1003 lines
100 KiB
HTML
1003 lines
100 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11">
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<title>Uber’s adventures in the adaptive universe – Surfing Complexity</title>
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<meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' />
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<!-- Async WordPress.com Remote Login -->
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<script id="wpcom_remote_login_js">
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var wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth = '';
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function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( element_id ) {
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var dom_node = document.getElementById( element_id );
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if ( dom_node ) { dom_node.parentNode.removeChild( dom_node ); }
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}
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function wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( class_name ) {
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var dom_nodes = document.querySelectorAll( '.' + class_name );
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for ( var i = 0; i < dom_nodes.length; i++ ) {
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dom_nodes[ i ].parentNode.removeChild( dom_nodes[ i ] );
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}
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}
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function wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup() {
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_classes( "wpcom_remote_login_msg" );
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_js" );
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_iframe" );
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_request_access_styles" );
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}
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// Watch for messages back from the remote login
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window.addEventListener( "message", function( e ) {
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if ( e.origin === "https://r-login.wordpress.com" ) {
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var data = {};
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try {
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data = JSON.parse( e.data );
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} catch( e ) {
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wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
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return;
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}
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if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN' ) {
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// Clean up the login check iframe
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wpcom_remote_login_remove_dom_node_id( "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
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var id_regex = new RegExp( /^[0-9]+$/ );
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var token_regex = new RegExp( /^.*|.*|.*$/ );
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if (
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token_regex.test( data.token )
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&& id_regex.test( data.wpcomid )
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) {
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// We have everything we need to ask for a login
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var script = document.createElement( "script" );
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script.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_validate" );
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script.src = '/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=validate'
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+ '&wpcomid=' + data.wpcomid
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+ '&token=' + encodeURIComponent( data.token )
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+ '&host=' + window.location.protocol
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+ '//' + window.location.hostname
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+ '&postid=1640'
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+ '&is_singular=1';
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document.body.appendChild( script );
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}
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return;
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}
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// Safari ITP, not logged in, so redirect
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if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REDIRECT' ) {
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window.location = 'https://wordpress.com/log-in?redirect_to=' + window.location.href;
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return;
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}
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// Safari ITP, storage access failed, remove the request
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if ( data.msg === 'LOGIN-REMOVE' ) {
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var css_zap = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 782px ) { html { margin-top: 0 !important; } * html body { margin-top: 0 !important; } }';
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var style_zap = document.createElement( 'style' );
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style_zap.type = 'text/css';
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style_zap.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css_zap ) );
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document.body.appendChild( style_zap );
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var e = document.getElementById( 'wpcom_request_access_iframe' );
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e.parentNode.removeChild( e );
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document.cookie = 'wordpress_com_login_access=denied; path=/; max-age=31536000';
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return;
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}
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// Safari ITP
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if ( data.msg === 'REQUEST_ACCESS' ) {
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console.log( 'request access: safari' );
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// Check ITP iframe enable/disable knob
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if ( wpcom_remote_login_extra_auth !== 'safari_itp_iframe' ) {
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return;
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}
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// If we are in a "private window" there is no ITP.
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var private_window = false;
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try {
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var opendb = window.openDatabase( null, null, null, null );
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} catch( e ) {
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private_window = true;
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}
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if ( private_window ) {
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console.log( 'private window' );
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return;
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}
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var iframe = document.createElement( 'iframe' );
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iframe.id = 'wpcom_request_access_iframe';
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iframe.setAttribute( 'scrolling', 'no' );
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iframe.setAttribute( 'sandbox', 'allow-storage-access-by-user-activation allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation' );
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iframe.src = 'https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php?wpcom_remote_login=request_access&origin=' + encodeURIComponent( data.origin ) + '&wpcomid=' + encodeURIComponent( data.wpcomid );
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var css = 'html { -webkit-transition: margin-top 1s; transition: margin-top 1s; } /* 9001 */ html { margin-top: 46px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 46px !important; } @media screen and ( max-width: 660px ) { html { margin-top: 71px !important; } * html body { margin-top: 71px !important; } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { display: block; height: 71px !important; } } #wpcom_request_access_iframe { border: 0px; height: 46px; position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; z-index: 99999; background: #23282d; } ';
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var style = document.createElement( 'style' );
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style.type = 'text/css';
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style.id = 'wpcom_request_access_styles';
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style.appendChild( document.createTextNode( css ) );
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document.body.appendChild( style );
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document.body.appendChild( iframe );
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}
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if ( data.msg === 'DONE' ) {
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wpcom_remote_login_final_cleanup();
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}
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}
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}, false );
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// Inject the remote login iframe after the page has had a chance to load
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// more critical resources
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window.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", function( e ) {
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var iframe = document.createElement( "iframe" );
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iframe.style.display = "none";
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iframe.setAttribute( "scrolling", "no" );
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iframe.setAttribute( "id", "wpcom_remote_login_key" );
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iframe.src = "https://r-login.wordpress.com/remote-login.php"
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+ "?wpcom_remote_login=key"
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+ "&origin=aHR0cHM6Ly9zdXJmaW5nY29tcGxleGl0eS5ibG9n"
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+ "&wpcomid=30291541"
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+ "&time=" + Math.floor( Date.now() / 1000 );
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document.body.appendChild( iframe );
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}, false );
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</script>
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<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s2.wp.com' />
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<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' />
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<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s1.wp.com' />
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<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' />
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Surfing Complexity » Feed" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/feed/" />
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Surfing Complexity » Comments Feed" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/comments/feed/" />
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Surfing Complexity » Uber’s adventures in the adaptive universe Comments Feed" href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2020/12/16/ubers-adventures-in-the-adaptive-universe/feed/" />
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<script type="text/javascript">
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/* <![CDATA[ */
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function addLoadEvent(func) {
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var oldonload = window.onload;
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||
if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {
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window.onload = func;
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} else {
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||
window.onload = function () {
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oldonload();
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func();
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||
}
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}
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}
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/* ]]> */
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</script>
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<style id="wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css">
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img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
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/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
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</style>
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<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2-1' href='/_static/??-eJxtjEsKgDAMBS9kjbqwuBDPUtog9o9J8fpaEQSRBw8GhoEjC50iY2QIRWRf1i0SWOSstHsYQkr1TPFIsKNXjEbkRPyhVhM18J/0m8M3fFPVlzD3UnbTtWG0J2CTNNk=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
|
||
<style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css">
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||
|
||
img.wp-smiley, img.emoji {
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display: inline !important;
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||
border: none !important;
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||
box-shadow: none !important;
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||
height: 1em !important;
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width: 1em !important;
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margin: 0 0.07em !important;
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vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
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background: none !important;
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||
padding: 0 !important;
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||
}
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/*# sourceURL=wp-emoji-styles-inline-css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css">
|
||
:root{--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color);--wp-editor-canvas-background:#ddd;--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,160.5;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}:root .has-text-align-center{text-align:center}:root .has-text-align-left{text-align:left}:root .has-text-align-right{text-align:right}.has-fit-text{white-space:nowrap!important}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-break:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-color],[style*=";border-color"],[style*="; border-color"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-color],[style*=";border-top-color"],[style*="; border-top-color"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-color],[style*=";border-right-color"],[style*="; border-right-color"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-color],[style*=";border-bottom-color"],[style*="; border-bottom-color"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-color],[style*=";border-left-color"],[style*="; border-left-color"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-width],[style*=";border-width"],[style*="; border-width"]){border-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-top-width],[style*=";border-top-width"],[style*="; border-top-width"]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-right-width],[style*=";border-right-width"],[style*="; border-right-width"]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-bottom-width],[style*=";border-bottom-width"],[style*="; border-bottom-width"]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style^=border-left-width],[style*=";border-left-width"],[style*="; border-left-width"]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}}
|
||
|
||
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/common.min.css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id="wp-block-embed-inline-css">
|
||
.wp-block-embed.alignleft,.wp-block-embed.alignright,.wp-block[data-align=left]>[data-type="core/embed"],.wp-block[data-align=right]>[data-type="core/embed"]{max-width:360px;width:100%}.wp-block-embed.alignleft .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block-embed.alignright .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block[data-align=left]>[data-type="core/embed"] .wp-block-embed__wrapper,.wp-block[data-align=right]>[data-type="core/embed"] .wp-block-embed__wrapper{min-width:280px}.wp-block-cover .wp-block-embed{min-height:240px;min-width:320px}.wp-block-group.is-layout-flex .wp-block-embed{flex:1 1 0%;min-width:0}.wp-block-embed{overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.wp-block-embed iframe{max-width:100%}.wp-block-embed__wrapper{position:relative}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-has-aspect-ratio .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{content:"";display:block;padding-top:50%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-has-aspect-ratio iframe{bottom:0;height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-21-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:42.85%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-18-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:50%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-16-9 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:56.25%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-4-3 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:75%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-1-1 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:100%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-9-16 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:177.77%}.wp-embed-responsive .wp-embed-aspect-1-2 .wp-block-embed__wrapper:before{padding-top:200%}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/embed/style.min.css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id="wp-block-embed-theme-inline-css">
|
||
.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.65)}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/embed/theme.min.css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id="wp-block-separator-inline-css">
|
||
@charset "UTF-8";.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-top:2px solid}:root :where(.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots){height:auto;line-height:1;text-align:center}:root :where(.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots):before{color:currentColor;content:"···";font-family:serif;font-size:1.5em;letter-spacing:2em;padding-left:2em}.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots{background:none!important;border:none!important}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/separator/style.min.css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id="wp-block-separator-theme-inline-css">
|
||
.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/separator/theme.min.css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id="wp-block-latest-posts-inline-css">
|
||
.wp-block-latest-posts{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-latest-posts.alignleft{margin-right:2em}.wp-block-latest-posts.alignright{margin-left:2em}.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list{list-style:none}.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list li{clear:both;overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid:not(.is-layout-grid){display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid:not(.is-layout-grid) li{margin:0 1.25em 1.25em 0;width:100%}@media (min-width:600px){.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-2:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(50% - .625em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-2:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(2n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-3:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(33.33333% - .83333em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-3:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(3n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-4:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(25% - .9375em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-4:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(4n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-5:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(20% - 1em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-5:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(5n){margin-right:0}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-6:not(.is-layout-grid) li{width:calc(16.66667% - 1.04167em)}.wp-block-latest-posts.columns-6:not(.is-layout-grid) li:nth-child(6n){margin-right:0}}@media (max-width:600px){.wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-grid[class*=columns-]:not(.has-native-responsive-grid){grid-template-columns:1fr}}:root :where(.wp-block-latest-posts.is-grid){padding:0}:root :where(.wp-block-latest-posts.wp-block-latest-posts__list){padding-left:0}.wp-block-latest-posts__post-author,.wp-block-latest-posts__post-date{display:block;font-size:.8125em}.wp-block-latest-posts__post-excerpt,.wp-block-latest-posts__post-full-content{margin-bottom:1em;margin-top:.5em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image a{display:inline-block}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image img{height:auto;max-width:100%;width:auto}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.alignleft{float:left;margin-right:1em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.alignright{float:right;margin-left:1em}.wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image.aligncenter{margin-bottom:1em;text-align:center}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/latest-posts/style.min.css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id="wp-block-list-inline-css">
|
||
ol,ul{box-sizing:border-box}:root :where(.wp-block-list.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/list/style.min.css */
|
||
</style>
|
||
<style id="wp-block-paragraph-inline-css">
|
||
.is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/paragraph/style.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="wp-block-search-inline-css">
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||
.wp-block-search__button{margin-left:10px;word-break:normal}.wp-block-search__button.has-icon{line-height:0}.wp-block-search__button svg{fill:currentColor;height:1.25em;min-height:24px;min-width:24px;vertical-align:text-bottom;width:1.25em}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{display:flex;flex:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;max-width:100%}:where(.wp-block-search__label){width:100%}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;justify-content:center;margin-left:0;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{min-width:0!important;transition-property:width}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__input{flex-basis:100%;transition-duration:.3s}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{overflow:hidden}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__input{border-left-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important;flex-basis:0;flex-grow:0;margin:0;min-width:0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;width:0!important}:where(.wp-block-search__input){-webkit-appearance:initial;-moz-appearance:initial;appearance:none;border:1px solid #949494;flex-grow:1;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;min-width:3rem;padding:8px;text-decoration:unset!important;text-transform:inherit}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input{border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0 4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input:focus{outline:none}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}.wp-block-search.aligncenter .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{margin:auto}.wp-block[data-align=right] .wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{float:right}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/search/style.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="wp-block-search-theme-inline-css">
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||
:where(.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label){font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}
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/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/search/theme.min.css */
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</style>
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<style id="wp-block-library-inline-css-extra">
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.has-text-align-justify {
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||
text-align:justify;
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||
}
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||
.has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=wp-block-library-inline-css */
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</style>
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||
<style id="classic-theme-styles-inline-css">
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||
.wp-block-button__link{background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-size:1.125em;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff}.wp-block-accordion-heading{margin:0}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle{background-color:inherit!important;color:inherit!important}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus,.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:hover{background-color:inherit!important;border:none;box-shadow:none;color:inherit;padding:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20,1em) 0;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-text-color){color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:not(.has-background){background-color:inherit!important}.wp-block-tab:focus,.wp-block-tab:hover{text-decoration:none}.wp-block-tab:focus-visible{outline:auto;outline-offset:0}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg-core/v23.9.1/build/styles/block-library/classic.min.css */
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</style>
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||
<style id="coblocks-inline-format-inline-css">
|
||
.uppercase{text-transform:uppercase}
|
||
/*# sourceURL=coblocks-inline-format-inline-css */
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||
</style>
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<link crossorigin='anonymous' rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-12-1' href='/_static/??-eJx9jEEOAiEQBD/kQECjeDC+ZWEnijIwYWA3/l72op689KFTVXplCCU3zE1z6reYRYfiUwlP0VYZpwxIJE4IFRd10HOU9iFA2iuhCiI7/ROiDt9WxfETT20jCOc4YUIa2D9t5eGA91xRBMZS7ATtPkTZvCtdzNEZt7f2fHq8Afl7R7w=&cssminify=yes' type='text/css' media='all' />
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<style id="global-styles-inline-css">
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<article id="post-1640" class="post-1640 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-resilience category-software category-systems">
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<header class="entry-header">
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<h1 class="entry-title">Uber’s adventures in the adaptive universe</h1> </header><!-- .entry-header --> <div class="entry-meta">
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<span class="byline">
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<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/author/lorinh/" rel="author">Lorin Hochstein</a> </span>
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<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/category/resilience/" rel="category tag">resilience</a>, <a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/category/software/" rel="category tag">software</a>, <a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/category/systems/" rel="category tag">systems</a> </span><!-- .cat-links -->
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<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2020-12-16T21:40:03-08:00">December 16, 2020</time><time class="updated" datetime="2020-12-16T21:49:46-08:00">December 16, 2020</time> </span>
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<span class="word-count">4 Minutes</span> </div><!-- .entry-meta -->
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<div class="entry-content">
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It’s 2016, and Uber engineers are facing a problem. Their software system has become <em>brittle</em>: many in the organization feel that it’s too hard to make changes to it without breaking things. </p>
|
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And so, they adapt: they build a new architecture, one that’s designed to enable teams to move more quickly. As part of the re-architecture, they reach for a new technology to rewrite the iOS client in: the Swift language.</p>
|
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||
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The new architecture experiment is deemed a success, and is rolled out to the entire company. A <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/florescence"><em>florescence</em></a> ensues in the organization, as teams excitedly migrate to the new architecture and experience a boost to their development productivity.</p>
|
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, as development against the new architecture ramps up, <em>anomalies</em> related to Swift begin to emerge. Because of implementation details in the Swift linker, Apple recommends limiting the number of shared libraries to six: Uber has ninety-two, and the number is growing. The linker is <em>saturated</em>, and as a result, app startup is extremely slow. It takes eight to twelve seconds (!) to start up the app. The rewrite was supposed to yield a faster iOS app, and it’s slower than the previous version!</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">So the engineers adapt. They discover they can <em>work around</em> the problem by putting all of the code in the main executable instead of linking it via libraries, eliminating the startup delay. Unfortunately, to do this would require a huge code change because an implementation detail of Swift, but they find another <em>workaround</em>: an enterprising engineer writes a custom script to relink intermediate object files that avoids the need to change the code. And it works! </p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But they encounter another anomaly: the Swift-based iOS app binary is big… too big. It’s so big that they’re running into the Apple cellular download limit.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For users who want to download the Uber app to their iPhones over the cellular network, Apple places a hard limit of 100MB on the size of the download: any bigger, and the phone won’t let you download it unless you’re on wifi. Once again, the Uber engineers are hitting a <em>saturation</em> point, only now the limit is space instead of time. To add insult to injury, their workaround to deal with the startup time problem exacerbated the size problem!</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are further <em>workarounds</em> they can do to save space, like replace structs with classes. But it isn’t enough. The data scientists run an experiment to estimate the cost to the organization of the app breaching the cellular download limit: and the risk of catastrophic. It turns out that many people download the app for the first time on a cellular network. The estimated cost to the business is orders of magnitude more than the cost of the rewrite. </p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The engineers have to make some hard choices. Their original plan was to bundle the old and new versions of the app in the same app bundle, so that they could do a slow rollout to reduce the blast radius if there was a problem with the new version. They are facing a <em>goal conflict</em>, and so they make a <em>sacrifice judgment. </em>They remove the old version of this app. They call this the “Yolo” release strategy.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">They face another <em>goal conflict:</em> they can take advantage of a <a href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode/reducing_your_app_s_size/doing_advanced_optimization_to_further_reduce_your_app_s_size">new capability in iOS 9</a> that will reduce the binary size by 50%, but to do so they have to drop support for iOS 8. They estimate that this will decision will have a dollar of eight figures. With only a week to go before release, they drop iOS 8 and eat the cost to come get under the cellular download limit.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The engineers believe that dropping iOS 8 support should provide them with enough headroom to figure out a strategy for dealing with the 100 MB download limit, given the project slowdown in the growth of the app. But their model of the growth rate is wrong: the app is growing too quickly. There’s a risk of <em>decompensation</em>, of not being able to work around the growth rate of the app.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And so the engineers adapt. They form a strike team to come up with approaches for bringing the app size under control. They employ <em> workarounds</em> such as deleting unused features, checking for expensive code patterns, and rewriting the Apple Watch app in Objective C.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">An Uber engineer in the Amsterdam office comes up with an innovative work around: he uses an annealing algorithm to re-order the Swift compiler’s optimization passes to minimize the size of the resulting binary. And it works! It also terrifies the Swift compiler engineers, as they haven’t tested running the optimization passes in arbitrary orders.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And yet, the risk of <em>decompensation </em>is ever-present: the strike team worries about their space saving wins will not be able to keep pace with the growth of the applications.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Fortunately, Apple moves the boundary: increasing the cellular download limit to 150 MB and introducing new size optimization features in the Swift compiler.</p>
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<hr class="wp-block-separator" />
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The above is my retelling of a <a href="https://twitter.com/StanTwinB/status/1336890442768547845">Twitter thread by McLaren Stanley</a>, a former Uber engineer. I highly recommend reading the original thread in full. My writing above is based solely on that thread, I don’t have any additional information, and I probably got some stuff wrong. I also created a <a href="https://cmapscloud.ihmc.us/viewer/cmap/1WFQWB9PP-1WRK74Q-12VK">concept map</a> based on Stanley’s thread.</p>
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<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
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<div class="embed-twitter"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true"><p lang="en" dir="ltr">Alright folks, gather round and let me tell you the story of (almost) the biggest engineering disaster I’ve ever had the misfortune of being involved in. It’s a tale of politics, architecture and the sunk cost fallacy [I’m drinking an Aberlour Cask Strength Single Malt Scotch] <a href="https://t.co/KWnZKIpycp">https://t.co/KWnZKIpycp</a></p>— McLaren Stanley (@StanTwinB) <a href="https://twitter.com/StanTwinB/status/1336890442768547845?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 10, 2020</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></div>
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</div></figure>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I wrote the post above using the frame of what the researcher David Woods calls the <em>adaptive universe</em>. I tried to cast events in terms of people undergoing pressure, encountering risks of saturation, and then adapting in the face of that pressure, and those adaptations leading to reverberations that introduce unexpected change in the system. Woods calls these <em>adaptive cycles</em>.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I’ve previously <a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2020/01/19/there-is-no-escape-from-the-adaptive-universe/">written briefly about the adaptive universe</a>, but to learn more about this model, check out this material by Woods:</p>
|
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|
||
<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Paper: <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327427067_The_Theory_of_Graceful_Extensibility_Basic_rules_that_govern_adaptive_systems">The theory of graceful extensibility: basic rules that govern adaptive systems</a> (<a href="https://github.com/lorin/resilience-engineering/blob/master/graceful-extensibility.md">my summary notes</a>)</li><li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvlZBj1NU_ikTy1ot30EbEbYMAoBf9eAt">Resilience engineering short course on YouTube</a> (<a href="https://github.com/lorin/res-eng-short-course-notes">my notes on an earlier version</a>)</li></ul>
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Published by <span class="author-name">Lorin Hochstein</span> </h2>
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<strong>Published</strong>
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<time class="entry-date published" datetime="2020-12-16T21:40:03-08:00">December 16, 2020</time><time class="updated" datetime="2020-12-16T21:49:46-08:00">December 16, 2020</time> </div><!-- .site-posted-on -->
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Pingback: <a href="https://sreweekly.com/sre-weekly-issue-249/" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">SRE Weekly Issue #249 – SRE WEEKLY</a> </div>
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<img referrerpolicy="no-referrer" alt='Roman Leventov's avatar' src='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/05763e63355becd72532b8c9d3825a8156585b5c39510323389b3d0bab600c0a?s=48&d=identicon&r=G' srcset='https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/05763e63355becd72532b8c9d3825a8156585b5c39510323389b3d0bab600c0a?s=48&d=identicon&r=G 1x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/05763e63355becd72532b8c9d3825a8156585b5c39510323389b3d0bab600c0a?s=72&d=identicon&r=G 1.5x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/05763e63355becd72532b8c9d3825a8156585b5c39510323389b3d0bab600c0a?s=96&d=identicon&r=G 2x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/05763e63355becd72532b8c9d3825a8156585b5c39510323389b3d0bab600c0a?s=144&d=identicon&r=G 3x, https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/05763e63355becd72532b8c9d3825a8156585b5c39510323389b3d0bab600c0a?s=192&d=identicon&r=G 4x' class='avatar avatar-48' height='48' width='48' decoding='async' /> <b class="fn">Roman Leventov</b> <span class="says">says:</span> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
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<a href="https://surfingcomplexity.blog/2020/12/16/ubers-adventures-in-the-adaptive-universe/#comment-2555"><time datetime="2020-12-30T02:20:08-08:00">December 30, 2020 at 2:20 am</time></a> </div><!-- .comment-metadata -->
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<p>Thanks for saving this story from Twitter. I think stories like this are ten or more times more valuable for learning than a typical post in Uber’s engineering blog. I’ve written about this here: <a href="https://engineeringideas.substack.com/p/study-the-style-of-doing-science" rel="nofollow ugc">https://engineeringideas.substack.com/p/study-the-style-of-doing-science</a></p>
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<div id='likes-other-gravatars' role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="likes-text"><span>%d</span></div><ul class="wpl-avatars sd-like-gravatars"></ul></div>
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fetchExternalScript('verbum');
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window.WP_Enqueue_Dynamic_Script = {
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loadScript: (handle) => {
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if (!loaders[handle]) {
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console.error('WP_Enqueue_Dynamic_Script: unregistered script `' + handle + '`.');
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function fetchExternalScript(handle) {
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fetches[handle] = fetches[handle] || fetch(urls[handle], { mode: 'no-cors' });
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}
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const script = document.createElement( 'script' );
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script.innerHTML = template.innerHTML;
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document.body.appendChild( script );
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function loadExternalScript(handle) {
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return Promise.resolve();
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return fetches[handle].then(() => {
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return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
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const script = document.createElement('script');
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script.onload = () => resolve();
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script.onerror = (e) => reject(e);
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script.src = urls[handle];
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document.body.appendChild(script);
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return loadExtra(handle, 'translations')
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.then(() => loadExternalScript(handle))
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.then(() => loadExtra(handle, 'after'));
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</body>
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