Files
nexus/sreweekly/articles/419/07-how-much-are-their-9-s-worth.html
2026-09-12 17:23:01 +08:00

436 lines
152 KiB
HTML
Raw Permalink Blame History

This file contains invisible Unicode characters
This file contains invisible Unicode characters that are indistinguishable to humans but may be processed differently by a computer. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.
This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="norton-safeweb-site-verification" content="24usqpep0ejc5w6hod3dulxwciwp0djs6c6ufp96av3t4whuxovj72wfkdjxu82yacb7430qjm8adbd5ezlt4592dq4zrvadcn9j9n-0btgdzpiojfzno16-fnsnu7xd" />
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://substackcdn.com" />
<title data-rh="true">How much are their 9&#x27;s worth? - by Ross Brodbeck</title>
<meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="How much are their 9&#x27;s worth?"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="How much are their 9&#x27;s worth?"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Digging into some SLAs"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="Digging into some SLAs"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="Digging into some SLAs"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!E4um!,f_auto,q_auto:best,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fhross.substack.com%2Fapi%2Fv1%2Fpost_preview%2F142525498%2Ftwitter.jpg%3Fversion%3D4"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:modified_time" content="2024-04-01T12:22:18.426Z"/>
<style>
@layer legacy, pencraftReset, pencraft;
</style>
<link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/main.06a4c4c291d4583811c7.css" />
<link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M5knjsS_ul.woff2" crossorigin />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/11100.cee9fbee.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/86118.c25b9f67.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/93519.6640a5b2.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/42118.cba90b72.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/39522.25128f14.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/47358.668d8a3c.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/94881.cb76fe04.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/27386.72f00430.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/76768.f15fc605.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/41932.97d2663c.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/48409.0588981c.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/32552.313415d5.css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/css/27313.92c631cb.css" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=0, viewport-fit=cover" />
<meta name="author" content="Ross Brodbeck" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://hross.substack.com/p/how-much-are-their-9s-worth" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://hross.substack.com/p/how-much-are-their-9s-worth" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://substackcdn.com/icons/substack/favicon.ico" sizes="32x32">
<link rel="icon" href="https://substackcdn.com/icons/substack/icon.svg" type="image/svg+xml">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://substackcdn.com/icons/substack/apple-touch-icon.png">
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="/feed" title="software + caffeine = blog"/>
<style>
@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8on7mTNmnUHowCw.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8onXmTNmnUHowCw.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8onTmTNmnUHowCw.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02AF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCt-xNNww_2s0amA9M8onrmTNmnUHo.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M9knjsS_ulYHs.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M2knjsS_ulYHs.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M3knjsS_ulYHs.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02AF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCr-xNNww_2s0amA9M5knjsS_ul.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3FafaPWnIIMrY.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3OafaPWnIIMrY.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3PafaPWnIIMrY.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02AF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20CF,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF}@font-face{font-family:'Spectral';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url(https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/spectral/v13/rnCs-xNNww_2s0amA9vmtm3BafaPWnII.woff2) format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+2074,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD}
</style>
<style data-pub-theme-prefix>:root{--color_theme_bg_pop:#FF6B00;--background_pop:#FF6B00;--cover_bg_color:#FFFFFF;--cover_bg_color_secondary:#f0f0f0;--background_pop_darken:#e66000;--print_on_pop:#ffffff;--color_theme_bg_pop_darken:#e66000;--color_theme_print_on_pop:#ffffff;--color_theme_bg_pop_20:rgba(255, 107, 0, 0.2);--color_theme_bg_pop_30:rgba(255, 107, 0, 0.3);--print_pop:#ff6b00;--color_theme_accent:#ff6b00;--cover_print_primary:#363737;--cover_print_secondary:#757575;--cover_print_tertiary:#b6b6b6;--cover_border_color:#ff6b00;--home_hero:newspaper;--home_posts:list;--background_contrast_1:#f0f0f0;--background_contrast_2:#dddddd;--background_contrast_3:#b7b7b7;--background_contrast_4:#929292;--background_contrast_5:#515151;--color_theme_detail:#e6e6e6;--background_contrast_pop:rgba(255, 107, 0, 0.4);--color_theme_bg_contrast_pop:rgba(255, 107, 0, 0.4);--theme_bg_is_dark:0;--background_pop_rgb:255, 107, 0;--color_theme_bg_pop_rgb:255, 107, 0;--color_theme_accent_rgb:255, 107, 0;}</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/theme/main.06a4c4c291d4583811c7.css" />
<style data-pub-theme-postfix></style>
</head>
<body class="">
<div id="entry">
<div id="main" style="--post-preview-border-radius:var(--border-radius-xs);" class="main typography use-theme-bg"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div data-testid="navbar" class="main-menu"><div class="mainMenuContent-DME8DR"><div style="position:relative;height:71px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-paddingLeft-20 pc-paddingRight-20 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset border-bottom-detail-k1F6C4 topBar-pIF0J1"><div style="flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:1;" class="logoContainer-p12gJb"></div><div style="flex-grow:0;" class="titleContainer-DJYq5v"><h1 class="pencraft pc-reset font-pub-headings-FE5byy reset-IxiVJZ title-oOnUGd"><a href="/" class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset">software + caffeine = blog</a></h1></div><div style="flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:1;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-flex-end pc-alignItems-center pc-reset buttonsContainerContainer-ThaN_w"><div class="buttonsContainer-SJBuep"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-end pc-alignItems-center pc-reset navbar-buttons"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><span data-state="closed"><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Search" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_tertiary-rlke8z"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-search"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle><path d="m21 21-4.3-4.3"></path></svg></button></span><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Share Publication" id="radix-P0-4" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_tertiary-rlke8z"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-share"><path d="M4 12v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-8"></path><polyline points="16 6 12 2 8 6"></polyline><line x1="12" x2="12" y1="2" y2="15"></line></svg></button></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" data-testid="noncontributor-cta-button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_primary-RfbeYt size_md-gCDS3o">Subscribe</button><button tabindex="0" data-native="true" type="button" data-href="https://substack.com/sign-in?redirect=%2Fp%2Fhow-much-are-their-9s-worth&amp;for_pub=hross" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_tertiary-rlke8z size_md-gCDS3o">Sign in</button></div></div></div></div></div><div style="height:72px;"></div></div></div><div><script nonce="zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","url":"https://hross.substack.com/p/how-much-are-their-9s-worth","mainEntityOfPage":"https://hross.substack.com/p/how-much-are-their-9s-worth","headline":"How much are their 9's worth?","description":"Digging into some SLAs","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D"}],"datePublished":"2024-03-24T11:00:47+00:00","dateModified":"2024-03-24T11:00:47+00:00","isAccessibleForFree":true,"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Ross Brodbeck","url":"https://substack.com/@hross","description":"Working at GitHub in SRE. I sometimes manage software teams and write about it.","identifier":"user:11634007","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/hross"],"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","contentUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg","thumbnailUrl":"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,w_128,h_128,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg"}}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"software + caffeine = blog","url":"https://hross.substack.com","description":"Software development and SRE learned from making lots of mistakes.","identifier":"pub:734663","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/hross"]},"interactionStatistic":[{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/LikeAction","userInteractionCount":1},{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/ShareAction","userInteractionCount":0},{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/CommentAction","userInteractionCount":0}]}</script><script nonce="zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"software + caffeine = blog","item":"https://hross.substack.com"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How much are their 9's worth?","item":"https://hross.substack.com/p/how-much-are-their-9s-worth"}]}</script><div aria-label="Post" role="main" class="single-post-container"><div class="container"><div class="single-post"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><article class="typography newsletter-post post"><div role="region" aria-label="Post header" class="post-header"><h1 dir="auto" class="post-title published title-X77sOw">How much are their 9's worth?</h1><h3 dir="auto" class="subtitle subtitle-HEEcLo">Digging into some SLAs</h3><div aria-label="Post UFI" role="region" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset byline-wrapper"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-row pc-gap-8 pc-alignItems-center pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-reset"><div style="--scale:36px;--offset:9px;--border-width:4.5px;" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-row pc-alignItems-center pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-reset ltr-qDBmby"><a href="https://substack.com/@hross" aria-label="View Ross Brodbeck's profile" class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset"><div style="--scale:36px;" tabindex="0" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-width-36 pc-height-36 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-position-relative pc-reset bg-secondary-UUD3_J flex-auto-j3S2WA animate-XFJxE4 outline-detail-vcQLyr pc-borderRadius-full overflow-hidden-WdpwT6 sizing-border-box-DggLA4 pressable-sm-YIJFKJ showFocus-sk_vEm container-TAtrWj interactive-UkK0V6 avatar-u8q6xB last-JfNEJ_"><div style="--scale:36px;" title="Ross Brodbeck" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-width-36 pc-height-36 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-position-relative pc-reset bg-secondary-UUD3_J flex-auto-j3S2WA outline-detail-vcQLyr pc-borderRadius-full overflow-hidden-WdpwT6 sizing-border-box-DggLA4 container-TAtrWj"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg 1x, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,w_72,h_72,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg 2x, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,w_108,h_108,c_fill,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg 3x"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg" alt="Ross Brodbeck's avatar" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg 1x, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,w_72,h_72,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg 2x, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,w_108,h_108,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg 3x" width="36" height="36" draggable="false" class="img-OACg1c object-fit-cover-u4ReeV pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-reset color-primary-zABazT line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><span style="min-width:0;" data-state="closed"><a href="https://substack.com/@hross" class="pencraft pc-reset decoration-hover-underline-ClDVRM reset-IxiVJZ">Ross Brodbeck</a></span></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-reset color-secondary-ls1g8s line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA"><time datetime="2024-03-24T11:00:47.455Z" title="2024-03-24T11:00:47.455Z">Mar 24, 2024</time></div></div></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG post-ufi"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><div class="like-button-container post-ufi-button style-button"><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Like (1)" aria-pressed="false" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-heart"><path d="M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 16.5 3c-1.76 0-3 .5-4.5 2-1.5-1.5-2.74-2-4.5-2A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 2 8.5c0 2.3 1.5 4.05 3 5.5l7 7Z"></path></svg></g></svg><div class="label">1</div></button></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" id="radix-P0-27" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button no-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><div class="label">Share</div></button></div></div></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div><div><div class="dt-post-body"><div class="available-content"><div dir="auto" class="body markup"><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D" width="1000" height="668" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:668,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;two people shaking hands&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" alt="two people shaking hands" title="two people shaking hands" srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><span>Image Credit: </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/two-people-shaking-hands-n95VMLxqM2I">Cytonn Photography</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><a href="https://hross.substack.com/p/how-much-are-your-9s-worth">Last time I wrote about what your 9’s are worth and how to cheat them</a><span>. Let’s go nerd out on some SLAs in the wild and see what we find. The usual caveats apply:</span></p><ul><li><p>I am not a lawyer, so take this up with your own lawyer if you’re using this advice in an actual contract.</p></li><li><p>Language copied here was reproduced at the time of this writing and analysis is my own interpretation.</p></li></ul><p>Let’s get started…</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post"><a href="https://aws.amazon.com/api-gateway/sla/?did=sla_card&amp;trk=sla_card">AWS API Gateway SLA</a><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§aws-api-gateway-sla" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/aws-api-gateway-sla" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png" width="290" height="174" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:174,&quot;width&quot;:290,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Amazon Web Services - Wikipedia&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" alt="Amazon Web Services - Wikipedia" title="Amazon Web Services - Wikipedia" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This SLA is for the API gateway for AWS. It’s a large service, lots of people use it, and (most importantly) they publish an SLA.</p><h4 class="header-anchor-post"><em>Relevant Sections of the SLA Language</em><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§relevant-sections-of-the-sla-language" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/relevant-sections-of-the-sla-language" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><blockquote><p>AWS will use commercially reasonable efforts to make API Gateway available with a Monthly Uptime Percentage of at least 99.95% for each AWS region…</p><p>“Availability” is calculated for each 5-minute interval as the percentage of Requests processed by API Gateway that do not fail with Errors and relate solely to the provisioned API Gateway APIs.</p><p>An “Error” is any Request that fails due to an API Gateway internal service error.</p><p>“Monthly Uptime Percentage” for a given AWS region is calculated as the average of the Availability for all 5-minute intervals in a monthly billing cycle.</p></blockquote><h4 class="header-anchor-post"><em>Analysis</em><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§analysis" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/analysis" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><p><em><strong>In English:</strong><span> On average, we will not throw internal service errors </span><a href="https://uptime.is/99.95">99.95% </a><span> of the time, measured every 5 minutes.</span></em></p><h5>Is this good?</h5><p>On the one hand, averaging together the availability in 5 minute buckets (rather than good/bad) is pretty rigorous. It means there can’t be a few really bad minutes but the rest of the time you were good (because the average will still go down), so this might be a better approach than good/bad minutes.</p><p>However, this SLA does not include latency and only includes internal service errors so the definition of availability seems very narrow.</p><p><strong>Verdict</strong><span>: Not bad, but a narrow definition.</span></p><h3 class="header-anchor-post"><a href="https://slack.com/terms/service-level-agreement#h_709c90c5-262f-40d0-b402-cd68560ae302">Slack SLA</a><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§slack-sla" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/slack-sla" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png" width="299" height="168" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/db9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:168,&quot;width&quot;:299,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Slack Review | PCMag&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" alt="Slack Review | PCMag" title="Slack Review | PCMag" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Many of us use Slack and it’s an interesting service to consider for an SLA. On the one hand, some customers probably use it for mission critical incident communication. On the other hand, many probably use it to share cat pictures.</p><h4 class="header-anchor-post"><em>Relevant Sections of the SLA Language</em><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§relevant-sections-of-the-sla-language" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/relevant-sections-of-the-sla-language" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><blockquote><p>Downtime is the overall number of minutes Slack was unavailable during a calendar quarter (i.e., January 1 through March 31 and every three-month period thereafter). We calculate unavailability using server monitoring software to measure the server side error rate, ping test results, web server tests, TCP port tests, and website tests.</p><p>…</p><p>Uptime is the percentage of total possible minutes Slack was available during a calendar quarter. Our commitment is to maintain at least 99.99% uptime:</p><p><em>[(total minutes in quarter - Downtime) / total minutes in quarter] > 99.99%</em></p></blockquote><h4 class="header-anchor-post"><em>Analysis</em><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§analysis" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/analysis" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><p><em><strong>In English:</strong><span> For </span><a href="https://uptime.is/99.99">99.99%</a><span> of minutes every month you will be able to ping us or our internal measurements will tell us you are not receiving errors.</span></em></p><h5>Is this good?</h5><p>This is also a minute based definition of availability, so it might be pretty rigorous. </p><p>On the other hand, the definition of downtime is extremely vague. Does downtime mean that there was a single error during that minute? What error rate is used to calculate “unavailability”? Does it include latency? What “web server” tests are being run?</p><p><strong>Verdict:</strong><span> Too vague for my taste. Maybe the internal definitions of uptime are strict and this is great, but maybe not. I went to look at </span><a href="https://slack-status.com/">slack’s status page just now</a><span>, for example, and their uptime still says 100% even though they they have statused for logins. Whether that impacts their SLA, I’m not sure.</span></p><h3 class="header-anchor-post"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/run/sla">Google Cloud SLA</a><span> </span><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§google-cloud-sla" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/google-cloud-sla" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg" width="299" height="168" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:168,&quot;width&quot;:299,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Google Cloud Platform Review | PCMag&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" alt="Google Cloud Platform Review | PCMag" title="Google Cloud Platform Review | PCMag" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Let’s go back to big tech and see what Google offers for their SLA.</p><h4 class="header-anchor-post"><em>Relevant Sections of the SLA Language</em><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§relevant-sections-of-the-sla-language" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/relevant-sections-of-the-sla-language" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><blockquote><p>the Covered Service will provide a Monthly Uptime Percentage to Customer of at least 99.95% … Customer must also provide Google with log files showing Downtime Periods and the date and time they occurred “</p><p>&quot;Downtime&quot; means more than a one percent Error Rate.</p><p>&quot;Downtime Period&quot; means a period of one or more consecutive minutes of Downtime. Partial minutes or intermittent Downtime for a period of less than one minute will not be counted towards any Downtime Periods.</p></blockquote><h4 class="header-anchor-post"><em>Analysis</em><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§analysis" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/analysis" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><p><em><strong>In English:</strong></em><span> </span><em><a href="https://uptime.is/99.95">99.95%</a><span> of minutes we will have a 99% or less error rate.</span></em></p><h5>Is this good?</h5><p>This is a worse guarantee than AWS, since the minutes are not averaged and 1% is the specified downtime error rate. This is also a narrow definition of downtime, since only errors are included (not latency).</p><p><strong>Verdict</strong><span>: Fine but not great. 99.95% is somewhat deceptive.</span></p><h3 class="header-anchor-post"><a href="https://handbook.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/infrastructure/team/gitlab-dedicated/slas/">GitLab SLA</a><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§gitlab-sla" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/gitlab-sla" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 can-restack"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"/><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png" width="415" height="121" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:121,&quot;width&quot;:415,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;GitLab Continues AI Momentum with Enhanced AI-Powered DevSecOps Workflows&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" alt="GitLab Continues AI Momentum with Enhanced AI-Powered DevSecOps Workflows" title="GitLab Continues AI Momentum with Enhanced AI-Powered DevSecOps Workflows" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy" class="sizing-normal"/></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4 class="header-anchor-post"><em>Relevant Sections of the SLA Language</em><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§relevant-sections-of-the-sla-language" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/relevant-sections-of-the-sla-language" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><blockquote><p>For each service and feature described above, GitLab measures two service level indicators (“SLIs”)…</p><p><span>The </span><strong>Error SLI</strong><span> is an indication of requests that are successful, (i.e. not returning a 5xx error).</span></p><p><span>The </span><strong>Apdex SLI</strong><span> is an indicator of requests that complete with a satisfactory latency. Apdex is defined using the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apdex">industry definition</a><span> with two latency thresholds: </span><em>satisfactory</em><span> and </span><em>tolerable</em><span>. For Dedicated, satisfactory requests take less than 1s to complete, tolerable requests take less than 10s to complete.</span></p><p>Service Level Availability is then calculated using the following measurement:</p><p>For each calendar month, we calculate the sum of the combined SLI scores for all requests in that month, excluding any requests made during maintenance windows, and divide this by the total number of requests during that period (again, excluding maintenance windows)…</p><p>GitLab’s current monthly service level objective for GitLab Dedicated is 99.5% (the “Service Level Objective”).</p></blockquote><h4 class="header-anchor-post"><em>Analysis</em><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§analysis" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/analysis" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h4><p><em><strong>In English:</strong><span> </span><a href="https://uptime.is/99.5">99.5%</a><span> of requests made to our service every month will be error free and faster than 10 seconds.</span></em></p><h5>Is this good?</h5><p><span>This is the most descriptive SLA and kudos to GitLab because they are open about </span><strong>everything</strong><span>. For that they get a lot of credit.</span></p><p>They are also the only ones above mentioning latency as part of their SLA, which I also think makes this SLO “worth more” even if it has a lower guarantee.</p><p><strong>Verdict</strong><span>: High marks for including latency, but a single bucket approach lowers the value of this SLA because without measuring per minute, a high volume of successful requests can drown out “real” errors and outages on longer time scales.</span></p><h2 class="header-anchor-post">Conclusions<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§conclusions" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://hross.substack.com/i/142525498/conclusions" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h2><p>We can learn a lot about how to calculate an SLO/SLA by looking at what’s publicly available from some major vendors (as long as we are willing to wade through some legal jargon).</p><p>Keep in mind these SLAs are the lowest possible measure of availability (when the company must give back money) so I expect the internal SLOs to be more rigorous than these.</p></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div></div><div class="post-footer"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG border-top-detail-themed-k9TZAY border-bottom-detail-themed-Ua9186 post-ufi"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><div class="like-button-container post-ufi-button style-button"><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Like (1)" aria-pressed="false" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" style="height:20px;width:20px;" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-heart"><path d="M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 16.5 3c-1.76 0-3 .5-4.5 2-1.5-1.5-2.74-2-4.5-2A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 2 8.5c0 2.3 1.5 4.05 3 5.5l7 7Z"></path></svg></g></svg><div class="label">1</div></button></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" id="radix-P0-56" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button no-label with-border"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="2" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft post-ufi-button style-button has-label with-border"><div class="label">Share</div></button></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div class="single-post-section"><div class="container"><div class="visibility-check"></div><div style="margin-left:-8px;margin-right:-8px;" aria-label="Top Posts Footer" role="region" class="pencraft pc-paddingTop-24 pc-paddingBottom-24 pc-reset"><div class="portable-archive empty-list"><div aria-label="Archive sort tabs" role="navigation" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-paddingLeft-8 pc-paddingRight-8 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-position-relative pc-minWidth-0 pc-reset bg-primary-zk6FDl outline-detail-vcQLyr pc-borderRadius-sm overflow-hidden-WdpwT6"><div dir="ltr" data-orientation="horizontal" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG"><div style="outline:none;" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Tabs" role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" data-orientation="horizontal" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-padding-4 pc-position-relative pc-reset cursor-default-flE2S1 pc-borderRadius-sm overflow-auto-7WTsTi scrollBar-hidden-HcAIpI"><button tabindex="-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="radix-P0-70-content-top" data-state="active" id="radix-P0-70-trigger-top" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item class="pencraft pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA pencraft segment-j4TeZ4 buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_quaternary-kpMibu size_sm-G3LciD">Top</button><button tabindex="-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="radix-P0-70-content-new" data-state="inactive" id="radix-P0-70-trigger-new" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item class="pencraft pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA pencraft segment-j4TeZ4 buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonText-X0uSmG buttonStyle-r7yGCK priority_quaternary-kpMibu size_sm-G3LciD">Latest</button><div class="pencraft pc-position-absolute pc-height-32 pc-reset bg-secondary-UUD3_J pc-borderRadius-xs sizing-border-box-DggLA4 highlight-U002IP"></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-reset arrowButtonContainer-O4uSiH arrowButtonOverlaidContainer-t10AyH left-Tg8vqp"><div class="overlay-zrMCxn primary-lv_sOW"></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-reset arrowButtonContainer-O4uSiH arrowButtonOverlaidContainer-t10AyH right-i3oWGi"><div class="overlay-zrMCxn primary-lv_sOW"></div></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Search" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_md-gCDS3o priority_tertiary-rlke8z"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-search"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle><path d="m21 21-4.3-4.3"></path></svg></button></div><div class="portable-archive-list"><p class="portable-archive-empty dt-archive-empty-state">No posts</p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="visibility-check"></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubInvertedTheme-U483dz"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-alignItems-center pc-justifyContent-center pc-padding-48 pc-mobile-padding-24 pc-reset bg-primary-zk6FDl container-jsOc9L"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-alignItems-center pc-gap-24 pc-flexWrap-wrap pc-reset content-jLbYeh"><h3 class="pencraft pc-reset color-primary-zABazT align-center-y7ZD4w line-height-28-s562kJ font-display-nhmvtD size-24-lFU3ly weight-semibold-uqA4FV reset-IxiVJZ">Ready for more?</h3><div class="container-IpPqBD"><form action="/api/v1/free?nojs=true" method="post" novalidate class="form form-M5sC90"><input type="hidden" name="first_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="current_url"/><input type="hidden" name="current_referrer"/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_url" value/><input type="hidden" name="first_session_referrer" value/><input type="hidden" name="referral_code"/><input type="hidden" name="source" value="subscribe_footer"/><input type="hidden" name="referring_pub_id"/><input type="hidden" name="additional_referring_pub_ids"/><div class="sideBySideWrap-vGXrwP"><div class="emailInputWrapper-QlA86j"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-position-relative pc-reset flex-auto-j3S2WA"><input name="email" placeholder="Type your email..." type="email" class="pencraft emailInput-OkIMeB emailInputOnAccentBackground-TfaCGr input-y4v6N4 inputText-pV_yWb"/></div></div><button tabindex="0" type="submit" disabled class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft rightButton primary subscribe-btn button-VFSdkv buttonOnAccentBackground-vmEt94 buttonBase-GK1x3M"><span class="button-text ">Subscribe</span></button></div><div id="error-container"></div></form></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset container-K5XPov"></div><div class="footer-wrap publication-footer"><div class="visibility-check"></div><div class="footer themed-background"><div class="container"><div class="footer-terms"><span>© 2026 hross</span><span> · </span><a href="https://substack.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="pencraft pc-reset decoration-underline-ClTkYc">Privacy</a><span> ∙ </span><a href="https://substack.com/tos" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="pencraft pc-reset decoration-underline-ClTkYc">Terms</a><span> ∙ </span><a href="https://substack.com/ccpa#personal-data-collected" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="pencraft pc-reset decoration-underline-ClTkYc">Collection notice</a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-justifyContent-center pc-alignItems-center pc-reset footerButtons-ap9Sk7"><a data-native="true" href="https://substack.com/signup?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;utm_content=footer" class="footerSubstackCta-v5HWfj"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="1000" height="1000" viewBox="0 0 1000 1000" fill="#ff6719" stroke-width="1.8" stroke="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M764.166 348.371H236.319V419.402H764.166V348.371Z"></path><path d="M236.319 483.752V813.999L500.231 666.512L764.19 813.999V483.752H236.319Z"></path><path d="M764.166 213H236.319V284.019H764.166V213Z"></path></g></svg> Start your Substack</a><a data-native="true" href="https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&amp;utm_content=web-footer-button" class="footerSubstackCta-v5HWfj getTheApp-Yk3w1O noIcon-z7v9D8">Get the app</a></div><div translated class="pencraft pc-reset reset-IxiVJZ footer-slogan-blurb"><a href="https://substack.com" data-native="true">Substack</a> is the home for great culture</div></div></div></div></div><div role="region" aria-label="Notifications (F8)" tabindex="-1" style="pointer-events:none;"><ol tabindex="-1" style="--offset:0px;z-index:1000;" class="viewport-_BM4Bg"></ol></div><div></div><script suppressHydrationWarning nonce="zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA">window.__staticRouterHydrationData = JSON.parse("{\"loaderData\":{},\"actionData\":null,\"errors\":null}");</script>
</div>
<script src="https://js.sentry-cdn.com/6c2ff3e3828e4017b7faf7b63e24cdf8.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script nonce="zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA">
window.Sentry && window.Sentry.onLoad(function() {
window.Sentry.init({
environment: window._preloads.sentry_environment,
dsn: window._preloads.sentry_dsn,
})
})
</script>
<script nonce="zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA">window._preloads = JSON.parse("{\"cspNonce\":\"zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA\",\"isEU\":false,\"language\":\"en\",\"country\":\"US\",\"leaderboardCountries\":[\"ES\",\"FR\",\"GB\",\"IT\",\"NL\"],\"enabledLeaderboardCountries\":[\"ES\",\"FR\",\"GB\",\"IT\",\"NL\"],\"userLocale\":{\"language\":\"en\",\"region\":\"US\",\"source\":\"accept-language\"},\"base_url\":\"https://hross.substack.com\",\"stripe_publishable_key\":\"pk_live_51QfnARLDSWi1i85FBpvw6YxfQHljOpWXw8IKi5qFWEzvW8HvoD8cqTulR9UWguYbYweLvA16P7LN6WZsGdZKrNkE00uGbFaOE3\",\"captcha_site_key\":\"6LeI15YsAAAAAPXyDcvuVqipba_jEFQCjz1PFQoz\",\"pub\":{\"apple_pay_disabled\":false,\"apex_domain\":null,\"author_id\":11634007,\"byline_images_enabled\":true,\"bylines_enabled\":true,\"chartable_token\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"copyright\":\"hross\",\"cover_photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dd7751b2-08a0-42c0-94af-58e930bd22cc_1024x768.png\",\"created_at\":\"2022-02-06T17:06:25.023Z\",\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"custom_domain\":null,\"default_comment_sort\":\"best_first\",\"default_coupon\":null,\"default_group_coupon\":null,\"default_show_guest_bios\":true,\"email_banner_url\":null,\"email_from_name\":\"hross\",\"email_from\":null,\"embed_tracking_disabled\":false,\"explicit\":false,\"expose_paywall_content_to_search_engines\":true,\"fb_pixel_id\":null,\"fb_site_verification_token\":null,\"flagged_as_spam\":false,\"founding_subscription_benefits\":null,\"free_subscription_benefits\":null,\"ga_pixel_id\":null,\"google_site_verification_token\":null,\"google_tag_manager_token\":null,\"hero_image\":null,\"hero_text\":\"Software development and SRE learned from making lots of mistakes.\",\"hide_intro_subtitle\":null,\"hide_intro_title\":null,\"hide_podcast_feed_link\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"newspaper\",\"id\":734663,\"image_thumbnails_always_enabled\":false,\"invite_only\":false,\"hide_podcast_from_pub_listings\":false,\"hide_podcast_from_pub_listings_prior_to\":null,\"language\":\"en\",\"logo_url_wide\":null,\"logo_url\":null,\"minimum_group_size\":2,\"moderation_enabled\":true,\"name\":\"software + caffeine = blog\",\"paid_subscription_benefits\":null,\"parsely_pixel_id\":null,\"chartbeat_domain\":null,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"paywall_free_trial_enabled\":false,\"podcast_art_url\":null,\"paid_podcast_episode_art_url\":null,\"podcast_byline\":null,\"podcast_description\":null,\"podcast_enabled\":false,\"podcast_feed_url\":null,\"podcast_title\":null,\"post_preview_limit\":null,\"primary_user_id\":11634007,\"require_clickthrough\":false,\"show_pub_podcast_tab\":false,\"show_recs_on_homepage\":true,\"subdomain\":\"hross\",\"subscriber_invites\":0,\"support_email\":null,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF6B00\",\"theme_var_color_links\":false,\"theme_var_cover_bg_color\":null,\"trial_end_override\":null,\"twitter_pixel_id\":null,\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"post_reaction_faces_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_mode\":false,\"plans\":null,\"stripe_user_id\":null,\"stripe_country\":null,\"stripe_publishable_key\":null,\"stripe_platform_account\":null,\"automatic_tax_enabled\":null,\"author_name\":\"Ross Brodbeck\",\"author_handle\":\"hross\",\"author_photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg\",\"author_bio\":\"Working at GitHub in SRE. I sometimes manage software teams and write about it.\",\"twitter_screen_name\":\"hross\",\"has_custom_tos\":false,\"has_custom_privacy\":false,\"theme\":{\"background_pop_color\":null,\"web_bg_color\":null,\"cover_bg_color\":null,\"home_hero\":\"newspaper\",\"home_posts\":\"list\"},\"threads_v2_settings\":null,\"default_group_coupon_percent_off\":null,\"default_group_coupon_include_founding\":null,\"pause_return_date\":null,\"has_posts\":true,\"has_recommendations\":false,\"first_post_date\":\"2015-07-25T19:14:32.905Z\",\"has_podcast\":false,\"has_free_podcast\":false,\"has_subscriber_only_podcast\":false,\"has_community_content\":false,\"rankingDetail\":null,\"rankingDetailFreeIncluded\":null,\"rankingDetailOrderOfMagnitude\":null,\"rankingDetailFreeIncludedOrderOfMagnitude\":null,\"rankingDetailFreeSubscriberCount\":null,\"rankingDetailByLanguage\":{},\"freeSubscriberCount\":null,\"freeSubscriberCountOrderOfMagnitude\":null,\"author_bestseller_tier\":0,\"author_badge\":{\"type\":\"subscriber\",\"tier\":1,\"accent_colors\":null},\"disable_monthly_subscriptions\":false,\"disable_annual_subscriptions\":false,\"hide_post_restacks\":false,\"notes_feed_enabled\":false,\"showIntroModule\":false,\"isPortraitLayout\":false,\"last_chat_post_at\":null,\"primary_profile_name\":\"Ross Brodbeck\",\"primary_profile_photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zA8r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg\",\"no_follow\":false,\"sponsorshipCampaigns\":{},\"paywall_chat\":\"free\",\"sections\":[],\"podcastTabInfo\":null,\"multipub_migration\":null,\"navigationBarItems\":[],\"has_active_perks\":false,\"contributors\":[{\"name\":\"Ross Brodbeck\",\"handle\":\"hross\",\"role\":\"admin\",\"owner\":true,\"user_id\":11634007,\"photo_url\":\"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg\",\"bio\":\"Working at GitHub in SRE. I sometimes manage software teams and write about it.\",\"status\":{\"bestsellerTier\":null,\"subscriberTier\":1,\"leaderboard\":null,\"vip\":false,\"badge\":{\"type\":\"subscriber\",\"tier\":1,\"accent_colors\":null},\"subscriber\":null}}],\"threads_v2_enabled\":false,\"viralGiftsConfig\":null,\"no_index\":false,\"tier\":2,\"can_set_google_site_verification\":true,\"can_have_sitemap\":true,\"founding_plan_name_english\":\"Founding Member\",\"base_url\":\"https://hross.substack.com\",\"hostname\":\"hross.substack.com\",\"is_on_substack\":false,\"spotify_podcast_settings\":null,\"unified_podcast_settings\":null,\"podcastPalette\":{\"DarkMuted\":{\"population\":72,\"rgb\":[73,153,137]},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"population\":6013,\"rgb\":[4,100,84]},\"LightMuted\":{\"population\":7,\"rgb\":[142,198,186]},\"LightVibrant\":{\"population\":3,\"rgb\":[166,214,206]},\"Muted\":{\"population\":6,\"rgb\":[92,164,156]},\"Vibrant\":{\"population\":5,\"rgb\":[76,164,146]}},\"pageThemes\":{\"podcast\":null},\"supports_ip_content_unlock\":false,\"appTheme\":{\"colors\":{\"accent\":{\"name\":\"#ff6b00\",\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":232,\"g\":88,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":232,\"g\":88,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.2},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.3},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":136,\"b\":66,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":136,\"b\":66,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.2},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.3}}},\"fg\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.8},\"secondary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.6},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.4},\"accent\":{\"r\":210,\"g\":68,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.9},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.6},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.4},\"accent\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":1}}},\"bg\":{\"name\":\"#ffffff\",\"hue\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0},\"tint\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0},\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":250,\"g\":250,\"b\":250,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":250,\"g\":250,\"b\":250,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":238,\"g\":238,\"b\":238,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":206.90096477355226,\"g\":206.90096477355175,\"b\":206.9009647735519,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":219,\"g\":219,\"b\":219,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":182,\"g\":182,\"b\":182,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":22,\"g\":23,\"b\":24,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":35,\"g\":37,\"b\":37,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":41.35899397549579,\"g\":43.405356429195315,\"b\":43.40489285041963,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":54,\"g\":55,\"b\":55,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":90,\"g\":91,\"b\":91,\"a\":1}}}}},\"portalAppTheme\":{\"colors\":{\"accent\":{\"name\":\"#FF6B00\",\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":230,\"g\":96,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":103,\"b\":25,\"a\":0.3},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":136,\"b\":66,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":136,\"b\":66,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.2},\"contrast\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"bg\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.2},\"bg_hover\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.3}}},\"fg\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.8},\"secondary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.5},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":0,\"g\":0,\"b\":0,\"a\":0.3},\"accent\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.9},\"secondary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.6},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0.4},\"accent\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":107,\"b\":0,\"a\":1}}},\"bg\":{\"name\":\"None\",\"hue\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"tint\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":0},\"primary\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":250,\"g\":250,\"b\":250,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":255,\"g\":255,\"b\":255,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":238,\"g\":238,\"b\":238,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":219,\"g\":219,\"b\":219,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":219,\"g\":219,\"b\":219,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":182,\"g\":182,\"b\":182,\"a\":1},\"dark\":{\"primary\":{\"r\":22,\"g\":23,\"b\":24,\"a\":1},\"primary_hover\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"primary_elevated\":{\"r\":27,\"g\":28,\"b\":29,\"a\":1},\"secondary\":{\"r\":35,\"g\":37,\"b\":37,\"a\":1},\"secondary_elevated\":{\"r\":41.35899397549579,\"g\":43.405356429195315,\"b\":43.40489285041963,\"a\":1},\"tertiary\":{\"r\":54,\"g\":55,\"b\":55,\"a\":1},\"quaternary\":{\"r\":90,\"g\":91,\"b\":91,\"a\":1}}},\"is_dark\":false}}},\"confirmedLogin\":false,\"hide_intro_popup\":false,\"block_auto_login\":false,\"domainInfo\":{\"isSubstack\":true,\"customDomain\":null},\"experimentFeatures\":{},\"experimentExposures\":{},\"siteConfigs\":{\"score_upsell_email\":\"control\",\"first_chat_email_enabled\":true,\"new_commenter_approval\":false,\"pub_update_opennode_api_key\":false,\"notes_video_max_duration_minutes\":15,\"show_content_label_age_gating_in_feed\":false,\"zendesk_automation_cancellations\":false,\"mfa_action_box_enabled\":false,\"publication_max_bylines\":35,\"no_contest_charge_disputes\":false,\"scheduled_post_share_assets_enabled\":false,\"publication_tabs_reorder\":false,\"comp_expiry_email_new_copy\":\"NONE\",\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"enable_section_group_pages\":false,\"enable_post_summarization\":false,\"live_stream_host_warning_message\":\"\",\"bitcoin_enabled\":false,\"minimum_ios_os_version\":\"17.0.0\",\"show_entire_square_image\":false,\"hide_subscriber_count\":false,\"fit_in_live_stream_player\":false,\"publication_author_display_override\":\"\",\"enable_saved_segments\":true,\"generate_pdf_tax_report\":false,\"hide_post_sidebar\":false,\"show_generic_post_importer\":false,\"enable_pledges_modal\":true,\"community_automod_non_english_enabled\":true,\"audio_clips_enabled\":false,\"enable_videos_page\":false,\"exempt_from_gtm_filter\":false,\"group_sections_and_podcasts_in_menu\":false,\"boost_optin_modal_enabled\":true,\"standards_and_enforcement_features_enabled\":false,\"pub_creation_captcha_behavior\":\"risky_pubs_or_rate_limit\",\"post_blogspot_importer\":false,\"enable_high_res_background_uploading\":false,\"pub_tts_override\":\"default\",\"disable_monthly_subscriptions\":false,\"skip_welcome_email\":false,\"chat_reader_thread_notification_default\":false,\"scheduled_pinned_posts\":false,\"disable_redirect_outbound_utm_params\":false,\"reader_gift_referrals_enabled\":true,\"dont_show_guest_byline\":false,\"like_comments_enabled\":true,\"enable_theme_editor_deferred_saves\":false,\"enable_sponsorship_campaigns_advanced\":false,\"temporal_livestream_ended_draft\":true,\"enable_pangram_ai_detection\":true,\"fallback_to_archive_search_on_section_pages\":false,\"livekit_track_egress_custom_base_url\":\"http://livekit-egress-custom-recorder-participant-test.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\",\"welcome_screen_blurb_override\":\"\",\"like_posts_enabled\":true,\"twitter_player_card_enabled\":true,\"feed_promoted_user\":false,\"show_note_stats_for_all_notes\":false,\"section_specific_csv_imports_enabled\":false,\"disable_podcast_feed_description_cta\":false,\"bypass_profile_substack_logo_detection\":false,\"use_preloaded_player_sources\":false,\"list_pruning_enabled\":false,\"facebook_connect\":false,\"opt_in_to_sections_during_subscribe\":false,\"underlined_colored_links\":false,\"enable_efficient_digest_embed\":false,\"enable_aligned_images\":false,\"max_image_upload_mb\":64,\"threads_suggested_ios_version\":null,\"pledges_disabled\":false,\"threads_minimum_ios_version\":812,\"hide_podcast_email_setup_link\":false,\"subscribe_captcha_behavior\":\"default\",\"publication_ban_sample_rate\":0,\"custom_themes_substack_subscribe_modal\":false,\"ios_post_share_assets_screenshot_trigger\":\"control\",\"opt_in_to_sections_during_subscribe_include_main_pub_newsletter\":false,\"continue_support_cta_in_newsletter_emails\":false,\"bloomberg_syndication_enabled\":false,\"allow_document_freeze\":false,\"test_age_gate_user\":false,\"podcast_main_feed_is_firehose\":false,\"pub_app_incentive_gift\":\"\",\"no_embed_redirect\":false,\"customized_email_from_name_for_new_follow_emails\":\"treatment\",\"spotify_open_access_sandbox_mode\":false,\"disable_custom_nav_menu\":false,\"enable_livestream_name_cards\":false,\"fullstory_enabled\":false,\"chat_reply_poll_interval\":3,\"thefp_enable_email_upsell_banner\":false,\"force_pub_links_to_use_subdomain\":false,\"always_show_cookie_banner\":false,\"hide_media_download_option\":false,\"hide_post_restacks\":false,\"feed_item_source_debug_mode\":false,\"twitter_embed_video_playback_enabled\":false,\"publication_homepage_title_display_override\":\"\",\"enable_email_automation_stats\":false,\"post_preview_highlight_byline\":false,\"4k_video\":false,\"enable_islands_section_intent_screen\":false,\"post_metering_enabled\":false,\"notifications_disabled\":\"\",\"cross_post_notification_threshold\":1000,\"facebook_connect_prod_app\":true,\"force_into_pymk_ranking\":false,\"minimum_android_version\":756,\"group_size_change_notification_email_enabled\":false,\"enable_transcription_translations\":false,\"use_og_image_as_twitter_image_for_post_previews\":false,\"always_use_podcast_channel_art_as_episode_art_in_rss\":false,\"seo_tier_override\":\"NONE\",\"editor_role_enabled\":false,\"no_follow_links\":false,\"publisher_api_enabled\":false,\"zendesk_support_priority\":\"default\",\"enable_post_clips_stats\":false,\"enable_subscriber_referrals_awards\":true,\"ios_profile_themes_feed_permalink_enabled\":false,\"reader_survey_during_subscribe_enabled\":true,\"use_publication_language_for_transcription\":false,\"show_substack_funded_gifts_tooltip\":true,\"disable_ai_transcription\":false,\"per_pub_notification_settings\":false,\"live_stream_creation_enabled\":true,\"disable_card_element_in_europe\":false,\"web_growth_item_promotion_threshold\":0,\"bundle_subscribe_enabled\":false,\"web_vitals_sample_rate\":0,\"allow_live_stream_auto_takedown\":\"true\",\"mobile_publication_attachments_enabled\":false,\"enable_design_templates_events_page\":false,\"enable_survey_response_crm_filters\":false,\"disable_personal_substack_initialization\":false,\"section_specific_welcome_pages\":false,\"local_payment_methods\":\"control\",\"publisher_api_cancel_comp\":false,\"posts_in_rss_feed\":20,\"publisher_dashboard_section_selector\":false,\"reader_surveys_platform_question_order\":\"36,1,4,2,3,5,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35\",\"login_guard_app_link_in_email\":true,\"community_moderators_enabled\":false,\"enable_custom_theme\":false,\"monthly_sub_is_one_off\":false,\"unread_notes_activity_digest\":\"control\",\"display_cookie_settings\":false,\"welcome_page_query_params\":false,\"enable_free_podcast_urls\":false,\"comp_expiry_emails_disabled\":false,\"enable_description_on_polls\":false,\"use_microlink_for_instagram_embeds\":false,\"free_signup_confirmation_behavior\":\"with_email_validation\",\"ios_post_stats_for_admins\":false,\"enable_design_templates\":false,\"use_livestream_post_media_composition\":true,\"section_specific_preambles\":false,\"pub_export_temp_disable\":false,\"show_menu_on_posts\":false,\"ios_post_subscribe_web_routing\":true,\"enable_pangram_detection_settings\":false,\"freewalls_enabled_web\":false,\"app_onboarding_survey_email\":false,\"republishing_enabled\":false,\"app_mode\":false,\"show_phone_banner\":false,\"minimum_ios_version\":2200,\"enable_author_pages\":false,\"enable_decagon_chat\":true,\"first_month_upsell\":\"control\",\"new_user_checklist_enabled\":\"use_follower_count\",\"disable_high_res_recording\":false,\"latex_upgraded_inline\":false,\"anonymous_post_metering_enabled\":false,\"rss_verification_code\":\"\",\"notification_post_emails\":\"experiment\",\"chat_suppress_contributor_push_option_enabled\":false,\"enable_subscriber_tags\":true,\"media_feed_app_prepend_inbox_limit\":0,\"export_hooks_enabled\":false,\"audio_encoding_bitrate\":null,\"extra_seats_coupon_type\":false,\"post_subdomain_universal_links\":false,\"post_import_max_file_size\":26214400,\"feed_promoted_video_publication\":false,\"livekit_reconnect_slate_url\":\"https://mux-livestream-assets.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/custom-disconnect-slate-tall.png\",\"exclude_from_pymk_suggestions\":false,\"publication_ranking_variant\":\"experiment\",\"disable_annual_subscriptions\":false,\"hack_jane_manchun_wong\":true,\"android_enable_auto_gain_control\":true,\"allow_coupons_on_upgrade\":false,\"test_au_age_gate_user\":false,\"pub_auto_moderation_enabled\":false,\"disable_live_stream_ai_trimming_by_default\":false,\"disable_deletion\":false,\"livekit_egress_custom_base_url\":\"http://livekit-egress-custom-recorder.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com\",\"clip_focused_video_upload_flow\":false,\"live_stream_max_guest_users\":2,\"android_upgrade_alert_dialog_reincarnated\":true,\"enable_video_seo_data\":false,\"can_reimport_unsubscribed_users_with_2x_optin\":false,\"founding_upgrade_during_gift_disabled\":false,\"thefp_enable_section_groups\":false,\"review_incoming_email\":\"default\",\"enable_founding_gifts\":false,\"enable_sponsorship_campaigns\":false,\"thefp_forum_polls_enabled\":false,\"thefp_enable_embed_media_links\":false,\"sort_modal_search_results\":false,\"default_thumbnail_time\":10,\"load_test_unichat\":false,\"live_stream_head_alignment_guide\":false,\"free_press_combo_subscribe_flow_enabled\":false,\"enable_code_embed_toc\":false,\"enable_publication_tax_settings\":false,\"gifts_from_substack_feature_available\":true,\"disable_ai_clips\":false,\"enable_elevenlabs_voiceovers\":false,\"thefp_enable_transcripts\":false,\"show_simple_post_editor\":false,\"instacart_integration_enabled\":false,\"enable_publication_podcasts_page\":false,\"enable_direct_message_request_bypass\":false,\"enable_apple_news_sync\":false,\"live_stream_in_trending_topic_overrides\":\"\",\"free_press_newsletter_promo_enabled\":false,\"account_based_post_metering_enabled\":false,\"disable_live_stream_reactions\":false,\"instacart_partner_id\":\"\",\"enable_adhoc_email_scheduling\":true,\"media_feed_prepend_inbox_limit\":35,\"welcome_page_no_opt_out\":false,\"enable_caption_translation_tools\":false,\"section_specific_postscripts\":false,\"edit_profile_theme_colors\":false,\"disable_clipping_for_readers\":false,\"enable_apple_podcast_delivery_self_serve_pem_files\":false,\"enable_press_kit_preview_modal\":false,\"enable_rnc_page\":true,\"live_stream_video_degradation_preference\":\"maintainFramerate\",\"enable_high_follower_dm\":true,\"pause_app_badges\":false,\"profile_feed_expanded_inventory\":false,\"livekit_mux_latency_mode\":\"low\",\"feed_juiced_user\":0,\"global_iap_plan_setup_countries\":\"AE,AG,AL,AM,AT,AU,BA,BG,BH,BJ,BN,BS,BT,BW,CH,CI,CR,CY,CZ,DK,DZ,EC,EE,ET,FI,GM,GT,GY,HK,HR,HU,ID,IL,IN,IS,JM,JO,KE,KW,LC,LI,LK,LT,LU,LV,MA,MD,MG,MK,MN,MT,MU,MX,MY,MZ,NA,NO,NZ,OM,PA,PE,PH,PK,QA,RO,RS,RW,SE,SG,SI,SK,SN,SV,TH,TN,TR,TT,TW,TZ,UZ,VN,ZA\",\"enable_collapsed_content\":false,\"enable_polymarket_expandable_embeds\":true,\"publisher_dashboard_group_subs_sidebar\":false,\"use_advanced_commerce_api_for_iap\":false,\"skip_free_preview_language_in_podcast_notes\":false,\"larger_wordmark_on_publication_homepage\":false,\"enable_mobile_stats_for_admins\":false,\"enable_livestream_youtube_simulcast\":false,\"enable_persona_sandbox_environment\":false,\"allowed_email_domains\":\"mozmail.com\",\"create_nav_item_from_tag\":false,\"bypass_single_unlock_token_limit\":false,\"enable_code_embeds\":false,\"add_section_and_tag_metadata\":false,\"daily_promoted_notes_enabled\":true,\"enable_segments_ui_revamp\":true,\"enable_islands_cms\":false,\"enable_livestream_combined_stats\":false,\"redirect_to_pub_after_welcome_signup\":false,\"chartbeat_video_enabled\":false,\"enable_drip_campaigns\":false,\"enable_filtered_posts_on_homepage\":false,\"post_management_search_engine\":\"elasticsearch\",\"new_bestseller_leaderboard_feed_item_enabled\":false,\"feed_main_disabled\":false,\"enable_account_settings_revamp\":false,\"thefp_enable_fp_recirc_block\":false,\"top_search_variant\":\"control\",\"enable_debug_logs_ios\":false,\"show_pub_content_on_profile_for_pub_id\":0,\"show_pub_content_on_profile\":false,\"livekit_track_egress\":true,\"onboarding_suggestions_search\":\"experiment\",\"feed_tuner_enabled\":false,\"livekit_mux_latency_mode_rtmp\":\"low\",\"google_login_enabled\":false,\"livekit_high_quality_egress\":false,\"iap_announcement_blog_url\":\"\",\"disable_code_embed_chrome\":false,\"ios_livestream_feedback\":false,\"founding_plan_upgrade_warning\":false,\"ios_mediaplayer_reply_bar_v2\":false,\"enable_notification_email_batching\":true,\"note_author_poll_results_visible_by_default\":true,\"ios_hide_portal_tab_bar\":false,\"follow_upsell_rollout_percentage\":30,\"gift_article_enabled\":false,\"live_stream_invite_ttl_seconds\":900000,\"include_founding_plans_coupon_option\":false,\"thefp_enable_cancellation_discount_offer\":false,\"android_enable_edit_profile_theme\":false,\"disable_audio_enhancement\":false,\"pub_search_variant\":\"control\",\"ignore_video_in_notes_length_limit\":false,\"substack_gtm_enabled\":false,\"allow_long_videos\":true,\"enable_automation_filters\":false,\"use_enhanced_video_embed_player\":true,\"founding_upgrade_preview\":false,\"enable_viewing_all_livestream_viewers\":false,\"send_subscription_canceled_email\":false,\"enable_clip_prompt_variant_filtering\":true,\"chartbeat_enabled\":false,\"dpn_ranking_enabled\":true,\"enable_custom_email_css\":false,\"thefp_enable_shows_page\":false,\"enable_apple_podcast_auto_publish\":false,\"linkedin_profile_search_enabled\":false,\"publication_has_own_app\":false,\"suggested_minimum_ios_version\":0,\"thebulwark_enable_footer_actions\":false,\"enable_posts_to_segments\":true,\"trending_topics_module_long_term_experiment\":\"control\",\"phone_verification_fallback_to_twilio\":false,\"enable_suggested_searches\":true,\"enable_subscription_notification_email_batching\":true,\"feed_controls\":\"control\",\"thefp_enable_plans_modal_v2\":false,\"a24_redemption_link\":\"\",\"design_templates_launch_phase\":\"off\",\"post_custom_email_from_name_enabled\":false,\"ios_live_stream_auto_gain_enabled\":true,\"enable_publication_tts_player\":false,\"enable_group_direct_messages\":true,\"enable_notes_admins\":false,\"thefp_show_pub_app_callout_on_post\":false,\"search_ranker_variant\":\"experiment\",\"forced_featured_topic_id\":\"\",\"ios_audio_captions_disabled\":false,\"web_podcasts_tab\":false,\"related_posts_enabled\":false,\"thefp_enable_homepage_secondary_nav\":false,\"ios_live_stream_pip_dismiss_v4\":\"control\",\"reply_rate_limit_max_distinct_users_daily\":110,\"web_post_metering_enabled\":true,\"search_retrieval_variant\":\"experiment\",\"mobile_user_attachments_enabled\":false,\"web_profile_publication_recommendations_carousel\":true,\"publisher_banner\":\"\",\"enable_sponsorship_profile\":false,\"gift_article_button_enabled\":false,\"reply_rate_limit_max_distinct_users_monthly\":600,\"desktop_live_stream_screen_share_audio_enabled\":false,\"creator_match\":true,\"ai_image_generation_enabled\":true,\"ios_default_coupon_enabled\":true,\"automod_admin_hidden_comments_tab\":true,\"video_clip_suggestions_enabled\":false,\"publisher_dashboard_home_layout_experiment\":\"control\",\"android_polymarket_embed_search\":false,\"audience_section_editor_help_link\":\"https://support.substack.com/hc/en-us/articles/50558240901268-How-do-I-add-audience-specific-content-to-a-post-on-Substack\",\"portal_ranking_variant\":\"experiment\",\"permalink_reply_ranking_variant\":\"experiment\",\"allow_feed_category_filtering\":false,\"enable_dynamic_content\":true,\"enable_thumbnail_editor_media_settings_integration\":false,\"subscriber_profile_survey_responses_enabled\":true,\"private_live_streaming_enabled\":true,\"desktop_live_stream_safe_framing\":0.8,\"translate_posts_on_standalone_sites\":true,\"bundle_subscribe_default_to_regular_plan\":false,\"enable_standardized_sponsorship_formats\":false,\"enable_pencraft_signin_form\":true,\"thefp_enable_secondary_section_redesign\":false,\"bignight_page_enabled\":true,\"thefp_paywall_annual_plans_experiment\":\"control\",\"enable_launch_assistant\":false,\"enable_youtube_exploration\":true,\"publisher_dashboard_nav_refresh\":false,\"thefp_enable_bundle_post_follow\":false,\"web_notes_tiptap_v3_experiment\":\"treatment_tiptap_v3\",\"recipe_rich_text_enabled\":true,\"publisher_dashboard_nav_refresh_experiment\":\"treatment\",\"chat_channel_creation_enabled\":false,\"web_onboarding_content_type_preferences\":\"experiment\",\"web_mobile_asset_handoff\":false},\"trackingTokens\":{\"fbPixelId\":null,\"gaPixelId\":null,\"twitterPixelId\":null,\"parselyPixelId\":null,\"googleTagManagerToken\":null,\"googleAnalytics4Token\":null,\"twitterPixelSignupEventId\":null,\"twitterPixelSubscribeEventId\":null},\"publicationSettings\":{\"block_ai_crawlers\":false,\"credit_token_enabled\":false,\"custom_tos_and_privacy\":false,\"did_identity\":null,\"disable_optimistic_bank_payments\":false,\"display_welcome_page_details\":false,\"payment_pledges_enabled\":true,\"enable_drop_caps\":false,\"enable_post_page_conversion\":false,\"enable_prev_next_nav\":false,\"enable_restacking\":false,\"founding_group_subscriptions_enabled\":false,\"gifts_from_substack_disabled\":false,\"google_analytics_4_token\":null,\"group_sections_and_podcasts_in_menu_enabled\":false,\"live_stream_homepage_visibility\":\"contributorsAndAdmins\",\"live_stream_homepage_style\":\"autoPlay\",\"live_stream_replay_enabled\":true,\"medium_length_description\":\"\",\"notes_feed_enabled\":false,\"paywall_unlock_tokens\":false,\"post_preview_crop_gravity\":\"center\",\"post_preview_radius\":\"xs\",\"reader_referrals_enabled\":false,\"reader_referrals_leaderboard_enabled\":false,\"seen_coming_soon_explainer\":false,\"seen_google_analytics_migration_modal\":false,\"local_currency_modal_seen\":false,\"local_payment_methods_modal_seen\":false,\"twitter_pixel_signup_event_id\":null,\"twitter_pixel_subscribe_event_id\":null,\"use_inclusive_sales_tax\":false,\"use_local_currency\":false,\"welcome_page_opt_out_text\":\"No thanks\",\"cookie_settings\":\"\",\"show_restacks_below_posts\":true,\"holiday_gifting_post_header\":false,\"homepage_message_text\":\"\",\"homepage_message_link\":\"\",\"about_us_author_ids\":\"\",\"archived_section_ids\":\"\",\"column_section_ids\":\"\",\"fp_primary_column_section_ids\":\"\",\"event_section_ids\":\"\",\"podcasts_metadata\":\"\",\"video_section_ids\":\"\",\"post_metering_enabled\":false,\"account_based_post_metering_enabled\":false,\"use_custom_theme\":false,\"reply_rules\":null,\"automatic_moderation_enabled\":true,\"auto_translate_enabled\":true,\"additional_post_languages_enabled\":false,\"high_res_recording_beta\":false},\"publicationUserSettings\":null,\"userSettings\":{\"user_id\":null,\"activity_likes_enabled\":true,\"dashboard_nav_refresh_enabled\":false,\"is_guest_post_enabled\":true,\"invite_friends_nux_dismissed_at\":null,\"suggestions_feed_item_last_shown_at\":null,\"last_notification_alert_shown_at\":null,\"disable_reply_hiding\":false,\"newest_seen_chat_item_published_at\":null,\"explicitContentEnabled\":false,\"contactMatchingEnabled\":false,\"messageRequestLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableInviteLevel\":\"everyone\",\"liveStreamAcceptableChatLevel\":\"everyone\",\"creditTokensTreatmentExposed\":false,\"appBadgeIncludesChat\":false,\"autoPlayVideo\":true,\"autoAdvanceVideo\":true,\"smart_delivery_enabled\":false,\"chatbotTermsLastAcceptedAt\":null,\"has_seen_notes_post_app_upsell\":false,\"first_note_id\":null,\"show_concurrent_live_stream_viewers\":false,\"edit_profile_feed_item_dismissed_at\":null,\"mobile_permalink_app_upsell_seen_at\":null,\"new_user_checklist_enabled\":false,\"has_seen_youtube_shorts_auto_publish_announcement\":false,\"has_seen_publish_youtube_connect_upsell\":false,\"notificationQualityFilterEnabled\":true,\"hasSeenOnboardingNewslettersScreen\":false,\"bestsellerBadgeEnabled\":true,\"hasSelfIdentifiedAsCreator\":false,\"autoTranslateEnabled\":true,\"autoTranslateBlocklist\":[],\"fineTuneFeedItemSeenAt\":null,\"fineTuneFeedItemDismissedAt\":null,\"aiGeneratedTextMode\":\"show\",\"feedVideoPreference\":5,\"feedAudioPreference\":5,\"feedLongerPostsPreference\":5,\"feedChatPreference\":5},\"mux_env_key\":\"u42pci814i6011qg3segrcpp9\",\"persona_environment_id\":\"env_o1Lbk4JhpY4PmvNkwaBdYwe5Fzkt\",\"sentry_environment\":\"production\",\"launchWelcomePage\":false,\"pendingInviteForActiveLiveStream\":null,\"isEligibleForLiveStreamCreation\":true,\"webviewPlatform\":null,\"noIndex\":false,\"post\":{\"audience\":\"everyone\",\"audience_before_archived\":null,\"canonical_url\":\"https://hross.substack.com/p/how-much-are-their-9s-worth\",\"default_comment_sort\":null,\"editor_v2\":false,\"exempt_from_archive_paywall\":false,\"free_unlock_required\":false,\"id\":142525498,\"podcast_art_url\":null,\"podcast_duration\":null,\"podcast_preview_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_upload_id\":null,\"podcast_url\":null,\"post_date\":\"2024-03-24T11:00:47.455Z\",\"updated_at\":\"2024-04-01T12:22:18.426Z\",\"publication_id\":734663,\"search_engine_description\":null,\"search_engine_title\":null,\"section_id\":null,\"should_send_free_preview\":false,\"show_guest_bios\":true,\"slug\":\"how-much-are-their-9s-worth\",\"social_title\":null,\"subtitle\":\"Digging into some SLAs\",\"teaser_post_eligible\":true,\"title\":\"How much are their 9's worth?\",\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"video_upload_id\":null,\"write_comment_permissions\":\"none\",\"meter_type\":\"none\",\"live_stream_id\":null,\"is_published\":true,\"restacks\":0,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":1},\"top_exclusions\":[],\"pins\":[],\"section_pins\":[],\"has_shareable_clips\":false,\"previous_post_slug\":\"how-much-are-your-9s-worth\",\"next_post_slug\":\"availability-archetypes\",\"cover_image\":\"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D\",\"cover_image_is_square\":false,\"cover_image_is_explicit\":false,\"videoUpload\":null,\"podcastFields\":{\"post_id\":142525498,\"podcast_episode_number\":null,\"podcast_season_number\":null,\"podcast_episode_type\":null,\"should_syndicate_to_other_feed\":null,\"syndicate_to_section_id\":null,\"hide_from_feed\":false,\"free_podcast_url\":null,\"free_podcast_duration\":null,\"preview_contains_ad\":false,\"was_imported_self_serve_sync\":false,\"draft_free_podcast_url\":null,\"draft_free_podcast_duration\":null},\"podcastUpload\":null,\"podcastPreviewUpload\":null,\"voiceover_upload_id\":null,\"voiceoverUpload\":null,\"has_voiceover\":false,\"description\":\"Digging into some SLAs\",\"body_html\":\"<div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D\\\" width=\\\"1000\\\" height=\\\"668\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:668,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;two people shaking hands&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"two people shaking hands\\\" title=\\\"two people shaking hands\\\" srcset=\\\"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 424w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 848w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 1272w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1521791136064-7986c2920216?q=80&amp;w=1000&amp;auto=format&amp;fit=crop&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxwaG90by1wYWdlfHx8fGVufDB8fHx8fA%3D%3D 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" fetchpriority=\\\"high\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><div class=\\\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\\\"><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image\\\"><svg aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 20 20\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke-width=\\\"1.5\\\" stroke=\\\"var(--color-fg-primary)\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\"><g><path d=\\\"M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882\\\"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex=\\\"0\\\" type=\\\"button\\\" class=\\\"pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Image Credit: <a href=\\\"https://unsplash.com/photos/two-people-shaking-hands-n95VMLxqM2I\\\">Cytonn Photography</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><a href=\\\"https://hross.substack.com/p/how-much-are-your-9s-worth\\\">Last time I wrote about what your 9\u2019s are worth and how to cheat them</a>. Let\u2019s go nerd out on some SLAs in the wild and see what we find. The usual caveats apply:</p><ul><li><p>I am not a lawyer, so take this up with your own lawyer if you\u2019re using this advice in an actual contract.</p></li><li><p>Language copied here was reproduced at the time of this writing and analysis is my own interpretation.</p></li></ul><p>Let\u2019s get started\u2026</p><h3><a href=\\\"https://aws.amazon.com/api-gateway/sla/?did=sla_card&amp;trk=sla_card\\\">AWS API Gateway SLA</a></h3><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png\\\" width=\\\"290\\\" height=\\\"174\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:174,&quot;width&quot;:290,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Amazon Web Services - Wikipedia&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"Amazon Web Services - Wikipedia\\\" title=\\\"Amazon Web Services - Wikipedia\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!caAW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F02d43f17-dba5-4c0a-a996-8a99121c7c67_290x174.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This SLA is for the API gateway for AWS. It\u2019s a large service, lots of people use it, and (most importantly) they publish an SLA.</p><h4><em>Relevant Sections of the SLA Language</em></h4><blockquote><p>AWS will use commercially reasonable efforts to make API Gateway available with a Monthly Uptime Percentage of at least 99.95% for each AWS region\u2026</p><p>\u201CAvailability\u201D is calculated for each 5-minute interval as the percentage of Requests processed by API Gateway that do not fail with Errors and relate solely to the provisioned API Gateway APIs.</p><p>An \u201CError\u201D is any Request that fails due to an API Gateway internal service error.</p><p>\u201CMonthly Uptime Percentage\u201D for a given AWS region is calculated as the average of the Availability for all 5-minute intervals in a monthly billing cycle.</p></blockquote><h4><em>Analysis</em></h4><p><em><strong>In English:</strong> On average, we will not throw internal service errors <a href=\\\"https://uptime.is/99.95\\\">99.95% </a> of the time, measured every 5 minutes.</em></p><h5>Is this good?</h5><p>On the one hand, averaging together the availability in 5 minute buckets (rather than good/bad) is pretty rigorous. It means there can\u2019t be a few really bad minutes but the rest of the time you were good (because the average will still go down), so this might be a better approach than good/bad minutes.</p><p>However, this SLA does not include latency and only includes internal service errors so the definition of availability seems very narrow.</p><p><strong>Verdict</strong>: Not bad, but a narrow definition.</p><h3><a href=\\\"https://slack.com/terms/service-level-agreement#h_709c90c5-262f-40d0-b402-cd68560ae302\\\">Slack SLA</a></h3><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png\\\" width=\\\"299\\\" height=\\\"168\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/db9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:168,&quot;width&quot;:299,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Slack Review | PCMag&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"Slack Review | PCMag\\\" title=\\\"Slack Review | PCMag\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ZtK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb9c4e37-5500-4d48-84fc-d6cbc1b906ba_299x168.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Many of us use Slack and it\u2019s an interesting service to consider for an SLA. On the one hand, some customers probably use it for mission critical incident communication. On the other hand, many probably use it to share cat pictures.</p><h4><em>Relevant Sections of the SLA Language</em></h4><blockquote><p>Downtime is the overall number of minutes Slack was unavailable during a calendar quarter (i.e., January 1 through March 31 and every three-month period thereafter). We calculate unavailability using server monitoring software to measure the server side error rate, ping test results, web server tests, TCP port tests, and website tests.</p><p>\u2026</p><p>Uptime is the percentage of total possible minutes Slack was available during a calendar quarter. Our commitment is to maintain at least 99.99% uptime:</p><p><em>[(total minutes in quarter - Downtime) / total minutes in quarter] &gt; 99.99%</em></p></blockquote><h4><em>Analysis</em></h4><p><em><strong>In English:</strong> For <a href=\\\"https://uptime.is/99.99\\\">99.99%</a> of minutes every month you will be able to ping us or our internal measurements will tell us you are not receiving errors.</em></p><h5>Is this good?</h5><p>This is also a minute based definition of availability, so it might be pretty rigorous. </p><p>On the other hand, the definition of downtime is extremely vague. Does downtime mean that there was a single error during that minute? What error rate is used to calculate \u201Cunavailability\u201D? Does it include latency? What \u201Cweb server\u201D tests are being run?</p><p><strong>Verdict:</strong> Too vague for my taste. Maybe the internal definitions of uptime are strict and this is great, but maybe not. I went to look at <a href=\\\"https://slack-status.com/\\\">slack\u2019s status page just now</a>, for example, and their uptime still says 100% even though they they have statused for logins. Whether that impacts their SLA, I\u2019m not sure.</p><h3><a href=\\\"https://cloud.google.com/run/sla\\\">Google Cloud SLA</a> </h3><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"299\\\" height=\\\"168\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:168,&quot;width&quot;:299,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Google Cloud Platform Review | PCMag&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"Google Cloud Platform Review | PCMag\\\" title=\\\"Google Cloud Platform Review | PCMag\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!46Xj!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe95b3fa4-85a8-47c0-b6ef-bb119aea4a4f_299x168.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Let\u2019s go back to big tech and see what Google offers for their SLA.</p><h4><em>Relevant Sections of the SLA Language</em></h4><blockquote><p>the Covered Service will provide a Monthly Uptime Percentage to Customer of at least 99.95% \u2026 Customer must also provide Google with log files showing Downtime Periods and the date and time they occurred \u201C</p><p>\\\"Downtime\\\" means more than a one percent Error Rate.</p><p>\\\"Downtime Period\\\"&nbsp;means a period of one or more consecutive minutes of Downtime. Partial minutes or intermittent Downtime for a period of less than one minute will not be counted towards any Downtime Periods.</p></blockquote><h4><em>Analysis</em></h4><p><em><strong>In English:</strong></em> <em><a href=\\\"https://uptime.is/99.95\\\">99.95%</a> of minutes we will have a 99% or less error rate.</em></p><h5>Is this good?</h5><p>This is a worse guarantee than AWS, since the minutes are not averaged and 1% is the specified downtime error rate. This is also a narrow definition of downtime, since only errors are included (not latency).</p><p><strong>Verdict</strong>: Fine but not great. 99.95% is somewhat deceptive.</p><h3><a href=\\\"https://handbook.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/infrastructure/team/gitlab-dedicated/slas/\\\">GitLab SLA</a></h3><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png\\\" width=\\\"415\\\" height=\\\"121\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:121,&quot;width&quot;:415,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;GitLab Continues AI Momentum with Enhanced AI-Powered DevSecOps Workflows&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"GitLab Continues AI Momentum with Enhanced AI-Powered DevSecOps Workflows\\\" title=\\\"GitLab Continues AI Momentum with Enhanced AI-Powered DevSecOps Workflows\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9c5v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd91abd5b-7326-4cf1-a9b3-5c96283d493c_415x121.png 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><h4><em>Relevant Sections of the SLA Language</em></h4><blockquote><p>For each service and feature described above, GitLab measures two service level indicators (\u201CSLIs\u201D)\u2026</p><p>The <strong>Error SLI</strong> is an indication of requests that are successful, (i.e. not returning a 5xx error).</p><p>The <strong>Apdex SLI</strong> is an indicator of requests that complete with a satisfactory latency. Apdex is defined using the <a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apdex\\\">industry definition</a> with two latency thresholds: <em>satisfactory</em> and <em>tolerable</em>. For Dedicated, satisfactory requests take less than 1s to complete, tolerable requests take less than 10s to complete.</p><p>Service Level Availability is then calculated using the following measurement:</p><p>For each calendar month, we calculate the sum of the combined SLI scores for all requests in that month, excluding any requests made during maintenance windows, and divide this by the total number of requests during that period (again, excluding maintenance windows)\u2026</p><p>GitLab\u2019s current monthly service level objective for GitLab Dedicated is 99.5% (the \u201CService Level Objective\u201D).</p></blockquote><h4><em>Analysis</em></h4><p><em><strong>In English:</strong> <a href=\\\"https://uptime.is/99.5\\\">99.5%</a> of requests made to our service every month will be error free and faster than 10 seconds.</em></p><h5>Is this good?</h5><p>This is the most descriptive SLA and kudos to GitLab because they are open about <strong>everything</strong>. For that they get a lot of credit.</p><p>They are also the only ones above mentioning latency as part of their SLA, which I also think makes this SLO \u201Cworth more\u201D even if it has a lower guarantee.</p><p><strong>Verdict</strong>: High marks for including latency, but a single bucket approach lowers the value of this SLA because without measuring per minute, a high volume of successful requests can drown out \u201Creal\u201D errors and outages on longer time scales.</p><h2>Conclusions</h2><p>We can learn a lot about how to calculate an SLO/SLA by looking at what\u2019s publicly available from some major vendors (as long as we are willing to wade through some legal jargon).</p><p>Keep in mind these SLAs are the lowest possible measure of availability (when the company must give back money) so I expect the internal SLOs to be more rigorous than these.</p>\",\"has_dynamic_content\":false,\"truncated_body_text\":\"Last time I wrote about what your 9\u2019s are worth and how to cheat them. Let\u2019s go nerd out on some SLAs in the wild and see what we find. The usual caveats apply:\",\"wordcount\":1091,\"post_preview_limit\":null,\"language\":\"en\",\"postTags\":[{\"id\":\"0c302d84-0f8b-4141-b0d2-9371b9fb05ae\",\"publication_id\":734663,\"name\":\"Nines\",\"slug\":\"nines\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"6ce83d76-ed15-4c00-899a-b0b0e158452f\",\"publication_id\":734663,\"name\":\"SRE\",\"slug\":\"sre\",\"hidden\":false},{\"id\":\"bdd4c28b-84c8-4497-8708-76c589d91238\",\"publication_id\":734663,\"name\":\"SLA\",\"slug\":\"sla\",\"hidden\":false}],\"postCountryBlocks\":[],\"headlineTest\":null,\"coverImagePalette\":null,\"publishedBylines\":[{\"id\":11634007,\"name\":\"Ross Brodbeck\",\"handle\":\"hross\",\"photo_url\":\"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/11954e3a-0b9d-4025-b1ef-17483bcdcc1d_200x200.jpeg\",\"bio\":\"Working at GitHub in SRE. I sometimes manage software teams and write about it.\",\"profile_set_up_at\":\"2022-02-06T19:17:37.435Z\",\"reader_installed_at\":\"2024-03-17T22:49:24.413Z\",\"publicationUsers\":[{\"id\":670164,\"user_id\":11634007,\"publication_id\":734663,\"role\":\"admin\",\"public\":true,\"is_primary\":true,\"publication\":{\"id\":734663,\"name\":\"software + caffeine = blog\",\"subdomain\":\"hross\",\"custom_domain\":null,\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"Software development and SRE learned from making lots of mistakes.\",\"logo_url\":null,\"author_id\":11634007,\"primary_user_id\":11634007,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF6B00\",\"created_at\":\"2022-02-06T17:06:25.023Z\",\"email_from_name\":\"hross\",\"copyright\":\"hross\",\"founding_plan_name\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"homepage_type\":null,\"is_personal_mode\":false,\"logo_url_wide\":null}},{\"id\":5024545,\"user_id\":11634007,\"publication_id\":4926068,\"role\":\"admin\",\"public\":true,\"is_primary\":false,\"publication\":{\"id\":4926068,\"name\":\"Navigating Neurodiversity in Wake County\",\"subdomain\":\"wakeupneuro\",\"custom_domain\":null,\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"Information, resources and stories from navigating all the neurodiversity challenges in wake county.\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/505965ed-4af7-490b-9deb-f7f55357695a_608x608.png\",\"author_id\":11634007,\"primary_user_id\":null,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF6719\",\"created_at\":\"2025-05-05T11:00:11.760Z\",\"email_from_name\":\"Navigating Neurodiversity in Wake County\",\"copyright\":\"Ross Brodbeck\",\"founding_plan_name\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"homepage_type\":\"newspaper\",\"is_personal_mode\":false,\"logo_url_wide\":null}}],\"twitter_screen_name\":\"hross\",\"is_guest\":false,\"bestseller_tier\":null,\"status\":{\"bestsellerTier\":null,\"subscriberTier\":1,\"leaderboard\":null,\"vip\":false,\"badge\":{\"type\":\"subscriber\",\"tier\":1,\"accent_colors\":null},\"subscriber\":null}}],\"reaction\":null,\"reaction_count\":1,\"comment_count\":0,\"child_comment_count\":0,\"is_geoblocked\":false,\"hasCashtag\":false},\"comments\":[],\"canonicalUrl\":\"https://hross.substack.com/p/how-much-are-their-9s-worth\",\"inlineComments\":false,\"readerIsSearchCrawler\":false,\"ogUrl\":\"https://hross.substack.com/p/how-much-are-their-9s-worth\",\"bannedFromNotes\":false,\"themeVariables\":{\"color_theme_bg_pop\":\"#FF6B00\",\"background_pop\":\"#FF6B00\",\"color_theme_bg_web\":null,\"cover_bg_color\":\"#FFFFFF\",\"cover_bg_color_secondary\":\"#f0f0f0\",\"background_pop_darken\":\"#e66000\",\"print_on_pop\":\"#ffffff\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_darken\":\"#e66000\",\"color_theme_print_on_pop\":\"#ffffff\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_20\":\"rgba(255, 107, 0, 0.2)\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_30\":\"rgba(255, 107, 0, 0.3)\",\"print_pop\":\"#ff6b00\",\"color_theme_accent\":\"#ff6b00\",\"cover_print_primary\":\"#363737\",\"cover_print_secondary\":\"#757575\",\"cover_print_tertiary\":\"#b6b6b6\",\"cover_border_color\":\"#ff6b00\",\"home_hero\":\"newspaper\",\"home_posts\":\"list\",\"background_contrast_1\":\"#f0f0f0\",\"background_contrast_2\":\"#dddddd\",\"background_contrast_3\":\"#b7b7b7\",\"background_contrast_4\":\"#929292\",\"background_contrast_5\":\"#515151\",\"color_theme_detail\":\"#e6e6e6\",\"background_contrast_pop\":\"rgba(255, 107, 0, 0.4)\",\"color_theme_bg_contrast_pop\":\"rgba(255, 107, 0, 0.4)\",\"theme_bg_is_dark\":\"0\",\"background_pop_rgb\":\"255, 107, 0\",\"color_theme_bg_pop_rgb\":\"255, 107, 0\",\"color_theme_accent_rgb\":\"255, 107, 0\"},\"recentEpisodes\":null,\"trackFrontendVisit\":true,\"activeLiveStream\":null,\"freeTrialCoupon\":null,\"defaultCoupon\":null,\"isChatActive\":false,\"publicationPageAlert\":null,\"features\":{},\"browser\":{\"name\":\"Chrome\",\"version\":\"125.0\",\"major\":\"125\"},\"showCookieBanner\":false,\"disabledCookies\":[],\"dd_env\":\"prod\",\"dd_ti\":true}")</script>
<script nonce="zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA">window._analyticsConfig = JSON.parse("{\"properties\":{\"subdomain\":\"hross\",\"publication_id\":734663,\"has_plans\":false,\"pub_community_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_publication\":false,\"is_subscribed\":false,\"is_free_subscribed\":false,\"is_author\":false,\"is_contributor\":false,\"is_admin\":false,\"is_founding\":false},\"adwordsAccountId\":\"AW-316245675\",\"adwordsEventSendTo\":\"Tf76CKqcyL4DEKuN5pYB\"}")</script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/lib-router.7371871e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/55188.571db0c6.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/62357.a0731d37.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/53754.d196682b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/33485.2686bb5d.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/2237.ae8857e4.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/37707.4614ce58.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/9351.41564edd.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/80821.b2140fcd.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/44292.f3dc2b43.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/70291.7aa24e85.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/17499.1820773d.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/57975.765aca5a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/19714.2f1bdde5.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/48320.4e726ad5.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93000.f03f24de.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/44014.f579d62b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/43745.80c75c78.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/60892.92b9fc9c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/40646.258e49f2.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/87906.d493457b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/36479.ce61e623.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/17706.015b0f71.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93977.f1207089.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/37606.b91ab2ef.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/94311.b93f6845.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/89356.66161d1e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/21262.211a7337.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/47925.24a01d36.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/80220.03bd4c41.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/71505.3dc43e33.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/11100.5d148f2c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/3663.86d95e8c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/18725.a5a682c3.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/86118.ff1ec843.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/93519.7fe128ac.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/84828.c78aabc1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/5075.d6e9f8ec.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/29231.a7af5911.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/56725.2b32bbb6.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/42336.f1c17ded.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/89879.1d0af2b9.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/70793.951c11cb.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/39522.58e078b0.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/53164.dfde36c8.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/74584.94c6b3f1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/71199.a327e9f4.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/63266.8bb0d59c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/47358.8f5c5991.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/4492.cb326b80.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/88089.680833b5.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/97348.df6a856d.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/52109.cf3bcc2c.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/56256.8a1bc5dd.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/77410.3f20fb36.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/25058.bdbc4e21.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/58483.3adddb8a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/94881.0a97506f.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/27386.09a9082f.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/10174.7f0face7.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/92610.a4fc1daf.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/91214.cb10b4b8.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/11244.b723f409.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/99260.28b0ed6a.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/48445.7d5c5ba3.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/76768.9a2f2bae.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/41932.6c688f22.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/12114.979fb38e.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/48409.9732c6f9.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/26252.4f5ae3be.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/53871.2923c5c9.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/18494.588a06d1.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/99068.bd2e1fba.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/91850.79d3f415.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/49047.c7f428fb.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/16075.098bcbcf.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/28856.2eb51db5.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/95396.72d1d844.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/63175.bbf1c283.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/74628.2e8ed950.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/32552.889dd584.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/27313.c287f2d8.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/mainReactRouter.6c265246.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/91507.9b9761ae.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/54770.b40bf629.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/30054.07cd629b.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/78118.35b48b09.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/57051.f37fb930.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script defer type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/static/js/78191.24075434.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script nonce="zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA" nomodule>
(function() {
var message = 'Your browser does not support modern JavaScript modules. Please upgrade your browser for the best experience.';
var warningDiv = document.createElement('div');
warningDiv.style.color = 'red';
warningDiv.style.padding = '10px';
warningDiv.style.margin = '10px 0';
warningDiv.style.border = '1px solid red';
warningDiv.style.backgroundColor = 'lightyellow';
warningDiv.innerText = message;
document.body.prepend(warningDiv);
})();
</script>
<!-- Datadog Analytics -->
<script nonce="zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA">
(function(h,o,u,n,d) {
h=h[d]=h[d]||{q:[],onReady:function(c){h.q.push(c)}}
d=o.createElement(u);d.async=1;d.src=n
n=o.getElementsByTagName(u)[0];n.parentNode.insertBefore(d,n)
})(window,document,'script','https://www.datadoghq-browser-agent.com/us1/v5/datadog-rum.js','DD_RUM')
window.DD_RUM.onReady(function() {
window.DD_RUM.init({
clientToken: 'puba71073f072643721169b68f352438710',
applicationId: '2e321b35-c76b-4073-8d04-cc9a10461793',
site: 'datadoghq.com',
service: 'web',
env: window._preloads.dd_env,
version: '8b4c00716b2bc0f7ca1fded553014f7e37b5b07a',
sessionSampleRate: 1,
sessionReplaySampleRate: 10,
trackUserInteractions: window._preloads.dd_ti,
trackResources: true,
trackLongTasks: true,
defaultPrivacyLevel: 'mask-user-input',
allowedTracingUrls: [/https?:\/\/(.+\/.)?substack(cdn)?\.com/]
});
})
</script>
<!-- End Datadog Analytics -->
<!-- Cloudflare Web Analytics -->
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js" data-cf-beacon='{"token": "216309cffb464db4b0e02daf0b8e8060"}'></script>
<!-- End Cloudflare Web Analytics -->
<!-- Fallback tracking pixels -->
<noscript>
<style>
#nojs-banner {
position: fixed;
bottom: 0;
left: 0;
padding: 16px 16px 16px 32px;
width: 100%;
box-sizing: border-box;
background: red;
color: white;
font-family: -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 13px;
}
#nojs-banner a {
color: inherit;
text-decoration: underline;
}
</style>
<div id="nojs-banner">
This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. Please <a href="https://enable-javascript.com/" target="_blank">turn on JavaScript</a> or unblock scripts
</div>
</noscript>
<script nonce="zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA">(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||(a.contentWindow&&a.contentWindow.document);if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.nonce='zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA';d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'a39cc65af8147e62',t:'MTc4OTE5MzY5Ng=='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='zCEuRtyM4LVJ3rwJ-TnpUA';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body>
</html>