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<span>Renewed investigation and conclusions</span>
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<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>
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<span>Other suspected 737 rudder PCU malfunctions</span>
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<span>SilkAir crash</span>
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<span>In popular culture</span>
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<span>See also</span>
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<span>References</span>
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<span>External links</span>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span lang="en" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing 737 rudder issues</span></span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr" data-mw-parsoid-version="0.24.0.0-alpha21" data-mw-html-version="2.8.0"><section data-mw-section-id="0" id="mwAQ"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none" about="#mwt1" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Short description","href":"./Template:Short_description"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Rudder problems with the Boeing 737 Classic"}},"i":0}}]}'>Rudder problems with the Boeing 737 Classic</div><span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt1"><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Articles_with_short_description"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata"/></span>
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<p id="mwCA">During the 1990s, a series of issues affecting the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder" id="mwCQ">rudder</a> of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737" id="mwCg">Boeing 737</a> passenger aircraft resulted in multiple incidents. In two separate accidents (<a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_585" title="United Airlines Flight 585" id="mwCw">United Airlines Flight 585</a> and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAir_Flight_427" title="USAir Flight 427" id="mwDA">USAir Flight 427</a>), pilots lost control of their aircraft due to a sudden and unexpected rudder movement, and the resulting crashes killed everyone on board, 157 people in total.<sup about="#mwt6" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-1"}}'><a href="#cite_note-1" id="mwDQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwDg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwDw">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwEA">]</span></span></a></sup> Similar rudder issues led to a temporary loss of control on at least one other Boeing 737 flight before the cause of the problem was ultimately identified.</p>
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<p id="mwEQ">The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board" id="mwEg">National Transportation Safety Board</a> determined that the incidents were the result of a design flaw that could result in an uncommanded movement of the aircraft's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder" id="mwEw">rudder</a>.<sup about="#mwt11" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mwFA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwFQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwFg">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwFw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt7" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwGA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"13"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 13"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>13<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup><sup about="#mwt14" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwGQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwGg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwGw">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwHA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt8" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwHQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ix"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: ix"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>ix<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
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<p id="mwHg">The issues were resolved after the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration" id="mwHw">Federal Aviation Administration</a> ordered modifications for all Boeing 737 aircraft in service. In 2016, former NTSB investigator John Cox stated that time has proven the NTSB correct in its findings because no additional rudder-reversal incidents have occurred since the NTSB forced Boeing to implement redesigned parts.<sup about="#mwt17" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Why_Planes_Crash_4-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Why Planes Crash"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Why_Planes_Crash-4"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Why_Planes_Crash-4" id="mwIA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwIQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwIg">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwIw">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
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<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" id="mwJA" data-mw='{"autoGenerated":true}'/></section><section data-mw-section-id="1" id="mwJQ" aria-labelledby="Rudder_function"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rudder_function">Rudder function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rudder function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwJg"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeroplane_Coordinates_and_Control.svg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwJw"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeroplane_Coordinates_and_Control.svg" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aeroplane_Coordinates_and_Control.svg/330px-Aeroplane_Coordinates_and_Control.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aeroplane_Coordinates_and_Control.svg/960px-Aeroplane_Coordinates_and_Control.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="200" data-file-type="drawing" height="94" width="330" class="mw-file-element" id="mwKA"/></a><figcaption id="mwKQ">Three main <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces" title="Flight control surfaces" id="mwKg">flight control surface</a> deflections - aileron, elevator, rudder</figcaption></figure>
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<p id="mwKw">Unlike other twin-engine large transport aircraft in service at the time, the Boeing 737 was designed with a single rudder panel and single rudder <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator" id="mwLA">actuator</a>.<sup about="#mwt22" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mwLQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwLg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwLw">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwMA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt18" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwMQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"14"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 14"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>14<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The single rudder panel is controlled by a single hydraulic Power Control Unit (PCU).<sup about="#mwt23" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mwMg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwMw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwNA">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwNQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt19" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwNg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"13"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 13"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>13<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> Inside the PCU is a dual <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism" id="mwNw">servo</a> valve that, based on input from the pilot's rudder pedals or the aircraft's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper" id="mwOA">yaw damper</a> system, directs the flow of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid" id="mwOQ">hydraulic fluid</a> in order to move the rudder.<sup about="#mwt24" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mwOg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwOw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwPA">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwPQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt20" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwPg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"19"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 19"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>19<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The PCU for affected Boeing 737 aircraft was designed by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing" id="mwPw">Boeing</a> and manufactured by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Hannifin" title="Parker Hannifin" id="mwQA">Parker Hannifin</a>.<sup about="#mwt25" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-4" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mwQQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwQg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwQw">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwRA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt21" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwRQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"20"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 20"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>20<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="2" id="mwRg" aria-labelledby="First_accident_and_investigation"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_accident_and_investigation">First accident and investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First accident and investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt26" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwRw" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"main article","href":"./Template:Main_article"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"United Airlines Flight 585"}},"i":0}}]}'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1368532237" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt27" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'>.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+.mw-empty-elt+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></span><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt26" id="mwSA">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_585" title="United Airlines Flight 585">United Airlines Flight 585</a></div>
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||
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwSQ"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N999UA_Boeing_737-291_United_Airlines,_Denver_Stapleton_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwSg"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N999UA_Boeing_737-291_United_Airlines,_Denver_Stapleton_1989.jpg" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/N999UA_Boeing_737-291_United_Airlines%2C_Denver_Stapleton_1989.jpg/250px-N999UA_Boeing_737-291_United_Airlines%2C_Denver_Stapleton_1989.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/N999UA_Boeing_737-291_United_Airlines%2C_Denver_Stapleton_1989.jpg/500px-N999UA_Boeing_737-291_United_Airlines%2C_Denver_Stapleton_1989.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" data-file-type="bitmap" height="167" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwSw"/></a><figcaption id="mwTA">N999UA, the United Airlines Boeing 737-200 involved in the accident, in 1989</figcaption></figure>
|
||
<p id="mwTQ">On March 3, 1991, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_585" title="United Airlines Flight 585" id="mwTg">United Airlines Flight 585</a>, a Boeing 737-200, crashed while attempting to land in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Airport" title="Colorado Springs Airport" id="mwTw">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a>. During the airplane's landing approach, the plane rolled to the right and pitched nose-down into a near-vertical dive.<sup about="#mwt30" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mwUA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwUQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwUg">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwUw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt28" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwVA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ix"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: ix"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>ix<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The resulting crash destroyed the aircraft and killed all 25 people on board.<sup about="#mwt31" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-6" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mwVQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwVg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwVw">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwWA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt29" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwWQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ix"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: ix"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>ix<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup>
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Although the NTSB investigated the accident, it was unable to conclusively identify the cause of the crash. The rudder PCU from Flight 585 was severely damaged, which prevented operational testing of the PCU.<sup about="#mwt37" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwWg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwWw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwXA">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwXQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt32" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwXg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"47"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 47"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>47<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> A review of the flight crew's history determined that Flight 585's captain strictly adhered to operating procedures and had a conservative approach to flying.<sup about="#mwt38" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwXw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwYA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwYQ">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwYg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt33" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwYw" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"47"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 47"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>47<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> A first officer who had previously flown with Flight 585's captain reported that the captain had indicated to him while landing in turbulent weather that the captain had no problem with declaring a go-around if the landing appeared unsafe.<sup about="#mwt39" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-3" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwZA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwZQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwZg">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwZw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt34" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwaA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"48"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 48"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>48<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The first officer was considered to be "very competent" by the captain on previous trips they had flown together.<sup about="#mwt40" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-4" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwaQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwag"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwaw">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwbA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt35" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwbQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"48"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 48"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>48<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The weather data available to the NTSB indicated that Flight 585 might have encountered a horizontal-axis wind vortex that could have caused the aircraft to roll over, but this could not be shown conclusively to have happened or to have caused the rollover.<sup about="#mwt41" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwbg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwbw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwcA">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwcQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt36" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwcg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"48–49"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 48–49"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>48–49<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
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<p id="mwcw">On December 8, 1992, the NTSB published a report that identified what the NTSB believed at the time to be the two most likely causes of the accident. The first possibility was that the airplane's directional control system had malfunctioned and caused the rudder to move in a manner that caused the accident. The second possibility was a weather disturbance that caused a sudden rudder movement or loss of control. The Board determined that it lacked sufficient evidence to conclude either theory as the probable cause of the accident.<sup about="#mwt44" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mwdA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwdQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwdg">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwdw">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt42" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mweA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ix"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: ix"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>ix<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup><sup about="#mwt45" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-6" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mweQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mweg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwew">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwfA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt43" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwfQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"49"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 49"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>49<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> This was only the fourth time in the NTSB's history that it had closed an investigation and published a final aircraft accident report where the probable cause was undetermined.<sup about="#mwt46" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Mayday_Hidden_Danger_5-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Mayday Hidden Danger"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Mayday_Hidden_Danger-5" id="mwfg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwfw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwgA">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwgQ">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="3" id="mwgg" aria-labelledby="Second_accident"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_accident">Second accident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second accident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwgw"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USAir_Boeing_737-3B7_N513AU_at_Fort_Lauderdale_International_Airport_in_February_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwhA"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USAir_Boeing_737-3B7_N513AU_at_Fort_Lauderdale_International_Airport_in_February_1994.jpg" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USAir_Boeing_737-3B7_N513AU_at_Fort_Lauderdale_International_Airport_in_February_1994.jpg/250px-USAir_Boeing_737-3B7_N513AU_at_Fort_Lauderdale_International_Airport_in_February_1994.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/USAir_Boeing_737-3B7_N513AU_at_Fort_Lauderdale_International_Airport_in_February_1994.jpg/500px-USAir_Boeing_737-3B7_N513AU_at_Fort_Lauderdale_International_Airport_in_February_1994.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" data-file-type="bitmap" height="167" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwhQ"/></a><figcaption id="mwhg">N513AU, the USAir Boeing 737-300 involved in the accident, pictured in February 1994</figcaption></figure>
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<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt47" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwhw" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"main article","href":"./Template:Main_article"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"USAir Flight 427"}},"i":0}}]}'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" about="#mwt48" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt47" id="mwiA">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAir_Flight_427" title="USAir Flight 427">USAir Flight 427</a></div>
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<p id="mwiQ">On September 8, 1994, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAir_Flight_427" title="USAir Flight 427" id="mwig">USAir Flight 427</a>, a Boeing 737-300, crashed near <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" id="mwiw">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>. While on approach to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_International_Airport" title="Pittsburgh International Airport" id="mwjA">Pittsburgh International Airport</a>, Flight 427 suddenly rolled to the left. Although the pilots were briefly able to roll right and level the plane, it rolled left a second time and the pilots were unable to recover.<sup about="#mwt53" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwjQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwjg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwjw">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwkA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt49" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwkQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"4"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 4"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>4<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The resulting crash killed all 132 people on board.<sup about="#mwt54" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-8" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwkg"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwkw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwlA">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwlQ">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt50" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwlg" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"9"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 9"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>9<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The NTSB realized early into its investigation that the crash of Flight 427 might have been caused by an unintended or uncommanded rudder movement, similar to the suspected (but not yet established) cause of the Flight 585 crash.<sup about="#mwt55" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwlw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwmA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwmQ">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwmg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt51" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwmw" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"44"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 44"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>44<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> As a result, the NTSB conducted additional testing on United Flight 585's <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Hannifin" title="Parker Hannifin" id="mwnA">Parker-Hannifin</a> PCU servo during its Flight 427 investigation.<sup about="#mwt56" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-8" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mwnQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwng"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwnw">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwoA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt52" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwoQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"73"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 73"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>73<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
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<p id="mwog">One of the problems facing investigators was the relative lack of precision in the data produced by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder" id="mwow">flight data recorder</a> (FDR), which only recorded control inputs at periodic intervals with significant time gaps between samples, gaps during which no data was recorded no matter what the pilot did with the controls. This lack of precision led to it being possible for Boeing to interpret the data differently from the way the NTSB did, leading the manufacturer to suspect and insist that the pilot had responded incorrectly to a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_turbulence" title="Wake turbulence" id="mwpA">wake turbulence</a> incident.<sup about="#mwt57" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":0"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-:0-6"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:0-6" id="mwpQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwpg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwpw">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwqA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
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<p id="mwqQ">At the request of the NTSB, data from the Penny & Giles <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_access_recorder" title="Quick access recorder" id="mwqg">quick access recorder</a> (QAR) of a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways" id="mwqw">British Airways</a> (BA) <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747-400" title="Boeing 747-400" id="mwrA">Boeing 747-400</a> was supplied to the NTSB by BA. The data was from a London-Bangkok flight in which the aircraft suffered an uncommanded elevator movement and momentary elevator reversal on take-off. The aircraft then landed safely. Operating alongside the FDR system, the QAR on BA's 747-400s, in conjunction with a Data Management Unit, received and recorded more aircraft parametric data, including control input values at a higher rate.<sup about="#mwt58" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-7" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-7"}}'><a href="#cite_note-7" id="mwrQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwrg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwrw">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwsA">]</span></span></a></sup> This BA data led to renewed suspicion of the similar valve design used on the 737 rudder. As a result of this earlier BA incident, Boeing had, in fact, modified the design of the 747 elevator servo system, and the modified system had been retroactively fitted to all 747-400s in service.<sup about="#mwt59" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":0"}}'><a href="#cite_note-:0-6" id="mwsQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwsg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwsw">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwtA">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="4" id="mwtQ" aria-labelledby="Eastwind_incident"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastwind_incident">Eastwind incident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eastwind incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwtg"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastwind_Airlines_Boeing_737-2H5_N221US_at_Boston_Logan_Airport_(BOS,_KBOS).jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwtw"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastwind_Airlines_Boeing_737-2H5_N221US_at_Boston_Logan_Airport_(BOS,_KBOS).jpg" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Eastwind_Airlines_Boeing_737-2H5_N221US_at_Boston_Logan_Airport_%28BOS%2C_KBOS%29.jpg/250px-Eastwind_Airlines_Boeing_737-2H5_N221US_at_Boston_Logan_Airport_%28BOS%2C_KBOS%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Eastwind_Airlines_Boeing_737-2H5_N221US_at_Boston_Logan_Airport_%28BOS%2C_KBOS%29.jpg/500px-Eastwind_Airlines_Boeing_737-2H5_N221US_at_Boston_Logan_Airport_%28BOS%2C_KBOS%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="5382" data-file-height="3588" data-file-type="bitmap" height="167" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwuA"/></a><figcaption id="mwuQ">N221US, the Eastwind Airlines Boeing 737-200 involved in the incident</figcaption></figure>
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<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt60" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwug" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"main article","href":"./Template:Main_article"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Eastwind Airlines Flight 517"}},"i":0}}]}'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" about="#mwt61" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt60" id="mwuw">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwind_Airlines_Flight_517" title="Eastwind Airlines Flight 517">Eastwind Airlines Flight 517</a></div>
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<p id="mwvA">On June 9, 1996, while the NTSB's investigation of Flight 427 was still ongoing, the pilots of <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwind_Airlines_Flight_517" title="Eastwind Airlines Flight 517" id="mwvQ">Eastwind Airlines Flight 517</a> briefly lost control of their aircraft, a 737-200, while flying from <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey" id="mwvg">Trenton, New Jersey</a>, to <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia" id="mwvw">Richmond, Virginia</a>.<sup about="#mwt64" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mwwA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwwQ"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwwg">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwww">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt62" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwxA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ix"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: ix"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>ix<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The aircraft experienced two episodes of rudder reversal while on approach to land in Richmond. Unlike the two prior incidents, the rudder issues on Flight 517 spontaneously resolved and the pilots were able to safely land the aircraft. One of the 53 people on board was injured.<sup about="#mwt65" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-10" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwxQ"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwxg"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwxw">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwyA">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt63" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwyQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"51"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 51"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>51<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
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<p id="mwyg">The NTSB investigated the Eastwind incident, and incorporated information from both United Flight 585 and Eastwind Flight 517 into its ongoing investigation of the Flight 427 crash.<sup about="#mwt67" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-11" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mwyw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwzA"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwzQ">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwzg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt66" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwzw" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"44"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 44"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>44<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="5" id="mw0A" aria-labelledby="Renewed_investigation_and_conclusions"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renewed_investigation_and_conclusions">Renewed investigation and conclusions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renewed investigation and conclusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p id="mw0Q">As Eastwind Flight 517 had landed safely and the pilots of Flight 517 had survived, the NTSB was also able to perform tests on a plane that had experienced problems similar to the accident aircraft, and was able to interview the pilots to gain additional information on their experience. The captain told the NTSB in a post-accident interview that they had not encountered any turbulence during the flight, and that, during their landing descent, he felt the rudder "kick" or "bump" even though neither pilot had moved the rudder pedals.<sup about="#mwt70" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-12" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mw0g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw0w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw1A">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw1Q">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt68" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mw1g" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"51"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 51"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>51<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> When the plane abruptly rolled to the right, the captain applied left aileron and attempted to move the rudder, but the rudder pedal controls felt stiffer than normal and did not seem to respond to his input; when his flight control inputs did not immediately resolve the roll upset, he also advanced the throttle of the right engine in an effort to compensate.<sup about="#mwt71" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-13" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mw1w"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw2A"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw2Q">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw2g">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt69" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mw2w" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"51–52"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 51–52"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>51–52<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
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<p id="mw3A">The NTSB and Boeing engineers conducted a series of tests on the PCUs from Flight 517 and Flight 427, as well as PCUs used in other aircraft and a brand-new PCU that had not yet been used in flight (the PCU from Flight 585, although it had been recovered, was too badly damaged to test in this manner).<sup about="#mwt77" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-14" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mw3Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw3g"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw3w">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw4A">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt72" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mw4Q" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"71,81–85"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 71, 81–85"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>71,<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>81–85<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> Testing revealed that under certain circumstances, the PCU's dual servo valve could jam and deflect the rudder in the opposite direction of the pilots' input.<sup about="#mwt78" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-15" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mw4g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw4w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw5A">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw5Q">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt73" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mw5g" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"81–85"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 81–85"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>81–85<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> Thermal shock testing revealed that the uncommanded rudder movement could be replicated by injecting a cold PCU with hot hydraulic fluid. Thermal shock resulted in the servo's secondary slide becoming jammed against the servo housing, and when the secondary slide was jammed the primary slide could move to a position that resulted in rudder movement opposite of the pilot's commands.<sup about="#mwt79" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-10" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"AAR01-01 (UA Flight 585 Amended) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="mw5w"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw6A"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw6Q">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw6g">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt74" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mw6w" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"79"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 79"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>79<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup><sup about="#mwt80" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-16" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mw7A"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw7Q"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw7g">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw7w">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt75" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mw8A" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"294"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 294"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>294<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The NTSB concluded that all three rudder incidents (United Flight 585, USAir Flight 427, and Eastwind Flight 517) were most likely due to the PCU secondary slide jamming and excessive travel of the primary slide, resulting in the rudder reversal.<sup about="#mwt81" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-17" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mw8Q"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw8g"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw8w">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw9A">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt76" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mw9Q" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"294"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 294"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>294<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup></p>
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<p id="mw9g">On March 24, 1999, after a four-year investigation, the NTSB issued its probable cause finding for Flight 427. The NTSB concluded that the probable cause of the Flight 427 crash was rudder reversal due to the PCU servo malfunction.<sup about="#mwt83" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-18" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"NTSB AAR-99-01 (USAir Flight 427) Final Report"}}'><a href="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="mw9w"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw-A"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mw-Q">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket" id="mw-g">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt82" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mw-w" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"295"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 295"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>295<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> Two years later, the NTSB published an amended accident report for Flight 585 that found the same probable cause for that accident as well.</p>
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<p id="mw_A">As a result of the NTSB's findings, the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration" id="mw_Q">Federal Aviation Administration</a> ordered that the servo valves be replaced on all 737s by November 12, 2002.<sup about="#mwt86" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-8" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-8"}}'><a href="#cite_note-8" id="mw_g"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mw_w"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQA">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAQE">]</span></span></a></sup> The FAA also ordered new training protocols for pilots to handle in an unexpected movement of flight controls.</p>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="6" id="mwAQI" aria-labelledby="Other_suspected_737_rudder_PCU_malfunctions"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_suspected_737_rudder_PCU_malfunctions">Other suspected 737 rudder PCU malfunctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other suspected 737 rudder PCU malfunctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt87" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAQM" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"multiple image\n","href":"./Template:Multiple_image"},"params":{"align":{"wt":"center"},"image_gap":{"wt":"10"},"image1":{"wt":"Copa Airlines Boeing 737-204Adv HP-1205-CMP at Miami International Airport on 26 April 1992.jpg"},"caption1":{"wt":"HP-1205-CMP, the Copa Airlines Boeing 737-200 involved in the accident."},"image2":{"wt":"25-2-08 N17344 MIA.jpg"},"caption2":{"wt":"N17344, the Continental Airlines Boeing 737-300 involved."},"image3":{"wt":"MetroJet B737-200 (N282AU) taxiing at Washington Dulles International Airport.jpg"},"caption3":{"wt":"N282AU, the Metrojet Boeing 737-200 involved"}},"i":0}}]}'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1349637415/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt88" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Multiple image/styles.css","wrapper":".tmulti"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'>.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner .thumbimage{background-color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner .thumbimage:not([style*="background-color"]) span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img,html.skin-theme-clientpref-day .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner .thumbimage:not([style*="background-color"]) span:not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner .thumbimage:not([style*="background-color"]) span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style></span><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center" about="#mwt87" id="mwAQQ"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:630px;max-width:630px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:10px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copa_Airlines_Boeing_737-204Adv_HP-1205-CMP_at_Miami_International_Airport_on_26_April_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copa_Airlines_Boeing_737-204Adv_HP-1205-CMP_at_Miami_International_Airport_on_26_April_1992.jpg" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Copa_Airlines_Boeing_737-204Adv_HP-1205-CMP_at_Miami_International_Airport_on_26_April_1992.jpg/250px-Copa_Airlines_Boeing_737-204Adv_HP-1205-CMP_at_Miami_International_Airport_on_26_April_1992.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Copa_Airlines_Boeing_737-204Adv_HP-1205-CMP_at_Miami_International_Airport_on_26_April_1992.jpg/500px-Copa_Airlines_Boeing_737-204Adv_HP-1205-CMP_at_Miami_International_Airport_on_26_April_1992.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="1346" data-file-type="bitmap" height="103" width="200" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">HP-1205-CMP, the Copa Airlines Boeing 737-200 involved in the accident.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:10px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25-2-08_N17344_MIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25-2-08_N17344_MIA.jpg" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/25-2-08_N17344_MIA.jpg/250px-25-2-08_N17344_MIA.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/25-2-08_N17344_MIA.jpg/500px-25-2-08_N17344_MIA.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" data-file-type="bitmap" height="133" width="200" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">N17344, the Continental Airlines Boeing 737-300 involved.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MetroJet_B737-200_(N282AU)_taxiing_at_Washington_Dulles_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MetroJet_B737-200_(N282AU)_taxiing_at_Washington_Dulles_International_Airport.jpg" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MetroJet_B737-200_%28N282AU%29_taxiing_at_Washington_Dulles_International_Airport.jpg/250px-MetroJet_B737-200_%28N282AU%29_taxiing_at_Washington_Dulles_International_Airport.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MetroJet_B737-200_%28N282AU%29_taxiing_at_Washington_Dulles_International_Airport.jpg/500px-MetroJet_B737-200_%28N282AU%29_taxiing_at_Washington_Dulles_International_Airport.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="717" data-file-type="bitmap" height="140" width="200" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">N282AU, the Metrojet Boeing 737-200 involved</div></div></div></div></div>
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<p id="mwAQU">The following Boeing 737 aircraft incidents were also suspected of being caused by a rudder PCU malfunction:</p>
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<ul id="mwAQY"><li id="mwAQc">On June 6, 1992, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Airlines_Flight_201" title="Copa Airlines Flight 201" id="mwAQg">Copa Airlines Flight 201</a>, a 737-200 Advanced, flipped and crashed into the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darién_Gap" title="Darién Gap" id="mwAQk">Darién Gap</a> jungle, killing 47 people. Investigators initially believed that the airplane experienced a rudder malfunction, but after an exhaustive and extensive inquiry, they concluded that the crash was caused by faulty <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator" id="mwAQo">attitude indicator</a> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments" id="mwAQs">instrument</a> readings.</li>
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<li id="mwAQw">On April 11, 1994, a <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines" id="mwAQ0">Continental Airlines</a> pilot, Ray Miller, reported his aircraft rolled violently to the right and continued to pull to the right for another 18 minutes; the Boeing 737-300 landed safely. Continental removed the flight data recorder and rudder PCU from the incident aircraft and provided them to Boeing for investigation. Boeing concluded that the rudder had inadvertently moved due to an electrical malfunction, but only 2.5 degrees and for less than two minutes in total, a finding disputed by Miller.<sup about="#mwt91" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-seattletimes_9-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"seattletimes"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-seattletimes-9"}}'><a href="#cite_note-seattletimes-9" id="mwAQ4"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAQ8"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARA">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARE">]</span></span></a></sup></li>
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<li id="mwARI">On February 23, 1999, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroJet" title="MetroJet" class="mw-redirect" id="mwARM">MetroJet</a> Flight 2710, a 737-200, experienced a slow deflection of the rudder to its blowdown limit while flying at 33,000 feet above <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland" title="Salisbury, Maryland" id="mwARQ">Salisbury, Maryland</a>. While a rudder malfunction was suspected, the aircraft was an older 737 and its flight data recorder only recorded 11 flight parameters, compared to the hundreds of parameters recorded by newer aircraft. NTSB chairman Jim Hall said that the investigation was "hampered by the lack of basic aircraft data."<sup about="#mwt94" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-10" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-10"}}'><a href="#cite_note-10" id="mwARU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwARY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARc">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup about="#mwt97" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-11" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-11"}}'><a href="#cite_note-11" id="mwARk"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwARo"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARs">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwARw">]</span></span></a></sup> All 112 passengers and 5 crew members (117 total) survived the incident.</li></ul>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="7" id="mwAR0" aria-labelledby="SilkAir_crash"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SilkAir_crash">SilkAir crash</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: SilkAir crash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt98" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAR4" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"main article","href":"./Template:Main_article"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"SilkAir Flight 185"}},"i":0}}]}'><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1368532237" about="#mwt99" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Hatnote/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" about="#mwt98" id="mwAR8">Main article: <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SilkAir_Flight_185" title="SilkAir Flight 185">SilkAir Flight 185</a></div>
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwASA"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B737,_9V-TRF,_Silk_Air.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwASE"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B737,_9V-TRF,_Silk_Air.jpg" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/B737%2C_9V-TRF%2C_Silk_Air.jpg/250px-B737%2C_9V-TRF%2C_Silk_Air.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/B737%2C_9V-TRF%2C_Silk_Air.jpg/500px-B737%2C_9V-TRF%2C_Silk_Air.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="5620" data-file-height="3704" data-file-type="bitmap" height="165" width="250" class="mw-file-element" id="mwASI"/></a><figcaption id="mwASM">9V-TRF, the SilkAir Boeing 737-300 involved, in May 1997.</figcaption></figure>
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<p id="mwASQ">On December 19, 1997, SilkAir Flight 185 crashed in <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia" id="mwASU">Indonesia</a>, killing 104 people. As the crash involved a Boeing 737-300 rolling and diving toward the ground at a steep angle, investigators considered the possibility of rudder hardover due to PCU servo malfunction.<sup about="#mwt103" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Mayday_SilkAir_12-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Mayday SilkAir"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Mayday_SilkAir-12" id="mwASY"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwASc"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwASg">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwASk">]</span></span></a></sup> The Indonesian <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Committee" title="National Transportation Safety Committee" id="mwASo">National Transportation Safety Committee</a>, the lead investigating agency, concluded in its December 14, 2000 final report that it had found "no evidence to explain the cause of the accident."<sup about="#mwt106" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CASA_SilkAir_13-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CASA SilkAir"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-CASA_SilkAir-13"}}'><a href="#cite_note-CASA_SilkAir-13" id="mwASs"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwASw"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAS0">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAS4">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt100" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAS8" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"24"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 24"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>24<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> However, on the same day the U.S. NTSB, which also participated in the investigation, issued its own final report that contradicted the Indonesian NTSC findings.<sup about="#mwt107" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CASA_SilkAir_13-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CASA SilkAir"}}'><a href="#cite_note-CASA_SilkAir-13" id="mwATA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwATE"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATI">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATM">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt101" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwATQ" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"24–25"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 24–25"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>24–25<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> The NTSB's report found that there was sufficient evidence to rule out mechanical failure (based on NTSB/Parker-Hannifin's own examinations of the suspected PCU/dual-servo unit recovered from the SilkAir crash), and that the probable cause of the accident was "intentional pilot action," most likely the captain, purposely crashing the aircraft by applying sustained nose-down control pressure.<sup about="#mwt108" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-CASA_SilkAir_13-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"CASA SilkAir"}}'><a href="#cite_note-CASA_SilkAir-13" id="mwATU"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwATY"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATc">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATg">]</span></span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap" about="#mwt102" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwATk" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"24–25"}},"i":0}}]}'><span title="Page / location: 24–25"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>24–25<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup><sup about="#mwt111" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-14" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-14"}}'><a href="#cite_note-14" id="mwATo"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwATs"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwATw">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAT0">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
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<p id="mwAT4">In 2004, following an <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator" id="mwAT8">independent</a> investigation of the recovered PCU/dual-servo unit, a Los Angeles jury, which was not allowed to hear or consider the NTSB's conclusions about the accident, ruled that the 737's rudder was the cause of the crash, and ordered Parker Hannifin, the PCU/dual-servo component manufacturer, to pay US$44 million to the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff" id="mwAUA">plaintiff</a> families.<sup about="#mwt114" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-15" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-15"}}'><a href="#cite_note-15" id="mwAUE"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAUI"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAUM">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAUQ">]</span></span></a></sup> Parker Hannifin subsequently appealed the verdict, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement for an undisclosed amount.</p>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="8" id="mwAUU" aria-labelledby="In_popular_culture"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<p id="mwAUY">The <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel_Canada" title="Discovery Channel Canada" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAUc">Discovery Channel Canada</a> TV Series <i id="mwAUg"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Mayday (Canadian TV series)" id="mwAUk">Mayday</a></i> (called <i id="mwAUo">Air Crash Investigation</i> or <i id="mwAUs">Air Disasters</i> in some markets) dramatized the NTSB's 737 rudder investigation in a 2007 episode titled "Hidden Danger" (broadcast in some countries as "Mystery Crashes").<sup about="#mwt117" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Mayday_Hidden_Danger_5-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Mayday Hidden Danger"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Mayday_Hidden_Danger-5"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Mayday_Hidden_Danger-5" id="mwAUw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAU0"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAU4">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAU8">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
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<p id="mwAVA"><i id="mwAVE">Mayday</i> separately dramatized the SilkAir crash investigation and lawsuit, including its connection to the 737 rudder controversy, in a 2012 episode titled "Pushed to the Limit" (broadcast in some countries as "Pilot Under Pressure").<sup about="#mwt120" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-Mayday_SilkAir_12-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Mayday SilkAir"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Mayday_SilkAir-12"}}'><a href="#cite_note-Mayday_SilkAir-12" id="mwAVI"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwAVM"><span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVQ">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket" id="mwAVU">]</span></span></a></sup></p>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="9" id="mwAVY" aria-labelledby="See_also"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aviacionavion.png" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/40px-Aviacionavion.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/60px-Aviacionavion.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" data-file-type="bitmap" height="28" width="28" class="mw-file-element"/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/40px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/60px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" alt="icon" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" data-file-type="bitmap" height="28" width="24" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></span></li></ul>
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<ul id="mwAVk"><li id="mwAVo"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_the_Boeing_737" title="List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737" id="mwAVs">List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737</a></li>
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<li id="mwAVw"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Airlines_Flight_85" title="Northwest Airlines Flight 85" id="mwAV0">Northwest Airlines Flight 85</a>, rudder hardover event involving a 747-400</li>
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<li id="mwAV4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_1404" title="Continental Airlines Flight 1404" id="mwAV8">Continental Airlines Flight 1404</a>, a Boeing 737 that exited the runway to the left and caught fire</li></ul>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="10" id="mwAWA" aria-labelledby="References"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-empty-elt" about="#mwt123" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAWE" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Reflist","href":"./Template:Reflist"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"2"}},"i":0}}]}'><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1327269900" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt124" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Reflist/styles.css"}}'>.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAWQ"><a href="#cite_ref-1" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwAWU"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAWY">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-1" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1333433106" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt4" id="mwAWc" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19990912&id=LIUfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bckEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3456,2004004&hl=en"},"title":{"wt":"Report says Boeing 737 rudder problems linger"},"date":{"wt":"September 12, 1999"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[TimesDaily]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"July 10, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'>.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt4" id="mwAWg"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19990912&id=LIUfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bckEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3456,2004004&hl=en" class="external text" id="mwAWk">"Report says Boeing 737 rudder problems linger"</a>. <i id="mwAWo"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TimesDaily" title="TimesDaily" id="mwAWs">TimesDaily</a></i>. September 12, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwAWw">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwAW0">July 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TimesDaily&rft.atitle=Report+says+Boeing+737+rudder+problems+linger&rft.date=1999-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1842%26dat%3D19990912%26id%3DLIUfAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DbckEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3456%2C2004004%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt4" id="mwAW4"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" id="cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" data-mw-footnote-number="2"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAW8"><a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-0" id="mwAXA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAXE">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-1" id="mwAXI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAXM">2</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-2" id="mwAXQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAXU">3</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-3" id="mwAXY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAXc">4</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-4" id="mwAXg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAXk">5</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-5" id="mwAXo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAXs">6</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-6" id="mwAXw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAX0">7</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-7" id="mwAX4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAX8">8</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-8" id="mwAYA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAYE">9</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-9" id="mwAYI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAYM">10</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report_2-10" id="mwAYQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAYU">11</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-AAR01-01_(UA_Flight_585_Amended)_Final_Report-2" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt9" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAYY" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR0101.pdf"},"title":{"wt":"Uncontrolled Descent and Collision With Terrain, United Airlines Flight 585, Boeing 737-200, N999UA, 4 Miles South of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, March 3, 1991"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[National Transportation Safety Board]]"},"id":{"wt":"NTSB/AAR-01-01"},"date":{"wt":"March 27, 2001"},"access-date":{"wt":"January 17, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt9" id="mwAYc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR0101.pdf" class="external text" id="mwAYg"><i id="mwAYk">Uncontrolled Descent and Collision With Terrain, United Airlines Flight 585, Boeing 737-200, N999UA, 4 Miles South of Colorado Springs Municipal Airport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, March 3, 1991</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwAYo">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board" id="mwAYs">National Transportation Safety Board</a>. March 27, 2001. NTSB/AAR-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwAYw">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwAY0">January 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncontrolled+Descent+and+Collision+With+Terrain%2C+United+Airlines+Flight+585%2C+Boeing+737-200%2C+N999UA%2C+4+Miles+South+of+Colorado+Springs+Municipal+Airport%2C+Colorado+Springs%2C+Colorado%2C+March+3%2C+1991&rft.pub=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft.date=2001-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntsb.gov%2Finvestigations%2FAccidentReports%2FReports%2FAAR0101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt9" id="mwAY4"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" id="cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" data-mw-footnote-number="3"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAY8"><a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-0" id="mwAZA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAZE">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-1" id="mwAZI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAZM">2</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-2" id="mwAZQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAZU">3</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-3" id="mwAZY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAZc">4</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-4" id="mwAZg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAZk">5</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-5" id="mwAZo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAZs">6</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-6" id="mwAZw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAZ0">7</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-7" id="mwAZ4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAZ8">8</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-8" id="mwAaA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAaE">9</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-9" id="mwAaI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAaM">10</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-10" id="mwAaQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAaU">11</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-11" id="mwAaY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAac">12</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-12" id="mwAag"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAak">13</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-13" id="mwAao"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAas">14</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-14" id="mwAaw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAa0">15</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-15" id="mwAa4"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAa8">16</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-16" id="mwAbA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAbE">17</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-17" id="mwAbI"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAbM">18</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report_3-18" id="mwAbQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAbU">19</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-NTSB_AAR-99-01_(USAir_Flight_427)_Final_Report-3" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt12" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAbY" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite book ","href":"./Template:Cite_book"},"params":{"date":{"wt":"March 24, 1999"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[National Transportation Safety Board]]"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR9901.pdf"},"title":{"wt":"Aircraft Accident Report - Uncontrolled Descent and Collision With Terrain, USAir Flight 427, Boeing 737-300, N513AU, Near Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, September 8, 1994"},"id":{"wt":"NTSB/AAR-99-01"},"access-date":{"wt":"July 10, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation book cs1" about="#mwt12" id="mwAbc"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR9901.pdf" class="external text" id="mwAbg"><i id="mwAbk">Aircraft Accident Report - Uncontrolled Descent and Collision With Terrain, USAir Flight 427, Boeing 737-300, N513AU, Near Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, September 8, 1994</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwAbo">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board" id="mwAbs">National Transportation Safety Board</a>. March 24, 1999. NTSB/AAR-99-01<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwAbw">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwAb0">July 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Accident+Report+-+Uncontrolled+Descent+and+Collision+With+Terrain%2C+USAir+Flight+427%2C+Boeing+737-300%2C+N513AU%2C+Near+Aliquippa%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+September+8%2C+1994&rft.pub=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft.date=1999-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntsb.gov%2Finvestigations%2FAccidentReports%2FReports%2FAAR9901.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt12" id="mwAb4"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-Why_Planes_Crash-4" id="cite_note-Why_Planes_Crash-4" data-mw-footnote-number="4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAb8"><a href="#cite_ref-Why_Planes_Crash_4-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwAcA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAcE">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Why_Planes_Crash-4" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt15" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAcI" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite episode ","href":"./Template:Cite_episode"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Fatal Flaws"},"series":{"wt":"Why Planes Crash"},"network":{"wt":"[[MSNBC]]"},"season":{"wt":"2"},"year":{"wt":"2016"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation episode cs1" about="#mwt15" id="mwAcM">"Fatal Flaws". <i id="mwAcQ">Why Planes Crash</i>. Season 2. 2016. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAcU">MSNBC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Planes+Crash&rft.series=Season+2&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt15" id="mwAcY"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-Mayday_Hidden_Danger-5" id="cite_note-Mayday_Hidden_Danger-5" data-mw-footnote-number="5"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAcc"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayday_Hidden_Danger_5-0" id="mwAcg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAck">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayday_Hidden_Danger_5-1" id="mwAco"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAcs">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Mayday_Hidden_Danger-5" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt115" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAcw" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite episode ","href":"./Template:Cite_episode"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Hidden Danger"},"series":{"wt":"[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]"},"network":{"wt":"[[Discovery Channel Canada]] / [[National Geographic Channel]]"},"season":{"wt":"4"},"year":{"wt":"2007"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation episode cs1" about="#mwt115" id="mwAc0">"Hidden Danger". <i id="mwAc4"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Mayday (Canadian TV series)" id="mwAc8">Mayday</a></i>. Season 4. 2007. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel_Canada" title="Discovery Channel Canada" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAdA">Discovery Channel Canada</a> / <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" title="National Geographic Channel" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAdE">National Geographic Channel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayday&rft.series=Season+4&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt115" id="mwAdI"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-:0-6" id="cite_note-:0-6" data-mw-footnote-number="6"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAdM"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0" id="mwAdQ"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAdU">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1" id="mwAdY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAdc">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-:0-6" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><i id="mwAdg"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox_(TV_programme)" title="Equinox (TV programme)" id="mwAdk">Equinox</a></i> - "The Box", Channel 4, 2001.</span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-7" id="cite_note-7" data-mw-footnote-number="7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAdo"><a href="#cite_ref-7" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwAds"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAdw">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-7" class="mw-reference-text reference-text">The quick access recorder had been pioneered by BA's predecessor airline, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_European_Airways" title="British European Airways" id="mwAd0">BEA</a>, on its <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident" title="Hawker Siddeley Trident" id="mwAd4">Hawker Siddeley Trident</a> aircraft back in the 1960s. Subsequently, QARs were fitted to all BEA, and then BA, aircraft.</span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-8" id="cite_note-8" data-mw-footnote-number="8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAd8"><a href="#cite_ref-8" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwAeA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAeE">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-8" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt84" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAeI" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www1.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/WebNewAD/2A37F5FABA444A8086256C4B005A2884?OpenDocument"},"title":{"wt":"Boeing Model 737 Series Airplanes"},"website":{"wt":"www1.airweb.faa.gov"},"access-date":{"wt":"May 21, 2016"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181007121005/http://www1.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/WebNewAD/2A37F5FABA444A8086256C4B005A2884?OpenDocument"},"archive-date":{"wt":"October 7, 2018"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt84" id="mwAeM"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007121005/http://www1.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/WebNewAD/2A37F5FABA444A8086256C4B005A2884?OpenDocument" class="external text" id="mwAeQ">"Boeing Model 737 Series Airplanes"</a>. <i id="mwAeU">www1.airweb.faa.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www1.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/WebNewAD/2A37F5FABA444A8086256C4B005A2884?OpenDocument" class="external text" id="mwAeY">the original</a> on October 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwAec">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwAeg">May 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.airweb.faa.gov&rft.atitle=Boeing+Model+737+Series+Airplanes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.airweb.faa.gov%2FRegulatory_and_Guidance_Library%2FrgAD.nsf%2FWebNewAD%2F2A37F5FABA444A8086256C4B005A2884%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt84" id="mwAek"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-seattletimes-9" id="cite_note-seattletimes-9" data-mw-footnote-number="9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAeo"><a href="#cite_ref-seattletimes_9-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwAes"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAew">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-seattletimes-9" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt89" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAe0" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://old.seattletimes.com/news/local/737/part02/"},"title":{"wt":"737: The crash in Colorado Springs"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[The Seattle Times]]"},"date":{"wt":"October 28, 1996"},"access-date":{"wt":"May 21, 2016"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190808204327/http://old.seattletimes.com/news/local/737/part02/"},"archive-date":{"wt":"August 8, 2019"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt89" id="mwAe4"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808204327/http://old.seattletimes.com/news/local/737/part02/" class="external text" id="mwAe8">"737: The crash in Colorado Springs"</a>. <i id="mwAfA"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times" id="mwAfE">The Seattle Times</a></i>. October 28, 1996. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://old.seattletimes.com/news/local/737/part02/" class="external text" id="mwAfI">the original</a> on August 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwAfM">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwAfQ">May 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=737%3A+The+crash+in+Colorado+Springs&rft.date=1996-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.seattletimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F737%2Fpart02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt89" id="mwAfU"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-10" id="cite_note-10" data-mw-footnote-number="10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAfY"><a href="#cite_ref-10" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwAfc"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAfg">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-10" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt92" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAfk" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite press release","href":"./Template:Cite_press_release"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/Metrojet_B-737_In-flight_Event_-_February_23_1999.aspx"},"title":{"wt":"Metrojet B-737 In-flight Event - February 23, 1999"},"author":{"wt":"NTSB Office of Public Affairs"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[National Transportation Safety Board]]"},"date":{"wt":"February 24, 1999"},"access-date":{"wt":"May 21, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFNTSB_Office_of_Public_Affairs1999" class="citation pressrelease cs1" about="#mwt92">NTSB Office of Public Affairs (February 24, 1999). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/Metrojet_B-737_In-flight_Event_-_February_23_1999.aspx" class="external text" id="mwAfo">"Metrojet B-737 In-flight Event - February 23, 1999"</a> (Press release). <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board" id="mwAfs">National Transportation Safety Board</a><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwAfw">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwAf0">May 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metrojet+B-737+In-flight+Event+-+February+23%2C+1999&rft.pub=National+Transportation+Safety+Board&rft.date=1999-02-24&rft.au=NTSB+Office+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntsb.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2FPages%2FMetrojet_B-737_In-flight_Event_-_February_23_1999.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt92" id="mwAf4"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-11" id="cite_note-11" data-mw-footnote-number="11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAf8"><a href="#cite_ref-11" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwAgA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAgE">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-11" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt95" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAgI" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite news","href":"./Template:Cite_news"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/feb99/plane26.htm"},"title":{"wt":"Aging Data Recorder Impedes Jet Probe"},"last":{"wt":"Phillips"},"first":{"wt":"Don"},"newspaper":{"wt":"[[The Washington Post]]"},"date":{"wt":"February 26, 1999"},"access-date":{"wt":"May 21, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1999" class="citation news cs1" about="#mwt95">Phillips, Don (February 26, 1999). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/feb99/plane26.htm" class="external text" id="mwAgM">"Aging Data Recorder Impedes Jet Probe"</a>. <i id="mwAgQ"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post" id="mwAgU">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwAgY">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwAgc">May 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Aging+Data+Recorder+Impedes+Jet+Probe&rft.date=1999-02-26&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Fdaily%2Ffeb99%2Fplane26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt95" id="mwAgg"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-Mayday_SilkAir-12" id="cite_note-Mayday_SilkAir-12" data-mw-footnote-number="12"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAgk"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayday_SilkAir_12-0" id="mwAgo"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAgs">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayday_SilkAir_12-1" id="mwAgw"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAg0">2</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-Mayday_SilkAir-12" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt118" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAg4" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite episode ","href":"./Template:Cite_episode"},"params":{"title":{"wt":"Pushed to the Limit"},"series":{"wt":"[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]"},"network":{"wt":"[[Discovery Channel Canada]] / [[National Geographic Channel]]"},"season":{"wt":"12"},"year":{"wt":"2012"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation episode cs1" about="#mwt118" id="mwAg8">"Pushed to the Limit". <i id="mwAhA"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Mayday (Canadian TV series)" id="mwAhE">Mayday</a></i>. Season 12. 2012. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel_Canada" title="Discovery Channel Canada" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAhI">Discovery Channel Canada</a> / <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" title="National Geographic Channel" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAhM">National Geographic Channel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayday&rft.series=Season+12&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt118" id="mwAhQ"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-CASA_SilkAir-13" id="cite_note-CASA_SilkAir-13" data-mw-footnote-number="13"><span rel="mw:referencedBy" class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAhU"><a href="#cite_ref-CASA_SilkAir_13-0" id="mwAhY"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAhc">1</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CASA_SilkAir_13-1" id="mwAhg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAhk">2</span></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CASA_SilkAir_13-2" id="mwAho"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAhs">3</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-CASA_SilkAir-13" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt104" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAhw" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://www.casa.gov.au/sites/g/files/net351/f/_assets/main/fsa/2008/feb/18-28.pdf"},"title":{"wt":"Final Flight: SilkAir"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[Civil Aviation Safety Authority]]"},"date":{"wt":"Jan–Feb 2008"},"language":{"wt":"en"},"access-date":{"wt":"May 21, 2016"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160603153744/https://www.casa.gov.au/sites/g/files/net351/f/_assets/main/fsa/2008/feb/18-28.pdf"},"archive-date":{"wt":"June 3, 2016"},"url-status":{"wt":"dead"},"df":{"wt":"mdy-all"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt104" id="mwAh0"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603153744/https://www.casa.gov.au/sites/g/files/net351/f/_assets/main/fsa/2008/feb/18-28.pdf" class="external text" id="mwAh4">"Final Flight: SilkAir"</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwAh8">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Safety_Authority" title="Civil Aviation Safety Authority" id="mwAiA">Civil Aviation Safety Authority</a>. January–February 2008. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.casa.gov.au/sites/g/files/net351/f/_assets/main/fsa/2008/feb/18-28.pdf" class="external text" id="mwAiE">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwAiI">(PDF)</span> on June 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwAiM">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwAiQ">May 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Flight%3A+SilkAir&rft.pub=Civil+Aviation+Safety+Authority&rft.date=2008-01%2F2008-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.casa.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fg%2Ffiles%2Fnet351%2Ff%2F_assets%2Fmain%2Ffsa%2F2008%2Ffeb%2F18-28.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt104" id="mwAiU"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-14" id="cite_note-14" data-mw-footnote-number="14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAiY"><a href="#cite_ref-14" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwAic"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAig">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-14" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt109" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAik" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19971219-0"},"title":{"wt":"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-36N 9V-TRF Palembang"},"website":{"wt":"[[Aviation Safety Network]]"},"publisher":{"wt":"[[Flight Safety Foundation]]"},"access-date":{"wt":"May 21, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt109" id="mwAio"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19971219-0" class="external text" id="mwAis">"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-36N 9V-TRF Palembang"</a>. <i id="mwAiw"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" title="Aviation Safety Network" class="mw-redirect" id="mwAi0">Aviation Safety Network</a></i>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Safety_Foundation" title="Flight Safety Foundation" id="mwAi4">Flight Safety Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwAi8">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwAjA">May 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Boeing+737-36N+9V-TRF+Palembang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19971219-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt109" id="mwAjE"></span></span></li>
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<li about="#cite_note-15" id="cite_note-15" data-mw-footnote-number="15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" id="mwAjI"><a href="#cite_ref-15" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwAjM"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwAjQ">↑</span></a></span> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-15" class="mw-reference-text reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333433106" about="#mwt112" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" id="mwAjU" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite web","href":"./Template:Cite_web"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"http://www.malaysianflightmh370lawyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/podhurst_andrews_aviation_081704.pdf"},"title":{"wt":"$43.6 Million Awarded in Silk Air Crash Cases"},"date":{"wt":"August 17, 2004"},"website":{"wt":"www.malaysianflightmh370lawyer.com"},"access-date":{"wt":"May 21, 2016"}},"i":0}}]}'/><cite class="citation web cs1" about="#mwt112" id="mwAjY"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.malaysianflightmh370lawyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/podhurst_andrews_aviation_081704.pdf" class="external text" id="mwAjc">"$43.6 Million Awarded in Silk Air Crash Cases"</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwAjg">(PDF)</span>. <i id="mwAjk">www.malaysianflightmh370lawyer.com</i>. August 17, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate" id="mwAjo">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" id="mwAjs">May 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.malaysianflightmh370lawyer.com&rft.atitle=%2443.6+Million+Awarded+in+Silk+Air+Crash+Cases&rft.date=2004-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaysianflightmh370lawyer.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2Fpodhurst_andrews_aviation_081704.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoeing+737+rudder+issues" class="Z3988" about="#mwt112" id="mwAjw"></span></span></li>
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</ol></div>
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</section><section data-mw-section-id="11" id="mwAj0" aria-labelledby="External_links"><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeing_737_rudder_issues&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<ul id="mwAj4"><li id="mwAj8"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040742/http://www.pulitzer.org/imported-data/year/1997/beat-reporting/works/737-2/power_800.gif" class="external text" id="mwAkA">How the 737 rudder works</a></li>
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<li id="mwAkE"><a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="http://www.airlinesafety.com/faq/B-737Rudder.htm" class="external text" id="mwAkI">Boeing 737 Rudder Design Study</a> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729083316/http://airlinesafety.com/faq/B-737Rudder.htm" about="#mwt126" typeof="mw:Transclusion" class="external text" id="mwAkM" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Webarchive","href":"./Template:Webarchive"},"params":{"url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120729083316/http://airlinesafety.com/faq/B-737Rudder.htm"},"date":{"wt":"July 29, 2012"}},"i":0}}]}'>Archived</a><span about="#mwt126"> July 29, 2012, at the </span><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine" about="#mwt126">Wayback Machine</a><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" href="./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" about="#mwt126" id="mwAkQ"/></li></ul>
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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></span></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boeing_737_family1211" style="padding:3px" about="#mwt127" id="mwAkY"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064" about="#mwt130" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Hlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></span><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Boeing_737_family" title="Template:Boeing 737 family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Boeing_737_family" title="Template talk:Boeing 737 family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boeing_737_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boeing 737 family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boeing_737_family1211" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">737 Original (-100/-200)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic" title="Boeing 737 Classic">737 Classic (-300/-400/-500)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">737 NG (-600/-700/-800/-900)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX" title="Boeing 737 MAX">737 MAX (-7/-8/-9/-10)</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Business_Jet" title="Boeing Business Jet">737 BBJ</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-40_Clipper" title="Boeing C-40 Clipper" class="mw-redirect">C-40</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_E-7_Wedgetail" title="Boeing E-7 Wedgetail">E-7</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">P-8</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_T-43" title="Boeing T-43">T-43</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulson_737_Fireliner" title="Coulson 737 Fireliner">737 Fireliner</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_3701" title="Air Force 3701">Air Force 3701</a></i></li>
|
||
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_CATBird" title="Lockheed Martin CATBird">CATBird</a></i></li>
|
||
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_presidential_aircraft" title="Indonesian presidential aircraft">Indonesia One</a></i></li>
|
||
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkwazi" title="Inkwazi">Inkwazi</a></i></li>
|
||
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_515" title="NASA 515">NASA 515</a></i></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_the_Boeing_737" title="List of accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 737">Accidents and incidents</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX_certification" title="Boeing 737 MAX certification">737 MAX certification</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX_groundings" title="Boeing 737 MAX groundings">737 MAX groundings</a>
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boeing_737_MAX_groundings" title="List of Boeing 737 MAX groundings">list</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boeing_737_MAX_orders_and_deliveries" title="List of Boeing 737 MAX orders and deliveries">737 MAX orders and deliveries</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Boeing_737_operators" title="List of Boeing 737 operators">Operators</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737_rudder_issues" class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudder issues</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downfall:_The_Case_Against_Boeing" title="Downfall: The Case Against Boeing">Downfall: The Case Against Boeing</a></i> (2022)</li>
|
||
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight/Risk" title="Flight/Risk">Flight/Risk</a></i> (2022)</li>
|
||
<li><i><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freefall:_A_Reckoning_for_Boeing" title="Freefall: A Reckoning for Boeing">Freefall: A Reckoning for Boeing</a></i> (2026)</li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
|
||
<div class="navbox-styles" about="#mwt132" typeof="mw:Transclusion" id="mwAkc" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Boeing","href":"./Template:Boeing"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}'><span class="mw-empty-elt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064" about="#mwt133" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Hlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1364279517" about="#mwt134" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Navbox/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boeing2490" style="padding:3px" about="#mwt132" id="mwAkg"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1333133064" about="#mwt135" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Hlist/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" about="#mwt136" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" data-mw='{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Navbar/styles.css"},"body":{"extsrc":""}}'/></span><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Boeing" title="Template:Boeing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Boeing" title="Template talk:Boeing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boeing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boeing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boeing2490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Commercial_Airplanes" title="Boeing Commercial Airplanes">Boeing Commercial Airplanes</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_&_Security" title="Boeing Defense, Space & Security">Boeing Defense, Space & Security</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Global_Services" title="Boeing Global Services">Boeing Global Services</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_full_logo_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img resource="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_full_logo_(variant).svg" src="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Boeing_full_logo_%28variant%29.svg/120px-Boeing_full_logo_%28variant%29.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Boeing_full_logo_%28variant%29.svg/250px-Boeing_full_logo_%28variant%29.svg.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="236" data-file-type="drawing" height="55" width="120" class="mw-file-element"/></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon_ST" title="Argon ST">Argon ST</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Flight_Sciences" title="Aurora Flight Sciences">Aurora Flight Sciences</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Australia" title="Boeing Australia">Boeing Australia</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Canada" title="Boeing Canada">Boeing Canada</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Capital" title="Boeing Capital">Boeing Capital</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Phantom_Works" title="Boeing Phantom Works">Boeing Phantom Works</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Rotorcraft_Systems" title="Boeing Rotorcraft Systems">Boeing Rotorcraft Systems</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_UK" title="Boeing UK">Boeing UK</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insitu" title="Insitu">Insitu</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeppesen" title="Jeppesen">Jeppesen</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narus_Inc." title="Narus Inc.">Narus</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrolab" title="Spectrolab">Spectrolab</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_AeroSystems" title="Spirit AeroSystems">Spirit AeroSystems</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisk_Aero" title="Wisk Aero">Wisk Aero</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCT_modernization" title="BCT modernization">BCT modernization</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Black" title="Boeing Black">Boeing Black</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_hydrofoils" title="Boeing hydrofoils">Boeing hydrofoils</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_929_Jetfoil" title="Boeing 929 Jetfoil">929 jetfoil</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexion_by_Boeing" title="Connexion by Boeing">Connexion by Boeing</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems" title="Future Combat Systems">Future Combat Systems</a></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li>Commercial airplane factories
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Everett_Factory" title="Boeing Everett Factory">Everett</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Renton_Factory" title="Boeing Renton Factory">Renton</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_South_Carolina" title="Boeing South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li></ul></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Flight_Aviation_Center_&_Boeing_Tour" title="Future of Flight Aviation Center & Boeing Tour">Future of Flight Aviation Center & Boeing Tour</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Store" title="Boeing Store">Boeing Store</a></li>
|
||
<li>Historic
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Plant_1" title="Boeing Plant 1">Plant 1</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Plant_2" title="Boeing Plant 2">Plant 2</a></li></ul></li></ul>
|
||
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
|
||
<ul><li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Boeing" title="William E. Boeing">William E. Boeing</a> (founder)</li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Albaugh" title="James Albaugh">James Albaugh</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McPherson_Allen" title="William McPherson Allen">William M. Allen</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Bell" title="James A. Bell">James A. Bell</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Biggs" title="John H. Biggs">John H. Biggs</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Bradway" title="Robert A. Bradway">Robert A. Bradway</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bryson" title="John Bryson">John Bryson</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Calhoun" title="Dave Calhoun">Dave Calhoun</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanne_Caret" title="Leanne Caret">Leanne Caret</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_D._Collins_Jr." title="Arthur D. Collins Jr.">Arthur D. Collins Jr.</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_M._Condit" title="Philip M. Condit">Philip M. Condit</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Conner" title="Raymond Conner">Raymond Conner</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Duberstein" title="Kenneth Duberstein">Kenneth Duberstein</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Giambastiani" title="Edmund Giambastiani">Edmund Giambastiani</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Good" title="Lynn Good">Lynn Good</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Gott" title="Edgar Gott">Edgar Gott</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_G._Johnson" title="Philip G. Johnson">Philip G. Johnson</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Kellner" title="Larry Kellner">Larry Kellner</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Liddy" title="Ed Liddy">Ed Liddy</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_G._McAllister" title="Kevin G. McAllister">Kevin G. McAllister</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDonnell_(businessman)" title="John McDonnell (businessman)" class="mw-redirect">John McDonnell</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McNerney" title="James McNerney">James McNerney</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Muilenburg" title="Dennis Muilenburg">Dennis Muilenburg</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mulally" title="Alan Mulally">Alan Mulally</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Nelson" title="Brendan Nelson">Brendan Nelson</a></li>
|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Ortberg" title="Kelly Ortberg">Kelly Ortberg</a></li>
|
||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||
<li><a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Boeing_machinists'_strike" title="2024 Boeing machinists' strike">2024</a></li>
|
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