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left: 5px !important;
top: 6px !important;
height: calc(100% - 10px) !important;
aspect-ratio: 1 !important;
background-color: #F2F5F9 !important;
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none"><path stroke="%23000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.2549" d="M11.8983 9.95197h.0096m-.0096 3.86123h.0096m-.0096-7.72247h.0096m3.8516 3.86124h.0096m-.0096 3.86123h.0096m-.0096-7.72247h.0096M8.03702 9.95197h.00965m-.00965 3.86123h.00965m-.00965-7.72247h.00965m.95566 15.44497v-2.896c0-.256.1017-.5015.28273-.6825.18103-.1811.42656-.2828.68258-.2828h3.86126c.256 0 .5015.1017.6825.2828.1811.181.2828.4265.2828.6825v2.896M6.1064 2.22949h11.5837c1.0663 0 1.9306.86437 1.9306 1.93062V19.6051c0 1.0662-.8643 1.9306-1.9306 1.9306H6.1064c-1.06625 0-1.93062-.8644-1.93062-1.9306V4.16011c0-1.06625.86437-1.93062 1.93062-1.93062"/></svg>') !important;
background-repeat: no-repeat !important;
background-size: 24px 24px !important;
background-position: center !important;
border-radius: 100vw !important;
pointer-events: none !important;
}
div:has(> input[name="email"])::after {
content: "" !important;
position: absolute !important;
left: 5px !important;
top: 6px !important;
height: calc(100% - 10px) !important;
aspect-ratio: 1 !important;
background-color: #F2F5F9 !important;
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none"><path stroke="%23000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.2549" d="m21.5523 7.04144-8.6791 5.52836c-.2945.171-.6291.2611-.9697.2611s-.6751-.0901-.9696-.2611L2.24609 7.04144m1.93062-2.89593H19.6217c1.0662 0 1.9306.86437 1.9306 1.93062V17.6598c0 1.0663-.8644 1.9307-1.9306 1.9307H4.17671c-1.06625 0-1.93062-.8644-1.93062-1.9307V6.07613c0-1.06625.86437-1.93062 1.93062-1.93062"/></svg>') !important;
background-repeat: no-repeat !important;
background-size: 24px 24px !important;
background-position: center !important;
border-radius: 100vw !important;
pointer-events: none !important;
}
div:has(> input[name="jobtitle"])::after {
content: "" !important;
position: absolute !important;
left: 5px !important;
top: 6px !important;
height: calc(100% - 10px) !important;
aspect-ratio: 1 !important;
background-color: #F2F5F9 !important;
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none"><path stroke="%23000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.2549" d="M15.7604 19.5982V4.15327c0-.51203-.2034-1.00309-.5654-1.36515-.3621-.36206-.8532-.56546-1.3652-.56546H9.96857c-.51203 0-1.00309.2034-1.36516.56546-.36206.36206-.56546.85312-.56546 1.36515V19.5982M4.17671 6.08389H19.6217c1.0662 0 1.9306.86437 1.9306 1.93062v9.65309c0 1.0663-.8644 1.9306-1.9306 1.9306H4.17671c-1.06625 0-1.93062-.8643-1.93062-1.9306V8.01451c0-1.06625.86437-1.93062 1.93062-1.93062"/></svg>') !important;
background-repeat: no-repeat !important;
background-size: 24px 24px !important;
background-position: center !important;
border-radius: 100vw !important;
pointer-events: none !important;
}
div:has(> input[name="phone"])::after {
content: "" !important;
position: absolute !important;
left: 5px !important;
top: 6px !important;
height: calc(100% - 10px) !important;
aspect-ratio: 1 !important;
background-color: #F2F5F9 !important;
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none"><path stroke="%23000" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.2549" d="M11.8939 17.6539h.0096M7.06734 2.20898h9.65306c1.0663 0 1.9306.86437 1.9306 1.93062v15.445c0 1.0662-.8643 1.9306-1.9306 1.9306H7.06734c-1.06625 0-1.93062-.8644-1.93062-1.9306V4.1396c0-1.06625.86437-1.93062 1.93062-1.93062"/></svg>') !important;
background-repeat: no-repeat !important;
background-size: 24px 24px !important;
background-position: center !important;
border-radius: 100vw !important;
pointer-events: none !important;
}
div:has(> input[name="password"])::after {
content: "" !important;
position: absolute !important;
left: 5px !important;
top: 6px !important;
height: calc(100% - 10px) !important;
aspect-ratio: 1 !important;
background-color: #F2F5F9 !important;
background-image: url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path fill="%23000" d="M21 2a8.998 8.998 0 0 0-8.612 11.612L2 24v6h6l10.388-10.388A9 9 0 1 0 21 2m0 16a7 7 0 0 1-2.032-.302l-1.147-.348-.847.847-3.181 3.181L12.414 20 11 21.414l1.379 1.379-1.586 1.586L9.414 23 8 24.414l1.379 1.379L7.172 28H4v-3.172l9.802-9.802.848-.847-.348-1.147A7 7 0 1 1 21 18"/><circle cx="22" cy="10" r="2" fill="%23000"/></svg>') !important;
background-repeat: no-repeat !important;
background-size: 24px 24px !important;
background-position: center !important;
border-radius: 100vw !important;
pointer-events: none !important;
}
End of Hubspot CSS */
.video-container iframe {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
height: 100%;
border: 0;
}
.modal_full-screen img {
max-width: 90vw;
max-height: 90vh;
cursor: auto;
}
/* Apply "..." after 3 lines of text */
.text-style-3lines {
display: -webkit-box;
overflow: hidden;
-webkit-line-clamp: 3;
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
}
/* Apply "..." after 2 lines of text */
.text-style-2lines {
display: -webkit-box;
overflow: hidden;
-webkit-line-clamp: 2;
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
}
.z-index-1000 {
z-index: 1000;
}
.z-index-0 {
z-index: 0;
}
.border-none {border-top-style:none;border-top-width:1px;border-top-color:black;border-right-style:none;border-right-width:1px;border-right-color:black;border-bottom-style:none;border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:black;border-left-style:none;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:black;}
.gap-0 {
gap: 0 !important;
}
.gap-8px {
gap: 8px !important;
}
.gap-1rem {
gap: 1rem !important;
}
.gap-2rem {
gap: 2rem !important;
}
.gap-3rem {
gap: 3rem !important;
}
.gap-4rem {
gap: 4rem !important;
}
.gap-6rem {
gap: 6rem !important;
}
.gap-small {
gap: 2rem !important;
}
.gap-xsmall {
gap: 1.25rem !important;
}
.background-transparent {
background-color: transparent !important;
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
.gap-small {
gap: 1.5rem !important;
}
.gap-xsmall {
gap: 0.75rem !important;
}
}
@media (max-width: 478px) {
.gap-small {
gap: 1rem !important;
}
.gap-xsmall {
gap: 0.5rem !important;
}
}
.padding-top-minus-medium {
margin-top: -5rem;
}
.padding-top-minus-medium:medium {
margin-top: -4rem;
}
.padding-top-minus-medium:small {
margin-top: -3rem;
}
.position-static {
position: static !important;
}
.text-label-white label {
color: #FFFFFF !important;
}
[component="dark-background"] label {
color: #FFFFFF !important;
}
[component="dark-background"] .submitted-message {
color: #FFFFFF !important;
}
[component="dark-background"] .cookie-reset-container,
[component="dark-background"] .cookie-reset-container a {
color: #FFFFFF !important;
}
[component="dark-background"] .cookie-reset-container a:hover {
color: var(--brick) !important;
}
.txtshare {
z-index: 99;
}
.filter-saturate-0 {
filter: saturate(0%);
}
.hover-gray-to-color {
filter: saturate(0%);
transition-property: filter;
}
.hover-gray-to-color:hover {
filter: saturate(100%);
}
.hide {display: none}
.footer__social-icon {
width: 1.25rem !important;
height: 1.25rem !important; /* Safari: don't rely on height="auto" */
flex: 0 0 1.25rem; /* prevent flex stretching */
display: block; /* remove baseline gap rendering in Safari */
}
/* Smooth rotation for both chevron types */
.nav2_dropdown_toggle-icon,
.nav2_inner-dropdown_toggle-icon {
transition: transform 0.25s ease;
}
/* Parent dropdown chevron rotates only when its parent is open */
.nav2_link.nav2_dropdown_toggle[aria-expanded="true"]
.nav2_dropdown_toggle-icon {
transform: rotate(180deg);
}
/* Inner dropdown chevron rotates only when its parent is open */
.nav-dropdown-menu-toggle[aria-expanded="true"]
.nav2_inner-dropdown_toggle-icon {
transform: rotate(180deg);
}
/* reset */
.ap-tab2-slider-controller_slide {
border-bottom: 0;
opacity: 100%;
}
/* active states from Swiper */
.ap-tab2-slider-controller_slide.swiper-slide-active,
.ap-tab2-slider-controller_slide.swiper-slide-thumb-active,
.ap-tab2-slider-controller_slide.is-thumb-active {
border-bottom: 2px solid #000000;
}
/* List of CMS-based text in Pills like Author List */
.tag-pill_list-item {
display: inline;
}
.tag-pill_list-item:empty {
display: none;
}
.tag-pill_list-item:not(:empty):has(~ .tag-pill_list-item:not(:empty))::after {
content: ",\00a0";
}
.hide {
display: none !important;
}
</style></div></div><header nav2="parent-container" class="nav2"><div data-collapse="medium" data-animation="default" data-duration="0" nav2="primary-nav" data-easing="ease" data-easing2="ease" role="banner" class="nav2_bar-wrapper w-nav"><div class="nav2_container primary-nav"><div nav2="subnav-container" class="subnav-desktop_container"><div nav2="announce-wrapper" class="nav2_bar-wrapper announce-nav"><div class="nav2_container announce-nav"><div nav-container-announce="1" class="nav2_announce_wrapper w-dyn-list"><div class="hide w-dyn-empty"><div>No items found.</div></div></div><div nav2="announce-close" class="announcement-bar-close"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" class="icon-1x1-xsmall"><path d="M18 6L6 18M6 6L18 18" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></div><div class="hide w-embed w-script"><style>
.nav2_announce_item {
opacity: 0;
transition: opacity 0.6s ease-in-out;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
right: 0;
z-index: 1;
pointer-events: none;
}
.nav2_announce_item.active {
opacity: 1;
position: relative;
z-index: 2;
pointer-events: auto;
}
.nav__announcement-rte {
display: -webkit-box;
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
-webkit-line-clamp: 3;
overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;
word-break: break-word;
}
</style>
<script>
(function () {
var mql = window.matchMedia('(max-width: 991px)');
function toggleSubnav() {
document.querySelectorAll('[nav2="subnav-container"]').forEach(function (container) {
var announceWrapper = container.querySelector('[nav2="announce-wrapper"]');
var dynList = container.querySelector('.w-dyn-list');
var hasItems = dynList && dynList.querySelector('.w-dyn-items .w-dyn-item');
var isEmpty = !dynList || !hasItems;
if (isEmpty) {
if (mql.matches) {
// ≤991px: hide the whole subnav container
container.style.display = 'none';
if (announceWrapper) announceWrapper.style.display = '';
} else {
// ≥992px: keep subnav (links/icons) visible, hide just the announce bar
container.style.display = '';
if (announceWrapper) announceWrapper.style.display = 'none';
}
} else {
// Has announcements: everything back to default
container.style.display = '';
if (announceWrapper) announceWrapper.style.display = '';
}
});
}
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', toggleSubnav);
toggleSubnav();
if (mql.addEventListener) {
mql.addEventListener('change', toggleSubnav);
} else {
mql.addListener(toggleSubnav);
}
})();
</script></div></div></div><a data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:8a81c035-e4ea-07f6-6050-a92a38847336" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="8a81c035-e4ea-07f6-6050-a92a38847336" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="https://cloud.redpanda.com/" target="_blank" class="subnav_link hide-tablet">CLOUD LOGIN</a><a data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:dfe242a6-0e15-986c-d545-d4b911f98be9" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="dfe242a6-0e15-986c-d545-d4b911f98be9" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="https://support.redpanda.com" class="subnav_link hide-tablet">SUPPORT</a><a data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:08cdf5f0-e82a-068d-f484-aaedf0f5110d" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="08cdf5f0-e82a-068d-f484-aaedf0f5110d" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="https://redpanda.com/slack" class="hide-tablet w-inline-block"><div class="subnav_icon w-embed"><svg width="100%" height="auto" viewBox="0 0 30 30" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<path d="M6.31579 18.9474C6.31579 20.6913 4.90175 22.1053 3.15789 22.1053C1.41403 22.1053 0 20.6913 0 18.9474C0 17.2036 1.41403 15.7896 3.15789 15.7896H6.31579V18.9474Z" fill="#E01E5A"/>
<path d="M7.89453 18.9474C7.89453 17.2036 9.30857 15.7896 11.0524 15.7896C12.7963 15.7896 14.2103 17.2036 14.2103 18.9474V26.8422C14.2103 28.586 12.7963 30.0001 11.0524 30.0001C9.30857 30.0001 7.89453 28.586 7.89453 26.8422V18.9474Z" fill="#E01E5A"/>
<path d="M11.0524 6.31579C9.30857 6.31579 7.89453 4.90175 7.89453 3.15789C7.89453 1.41403 9.30857 0 11.0524 0C12.7963 0 14.2103 1.41403 14.2103 3.15789V6.31579H11.0524Z" fill="#36C5F0"/>
<path d="M11.0526 7.89453C12.7965 7.89453 14.2105 9.30857 14.2105 11.0524C14.2105 12.7963 12.7965 14.2103 11.0526 14.2103H3.15789C1.41403 14.2103 0 12.7963 0 11.0524C0 9.30857 1.41403 7.89453 3.15789 7.89453H11.0526Z" fill="#36C5F0"/>
<path d="M23.6841 11.0524C23.6841 9.30857 25.0981 7.89453 26.842 7.89453C28.5858 7.89453 29.9999 9.30857 29.9999 11.0524C29.9999 12.7963 28.5858 14.2103 26.842 14.2103H23.6841V11.0524Z" fill="#2EB67D"/>
<path d="M22.1053 11.0526C22.1053 12.7965 20.6913 14.2105 18.9474 14.2105C17.2036 14.2105 15.7896 12.7965 15.7896 11.0526V3.15789C15.7896 1.41403 17.2036 0 18.9474 0C20.6913 0 22.1053 1.41403 22.1053 3.15789V11.0526Z" fill="#2EB67D"/>
<path d="M18.9474 23.6841C20.6913 23.6841 22.1053 25.0981 22.1053 26.842C22.1053 28.5858 20.6913 29.9999 18.9474 29.9999C17.2036 29.9999 15.7896 28.5858 15.7896 26.842V23.6841H18.9474Z" fill="#ECB22E"/>
<path d="M18.9474 22.1053C17.2036 22.1053 15.7896 20.6913 15.7896 18.9474C15.7896 17.2036 17.2036 15.7896 18.9474 15.7896H26.8422C28.586 15.7896 30.0001 17.2036 30.0001 18.9474C30.0001 20.6913 28.586 22.1053 26.8422 22.1053H18.9474Z" fill="#ECB22E"/>
</svg></div></a><a data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:fcc194d8-9b67-c3e1-1706-9d33220719fb" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="fcc194d8-9b67-c3e1-1706-9d33220719fb" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda" class="flex-horizontal gap-4px hide-tablet text-style-link-black w-inline-block"><div class="subnav_icon w-embed"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true">
<g clip-path="url(#a)">
<path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.484 0 10.017c0 4.425 2.865 8.18 6.839 9.504.5.092.682-.217.682-.483 0-.237-.008-.868-.013-1.703-2.782.605-3.369-1.343-3.369-1.343-.454-1.158-1.11-1.466-1.11-1.466-.908-.62.069-.608.069-.608 1.003.07 1.531 1.032 1.531 1.032.892 1.53 2.341 1.088 2.91.832.092-.647.35-1.088.636-1.338-2.22-.253-4.555-1.113-4.555-4.951 0-1.093.39-1.988 1.029-2.688-.103-.253-.446-1.272.098-2.65 0 0 .84-.27 2.75 1.026A9.563722 9.563722 0 0 1 10 4.844c.85.004 1.705.115 2.504.337 1.909-1.296 2.747-1.027 2.747-1.027.546 1.379.202 2.398.1 2.651.64.7 1.028 1.595 1.028 2.688 0 3.848-2.339 4.695-4.566 4.943.359.309.678.92.678 1.855 0 1.338-.012 2.419-.012 2.747 0 .268.18.58.688.482 1.9913-.6679 3.7223-1.9447 4.9485-3.65 1.2261-1.7052 1.8854-3.7527 1.8845-5.853C20 4.484 15.522 0 10 0Z"></path>
</g>
<defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 0h20v20H0z"/></clipPath></defs>
</svg></div><div><div github-repo="stargazers-count" class="text-size-xsmall">-</div></div></a></div><div class="nav2_primary-container"><div class="nav2_left"><a href="/" nav2-link-primary="logo" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb49" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb49" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" class="nav2_logo-link w-nav-brand"><img alt="Redpanda logo" src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68ed36e99e31581dedf5dc7c/68ed36e99e31581dedf5dce4_a5720d179e00645b59a680ca40cc9200_redpanda-logo-red.svg" class="nav2_logo-image"/></a></div><nav role="navigation" class="nav2_menu mega-menu w-nav-menu"><a data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:4da75425-297e-f00f-c9a5-99f5885f6d3d" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="4da75425-297e-f00f-c9a5-99f5885f6d3d" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/why-redpanda" class="nav2_link w-inline-block"><div>Why Redpanda</div></a><div data-delay="0" data-hover="true" class="nav2_dropdown mega-menu w-dropdown"><div nav2-link-primary-dropdown="Products" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb4d" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb4d" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" class="nav2_link nav2_dropdown_toggle w-dropdown-toggle"><div>Products</div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" viewBox="0 0 14 8" fill="none" class="nav2_dropdown_toggle-icon"><path d="M1 1L7 7L13 1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></div><nav class="nav2_dropdown_list mega-menu w-dropdown-list"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-wrapper mega-menu"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-column-wrapper"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-column mega-menu"><a nav2-link="Agentic Data Plane" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:336d7c31-40bb-e0b7-aaaf-2221a8271e20" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="336d7c31-40bb-e0b7-aaaf-2221a8271e20" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/agentic-data-plane" class="nav2_dropdown_title-row w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_title-contain"><div class="nav2_dropdown_title-row-container"><div class="text-color-brick">Agentic Data Plane</div></div><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-description">Run agents in production on enterprise data, safely</div></div></a><a nav2-link="Watch ADP Demo" aria-label="See the Agentic Data Plane in action" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:02bfc7fe-c321-5c4d-30d6-826fbdae4343" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="02bfc7fe-c321-5c4d-30d6-826fbdae4343" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/agentic-data-plane-demo" class="nav2_dropdown_callout w-inline-block"><svg aria-hidden="true" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="14" width="14" class="nav2_dropdown_callout-icon nav2_dropdown_callout-icon"><polygon points="6 3 20 12 6 21"></polygon></svg><div class="nav2_dropdown_callout-text">See it in action</div></a><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-container"><a href="/agentic-data-plane" nav2-link="Trust Agents" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:ac122d2a-ef16-7a39-3c6d-2f63e98f957c" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="ac122d2a-ef16-7a39-3c6d-2f63e98f957c" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link mega-menu w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_list-link-container"><div>Secure AI agent data access</div><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-description max-width-medium-small">Enforce governance policies and set guardrails on data access and actions. Shut down any agent with a kill switch.</div></div></a><a href="/agentic-data-plane" nav2-link="Explain Agent Behavior" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:a0a00180-6cee-fc48-04a7-d52c2af90d45" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="a0a00180-6cee-fc48-04a7-d52c2af90d45" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link mega-menu w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_list-link-container"><div>Explain AI agent behavior</div><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-description max-width-medium-small">Full transcripts of every interaction, real-time observability, automated evaluations, and token budget enforcement</div></div></a><a href="/agentic-data-plane" nav2-link="Connect Agents to Context" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:a8007e08-5463-1734-be0b-795728e53751" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="a8007e08-5463-1734-be0b-795728e53751" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link mega-menu end w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_list-link-container"><div>Connect and deploy AI agents</div><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-description max-width-medium-small">Build agents with Redpanda AI Agents or bring your own. Route through MCP Gateway and AI Gateway to 300+ data sources.</div></div></a></div></div><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-column mega-menu"><a nav2-link="Agentic Data Plane" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:5b3bd742-ca00-5e4b-dbec-f7f8f5ca3033" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="5b3bd742-ca00-5e4b-dbec-f7f8f5ca3033" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/data-streaming" class="nav2_dropdown_title-row border-left w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_title-contain"><div class="nav2_dropdown_title-row-container"><div class="text-color-brick">Data Platform</div></div><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-description">Mission-critical data infrastructure</div></div></a><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-container"><a href="/data-streaming" nav2-link="Redpanda Data Streaming" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:26cda983-72a4-e42c-a747-4b16711d245d" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="26cda983-72a4-e42c-a747-4b16711d245d" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link mega-menu w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_list-link-container"><div>Stream data in real time</div><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-description max-width-medium-small">Redpanda Streaming: Kafka-compatible, C++ engine, zero dependencies</div></div></a><a href="/connect" nav2-link="Redpanda Connect" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:321f7f07-ad98-c218-057b-a79071e01161" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="321f7f07-ad98-c218-057b-a79071e01161" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link mega-menu w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_list-link-container"><div>Connect to hundreds of data sources</div><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-description max-width-medium-small">Redpanda Connect: 300+ connectors, declarative YAML pipelines</div></div></a><a href="/sql" nav2-link="Redpanda SQL" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:8b27a5cf-168b-2d65-de62-c58c807beefc" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="8b27a5cf-168b-2d65-de62-c58c807beefc" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link mega-menu end w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_list-link-container"><div>Query live and historical data</div><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-description max-width-medium-small">Redpanda SQL: PostgreSQL-compatible distributed OLAP engine</div></div></a></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div data-delay="0" data-hover="true" class="nav2_dropdown w-dropdown"><div nav2-link-primary-dropdown="Solutions" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:947b6a64-c5d5-eff0-61b3-4c97376a569d" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="947b6a64-c5d5-eff0-61b3-4c97376a569d" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" class="nav2_link nav2_dropdown_toggle w-dropdown-toggle"><div>Solutions</div><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" viewBox="0 0 14 8" fill="none" class="nav2_dropdown_toggle-icon"><path d="M1 1L7 7L13 1" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></div><nav class="nav2_dropdown_list w-dropdown-list"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-wrapper"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-column-wrapper"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-column"><div class="nav2_dropdown_header">Use cases</div><div class="w-dyn-list"><div role="list" class="w-dyn-items"><div role="listitem" class="w-dyn-item"><a nav2-link="Data Streaming" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:aaf64e98-c10f-1ccb-ea40-aa3b3d22ffc2_instance-0" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="aaf64e98-c10f-1ccb-ea40-aa3b3d22ffc2" data-wf-cms-context="%5B%7B%22collectionId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5df9a%22%2C%22itemId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5e8e5%22%7D%5D" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/use-case/streaming-iceberg-tables" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-copy-wrap"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68ed36e99e31581dedf5dcb1/68ed36e99e31581dedf5f753_logo-mark_iceberg.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="nav2_dropdown_list-icon"/><div>Streaming Iceberg Tables</div></div></a></div><div role="listitem" class="w-dyn-item"><a nav2-link="Data Streaming" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:aaf64e98-c10f-1ccb-ea40-aa3b3d22ffc2_instance-1" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="aaf64e98-c10f-1ccb-ea40-aa3b3d22ffc2" data-wf-cms-context="%5B%7B%22collectionId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5df9a%22%2C%22itemId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5e8ae%22%7D%5D" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/use-case/snowflake-connector-for-redpanda-connect" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-copy-wrap"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68ed36e99e31581dedf5dcb1/68ed36e99e31581dedf5f780_logo-mark_snowflake.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="nav2_dropdown_list-icon"/><div>Snowflake Ingestion</div></div></a></div><div role="listitem" class="w-dyn-item"><a nav2-link="Data Streaming" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:aaf64e98-c10f-1ccb-ea40-aa3b3d22ffc2_instance-2" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="aaf64e98-c10f-1ccb-ea40-aa3b3d22ffc2" data-wf-cms-context="%5B%7B%22collectionId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5df9a%22%2C%22itemId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5e7ac%22%7D%5D" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/use-case/artificial-intelligence" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-copy-wrap"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68ed36e99e31581dedf5dcb1/68ed36e99e31581dedf5f782_icon_ai-ml.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="nav2_dropdown_list-icon"/><div>AI/ML</div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="spacer__10"></div><div class="nav2_dropdown_header">Industries</div><div class="w-dyn-list"><div role="list" class="w-dyn-items"><div role="listitem" class="w-dyn-item"><a nav2-link="Data Streaming" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:4e259ddb-8c9d-55db-c3bd-82121b151999_instance-0" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="4e259ddb-8c9d-55db-c3bd-82121b151999" data-wf-cms-context="%5B%7B%22collectionId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5df41%22%2C%22itemId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5e6e6%22%7D%5D" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/industry/financial-services" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-copy-wrap"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68ed36e99e31581dedf5dcb1/68ed36e99e31581dedf5f77f_icon_finance%201.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="nav2_dropdown_list-icon"/><div>Financial Services</div></div></a></div><div role="listitem" class="w-dyn-item"><a nav2-link="Data Streaming" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:4e259ddb-8c9d-55db-c3bd-82121b151999_instance-1" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="4e259ddb-8c9d-55db-c3bd-82121b151999" data-wf-cms-context="%5B%7B%22collectionId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5df41%22%2C%22itemId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5e7aa%22%7D%5D" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/industry/technology" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-copy-wrap"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68ed36e99e31581dedf5dcb1/68ed36e99e31581dedf5f77d_icon_industry_software-technology.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="nav2_dropdown_list-icon"/><div>Technology</div></div></a></div><div role="listitem" class="w-dyn-item"><a nav2-link="Data Streaming" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:4e259ddb-8c9d-55db-c3bd-82121b151999_instance-2" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="4e259ddb-8c9d-55db-c3bd-82121b151999" data-wf-cms-context="%5B%7B%22collectionId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5df41%22%2C%22itemId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5e7b1%22%7D%5D" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/industry/manufacturing" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-copy-wrap"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68ed36e99e31581dedf5dcb1/69e79de4f1ca81586bed2c73_icon-industry-manufacturing-supply-chain--black.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="nav2_dropdown_list-icon"/><div>Manufacturing</div></div></a></div><div role="listitem" class="w-dyn-item"><a nav2-link="Data Streaming" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:4e259ddb-8c9d-55db-c3bd-82121b151999_instance-3" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="4e259ddb-8c9d-55db-c3bd-82121b151999" data-wf-cms-context="%5B%7B%22collectionId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5df41%22%2C%22itemId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5e79b%22%7D%5D" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/industry/media" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-copy-wrap"><img src="https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/68ed36e99e31581dedf5dcb1/69dea4132468d2e7371738e1_CarbonSkillLevelAdvanced.svg" loading="lazy" alt="" class="nav2_dropdown_list-icon"/><div>Media</div></div></a></div><div role="listitem" class="w-dyn-item"><a nav2-link="Data Streaming" data-wf-native-id-path="50fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9:4e259ddb-8c9d-55db-c3bd-82121b151999_instance-4" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="4e259ddb-8c9d-55db-c3bd-82121b151999" data-wf-cms-context="%5B%7B%22collectionId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5df41%22%2C%22itemId%22%3A%2268ed36e99e31581dedf5e6e5%22%7D%5D" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="/industry/gaming-gambling" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-copy-wrap"><img 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data-wf-element-id="b68e86b3-db3a-1aed-ca1c-fbf5c7f515f2" data-wf-component-context="%5B%7B%22componentId%22%3A%22608b277d-abad-2aa8-1ba1-7c5d956dfb2b%22%2C%22instanceId%22%3A%2250fa1155-d07c-0fd3-4fed-c2ad6fdfcfc9%22%7D%5D" href="https://docs.redpanda.com/" target="_blank" class="nav2_dropdown_list-link w-inline-block"><div class="nav2_dropdown_list-copy-wrap"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="100%" viewBox="0 0 24 25" fill="none" class="nav2_dropdown_list-icon"><path d="M15 2.5H6C5.46957 2.5 4.96086 2.71071 4.58579 3.08579C4.21071 3.46086 4 3.96957 4 4.5V20.5C4 21.0304 4.21071 21.5391 4.58579 21.9142C4.96086 22.2893 5.46957 22.5 6 22.5H18C18.5304 22.5 19.0391 22.2893 19.4142 21.9142C19.7893 21.5391 20 21.0304 20 20.5V7.5L15 2.5Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path><path d="M14 2.5V6.5C14 7.03043 14.2107 7.53914 14.5858 7.91421C14.9609 8.28929 15.4696 8.5 16 8.5H20M10 9.5H8M16 13.5H8M16 17.5H8" stroke="currentColor" 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Redpanda is one such program, as it uses the <a target="_blank" href="http://seastar.io/" data-wf-native-id-path="f181fb51-4724-502e-6c49-825eab79f4b9" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="f181fb51-4724-502e-6c49-825eab79f4b9"><strong>Seastar</strong></a> library, which tries to utilize whole hardware to its limits.</p><p>There is special kernel functionality, called Out Of Memory Killer (OOM Killer), that helps keep Linux machines operational by killing the biggest process with the least priority. OOM Killer can recognize and respect processes that have constraints in Linux <code>cgroups</code>.</p><p>Unless you specify input parameters, Redpanda reads hardware-available memory and sets aside at least 1.5 GiB for the operating system (OS) and divides the rest equally for each machine core in order to maximize efficiency of the Seastar memory allocator. If Redpanda is running alongside other programs, the Linux OS might run out of memory.</p><p>If you’ve also experienced problems with OOM Killer, keep reading to learn how we resolved our issues with it so you can do the same.</p><h2>How OOM Killer began interrupting our sidecar</h2><p>When we began experiencing problems with OOM Killer, Redpanda Cloud used (and still does) Kubernetes (K8s), and relied on <code>cgroups</code> and Linux namespaces to constrain the workloads. If Redpanda wasn’t told what memory parameters it should pick, then the underlying Seastar library would allocate 1.5 GiB for OS, and the rest from the <code>cgroup</code> would be divided among the number of available CPU cores.</p><p>Such a setup didn’t make sense for a containerized environment where Redpanda was isolated from any other process. Hypothetical users of the Redpanda operator shouldn’t have to worry about how to set up the Redpanda advanced memory parameters but, depending on your desired capacity, adequate K8s nodes must be available for Redpanda, and correct limits and requests need to be set. The first sizing for the Redpanda pod in K8s reserved 0.5 GiB of the memory to the other pods running in a dedicated Redpanda node.</p><p>To automate and ease the K8s deployment of Redpanda, we created an operator. In order to constrain Redpanda and leverage <code>cgroup</code> capability, we provided a resource configuration option in the cluster custom resource. This configuration was mapped directly to the Redpanda configuration so that Redpanda could use all memory available to the container.</p><p>In our first Redpanda operator implementation, the K8s deployment resource was configured to not overwrite the container entry point. The default entry point leveraged <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/redpanda-data/supervisord" data-wf-native-id-path="b37787e8-6cb6-b0b2-185b-0c3ff6012662" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="b37787e8-6cb6-b0b2-185b-0c3ff6012662"><strong>supervisord</strong></a> to schedule Redpanda processes, telemetry reporting, and WebAssembly (Wasm) coprocessors. That simplification played a role in local environment deployments (e.g. <code>docker run</code>).</p><p>When Redpanda warmed up its cache, OOM Killer saw that memory inside the Redpanda <code>cgroup</code> was exhausted, and it killed the biggest Redpanda process. Users would see that the broker was unavailable until container runtime restarted the Redpanda process. The Redpanda operator could automate the same function as supervisord by scheduling only one process inside one container, and the container runtime would do the heavy lifting and isolate each process. Debugging further problems was made easier by the fact that OOM Killer recognized individual processes and only those were affected.</p><p>The first solution we tried to resolve the OOM Killer events involved the K8s deployment, where every process was running in its own dedicated container. By investigating this potential solution, we saw that <code>rpk debug info</code>, <a href="https://docs.redpanda.com/docs/reference/rpk-commands/#rpk-debug" data-wf-native-id-path="9acd85fc-88af-7258-126c-2ce95303f0b6" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="9acd85fc-88af-7258-126c-2ce95303f0b6"><strong>which sends telemetry data</strong></a>, was executed every 10 minutes. The problem was that Redpanda had a higher-than-usual load, and our sidecar used more memory than was set in <code>cgroup</code>. Then the OOM Killer started to kill this sidecar container.</p><p>Next, the Cloud team optimized the managed solution, so we eliminated all sidecars from the deployment. The telemetry was moved outside the Redpanda pod and Wasm coprocessors were disabled until GA. With only one Redpanda process running in the pod, memory <code>cgroup</code> constraints were mapped to Redpanda memory. In long-running clusters, memory allocation grew to the point where, from the OS perspective, all available memory was consumed by Redpanda. The processes were again killed by OOM Killer. At this point, we were looking for a bug in Redpanda, but it turns out that K8s pod implementation is backed by <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/build/pause" data-wf-native-id-path="f8f8c587-1a24-4f94-3eeb-eb302fc1b14e" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="f8f8c587-1a24-4f94-3eeb-eb302fc1b14e"><strong>a pause container</strong></a>.</p><h2>Solving the OOM Killer challenge</h2><p>To create a container sandbox and be able to restart individual containers in a multi-container pod setup, pause processes play a crucial role to orchestrate other processes. Looking at the source code, this process might seem to not be that big in terms of memory, but it needs one page from the operating system just to work. This one page plays a key role when OOM Killer scans all <code>cgroups</code>, and finds that the Redpanda container overflows its memory usage.</p><p>Once the OOM Killer report proved that the pause container was listed along Redpanda process, we implemented memory reservation to solve this issue. With a single container, we couldn’t allocate whole memory to the Redpanda process. <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/3773" data-wf-native-id-path="42e2795f-fe71-2f82-a81c-0a9e7c353324" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="42e2795f-fe71-2f82-a81c-0a9e7c353324"><strong>The Redpanda operator extends</strong></a> cluster custom resource definition to include Redpanda resource configuration. Now, <code>cgroup</code> memory is not tight with Redpanda memory maximum allocation. Depending on the K8s worker node size and the traffic in particular, node clients can assign less memory to Redpanda in comparison to the container.</p><p>The next improvement we made to resolve our issues with OOM Killer was to <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/3831" data-wf-native-id-path="f5178492-7008-c68b-51ae-b3751570674b" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="f5178492-7008-c68b-51ae-b3751570674b"><strong>add 10% default memory reservation</strong></a> to the OS. This was done in order to prevent memory pressure in overprovisioned K8s worker nodes. If Redpanda operator users would not set Redpanda memory, then — in big enough clusters where all memory limit was distributed among all pods — clients could observe memory pressure events. With spikes in traffic and Kafka clients&#x27; usage, the SRE team might observe that default kubelet memory host reservation is not enough for the operating system. This 10% memory reservation mitigation was implemented to help clients that were using the Redpanda operator already. An operator upgrade would recalculate necessary memory reservation. This solution, instead, gives room for a pause container and other kernel data structures that are necessary for the K8S node to work correctly.</p><h2>Optimizing resource consumption in bigger machines</h2><p>In the bigger clusters (e.g. 16 cores and 64 GiB), Redpanda needs to give more room to the auxiliary services. Each core will be occupied by the Redpanda shard. That shard doesn’t overload the metrics system or logging aggregator but, when it’s multiplied by the number of cores, it can significantly change the resource requirements (for example, Prometheus for metrics or FluentBit for logging). While OOM Killer was looking at the biggest processes with the lowest priority inside each <code>cgroup</code>, Redpanda was picked to be terminated. K8s node-exporter started to report node memory pressure events. For our biggest deployments we adjusted memory to leave more room for<br/><code>logging collector</code>, <code>kubelet</code>, <code>node-exporter</code>, and <code>kube-proxy</code>.</p><p>Ironically, what&#x27;s interesting is that, to prevent OOM kills of Redpanda, we actually reduced the amount of memory Redpanda used. Firstly by reducing the amount of memory allocated to the <code>cgroup</code>, and then by reducing the amount of memory Seastar can use within that <code>cgroup</code>.</p><h2>How to adjust default memory allocation</h2><p>Despite encountering these challenges with the OOM Killer, we were able to effectively troubleshoot these memory usage issues. We are now more mindful about resource constraints in a containerized environment. All improvements were done to our observability stack and Redpanda operator to ease the debugging experience of losing Redpanda nodes.</p><blockquote>For any user of the Redpanda operator, the most important thing is to understand that, by default, <strong>the operator will assign 10% of the provided K8s resource requests.</strong></blockquote><p>If users want to change the 10% threshold in the cluster custom resource section, they must calculate requests, limits, and Redpanda options to match the desired configuration:</p><pre contenteditable="false" class="w-code-block" style="display:block;overflow-x:auto;background:#2b2b2b;color:#f8f8f2;padding:0.5em"><code class="language-javascript" style="white-space:pre-wrap"><span><span>yaml
</span></span><span><span></span><span class="hljs-attr">kind</span><span>: Cluster
</span></span><span><span></span><span class="hljs-attr">spec</span><span>:
</span></span><span> resources:
</span><span> requests:
</span><span><span> cpu: </span><span style="color:#f5ab35">2</span><span>
</span></span><span><span> </span><span class="hljs-attr">memory</span><span>: </span><span style="color:#f5ab35">2.</span><span>23Gi
</span></span><span><span> </span><span class="hljs-attr">redpanda</span><span>:
</span></span><span><span> cpu: </span><span style="color:#f5ab35">2</span><span>
</span></span><span><span> </span><span class="hljs-attr">memory</span><span>: 2Gi
</span></span><span><span> </span><span class="hljs-attr">limits</span><span>:
</span></span><span><span> cpu: </span><span style="color:#f5ab35">2</span><span>
</span></span><span><span> </span><span class="hljs-attr">memory</span><span>: </span><span style="color:#f5ab35">2.</span><span>23Gi</span></span></code></pre><p>If they do not need to change the 10% memory cushion, the Redpanda section can be omitted.</p><p>Not only should the <code>cgroup</code> be taken into account, but so should the overall memory resource exhaustion on the K8s node.</p><h2>Conclusion</h2><p>By optimizing the overhead of the containerized environment, we’re able to provide a better-managed cloud experience and meet our users wherever they are in their streaming applications journey.</p><p>For more information about using Redpanda on Linux, <a href="https://docs.redpanda.com/docs/quickstart/quick-start-linux/" data-wf-native-id-path="54715b64-377d-2851-9a90-e4ea43ab910f" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="54715b64-377d-2851-9a90-e4ea43ab910f"><strong>view our documentation</strong></a>. Learn more about Redpanda in <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda" data-wf-native-id-path="42afe739-c091-71bb-b61c-0817a811d291" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="42afe739-c091-71bb-b61c-0817a811d291"><strong>our GitHub repo</strong></a>, or <a target="_blank" href="https://redpanda.com/slack" data-wf-native-id-path="bb6bd3f5-a9a8-8d12-e244-e3fcc4b5e513" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="bb6bd3f5-a9a8-8d12-e244-e3fcc4b5e513"><strong>join our Community Slack</strong></a> to interact directly with our engineers and team.</p><p>‍</p></div><div class="spacer__24"></div><div class="blog-ctas"><div class="blog-cta"><div class="blog-cta__content"><div class="blog-cta__title w-dyn-bind-empty"></div><div class="blog-cta__summary w-dyn-bind-empty"></div></div><div class="blog-cta__button-wrap"><a data-wf-native-id-path="823247f6-e166-0f89-25a3-4a7f769191ae" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="823247f6-e166-0f89-25a3-4a7f769191ae" href="#" class="button w-dyn-bind-empty w-button"></a></div></div><div class="blog-cta"><div class="blog-cta__content"><div class="blog-cta__title w-dyn-bind-empty"></div><div class="blog-cta__summary w-dyn-bind-empty"></div></div><div class="blog-cta__button-wrap"><a data-wf-native-id-path="823247f6-e166-0f89-25a3-4a7f769191b4" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="823247f6-e166-0f89-25a3-4a7f769191b4" href="#" class="button w-dyn-bind-empty w-button"></a></div></div><div class="blog-cta"><div class="blog-cta__content"><div class="blog-cta__title w-dyn-bind-empty"></div><div class="blog-cta__summary w-dyn-bind-empty"></div></div><div class="blog-cta__button-wrap"><a data-wf-native-id-path="823247f6-e166-0f89-25a3-4a7f769191ba" data-wf-ao-click-engagement-tracking="true" data-wf-element-id="823247f6-e166-0f89-25a3-4a7f769191ba" href="#" class="button w-dyn-bind-empty w-button"></a></div></div></div><div id="faqs" fs-richtext-component="faq" class="w-condition-invisible"><div class="spacer__40"></div><div class="text-rich-text w-dyn-bind-empty w-richtext"></div><div class="w-dyn-list"><div class="default-empty-state w-dyn-empty"><div>No items found.</div></div></div><div faq-htag-override="" class="faq-htag-override w-dyn-bind-empty"></div><div class="spacer__40"></div></div><div id="contact-form" class="blog-detail_form-container w-condition-invisible"><div class="heading-style-h4 w-dyn-bind-empty"></div><div class="spacer__12"></div><div class="w-embed w-script"><div id="form-preselect-data" data-preselect='' style="display:none"></div>
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