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<ul id="menu-new-primary-navigation" class="list-style-none"><li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78814-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">AI &amp; ML<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a>
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<li class="mb-5"><div class="mb-4"><button type="button" class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-4 p-0 border-0 text-semibold color-bg-transparent color-fg-subtle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78814-dropdown" aria-expanded="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-left mr-1"><path d="M9.78 12.78a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l4.25-4.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L6.06 8l3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06Z"></path></svg>Back</button><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">AI &amp; ML<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-2 mb-0 color-fg-muted">Learn about artificial intelligence and machine learning across the GitHub ecosystem and the wider industry.</p></div>
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<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Generative AI</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to build with generative AI.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/github-copilot/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">GitHub Copilot</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Change how you work with GitHub Copilot.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/llms/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">LLMs</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Everything developers need to know about LLMs.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Machine learning</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Machine learning tips, tricks, and best practices.</p></li>
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<li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/how-ai-code-generation-works/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">How AI code generation works</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Explore the capabilities and benefits of AI code generation and how it can improve your developer experience.</p><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/how-ai-code-generation-works/" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li>
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<li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78819-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Developer skills<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a>
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<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/application-development/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Application development</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Insights and best practices for building apps.</p></li>
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<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/github/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">GitHub</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Improve how you use GitHub at work.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/github-education/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">GitHub Education</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to move into your first professional role.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/programming-languages-and-frameworks/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Programming languages &amp; frameworks</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Stay current on what’s new (or new again).</p></li>
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<li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78825-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Engineering<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a>
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<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/architecture-optimization/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Architecture &amp; optimization</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Discover how we deliver a performant and highly available experience across the GitHub platform.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/engineering-principles/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Engineering principles</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Explore best practices for building software at scale with a majority remote team.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/infrastructure/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Infrastructure</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Get a glimpse at the technology underlying the world’s leading AI-powered developer platform.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/platform-security/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Platform security</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how we build security into everything we do across the developer lifecycle.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/user-experience/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">User experience</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Find out what goes into making GitHub the home for all developers.</p></li>
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<li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/how-we-use-github-to-be-more-productive-collaborative-and-secure/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">How we use GitHub to be more productive, collaborative, and secure</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Our engineering and security teams do some incredible work. Let’s take a look at how we use GitHub to be more productive, build collaboratively, and shift security left.</p><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/how-we-use-github-to-be-more-productive-collaborative-and-secure/" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li>
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<li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78832-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Enterprise software<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a>
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<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/automation/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Automation</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Automating your way to faster and more secure ships.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/ci-cd/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">CI/CD</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Guides on continuous integration and delivery.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/collaboration/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Collaboration</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Tips, tools, and tricks to improve developer collaboration.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/devops/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">DevOps</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">DevOps resources for enterprise engineering teams.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/devsecops/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">DevSecOps</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">How to integrate security into the SDLC.</p></li>
<li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/governance-and-compliance/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Governance &amp; compliance</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Ensuring your builds stay clean.</p></li>
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<li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://github.com/resources/whitepapers/gartner-magic-quadrant-and-critical-capabilities-for-ai-code-assistants" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">GitHub recognized as a Leader in the Gartner® Magic Quadrant™ for AI Code Assistants</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn why Gartner positioned GitHub as a Leader for the second year in a row.</p><a href="https://github.com/resources/whitepapers/gartner-magic-quadrant-and-critical-capabilities-for-ai-code-assistants" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li>
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<li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78840-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">News &amp; insights<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a>
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<li class="mb-5"><div class="mb-4"><button type="button" class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-4 p-0 border-0 text-semibold color-bg-transparent color-fg-subtle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78840-dropdown" aria-expanded="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-left mr-1"><path d="M9.78 12.78a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l4.25-4.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L6.06 8l3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06Z"></path></svg>Back</button><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">News &amp; insights<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-2 mb-0 color-fg-muted">Keep up with what’s new and notable from inside GitHub.</p></div>
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<li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/llms/unlocking-the-power-of-unstructured-data-with-rag/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Unlocking the power of unstructured data with RAG</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to use retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to capture more insights.</p><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/llms/unlocking-the-power-of-unstructured-data-with-rag/" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li>
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<p>In late February, GitHub experienced multiple <a href="https://github.blog/2020-02-28-february-service-disruptions/">service interruptions</a> that resulted in degraded service for a total of eight hours and 14 minutes over four distinct events. Unexpected variations in database load, coupled with an unintended configuration issue introduced as a part of ongoing scaling improvements, led to resource contention in our <code>mysql1</code> database cluster.</p>
<p>We sincerely apologize for any negative impact these interruptions may have caused. We know you place trust in GitHub for your most important projects—and we make it our top priority to maintain that trust with a platform that is highly durable and available. We’re committed to applying what we’ve learned from these incidents to avoid disruptions moving forward.</p>
<h2 id="background"><a class="heading-link" href="#background">Background<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h2>
<p>Originally, <a href="https://github.blog/2017-10-13-mitigating-replication-lag-and-reducing-read-load-with-freno/">all our MySQL data lived in a single database cluster</a>. Over time, as <code>mysql1</code> grew larger and busier, we split functionally grouped sets of tables into new clusters and created new clusters for new features. However, much of our core dataset still resides within that original cluster.</p>
<p><a href="https://github.blog/2018-06-20-mysql-high-availability-at-github/">We’re constantly scaling our databases to handle the additional load</a> driven by new users and new products. In this case, an unexpected variance in database load contributed to cluster degradations and unavailability.</p>
<h2 id="timeline"><a class="heading-link" href="#timeline">Timeline<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h2>
<h3 id="2020-february-19-1517-utc-lasting-for-52-minutes"><a class="heading-link" href="#2020-february-19-1517-utc-lasting-for-52-minutes">2020, February 19 15:17 UTC (lasting for 52 minutes)<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h3>
<p>At this time, an unexpectedly resource-intensive query began running against our <code>mysql1</code> database cluster. The intent was to run this load against our read replica pool at a much lower frequency, but we inadvertently sent this traffic to the master of the cluster, increasing the pressure on that host beyond surplus capacity. This pressure overloaded ProxySQL, which is responsible for connection pooling, resulting in an inability to consistently perform queries.</p>
<h3 id="2020-february-20-2131-utc-lasting-for-47-minutes"><a class="heading-link" href="#2020-february-20-2131-utc-lasting-for-47-minutes">2020, February 20 21:31 UTC (lasting for 47 minutes)<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h3>
<p>Two days later, as part of a planned master database promotion, we saw unexpectedly high load which triggered a similar ProxySQL failure. The intent of this maintenance was to give our teams visibility into issues they might experience when a master is momentarily read-only.</p>
<p>After an initial load spike, we were able to use the same remediation steps as in the previous incident to restore the system to a working state. We suspended further maintenance events of this type as we investigated how this system failed.</p>
<h3 id="2020-february-25-1636-utc-lasting-for-two-hours-12-minutes"><a class="heading-link" href="#2020-february-25-1636-utc-lasting-for-two-hours-12-minutes">2020, February 25 16:36 UTC (lasting for two hours 12 minutes)<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h3>
<p>In this third incident involving ProxySQL, active database connections crossed a critical threshold that changed the behavior of this new infrastructure. Because connections remained above the critical threshold after remediation, the system fell back into a degraded state. During this time, GitHub.com services were affected by stalled writes on our <code>mysql1</code> database cluster.</p>
<p>As a result of our previous investigation, we understood that file descriptor limits on ProxySQL nodes were capped at levels significantly lower than intended and insufficient to maintain throughput at high load levels. Specifically, because of a system-level limit of <code>1048576</code>, our process manager silently reduced our <code>LimitNOFILE</code> setting from <code>1073741824</code> to <code>65536</code>. During remediation, we also encountered a race condition between our process manager and service configurations which slowed our ability to change our file limit to <code>1048576</code>.</p>
<h3 id="2020-february-27-1431-utc-lasting-for-four-hours-23-minutes"><a class="heading-link" href="#2020-february-27-1431-utc-lasting-for-four-hours-23-minutes">2020, February 27 14:31 UTC (lasting for four hours 23 minutes)<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h3>
<p>Application logic changes to database query patterns rapidly increased load on the master of our <code>mysql1</code> database cluster. This spike slowed down the cluster enough to affect availability for all dependent services.</p>
<h2 id="what-we-learned"><a class="heading-link" href="#what-we-learned">What we learned<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h2>
<h3 id="observability-and-performance-improvements"><a class="heading-link" href="#observability-and-performance-improvements">Observability and performance improvements<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h3>
<p>We&#8217;ve used these events to identify operational readiness and observability improvements around how we need to operate ProxySQL. We have made changes to allow us to more quickly detect and address issues like this in the future. Remediating these issues were straightforward once we tracked down interactions between systems. It’s clear to us that we need better system integration and performance testing at realistic load levels in some areas before fully deploying to production.</p>
<p>We’re also devoting more energy to understanding the performance characteristics of ProxySQL at scale and the trickle-down effect on other services before it affects our users.</p>
<h3 id="optimizing-for-stability"><a class="heading-link" href="#optimizing-for-stability">Optimizing for stability<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h3>
<p>We decided to freeze production deployments for three days to address short-term hotspotting as a result of the final incident on February 27. This helped us stabilize GitHub.com. Our increased confidence in service reliability gave us the breathing room to plan next steps thoughtfully and also helped identify long-term investments we can make to mitigate underlying scalability issues.</p>
<h2 id="next-steps"><a class="heading-link" href="#next-steps">Next steps<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h2>
<h3 id="immediate-changes-data-partitioning"><a class="heading-link" href="#immediate-changes-data-partitioning">Immediate changes: Data partitioning<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h3>
<p>We shipped a sizable chunk of data partitioning efforts we’ve worked on for the past six months just days after these incidents for one of our more significant MySQL table domains, the “abilities” table. Given that every authentication request to GitHub uses this table domain in some way, we had to be very deliberate about how we performed this work to fulfill our requirement of zero downtime and minimal user-impact. To accomplish this, we:</p>
<ol>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Removed all <code>JOIN</code> queries between the <code>abilities</code> table and any other table in the database</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Built a new cluster to move all of the table data into</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Copied all data to the new cluster using <a href="https://vitess.io/">Vitess</a>&#8216;s vertical replication feature, keeping the copied data up-to-date in real-time</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Moved all reads to the new cluster</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;">Moved all writes to the new cluster using Vitess’ proxy layer <code>vtgate</code></li>
</ol>
<p>Steps one and two took months&#8217; worth of effort, while steps three through five were completed in four hours.</p>
<p>These changes reduced load on the <code>mysql1</code> cluster master by 20 percent, and queries per second by 15 percent. The following graph shows a snapshot of query performance on March 2nd, prior to partitioning, and on March 3rd, after partitioning. Queries per second peaked at 109.9k/second immediately prior to partitioning and decreased to a peak of 89.19k queries/second after.</p>
<p><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="alignnone" src="https://i0.wp.com/user-images.githubusercontent.com/6806032/77690374-6deccb00-6f60-11ea-9689-90372a80df34.png?resize=900%2C261&#038;ssl=1" alt="Query performance graph showing decrease in queries per second on March 2-3." width="900" height="261" /></p>
<h3 id="additional-technical-and-organizational-initiatives"><a class="heading-link" href="#additional-technical-and-organizational-initiatives">Additional technical and organizational initiatives<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h3>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><b>Audit and lower reads from leader databases</b>: We’re auditing reads from master databases with the intent to lower them. We put unnecessary load on our master databases by reading from them when replicas have the same data. This can exacerbate capacity issues and service reliability by adding load to the most critical databases at GitHub. By auditing and changing these reads to replica databases, we increase headroom in our SQL databases and reduce the risk of them being overloaded as production load varies.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><b>Widen our usage of feature flags</b>: We’re requiring feature flags for code updates, which allows us to disable problematic code dynamically, and will dramatically speed up recovery for active incidents.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><b>Complete in-flight functional partitioning</b>: We’re completing our in-flight functional partitioning of our <code>mysql1</code> database cluster. We’ve been working on moving tables that comprise functional domains out of the cluster over the last year. We’re very close to finishing that work for a significant number of tables and schema domains. Shipping these improvements will immediately reduce writes to the cluster by 60 percent and storage requirements by 70 percent. Expect to see another post in the coming months that details the performance benefits from this work.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><b>Refine our dashboards</b>: We’re improving our visibility into the effects of deploys on our <code>mysql1</code> database cluster. Our current deployment dashboard can be noisy, making it difficult to determine deploy safety. Interviews with engineers involved in these incidents noted the cognitive load required to process noisy dashboards. We predict refined dashboards will allow us to spot problems with deploys earlier in the process.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><b>Invest in additional data partitioning opportunities</b>: We’ve identified an additional 12 schema domains that we’ll split out from the cluster to further protect us from request and storage constraints.</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;"><b>Shard to scale</b>: We’ll begin sharding our largest schema set. Functional partitioning buys us time, but it’s not a sufficient solution to our scaling needs. We plan to use sharding (tenant partitioning) to move us from vertical scaling to horizontal scaling, enabling us to expand capacity much more easily as we grow.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="in-summary"><a class="heading-link" href="#in-summary">In summary<span class="heading-hash pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></h2>
<p>We know you depend on our platform to be reliable. With the immediate changes we’ve made and long-term plans in progress, we’ll continue to use what we’ve learned to make GitHub better every day.</p>
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