.27614 0-.5-.2239-.5-.5zm10.5 2h-9v1.5h9zm-5 3h-4v1.5h4zm3.5 1.5h-1v1h1zm-1-1.5h-1.5v1.5 1 1.5h1.5 1 1.5v-1.5-1-1.5h-1.5zm-2.5 2.5h-4v1.5h4zm6.5 1.25h1.5v2.25h2.25v1.5h-2.25v2.25h-1.5v-2.25h-2.25v-1.5h2.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg>
|
||
<span>Subscribe</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-following no-display" href="">
|
||
<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16 4.5H4V15C4 15.2761 4.22386 15.5 4.5 15.5H11.5V17H4.5C3.39543 17 2.5 16.1046 2.5 15V3H17.5V12.5H16V4.5ZM5.5 6.5H14.5V8H5.5V6.5ZM5.5 9.5H9.5V11H5.5V9.5ZM12 11H13V12H12V11ZM10.5 9.5H14.5V13.5H10.5V9.5ZM5.5 12H9.5V13.5H5.5V12Z" fill="#008A20"></path><path d="M19.5303 15.0303L15.5 19.0605L12.9697 16.5303L14.0303 15.4697L15.5 16.9395L18.4697 13.9697L19.5303 15.0303Z" fill="#008A20"></path></svg>
|
||
<span>Subscribed</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<div class="actnbr-popover tip tip-top-left actnbr-notice" id="follow-bubble">
|
||
<div class="tip-arrow"></div>
|
||
<div class="tip-inner actnbr-follow-bubble">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-sitename">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.acolyer.org">
|
||
<img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=75&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1.5x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=100&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 2x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=150&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 3x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=200&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 4x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /> the morning paper </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<div class="actnbr-message no-display"></div>
|
||
<form method="post" action="https://subscribe.wordpress.com" accept-charset="utf-8" style="display: none;">
|
||
<div class="actnbr-follow-count">Join 3,125 other subscribers</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Enter your email address" class="actnbr-email-field" aria-label="Enter your email address" />
|
||
</div>
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="subscribe" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="blog_id" value="23592848" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="source" value="https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" name="sub-type" value="actionbar-follow" />
|
||
<input type="hidden" id="_wpnonce" name="_wpnonce" value="a0b9dafa84" /> <div class="actnbr-button-wrap">
|
||
<button type="submit" value="Sign me up">
|
||
Sign me up </button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</form>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-login-nudge">
|
||
<div>
|
||
Already have a WordPress.com account? <a href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fr-login.wordpress.com%2Fremote-login.php%3Faction%3Dlink%26back%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fblog.acolyer.org%252F2019%252F11%252F11%252Fsnap-networking%252F">Log in now.</a> </div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-ellipsis actnbr-hidden">
|
||
<svg class="gridicon gridicons-ellipsis" height="24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7 12c0 1.104-.896 2-2 2s-2-.896-2-2 .896-2 2-2 2 .896 2 2zm12-2c-1.104 0-2 .896-2 2s.896 2 2 2 2-.896 2-2-.896-2-2-2zm-7 0c-1.104 0-2 .896-2 2s.896 2 2 2 2-.896 2-2-.896-2-2-2z"/></g></svg> <div class="actnbr-popover tip tip-top-left actnbr-more">
|
||
<div class="tip-arrow"></div>
|
||
<div class="tip-inner">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-sitename">
|
||
<a href="https://blog.acolyer.org">
|
||
<img loading='lazy' alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=75&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 1.5x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=100&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 2x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=150&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 3x, https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/a223d8685ecce4add34c037c09fa17d665b0daa6c6dc734f5984f129f7c5c2f8?s=200&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png 4x' class='avatar avatar-50' height='50' width='50' /> the morning paper </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-folded-follow">
|
||
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-follow " href="">
|
||
<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m4 4.5h12v6.5h1.5v-6.5-1.5h-1.5-12-1.5v1.5 10.5c0 1.1046.89543 2 2 2h7v-1.5h-7c-.27614 0-.5-.2239-.5-.5zm10.5 2h-9v1.5h9zm-5 3h-4v1.5h4zm3.5 1.5h-1v1h1zm-1-1.5h-1.5v1.5 1 1.5h1.5 1 1.5v-1.5-1-1.5h-1.5zm-2.5 2.5h-4v1.5h4zm6.5 1.25h1.5v2.25h2.25v1.5h-2.25v2.25h-1.5v-2.25h-2.25v-1.5h2.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></svg>
|
||
<span>Subscribe</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<a class="actnbr-action actnbr-actn-following no-display" href="">
|
||
<svg class="gridicon" height="20" width="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16 4.5H4V15C4 15.2761 4.22386 15.5 4.5 15.5H11.5V17H4.5C3.39543 17 2.5 16.1046 2.5 15V3H17.5V12.5H16V4.5ZM5.5 6.5H14.5V8H5.5V6.5ZM5.5 9.5H9.5V11H5.5V9.5ZM12 11H13V12H12V11ZM10.5 9.5H14.5V13.5H10.5V9.5ZM5.5 12H9.5V13.5H5.5V12Z" fill="#008A20"></path><path d="M19.5303 15.0303L15.5 19.0605L12.9697 16.5303L14.0303 15.4697L15.5 16.9395L18.4697 13.9697L19.5303 15.0303Z" fill="#008A20"></path></svg>
|
||
<span>Subscribed</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-signup"><a href="https://wordpress.com/start/">Sign up</a></li>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-login"><a href="https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fr-login.wordpress.com%2Fremote-login.php%3Faction%3Dlink%26back%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fblog.acolyer.org%252F2019%252F11%252F11%252Fsnap-networking%252F">Log in</a></li>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-shortlink">
|
||
<a href="https://wp.me/p1AZzO-2pE">
|
||
<span class="actnbr-shortlink__text">Copy shortlink</span>
|
||
<span class="actnbr-shortlink__icon"><svg class="gridicon gridicons-checkmark" height="16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M9 19.414l-6.707-6.707 1.414-1.414L9 16.586 20.293 5.293l1.414 1.414"/></g></svg></span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="flb-report">
|
||
<a href="https://wordpress.com/abuse/?report_url=https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
|
||
Report this content </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-reader">
|
||
<a href="https://wordpress.com/reader/blogs/23592848/posts/9278">
|
||
View post in Reader </a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-subs">
|
||
<a href="https://subscribe.wordpress.com/">Manage subscriptions</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="actnbr-fold"><a href="">Collapse this bar</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function( event ) {
|
||
var link = document.createElement( "link" );
|
||
link.href = "/wp-content/mu-plugins/actionbar/actionbar.css?v=20250116";
|
||
link.type = "text/css";
|
||
link.rel = "stylesheet";
|
||
document.head.appendChild( link );
|
||
|
||
var script = document.createElement( "script" );
|
||
script.src = "/wp-content/mu-plugins/actionbar/actionbar.js?v=20250204";
|
||
document.body.appendChild( script );
|
||
} );
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https://blog.acolyer.org/2019/11/11/snap-networking/":9278};
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<script type="text/javascript">
|
||
(function () {
|
||
var wpcom_reblog = {
|
||
source: 'toolbar',
|
||
|
||
toggle_reblog_box_flair: function (obj_id, post_id) {
|
||
|
||
// Go to site selector. This will redirect to their blog if they only have one.
|
||
const postEndpoint = `https://wordpress.com/post`;
|
||
|
||
// Ideally we would use the permalink here, but fortunately this will be replaced with the
|
||
// post permalink in the editor.
|
||
const originalURL = `${ document.location.href }?page_id=${ post_id }`;
|
||
|
||
const url =
|
||
postEndpoint +
|
||
'?url=' +
|
||
encodeURIComponent( originalURL ) +
|
||
'&is_post_share=true' +
|
||
'&v=5';
|
||
|
||
const redirect = function () {
|
||
if (
|
||
! window.open( url, '_blank' )
|
||
) {
|
||
location.href = url;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
if ( /Firefox/.test( navigator.userAgent ) ) {
|
||
setTimeout( redirect, 0 );
|
||
} else {
|
||
redirect();
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
window.wpcom_reblog = wpcom_reblog;
|
||
})();
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script id="sharing-js-js-extra">
|
||
var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"};
|
||
//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-extra
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script crossorigin='anonymous' type='text/javascript' src='/_static/??-eJyVj0kOwjAQBD+EM4BEEg6IpyDHnsTjZWxim+X3LOIQccutS6o6NNyTUJELcoFQRfJ1Is7gyWGGa8WKRrL2ODc2b2AhF4PhraQ6QELOapZFGbEHm4HljSZZKPKKaMkrsuwoCU/sxBhVzWKkx3+9uGWxJKncjyHEyHAhVjBU8hqykTNqqfXzO4mnJtDnxDmcdl3fHQ/bvm3tC5SKcX4='></script>
|
||
<script id="sharing-js-js-after">
|
||
window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
|
||
window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "twitter" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350";
|
||
window.WPCOM_sharing_popups = window.WPCOM_sharing_popups || {};
|
||
window.WPCOM_sharing_popups[ "linkedin" ] = "menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450";
|
||
//# sourceURL=sharing-js-js-after
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script id="wp-emoji-settings" type="application/json">
|
||
{"baseUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/72x72/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wpcom-smileys/twemoji/2/svg/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?m=1783090810i&ver=7.1.1-alpha-63555"}}
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script type="module">
|
||
/*! This file is auto-generated */
|
||
var e="script#wp-emoji-settings",t=document.querySelector(e);if(!(t instanceof HTMLScriptElement))throw new Error("Element missing: "+e);const r=JSON.parse(t.text),s=(window._wpemojiSettings=r,"wpEmojiSettingsSupports"),o=["flag","emoji"];function i(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(s,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function c(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0);const r=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data);return t.every((e,t)=>e===r[t])}function p(e,t){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var n=e.getImageData(16,16,1,1);for(let e=0;e<n.data.length;e++)if(0!==n.data[e])return!1;return!0}function u(e,t,n,r){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf6","\ud83c\udde8\u200b\ud83c\uddf6")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!r(e,"\ud83e\u1fac8")}return!1}function f(e,t,n,r){let a;const s=(a="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):document.createElement("canvas")).getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(e=>{o[e]=t(s,e,n,r)}),o}function a(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,document.head.appendChild(t)}r.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},new Promise(t=>{let n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(s));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(o),u.toString(),c.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"});const a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=e=>{i(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}i(n=f(o,u,c,p))}t(n)}).then(e=>{for(const n in e)r.supports[n]=e[n],r.supports.everything=r.supports.everything&&r.supports[n],"flag"!==n&&(r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&r.supports[n]);var t;r.supports.everythingExceptFlag=r.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!r.supports.flag,r.supports.everything||((t=r.source||{}).concatemoji?a(t.concatemoji):t.wpemoji&&t.twemoji&&(a(t.twemoji),a(t.wpemoji)))});
|
||
//# sourceURL=/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-loader.min.js
|
||
</script>
|
||
<iframe src='https://widgets.wp.com/likes/master.html?ver=20260912#ver=20260912' scrolling='no' id='likes-master' name='likes-master' style='display:none;'></iframe>
|
||
<div id='likes-other-gravatars' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
|
||
<script src="//stats.wp.com/w.js?69" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript">
|
||
_tkq = window._tkq || [];
|
||
_stq = window._stq || [];
|
||
_tkq.push(['storeContext', {'blog_id':'23592848','blog_tz':'1','user_lang':'en','blog_lang':'en','user_id':'0'}]);
|
||
// Prevent sending pageview tracking from WP-Admin pages.
|
||
_stq.push(['view', {'blog':'23592848','v':'wpcom','tz':'1','user_id':'0','post':'9278','subd':'adriancolyer'}]);
|
||
_stq.push(['extra', {'crypt':'UE5tW3cvZGRDbzJxMWx6aVlydldVeXIvdUpWanJmOVg4Mys2XWxoN19+Lk5YJUp6QyVxQW02Q0lDM1lFMHBvZkEwd0d2VyxESH43bixMM2ZNTzh0Ll1DRGt0a1I9MUJ3RkRjUE98QlBVWDE/aGxyd2ZhaV1fZkomX0o2NWFBcG1FSFVFem8xXVdpWSY2RjEtSlQxOXouWXd+T21fUDUyb09+RjdPQV1zfH5Zc3pITFNPZ2VRLDZBeGpaTSw0W0tvNG9CNGhUbXdZL34yYUhrdzVQVG4udU1FTHJFOEQvUGY='}]);
|
||
_stq.push([ 'clickTrackerInit', '23592848', '9278' ]);
|
||
</script>
|
||
<noscript><img src="https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" style="height:1px;width:1px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;bottom:1px;" alt="" /></noscript>
|
||
<meta id="bilmur" property="bilmur:data" content="" data-provider="wordpress.com" data-service="simple" data-site-tz="Europe/London" data-custom-props="{"logged_in":"0","wptheme":"pub\/penscratch-2","wptheme_is_block":"0"}" >
|
||
<script defer src="/wp-content/js/bilmur.min.js?i=17&m=202637"></script>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|