1129 lines
342 KiB
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1129 lines
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Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path></svg>Issues</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh 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Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-code NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg>Code Review</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Manage code changes</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/features/code-quality" data-analytics-event="{"action":"code_quality","tag":"link","context":"platform","location":"navbar","label":"code_quality_link_platform_navbar"}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-codescan-checkmark NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M10.28 6.28a.75.75 0 1 0-1.06-1.06L6.25 8.19l-.97-.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l1.5 1.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l3.5-3.5Z"></path><path d="M7.5 15a7.5 7.5 0 1 1 5.807-2.754l2.473 2.474a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215l-2.474-2.473A7.472 7.472 0 0 1 7.5 15Zm0-13.5a6 6 0 1 0 4.094 10.386.748.748 0 0 1 .293-.292 6.002 6.002 0 0 0 1.117-6.486A6.002 6.002 0 0 0 7.5 1.5Z"></path></svg>Code Quality</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Enforce quality at merge</span></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_dknd_">APPLICATION SECURITY</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_dknd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security" data-analytics-event="{"action":"github_advanced_security","tag":"link","context":"platform","location":"navbar","label":"github_advanced_security_link_platform_navbar"}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-shield-check NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m8.533.133 5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667l5.25-1.68a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0Zm-.61 1.429.001.001-5.25 1.68a.251.251 0 0 0-.174.237V7c0 1.36.275 2.666 1.057 3.859.784 1.194 2.121 2.342 4.366 3.298a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.957 3.582-2.103 4.366-3.297C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.358 13.5 7V3.48a.25.25 0 0 0-.174-.238l-5.25-1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0ZM11.28 6.28l-3.5 3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-1.5-1.5a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215l.97.97 2.97-2.97a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg>GitHub Advanced Security</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Find and fix vulnerabilities</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security/code-security" data-analytics-event="{"action":"code_security","tag":"link","context":"platform","location":"navbar","label":"code_security_link_platform_navbar"}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-code-square NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm7.47 3.97a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l2 2a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-2 2a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L10.69 8 9.22 6.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06ZM6.78 6.53 5.31 8l1.47 1.47a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215l-2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l2-2a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path></svg>Code security</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Secure your code as you build</span></span></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 NavLink-module__link__EG3d4" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security/secret-protection" data-analytics-event="{"action":"secret_protection","tag":"link","context":"platform","location":"navbar","label":"secret_protection_link_platform_navbar"}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavLink-module__title__Q7t0p"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-lock NavLink-module__icon__ltGNM" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M4 4a4 4 0 0 1 8 0v2h.25c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 15h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 13.25v-5.5C2 6.784 2.784 6 3.75 6H4Zm8.25 3.5h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v5.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25ZM10.5 6V4a2.5 2.5 0 1 0-5 0v2Z"></path></svg>Secret protection</span><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS NavLink-module__subtitle__X4gkW">Stop leaks before they start</span></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="NavGroup-module__group__W8SqJ NavGroup-module__hasSeparator__FnMrN"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--monospace___QXHDQ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--muted___rE6mh Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ NavGroup-module__title__Wzxz2" id="_R_hknd_">EXPLORE</span><ul class="NavGroup-module__list__UCOFy" aria-labelledby="_R_hknd_"><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" 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octicon-link-external" role="img" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg></a></li><li><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0" href="https://github.com/marketplace" data-analytics-event="{"action":"marketplace","tag":"link","context":"platform","location":"navbar","label":"marketplace_link_platform_navbar"}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD 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8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="Primer_Brand__ExpandableArrow-module__ExpandableArrow-stem___0K8Hz" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg></a></li></ul></div></li></ul><div class="NavDropdown-module__trailingLinkContainer__VgJGL"><a class="Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link___lF11y Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--default___VRVW0 Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--arrow-end___esdN8" href="https://github.com/solutions" data-analytics-event="{"action":"view_all_solutions","tag":"link","context":"solutions","location":"navbar","label":"view_all_solutions_link_solutions_navbar"}"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--200____P1wy Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--antialiased___TYoXS Primer_Brand__Link-module__Link--label___jM8Ty">View all solutions</span><svg 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Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--size-small___zQrEw AuthCTAs-module__cta__WpwQq AuthCTAs-module__desktopActionGap__UZuXT AuthCTAs-module__hiddenBelowLg__BfKBw" href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkamalmarhubi%2Fshell-workshop" data-analytics-event="{"action":"sign_in","tag":"link","context":"auth_cta","location":"header","label":"sign_in_link_auth_cta_header"}" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="b3a98626812f780223637f39f53ca7de18f0a6e509e7fec51b3dd2fde944f79d"><span class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__text___ED0bX"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label___qrkyz Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label-subtle___8ndWH">Sign in</span></span></a></div><a class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button___scH9Z Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--secondary___gHnw_ Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--size-small___zQrEw AuthCTAs-module__cta__WpwQq" href="/signup?ref_cta=Sign+up&ref_loc=header+logged+out&ref_page=%2F%3Cuser-name%3E%2F%3Crepo-name%3E&source=header-repo&source_repo=kamalmarhubi%2Fshell-workshop" data-analytics-event="{"action":"sign_up","tag":"link","context":"auth_cta","location":"header","label":"sign_up_link_auth_cta_header"}" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="b3a98626812f780223637f39f53ca7de18f0a6e509e7fec51b3dd2fde944f79d"><span class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__text___ED0bX"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label___qrkyz Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label-secondary___eJ0_a">Sign up</span></span></a><button class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button___scH9Z Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--subtle___F7pEE Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--size-small___zQrEw HeaderAppearanceSettings-module__trigger__hUheK" type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-labelledby="_R_fbd_"><span class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__leading-visual___jjtTe" data-testid="Button-leading-visual"><svg data-component="Octicon" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-sliders Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__icon-visual____qybb" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M15 2.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75Zm-8.5.75v1.25a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-4a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0V2H1.75a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5H6.5Zm1.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5h-6a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h6ZM15 8a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75H11.5V10a.75.75 0 1 1-1.5 0V6a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.25h2.75A.75.75 0 0 1 15 8Zm-9 5.25v-2a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0v1.25H1.75a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5H4.5v1.25a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-2Zm9 0a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-6a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h6a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75Z"></path></svg></span><span class="Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button__text___ED0bX"><span class="Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text___XeGJJ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text-font--mona-sans___a8XJD Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--default___GhPh_ Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--100___B2ueX Primer_Brand__Text-module__Text--weight-medium___qJKf_ Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label___qrkyz Primer_Brand__Button-module__Button--label-subtle___8ndWH"></span></span></button><div class="Primer_Brand__Tooltip-module__Tooltip___0Eipx" data-direction="s" aria-hidden="true" id="_R_fbd_">Appearance settings</div></div></div></div></div><div class="MarketingHeader-module__bottomBorder__uZT38" aria-hidden="true"></div></header></div></div>
|
||
</react-partial>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="js-stale-session-flash stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-full">
|
||
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert">
|
||
<path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
<span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-in" hidden>You signed in with another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>
|
||
<span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-out" hidden>You signed out in another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>
|
||
<span class="js-stale-session-flash-switched" hidden>You switched accounts on another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>
|
||
|
||
<button id="icon-button-7bf6e536-03b9-45d6-b04c-e5b929a3dd45" aria-labelledby="tooltip-ebcb7bc3-872c-4325-baf7-6db24e576006" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium flash-close js-flash-close"> <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x Button-visual">
|
||
<path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</button><tool-tip id="tooltip-ebcb7bc3-872c-4325-baf7-6db24e576006" for="icon-button-7bf6e536-03b9-45d6-b04c-e5b929a3dd45" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="label" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">Dismiss alert</tool-tip>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="js-flash-container" class="flash-container" data-turbo-replace>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<template class="js-flash-template">
|
||
|
||
<div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}">
|
||
<div >
|
||
<button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message">
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
|
||
<path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</button>
|
||
<div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert">
|
||
|
||
<div>{{ message }}</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</template>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div
|
||
class="application-main "
|
||
data-commit-hovercards-enabled
|
||
data-discussion-hovercards-enabled
|
||
data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled
|
||
data-project-hovercards-enabled
|
||
>
|
||
<div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class="">
|
||
<main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="repository-container-header" class="tmp-pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--page-header-bgColor, var(--color-page-header-bg));" data-turbo-replace>
|
||
|
||
<div class="d-flex flex-nowrap flex-justify-end tmp-mb-3 tmp-px-3 tmp-px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">
|
||
|
||
<div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit">
|
||
|
||
<div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal">
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2 tmp-mr-2">
|
||
<path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
|
||
<span class="author flex-self-stretch" itemprop="author">
|
||
<a class="url fn" rel="author" data-hovercard-type="user" data-hovercard-url="/users/kamalmarhubi/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="/kamalmarhubi">
|
||
kamalmarhubi
|
||
</a> </span>
|
||
<span class="mx-1 flex-self-stretch color-fg-muted">/</span>
|
||
<strong itemprop="name" class="mr-2 flex-self-stretch">
|
||
<a data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop">shell-workshop</a>
|
||
</strong>
|
||
|
||
<span></span><span class="Label Label--secondary v-align-middle mr-1">Public</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="repository-details-container" class="flex-shrink-0" data-turbo-replace style="max-width: 70%;">
|
||
<ul class="pagehead-actions flex-shrink-0 d-none d-md-inline" style="padding: 2px 0;">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/login?return_to=%2Fkamalmarhubi%2Fshell-workshop" rel="nofollow" id="repository-details-watch-button" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"notification subscription menu watch","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"LOG_IN","originating_url":"https://github.com/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="ff2bc268ab6c042ba6f579d6bf5a6eab6b489059f41c30278910942450623bb7" aria-label="You must be signed in to change notification settings" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn"> <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2 tmp-mr-2">
|
||
<path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>Notifications
|
||
</a> <tool-tip id="tooltip-01e4801f-24a6-4466-a339-3934462157f8" for="repository-details-watch-button" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="description" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">You must be signed in to change notification settings</tool-tip>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a icon="repo-forked" id="fork-button" href="/login?return_to=%2Fkamalmarhubi%2Fshell-workshop" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"repo details fork button","repository_id":24143638,"auth_type":"LOG_IN","originating_url":"https://github.com/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="7fa1197f11c9a20eb2f11039da1a4a920b5fe0bd99e3a1eeaf034a61092134a5" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn"> <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2 tmp-mr-2">
|
||
<path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>Fork
|
||
<span id="repo-network-counter" data-pjax-replace="true" data-turbo-replace="true" title="99" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">99</span>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li>
|
||
<div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex">
|
||
<a href="/login?return_to=%2Fkamalmarhubi%2Fshell-workshop" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"star button","repository_id":24143638,"auth_type":"LOG_IN","originating_url":"https://github.com/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="03408543d4ed99e899f7a105efc00ff9100a729cf434050bcc06c3f6c3cb0274" aria-label="You must be signed in to star a repository" data-view-component="true" class="tooltipped tooltipped-sw btn-sm btn"> <svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2 tmp-mr-2">
|
||
<path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path>
|
||
</svg><span data-view-component="true" class="d-inline">
|
||
Star
|
||
</span> <span id="repo-stars-counter-star" aria-label="707 users starred this repository" data-singular-suffix="user starred this repository" data-plural-suffix="users starred this repository" data-turbo-replace="true" title="707" data-view-component="true" class="Counter js-social-count">707</span>
|
||
</a></div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 tmp-px-3 px-md-4 tmp-px-md-4 px-lg-5 tmp-px-lg-5">
|
||
|
||
<ul data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-body list-style-none">
|
||
<li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
|
||
<a id="code-tab" href="/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop" data-tab-item="i0code-tab" data-selected-links="repo_source repo_downloads repo_commits repo_releases repo_tags repo_branches repo_packages repo_deployments repo_attestations /kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g c" data-command-id="repositories:go-to-code" data-react-nav="code-view" data-react-nav-anchor="code-view-repo-link" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Underline navbar","action":"Click tab","label":"Code","target":"UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB"}" aria-current="page" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item selected">
|
||
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline">
|
||
<path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
<span data-content="Code">Code</span>
|
||
<span id="code-repo-tab-count" data-pjax-replace="" data-turbo-replace="" title="Not available" data-view-component="true" class="Counter"></span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</a></li>
|
||
<li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
|
||
<a id="issues-tab" href="/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop/issues" data-tab-item="i1issues-tab" data-selected-links="repo_issues repo_labels repo_milestones /kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop/issues" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g i" data-command-id="repositories:go-to-issues" data-react-nav="issues-react" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Underline navbar","action":"Click tab","label":"Issues","target":"UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB"}" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item">
|
||
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline">
|
||
<path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
<span data-content="Issues">Issues</span>
|
||
<span id="issues-repo-tab-count" data-pjax-replace="" data-turbo-replace="" title="3" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">3</span>
|
||
|
||
|
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class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLet's build a shell!\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-lets-build-a-shell\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Let's build a shell!\" href=\"#lets-build-a-shell\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIntroduction\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-introduction\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Introduction\" href=\"#introduction\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMost of us use a shell, at least once in a while. Some spend most of their time in one. Often we take it for granted, not knowing or caring how it does what it does. In this workshop, we'll delve a little into that by building our very own shell!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFocus of the workshop\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-focus-of-the-workshop\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Focus of the workshop\" href=\"#focus-of-the-workshop\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eShells have many different functions. This workshop will be focused on how processes are launched, and how their IO can be controlled with pipes. We'll be leaving things like environment variable expansion, signal handling and other things out, but I will give some examples of other directions to go at the end.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRule 0.\u003c/strong\u003e In particular, we have zero interest in dealing with a whole bunch of messy \u003cem\u003edetails\u003c/em\u003e, including but not limited to:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ememory management\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eparsing and tokenising and other text processing\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e‘proper’ error handling\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e0. Getting started\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-0-getting-started\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 0. Getting started\" href=\"#0-getting-started\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDownload the workshop skeleton code and utility functions.\nTODO link\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI \u003cem\u003ehighly\u003c/em\u003e recommend using a version control system and making frequent commits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e1. Name your shell and read input\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-1-name-your-shell-and-read-input\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 1. Name your shell and read input\" href=\"#1-name-your-shell-and-read-input\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003emost important\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e thing to start with is picking a name for your shell,\nand its prompt. I went with \u003ccode\u003eheee\u0026gt; \u003c/code\u003e while I was putting this workshop together,\nso a typical interaction looks like this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"heeee\u0026gt; ls\nshell shell.c\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eheeee\u0026gt; ls\nshell shell.c\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo, let's get started!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExercise 1\u003c/strong\u003e: Set up the main function of your shell to repeatedly prompt the user for a line. For now, we'll just print that line back out. Our shell is a slightly glorified \u003ccode\u003ecat\u003c/code\u003e, just more personalised!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere's a little snippet to read a line in C into a variable \u003ccode\u003eline\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"char *line = NULL;\nint capacity = 0;\ngetline(\u0026amp;line, \u0026amp;capacity, stdin);\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003echar *line = NULL;\nint capacity = 0;\ngetline(\u0026amp;line, \u0026amp;capacity, stdin);\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e2. System calls\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-2-system-calls\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 2. System calls\" href=\"#2-system-calls\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo now we can read in a user's command. Next up is to actually run it. To do this, we need some help from the kernel, which is in charge of most things related to processes—among \u003cem\u003emany\u003c/em\u003e other things.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe way our programs talk to the kernel is through \u003cem\u003esystem calls\u003c/em\u003e. These are operations we can tell the kernel to do on our behalf. Examples include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eopening files (\u003ccode\u003eopen\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ereading and writing to them (\u003ccode\u003eread\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ewrite\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esending and receiving data over the network. (\u003ccode\u003esendto\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003erecvfrom\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003estarting programs (\u003ccode\u003eexecve\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn fact, more or less everything that involves our programs interacting with the ‘real world’ involves system calls.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRight now, we're interested in executing a program. That uses the \u003ccode\u003eexecve\u003c/code\u003e system call, and we'll use a wrapper function called \u003ccode\u003eexecvp\u003c/code\u003e. Not confusing at all, right?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e3. Running a program\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-3-running-a-program\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 3. Running a program\" href=\"#3-running-a-program\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBefore we run a program, we need to understand how program arguments get passed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen a program is run, it gets an array of arguments passed in by the user, traditionally called \u003ccode\u003eargv\u003c/code\u003e. By convention, the first of these is the name of the program. So, when we run something like \u003ccode\u003els -l /tmp\u003c/code\u003e, the \u003ccode\u003eargv\u003c/code\u003e that \u003ccode\u003els\u003c/code\u003e receives consists of \u003ccode\u003e{ \"ls\", \"-l\", \"/tmp\" }\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo the call looks like \u003ccode\u003eexecvp('ls', ['ls', '-l', '/tmp'])\u003c/code\u003e, except that C doesn't let you write the array directly like that.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow we're ready to run a program. Parsing \u003ccode\u003els -l /tmp\u003c/code\u003e into an array of arguments is annoying in C (and not very instructive), so I've written a \u003ccode\u003eparse_command\u003c/code\u003e function that you can use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExercise 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Modify your shell so that after it has read a line from \u003ccode\u003estdin\u003c/code\u003e, it executes the command with its arguments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTry that out. Anything unexpected happen?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e4. Forking a new process\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-4-forking-a-new-process\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 4. Forking a new process\" href=\"#4-forking-a-new-process\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn the last exercise, once the program you ran terminated, you didn't go back to your prompt, but got dumped right back to your regular shell. The \u003ccode\u003eexec\u003c/code\u003e call \u003cem\u003etransforms\u003c/em\u003e the current process into the command we specify. So our shell's process is \u003cem\u003ereplaced\u003c/em\u003e by \u003ccode\u003els\u003c/code\u003e or whatever we chose to run. Once that program is done, the process exits—no more shell.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo avoid this happening, we want the command to run as a new process. We create processes with the \u003ccode\u003efork\u003c/code\u003e system call. This creates a new process that is a clone of the existing one, right down to the point in the program that's executing. We can then call \u003ccode\u003eexec\u003c/code\u003e in the newly created child process, leaving our shell's process around for future interaction.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe return value of \u003ccode\u003efork\u003c/code\u003e tells us if we're in the child or the parent: it returns \u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e for the child, and the id of the new process in the parent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExercies 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Modify your shell to call \u003ccode\u003efork\u003c/code\u003e, and then \u003ccode\u003eexec\u003c/code\u003e in the child.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCongratulations! Your shell is now mildly useful. There's still a niggle though: when you run a command, your prompt is probably printing out before the command's output.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e5. Waiting for children\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-5-waiting-for-children\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 5. Waiting for children\" href=\"#5-waiting-for-children\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLooking at your code, you'll see that the parent goes right back to the prompt. To wait for the child process, there's a well-named \u003ccode\u003ewait\u003c/code\u003e system call. For our purposes, we can just call it with a \u003ccode\u003eNULL\u003c/code\u003e argument: \u003ccode\u003ewait(NULL);\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExercise 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Make your shell \u003ccode\u003ewait\u003c/code\u003e on the child process before going back to the prompt.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow it's starting to act like a real shell! Try out a few of your favourite commands. I'm a fan of \u003ccode\u003ecowsay\u003c/code\u003e, but don't let me stop you from running \u003ccode\u003els\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003ecat\u003c/code\u003e!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e5. Builtins\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-5-builtins\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 5. Builtins\" href=\"#5-builtins\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat happens if we try to run \u003ccode\u003ecd\u003c/code\u003e? There's a program at \u003ccode\u003e/bin/cd\u003c/code\u003e that should let us change directories, so try out this sequence:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"heeee\u0026gt; pwd\n/Users/kalmar/projects/conferences/2014/strangeloop/shell-workshop\nheeee\u0026gt; cd ..\nheeee\u0026gt; pwd\n[something... unexpected?]\nheeee\u0026gt; cd /tmp\nheeee\u0026gt; pwd\n[something... unexpected?]\nheeee\u0026gt; echo HEEEELLLPPPP!!!!!\nHEEEELLLPPPP!!!!!\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003eheeee\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003epwd\u003c/span\u003e\n/Users/kalmar/projects/conferences/2014/strangeloop/shell-workshop\nheeee\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecd\u003c/span\u003e ..\nheeee\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003epwd\u003c/span\u003e\n[something... unexpected\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e?\u003c/span\u003e]\nheeee\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecd\u003c/span\u003e /tmp\nheeee\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003epwd\u003c/span\u003e\n[something... unexpected\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e?\u003c/span\u003e]\nheeee\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eecho\u003c/span\u003e HEEEELLLPPPP\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e!!!!!\u003c/span\u003e\nHEEEELLLPPPP\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e!!!!!\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThat last little sequence of commands probably surprised you a bit. To understand just why we couldn't change directory, we need to find out a bit about how processes work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEvery process has\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eits own memory (where all the global and local variables, the stack and heap)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eextra metadata that the kernel manages, but that the process can't change directly. It can change these with system calls.\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003euser id (\u003ccode\u003esetuid\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003egroup id (\u003ccode\u003esetgid\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003epriority (\u003ccode\u003esetpriority\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eworking directory (\u003ccode\u003echdir\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo let's imagine that we \u003ccode\u003efork\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eexec\u003c/code\u003e the \u003ccode\u003e/bin/cd\u003c/code\u003e process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"1) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp\n---- fork ----\n2) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp\n child: pid 2000, working directory /tmp\n---- exec `/bin/cd /home/awesome` in child ----\n3) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp\n child: pid 2000, working directory /tmp/awesome\n---- child exits ----\n4) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e1) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp\n---- fork ----\n2) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp\n child: pid 2000, working directory /tmp\n---- exec `/bin/cd /home/awesome` in child ----\n3) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp\n child: pid 2000, working directory /tmp/awesome\n---- child exits ----\n4) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA process can only use system calls to modify its own state, so the parent shell process still has the same working directory it started with: \u003ccode\u003e/tmp\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo change the shell's working directory, the shell itself needs to call the \u003ccode\u003echdir\u003c/code\u003e system call. So the shell has to treat a \u003ccode\u003ecd\u003c/code\u003e command specially: if the command is \u003ccode\u003ecd\u003c/code\u003e, then call \u003ccode\u003echdir\u003c/code\u003e instead of the usual \u003ccode\u003efork\u003c/code\u003e / \u003ccode\u003eexec\u003c/code\u003e. The handling of \u003ccode\u003ecd\u003c/code\u003e is then built in to our shell—it's a builtin!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExercise 6.\u003c/strong\u003e Add a \u003ccode\u003ecd\u003c/code\u003e builtin to your shell.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecd\u003c/code\u003e isn't the only builtin in your regular shell. Take a look at \u003ccode\u003eman builtin\u003c/code\u003e to see what else is there. Note that not all of them need to be builtins. For example \u003ccode\u003eecho\u003c/code\u003e works just fine as an external command, but many shells have it as a builtin. Some of these are builtin for efficiency, since creating a new process has some performance overhead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e6. Pipelines\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-6-pipelines\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 6. Pipelines\" href=\"#6-pipelines\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNext up we're going to implement pipelines. Try running \u003ccode\u003els | wc\u003c/code\u003e in your shell. What happens?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"heeee\u0026gt; ls | wc\nls: cannot access |: No such file or directory\nls: cannot access wc: No such file or directory\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eheeee\u0026gt; ls | wc\nls: cannot access |: No such file or directory\nls: cannot access wc: No such file or directory\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRight now it doesn't know that \u003ccode\u003e|\u003c/code\u003e has any special meaning, and so tries to list the files \u003ccode\u003e|\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ewc\u003c/code\u003e. Before we fix that, we need to understand better how pipes work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFiles on Unix-like systems are managed using \u003cstrong\u003efile descriptors\u003c/strong\u003e. If you're using Linux, you can see all the file descriptors for a process using \u003ccode\u003els -l /proc/\u0026lt;pid\u0026gt;/fd\u003c/code\u003e. File descriptors are positive integers (\u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e is stdin, \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e is stdout, \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e is stderr, and 3 and up are any other files the process has open).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003epipe\u003c/code\u003e system call creates two new file descriptors with a special property.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"int pipe_fds[2];\npipe(pipe_fds); // puts returns [4, 5] in pipe_fds\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eint pipe_fds[2];\npipe(pipe_fds); // puts returns [4, 5] in pipe_fds\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf \u003ccode\u003epipe\u003c/code\u003e returns \u003ccode\u003e[4, 5]\u003c/code\u003e, then any data written to \u003ccode\u003e5\u003c/code\u003e can be read out of \u003ccode\u003e4\u003c/code\u003e. What this means is that we need to set \u003ccode\u003els\u003c/code\u003e's stdout to be \u003ccode\u003e5\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ewc\u003c/code\u003e's stdin to be \u003ccode\u003e4\u003c/code\u003e. The way to change which file descriptor a file points to is with the \u003ccode\u003edup2\u003c/code\u003e system call. In this example, we'd need to run \u003ccode\u003edup2(5, 1)\u003c/code\u003e for \u003ccode\u003els\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003edup2(4, 0)\u003c/code\u003e for \u003ccode\u003ewc\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo recap, to create a pipe \u003ccode\u003els | wc\u003c/code\u003e, we need to:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ecreate a pipe with \u003ccode\u003epipe\u003c/code\u003e. Imagine that this creates file descriptors \u003ccode\u003e4\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e5\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003efork twice (once for \u003ccode\u003els\u003c/code\u003e and once for \u003ccode\u003ewc\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"parent: pid 1000, stdin: terminal, stdout, terminal\n---- fork twice ----\nparent: pid 1000, stdin: terminal, stdout: terminal\nchild 1: pid 2000, stdin: terminal, stdout: terminal (for `ls`)\nchild 2: pid 3000, stdin: terminak, stdout: terminal (for `wc`)\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eparent: pid 1000, stdin: terminal, stdout, terminal\n---- fork twice ----\nparent: pid 1000, stdin: terminal, stdout: terminal\nchild 1: pid 2000, stdin: terminal, stdout: terminal (for `ls`)\nchild 2: pid 3000, stdin: terminak, stdout: terminal (for `wc`)\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003col start=\"3\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn child 1, run \u003ccode\u003edup2(pipe_fds[1], 1)\u003c/code\u003e and exec \u003ccode\u003els\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn child 2, run \u003ccode\u003edup2(pipe_fds[0], 0)\u003c/code\u003e and exec \u003ccode\u003ewc\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eClose both ends of the pipe in the parent process.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThat's it!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTODO ps | grep shows up grep\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExercise 7:\u003c/strong\u003e Write a \u003ccode\u003efork_and_exec_with_io(cmd* cmd, int stdout_fd, int stdin_fd)\u003c/code\u003e that forks and execs the specified command and changes its stdin and stdout as needed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExercise 8:\u003c/strong\u003e Use \u003ccode\u003efork_and_exec_with_io\u003c/code\u003e to implement pipes with 2 elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e7. What next?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-7-what-next\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 7. What next?\" href=\"#7-what-next\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are a few directions to go in once you've completed the exercises here. I've split these into things that are fairly clear progression from what we've done, and things that are exploring other areas of shell features.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eNatural progresions\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-natural-progresions\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Natural progresions\" href=\"#natural-progresions\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e1. Longer pipelines\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-1-longer-pipelines\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 1. Longer pipelines\" href=\"#1-longer-pipelines\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe got a single pipe set up, but longer pipelines are much more useful. The \u003ccode\u003eparse_line\u003c/code\u003e function can return any number of piped commands, it's up to you to make it go!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e2. IO redirection to/from files\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-2-io-redirection-tofrom-files\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 2. IO redirection to/from files\" href=\"#2-io-redirection-tofrom-files\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you run \u003ccode\u003egrep shel /usr/share/dict/words \u0026gt; /tmp/shel_words\u003c/code\u003e in your regular shell, the list of words containing \u003ccode\u003eshel\u003c/code\u003e will end up in \u003ccode\u003e/tmp/shel_words\u003c/code\u003e. To do this, you'll have to extend the parsing code to pick up these redirections. Once done, the redirection itself won't be too different from how pipe was handled. You'll just have to use \u003ccode\u003eopen\u003c/code\u003e instead of \u003ccode\u003epipe\u003c/code\u003e to get the file descriptor to read from or write to.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e3. Redirecting other file descriptors\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-3-redirecting-other-file-descriptors\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 3. Redirecting other file descriptors\" href=\"#3-redirecting-other-file-descriptors\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you run \u003ccode\u003esome-command 2\u0026gt;/tmp/errors\u003c/code\u003e in your regular shell, you are instructing it to redirect \u003ccode\u003estderr\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ccode\u003efd\u003c/code\u003e 2) to \u003ccode\u003e/tmp/errors\u003c/code\u003e. This is useful to capture log output when a command writes it to \u003ccode\u003estderr\u003c/code\u003e. This is a generalisation of the previous extension.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e4. Redirecting \u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e other file descriptors\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-4-redirecting-to-other-file-descriptors\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 4. Redirecting to other file descriptors\" href=\"#4-redirecting-to-other-file-descriptors\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you run \u003ccode\u003esome-command 2\u0026gt;\u0026amp;1\u003c/code\u003e in your regular shell, data written by \u003ccode\u003esome-command\u003c/code\u003e to its \u003ccode\u003estderr\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ccode\u003efd\u003c/code\u003e 2) will go to the same place as its \u003ccode\u003estdout\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ccode\u003efd\u003c/code\u003e 1). This is a further extension of redirection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eOther directions\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-other-directions\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Other directions\" href=\"#other-directions\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e1. Environment variable expansion\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-1-environment-variable-expansion\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 1. Environment variable expansion\" href=\"#1-environment-variable-expansion\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompare the output of \u003ccode\u003eecho $HOME\u003c/code\u003e in your shell to your regular shell. Your regular shell treats tokens beginning with \u003ccode\u003e$\u003c/code\u003e specially: it looks them up by name in the environment, and substitutes them in the command. The \u003ccode\u003egetenv\u003c/code\u003e function looks up a variable in the environment. This can be handled during or after parsing a command.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e2. Setting environment variables on child processes\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-2-setting-environment-variables-on-child-processes\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 2. Setting environment variables on child processes\" href=\"#2-setting-environment-variables-on-child-processes\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn your regular shell, compare the output of \u003ccode\u003edate\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eTZ=Pacific/Samoa date\u003c/code\u003e. The \u003ccode\u003edate\u003c/code\u003e command uses the \u003ccode\u003eTZ\u003c/code\u003e environment variable to decide how to display the time. Prefixing a command with a string like \u003ccode\u003eVAR=value\u003c/code\u003e sets \u003ccode\u003eVAR\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003evalue\u003c/code\u003e in the child's environment. The \u003ccode\u003esetenv\u003c/code\u003e function sets the value of an environment variable. This will require modifying the parser to find these prefixes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e3. Another built-in: \u003ccode\u003eexport\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-3-another-built-in-export\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 3. Another built-in: export\" href=\"#3-another-built-in-export\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn \u003ccode\u003ebash\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eexport\u003c/code\u003e lets us change an environment variable's value in the shell itself. As with \u003ccode\u003ecd\u003c/code\u003e, because a child cannot modify its parent's environment, \u003ccode\u003eexport\u003c/code\u003e must be a builtin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e4. Signal handling\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-4-signal-handling\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 4. Signal handling\" href=\"#4-signal-handling\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompare what happens when you hit \u003ccode\u003e^C\u003c/code\u003e (control-C) between your shell and your regular shell. \u003ccode\u003e^C\u003c/code\u003e sends a \u003cem\u003esignal\u003c/em\u003e to your process, in this case \u003ccode\u003eSIGINT\u003c/code\u003e. Signals interrupt the normal execution of your program. By default, this aborts the process. To prevent that, we can register a signal handler function to be called when \u003ccode\u003eSIGINT\u003c/code\u003e is received, or decide to ignore it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e5. Globbing\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-5-globbing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 5. Globbing\" href=\"#5-globbing\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompare the output of \u003ccode\u003ewc -c *\u003c/code\u003e between your shell and your regular shell. Expanding the wildcard \u003ccode\u003e*\u003c/code\u003e is done by the shell before passing arguments to the child. The \u003ccode\u003eglob\u003c/code\u003e function in the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;glob.h\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e standard header will be useful.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e6. Running a command in the background\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-6-running-a-command-in-the-background\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 6. Running a command in the background\" href=\"#6-running-a-command-in-the-background\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn your regular shell, if you end a command with \u003ccode\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/code\u003e, it runs in the background. The command will run, but the shell will not block while it does. Ie, it does not \u003ccode\u003ewait\u003c/code\u003e on the child process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e7. Job control\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-7-job-control\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 7. Job control\" href=\"#7-job-control\"\u003e\u003csvg data-component=\"Octicon\" class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTODO\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"Let's build a shell!","anchor":"lets-build-a-shell","htmlText":"Let's build a shell!"},{"level":2,"text":"Introduction","anchor":"introduction","htmlText":"Introduction"},{"level":3,"text":"Focus of the workshop","anchor":"focus-of-the-workshop","htmlText":"Focus of the workshop"},{"level":2,"text":"0. Getting started","anchor":"0-getting-started","htmlText":"0. Getting started"},{"level":2,"text":"1. Name your shell and read input","anchor":"1-name-your-shell-and-read-input","htmlText":"1. Name your shell and read input"},{"level":2,"text":"2. System calls","anchor":"2-system-calls","htmlText":"2. System calls"},{"level":2,"text":"3. Running a program","anchor":"3-running-a-program","htmlText":"3. Running a program"},{"level":2,"text":"4. Forking a new process","anchor":"4-forking-a-new-process","htmlText":"4. Forking a new process"},{"level":2,"text":"5. Waiting for children","anchor":"5-waiting-for-children","htmlText":"5. Waiting for children"},{"level":2,"text":"5. Builtins","anchor":"5-builtins","htmlText":"5. Builtins"},{"level":2,"text":"6. Pipelines","anchor":"6-pipelines","htmlText":"6. Pipelines"},{"level":2,"text":"7. What next?","anchor":"7-what-next","htmlText":"7. What next?"},{"level":3,"text":"Natural progresions","anchor":"natural-progresions","htmlText":"Natural progresions"},{"level":4,"text":"1. Longer pipelines","anchor":"1-longer-pipelines","htmlText":"1. Longer pipelines"},{"level":4,"text":"2. IO redirection to/from files","anchor":"2-io-redirection-tofrom-files","htmlText":"2. IO redirection to/from files"},{"level":4,"text":"3. Redirecting other file descriptors","anchor":"3-redirecting-other-file-descriptors","htmlText":"3. Redirecting other file descriptors"},{"level":4,"text":"4. Redirecting to other file descriptors","anchor":"4-redirecting-to-other-file-descriptors","htmlText":"4. Redirecting to other file descriptors"},{"level":3,"text":"Other directions","anchor":"other-directions","htmlText":"Other directions"},{"level":4,"text":"1. Environment variable expansion","anchor":"1-environment-variable-expansion","htmlText":"1. Environment variable expansion"},{"level":4,"text":"2. Setting environment variables on child processes","anchor":"2-setting-environment-variables-on-child-processes","htmlText":"2. Setting environment variables on child processes"},{"level":4,"text":"3. Another built-in: export","anchor":"3-another-built-in-export","htmlText":"3. Another built-in: export"},{"level":4,"text":"4. Signal handling","anchor":"4-signal-handling","htmlText":"4. Signal handling"},{"level":4,"text":"5. Globbing","anchor":"5-globbing","htmlText":"5. Globbing"},{"level":4,"text":"6. Running a command in the background","anchor":"6-running-a-command-in-the-background","htmlText":"6. Running a command in the background"},{"level":4,"text":"7. Job control","anchor":"7-job-control","htmlText":"7. Job control"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkamalmarhubi%2Fshell-workshop"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE-APACHE","repoName":"shell-workshop","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE-APACHE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"Apache-2.0","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkamalmarhubi%2Fshell-workshop"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE-CC","repoName":"shell-workshop","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE-CC","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"License","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkamalmarhubi%2Fshell-workshop"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0,"copilotSWEAgentEnabled":false}},"codeViewLayoutRoute":{"repo":{"id":24143638,"defaultBranch":"master","name":"shell-workshop","ownerLogin":"kamalmarhubi","currentUserCanPush":false,"isFork":false,"isEmpty":false,"createdAt":"2014-09-17T12:23:33.000Z","ownerAvatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/50936?v=4","public":true,"private":false,"isOrgOwned":false},"currentUser":null,"uploadToken":"zCopP7Dh7IEVva7KgNF2XIEIRv4bd-QMCLb6hsxADZDTiQd4vcu7rdXi2XoaRyT2eFmiKIWE0DvUMX-5bc4YmA","allShortcutsEnabled":false,"treeExpanded":true,"path":"/","symbolsExpanded":false,"refInfo":{"name":"master","listCacheKey":"v0:1410956649.0","canEdit":false,"currentOid":"9e1f74c81cd39201b724665a810140c913db784c"},"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","githubDevUrl":null},"sidebarAbout":{"description":"Materials from my Strange Loop 2014 workshop, Let's Build a Shell!","formattedDescription":"Materials from my Strange Loop 2014 workshop, Let's Build a Shell!","topics":[],"showInsights":true,"canOpenStargazersAndWatchers":false,"stargazerCount":707,"watcherCount":12,"forksCount":99,"stargazersPath":"/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop/stargazers","watchersPath":"/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop/watchers","forkNetworkPath":"/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop/forks","activityPath":"/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop/activity","reportPath":"/contact/report-content?content_url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkamalmarhubi%2Fshell-workshop\u0026report=kamalmarhubi+%28user%29","canEditMetadata":false,"ownerLogin":"kamalmarhubi","repoName":"shell-workshop","isOrg":false,"sections":{"releases":{"releaseCount":0,"tagCount":0},"sponsors":false,"deployments":false,"packages":true,"usedBy":true,"contributors":true,"languages":true,"cta":false,"suggestedWorkflows":false},"hasCitation":false,"repo":{"ownerAvatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/50936?s=60\u0026v=4","ownerId":50936,"isPrivate":false,"isTemplate":false,"isFork":false,"isMirror":false,"isArchived":false,"visibilityLabel":"Public","license":{"spdxId":"NOASSERTION","name":"Other"},"isAdvisoryWorkspace":false},"star":{"viewerHasStarred":false,"canStar":false},"fork":{"canFork":false,"forkabilityError":"not_logged_in"},"pin":{"canPin":false,"isPinned":false,"isOrgOwned":false,"pinItemsRemaining":6},"watch":{"canWatch":false,"watchData":{"repositoryId":"24143638","repositoryName":"kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop","watchersCount":12,"subscriptionType":"none","subscribableThreadTypes":[{"name":"Issue","enabled":true,"subscribed":false},{"name":"PullRequest","enabled":true,"subscribed":false},{"name":"Release","enabled":true,"subscribed":false},{"name":"Discussion","enabled":false,"subscribed":false},{"name":"SecurityAlert","enabled":true,"subscribed":false}],"showLabelSubscriptions":false,"subscribedLabels":[]}},"viewer":{"isLoggedIn":false,"isSiteAdmin":false,"emuContributionBlocked":false},"showSponsorButton":false,"showTemplateButton":false,"showDemoNotification":false},"csrf_tokens":{"/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop/branches":{"post":"vsBCIILA0XauEvqhmo5lroWsv8-DPIUcnXSP-2H8adoCMfj9TaECG-wF4yq52UHXqmFliZ_LyKXU9nh5d2vTQg"}}},"title":"GitHub - kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop: Materials from my Strange Loop 2014 workshop, Let's Build a Shell!","appPayload":{},"meta":{"title":"GitHub - kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop: Materials from my Strange Loop 2014 workshop, Let's Build a Shell!"}}</script>
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tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Let's build a shell!</h1><a id="user-content-lets-build-a-shell" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Let's build a shell!" href="#lets-build-a-shell"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
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<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Introduction</h2><a id="user-content-introduction" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Introduction" href="#introduction"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
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<p dir="auto">Most of us use a shell, at least once in a while. Some spend most of their time in one. Often we take it for granted, not knowing or caring how it does what it does. In this workshop, we'll delve a little into that by building our very own shell!</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Focus of the workshop</h3><a id="user-content-focus-of-the-workshop" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Focus of the workshop" href="#focus-of-the-workshop"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
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<p dir="auto">Shells have many different functions. This workshop will be focused on how processes are launched, and how their IO can be controlled with pipes. We'll be leaving things like environment variable expansion, signal handling and other things out, but I will give some examples of other directions to go at the end.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto"><strong>Rule 0.</strong> In particular, we have zero interest in dealing with a whole bunch of messy <em>details</em>, including but not limited to:</p>
|
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<ul dir="auto">
|
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<li>memory management</li>
|
||
<li>parsing and tokenising and other text processing</li>
|
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<li>‘proper’ error handling</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
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<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">0. Getting started</h2><a id="user-content-0-getting-started" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 0. Getting started" href="#0-getting-started"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
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<p dir="auto">Download the workshop skeleton code and utility functions.
|
||
TODO link</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">I <em>highly</em> recommend using a version control system and making frequent commits.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">1. Name your shell and read input</h2><a id="user-content-1-name-your-shell-and-read-input" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 1. Name your shell and read input" href="#1-name-your-shell-and-read-input"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">The <strong><em>most important</em></strong> thing to start with is picking a name for your shell,
|
||
and its prompt. I went with <code>heee> </code> while I was putting this workshop together,
|
||
so a typical interaction looks like this:</p>
|
||
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="heeee> ls
|
||
shell shell.c"><pre class="notranslate"><code>heeee> ls
|
||
shell shell.c
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">So, let's get started!</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto"><strong>Exercise 1</strong>: Set up the main function of your shell to repeatedly prompt the user for a line. For now, we'll just print that line back out. Our shell is a slightly glorified <code>cat</code>, just more personalised!</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Here's a little snippet to read a line in C into a variable <code>line</code>:</p>
|
||
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="char *line = NULL;
|
||
int capacity = 0;
|
||
getline(&line, &capacity, stdin);"><pre class="notranslate"><code>char *line = NULL;
|
||
int capacity = 0;
|
||
getline(&line, &capacity, stdin);
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">2. System calls</h2><a id="user-content-2-system-calls" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 2. System calls" href="#2-system-calls"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">So now we can read in a user's command. Next up is to actually run it. To do this, we need some help from the kernel, which is in charge of most things related to processes—among <em>many</em> other things.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">The way our programs talk to the kernel is through <em>system calls</em>. These are operations we can tell the kernel to do on our behalf. Examples include:</p>
|
||
<ul dir="auto">
|
||
<li>opening files (<code>open</code>)</li>
|
||
<li>reading and writing to them (<code>read</code>, <code>write</code>)</li>
|
||
<li>sending and receiving data over the network. (<code>sendto</code>, <code>recvfrom</code>)</li>
|
||
<li>starting programs (<code>execve</code>)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p dir="auto">In fact, more or less everything that involves our programs interacting with the ‘real world’ involves system calls.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Right now, we're interested in executing a program. That uses the <code>execve</code> system call, and we'll use a wrapper function called <code>execvp</code>. Not confusing at all, right?</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">3. Running a program</h2><a id="user-content-3-running-a-program" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 3. Running a program" href="#3-running-a-program"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Before we run a program, we need to understand how program arguments get passed.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">When a program is run, it gets an array of arguments passed in by the user, traditionally called <code>argv</code>. By convention, the first of these is the name of the program. So, when we run something like <code>ls -l /tmp</code>, the <code>argv</code> that <code>ls</code> receives consists of <code>{ "ls", "-l", "/tmp" }</code>.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">So the call looks like <code>execvp('ls', ['ls', '-l', '/tmp'])</code>, except that C doesn't let you write the array directly like that.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Now we're ready to run a program. Parsing <code>ls -l /tmp</code> into an array of arguments is annoying in C (and not very instructive), so I've written a <code>parse_command</code> function that you can use.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto"><strong>Exercise 2.</strong> Modify your shell so that after it has read a line from <code>stdin</code>, it executes the command with its arguments.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Try that out. Anything unexpected happen?</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">4. Forking a new process</h2><a id="user-content-4-forking-a-new-process" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 4. Forking a new process" href="#4-forking-a-new-process"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">In the last exercise, once the program you ran terminated, you didn't go back to your prompt, but got dumped right back to your regular shell. The <code>exec</code> call <em>transforms</em> the current process into the command we specify. So our shell's process is <em>replaced</em> by <code>ls</code> or whatever we chose to run. Once that program is done, the process exits—no more shell.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">To avoid this happening, we want the command to run as a new process. We create processes with the <code>fork</code> system call. This creates a new process that is a clone of the existing one, right down to the point in the program that's executing. We can then call <code>exec</code> in the newly created child process, leaving our shell's process around for future interaction.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">The return value of <code>fork</code> tells us if we're in the child or the parent: it returns <code>0</code> for the child, and the id of the new process in the parent.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto"><strong>Exercies 3.</strong> Modify your shell to call <code>fork</code>, and then <code>exec</code> in the child.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Congratulations! Your shell is now mildly useful. There's still a niggle though: when you run a command, your prompt is probably printing out before the command's output.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">5. Waiting for children</h2><a id="user-content-5-waiting-for-children" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 5. Waiting for children" href="#5-waiting-for-children"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Looking at your code, you'll see that the parent goes right back to the prompt. To wait for the child process, there's a well-named <code>wait</code> system call. For our purposes, we can just call it with a <code>NULL</code> argument: <code>wait(NULL);</code>.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto"><strong>Exercise 4.</strong> Make your shell <code>wait</code> on the child process before going back to the prompt.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Now it's starting to act like a real shell! Try out a few of your favourite commands. I'm a fan of <code>cowsay</code>, but don't let me stop you from running <code>ls</code> or <code>cat</code>!</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">5. Builtins</h2><a id="user-content-5-builtins" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 5. Builtins" href="#5-builtins"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">What happens if we try to run <code>cd</code>? There's a program at <code>/bin/cd</code> that should let us change directories, so try out this sequence:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="heeee> pwd
|
||
/Users/kalmar/projects/conferences/2014/strangeloop/shell-workshop
|
||
heeee> cd ..
|
||
heeee> pwd
|
||
[something... unexpected?]
|
||
heeee> cd /tmp
|
||
heeee> pwd
|
||
[something... unexpected?]
|
||
heeee> echo HEEEELLLPPPP!!!!!
|
||
HEEEELLLPPPP!!!!!"><pre>heeee<span class="pl-k">></span> <span class="pl-c1">pwd</span>
|
||
/Users/kalmar/projects/conferences/2014/strangeloop/shell-workshop
|
||
heeee<span class="pl-k">></span> <span class="pl-c1">cd</span> ..
|
||
heeee<span class="pl-k">></span> <span class="pl-c1">pwd</span>
|
||
[something... unexpected<span class="pl-k">?</span>]
|
||
heeee<span class="pl-k">></span> <span class="pl-c1">cd</span> /tmp
|
||
heeee<span class="pl-k">></span> <span class="pl-c1">pwd</span>
|
||
[something... unexpected<span class="pl-k">?</span>]
|
||
heeee<span class="pl-k">></span> <span class="pl-c1">echo</span> HEEEELLLPPPP<span class="pl-k">!!!!!</span>
|
||
HEEEELLLPPPP<span class="pl-k">!!!!!</span></pre></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">That last little sequence of commands probably surprised you a bit. To understand just why we couldn't change directory, we need to find out a bit about how processes work.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Every process has</p>
|
||
<ul dir="auto">
|
||
<li>its own memory (where all the global and local variables, the stack and heap)</li>
|
||
<li>extra metadata that the kernel manages, but that the process can't change directly. It can change these with system calls.
|
||
<ul dir="auto">
|
||
<li>user id (<code>setuid</code>)</li>
|
||
<li>group id (<code>setgid</code>)</li>
|
||
<li>priority (<code>setpriority</code>)</li>
|
||
<li>working directory (<code>chdir</code>)</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p dir="auto">So let's imagine that we <code>fork</code> and <code>exec</code> the <code>/bin/cd</code> process.</p>
|
||
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="1) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp
|
||
---- fork ----
|
||
2) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp
|
||
child: pid 2000, working directory /tmp
|
||
---- exec `/bin/cd /home/awesome` in child ----
|
||
3) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp
|
||
child: pid 2000, working directory /tmp/awesome
|
||
---- child exits ----
|
||
4) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp"><pre class="notranslate"><code>1) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp
|
||
---- fork ----
|
||
2) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp
|
||
child: pid 2000, working directory /tmp
|
||
---- exec `/bin/cd /home/awesome` in child ----
|
||
3) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp
|
||
child: pid 2000, working directory /tmp/awesome
|
||
---- child exits ----
|
||
4) parent: pid 1000, working directory /tmp
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">A process can only use system calls to modify its own state, so the parent shell process still has the same working directory it started with: <code>/tmp</code>.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">To change the shell's working directory, the shell itself needs to call the <code>chdir</code> system call. So the shell has to treat a <code>cd</code> command specially: if the command is <code>cd</code>, then call <code>chdir</code> instead of the usual <code>fork</code> / <code>exec</code>. The handling of <code>cd</code> is then built in to our shell—it's a builtin!</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto"><strong>Exercise 6.</strong> Add a <code>cd</code> builtin to your shell.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto"><code>cd</code> isn't the only builtin in your regular shell. Take a look at <code>man builtin</code> to see what else is there. Note that not all of them need to be builtins. For example <code>echo</code> works just fine as an external command, but many shells have it as a builtin. Some of these are builtin for efficiency, since creating a new process has some performance overhead.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">6. Pipelines</h2><a id="user-content-6-pipelines" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 6. Pipelines" href="#6-pipelines"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Next up we're going to implement pipelines. Try running <code>ls | wc</code> in your shell. What happens?</p>
|
||
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="heeee> ls | wc
|
||
ls: cannot access |: No such file or directory
|
||
ls: cannot access wc: No such file or directory"><pre class="notranslate"><code>heeee> ls | wc
|
||
ls: cannot access |: No such file or directory
|
||
ls: cannot access wc: No such file or directory
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Right now it doesn't know that <code>|</code> has any special meaning, and so tries to list the files <code>|</code> and <code>wc</code>. Before we fix that, we need to understand better how pipes work.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">Files on Unix-like systems are managed using <strong>file descriptors</strong>. If you're using Linux, you can see all the file descriptors for a process using <code>ls -l /proc/<pid>/fd</code>. File descriptors are positive integers (<code>0</code> is stdin, <code>1</code> is stdout, <code>2</code> is stderr, and 3 and up are any other files the process has open).</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">The <code>pipe</code> system call creates two new file descriptors with a special property.</p>
|
||
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="int pipe_fds[2];
|
||
pipe(pipe_fds); // puts returns [4, 5] in pipe_fds"><pre class="notranslate"><code>int pipe_fds[2];
|
||
pipe(pipe_fds); // puts returns [4, 5] in pipe_fds
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">If <code>pipe</code> returns <code>[4, 5]</code>, then any data written to <code>5</code> can be read out of <code>4</code>. What this means is that we need to set <code>ls</code>'s stdout to be <code>5</code> and <code>wc</code>'s stdin to be <code>4</code>. The way to change which file descriptor a file points to is with the <code>dup2</code> system call. In this example, we'd need to run <code>dup2(5, 1)</code> for <code>ls</code> and <code>dup2(4, 0)</code> for <code>wc</code>.</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">To recap, to create a pipe <code>ls | wc</code>, we need to:</p>
|
||
<ol dir="auto">
|
||
<li>create a pipe with <code>pipe</code>. Imagine that this creates file descriptors <code>4</code> and <code>5</code>.</li>
|
||
<li>fork twice (once for <code>ls</code> and once for <code>wc</code>).</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="parent: pid 1000, stdin: terminal, stdout, terminal
|
||
---- fork twice ----
|
||
parent: pid 1000, stdin: terminal, stdout: terminal
|
||
child 1: pid 2000, stdin: terminal, stdout: terminal (for `ls`)
|
||
child 2: pid 3000, stdin: terminak, stdout: terminal (for `wc`)"><pre class="notranslate"><code>parent: pid 1000, stdin: terminal, stdout, terminal
|
||
---- fork twice ----
|
||
parent: pid 1000, stdin: terminal, stdout: terminal
|
||
child 1: pid 2000, stdin: terminal, stdout: terminal (for `ls`)
|
||
child 2: pid 3000, stdin: terminak, stdout: terminal (for `wc`)
|
||
</code></pre></div>
|
||
<ol start="3" dir="auto">
|
||
<li>In child 1, run <code>dup2(pipe_fds[1], 1)</code> and exec <code>ls</code></li>
|
||
<li>In child 2, run <code>dup2(pipe_fds[0], 0)</code> and exec <code>wc</code></li>
|
||
<li>Close both ends of the pipe in the parent process.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p dir="auto">That's it!</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto">TODO ps | grep shows up grep</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto"><strong>Exercise 7:</strong> Write a <code>fork_and_exec_with_io(cmd* cmd, int stdout_fd, int stdin_fd)</code> that forks and execs the specified command and changes its stdin and stdout as needed</p>
|
||
<p dir="auto"><strong>Exercise 8:</strong> Use <code>fork_and_exec_with_io</code> to implement pipes with 2 elements.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">7. What next?</h2><a id="user-content-7-what-next" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 7. What next?" href="#7-what-next"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">There are a few directions to go in once you've completed the exercises here. I've split these into things that are fairly clear progression from what we've done, and things that are exploring other areas of shell features.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Natural progresions</h3><a id="user-content-natural-progresions" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Natural progresions" href="#natural-progresions"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">1. Longer pipelines</h4><a id="user-content-1-longer-pipelines" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 1. Longer pipelines" href="#1-longer-pipelines"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">We got a single pipe set up, but longer pipelines are much more useful. The <code>parse_line</code> function can return any number of piped commands, it's up to you to make it go!</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">2. IO redirection to/from files</h4><a id="user-content-2-io-redirection-tofrom-files" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 2. IO redirection to/from files" href="#2-io-redirection-tofrom-files"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">If you run <code>grep shel /usr/share/dict/words > /tmp/shel_words</code> in your regular shell, the list of words containing <code>shel</code> will end up in <code>/tmp/shel_words</code>. To do this, you'll have to extend the parsing code to pick up these redirections. Once done, the redirection itself won't be too different from how pipe was handled. You'll just have to use <code>open</code> instead of <code>pipe</code> to get the file descriptor to read from or write to.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">3. Redirecting other file descriptors</h4><a id="user-content-3-redirecting-other-file-descriptors" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 3. Redirecting other file descriptors" href="#3-redirecting-other-file-descriptors"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">If you run <code>some-command 2>/tmp/errors</code> in your regular shell, you are instructing it to redirect <code>stderr</code> (<code>fd</code> 2) to <code>/tmp/errors</code>. This is useful to capture log output when a command writes it to <code>stderr</code>. This is a generalisation of the previous extension.</p>
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||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">4. Redirecting <em>to</em> other file descriptors</h4><a id="user-content-4-redirecting-to-other-file-descriptors" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 4. Redirecting to other file descriptors" href="#4-redirecting-to-other-file-descriptors"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">If you run <code>some-command 2>&1</code> in your regular shell, data written by <code>some-command</code> to its <code>stderr</code> (<code>fd</code> 2) will go to the same place as its <code>stdout</code> (<code>fd</code> 1). This is a further extension of redirection.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Other directions</h3><a id="user-content-other-directions" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Other directions" href="#other-directions"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">1. Environment variable expansion</h4><a id="user-content-1-environment-variable-expansion" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 1. Environment variable expansion" href="#1-environment-variable-expansion"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
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||
<p dir="auto">Compare the output of <code>echo $HOME</code> in your shell to your regular shell. Your regular shell treats tokens beginning with <code>$</code> specially: it looks them up by name in the environment, and substitutes them in the command. The <code>getenv</code> function looks up a variable in the environment. This can be handled during or after parsing a command.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">2. Setting environment variables on child processes</h4><a id="user-content-2-setting-environment-variables-on-child-processes" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 2. Setting environment variables on child processes" href="#2-setting-environment-variables-on-child-processes"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">In your regular shell, compare the output of <code>date</code> and <code>TZ=Pacific/Samoa date</code>. The <code>date</code> command uses the <code>TZ</code> environment variable to decide how to display the time. Prefixing a command with a string like <code>VAR=value</code> sets <code>VAR</code> to <code>value</code> in the child's environment. The <code>setenv</code> function sets the value of an environment variable. This will require modifying the parser to find these prefixes.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">3. Another built-in: <code>export</code></h4><a id="user-content-3-another-built-in-export" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 3. Another built-in: export" href="#3-another-built-in-export"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
|
||
<p dir="auto">In <code>bash</code>, <code>export</code> lets us change an environment variable's value in the shell itself. As with <code>cd</code>, because a child cannot modify its parent's environment, <code>export</code> must be a builtin.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">4. Signal handling</h4><a id="user-content-4-signal-handling" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 4. Signal handling" href="#4-signal-handling"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
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||
<p dir="auto">Compare what happens when you hit <code>^C</code> (control-C) between your shell and your regular shell. <code>^C</code> sends a <em>signal</em> to your process, in this case <code>SIGINT</code>. Signals interrupt the normal execution of your program. By default, this aborts the process. To prevent that, we can register a signal handler function to be called when <code>SIGINT</code> is received, or decide to ignore it.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">5. Globbing</h4><a id="user-content-5-globbing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 5. Globbing" href="#5-globbing"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
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||
<p dir="auto">Compare the output of <code>wc -c *</code> between your shell and your regular shell. Expanding the wildcard <code>*</code> is done by the shell before passing arguments to the child. The <code>glob</code> function in the <code><glob.h></code> standard header will be useful.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">6. Running a command in the background</h4><a id="user-content-6-running-a-command-in-the-background" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 6. Running a command in the background" href="#6-running-a-command-in-the-background"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
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<p dir="auto">In your regular shell, if you end a command with <code>&</code>, it runs in the background. The command will run, but the shell will not block while it does. Ie, it does not <code>wait</code> on the child process.</p>
|
||
<div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">7. Job control</h4><a id="user-content-7-job-control" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 7. Job control" href="#7-job-control"><svg data-component="Octicon" class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div>
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<p dir="auto">TODO</p>
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display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path></svg><strong>707</strong> stars</span></div><h3 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading"><span>Watchers</span></h3><div class="mt-2"><span class="SidebarAbout-module__socialStat__nnJPx"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-eye mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 2c1.981 0 3.671.992 4.933 2.078 1.27 1.091 2.187 2.345 2.637 3.023a1.62 1.62 0 0 1 0 1.798c-.45.678-1.367 1.932-2.637 3.023C11.67 13.008 9.981 14 8 14c-1.981 0-3.671-.992-4.933-2.078C1.797 10.83.88 9.576.43 8.898a1.62 1.62 0 0 1 0-1.798c.45-.677 1.367-1.931 2.637-3.022C4.33 2.992 6.019 2 8 2ZM1.679 7.932a.12.12 0 0 0 0 .136c.411.622 1.241 1.75 2.366 2.717C5.176 11.758 6.527 12.5 8 12.5c1.473 0 2.825-.742 3.955-1.715 1.124-.967 1.954-2.096 2.366-2.717a.12.12 0 0 0 0-.136c-.412-.621-1.242-1.75-2.366-2.717C10.824 4.242 9.473 3.5 8 3.5c-1.473 0-2.825.742-3.955 1.715-1.124.967-1.954 2.096-2.366 2.717ZM8 10a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 8 10Z"></path></svg><strong>12</strong> watching</span></div><h3 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-component="Heading"><span>Forks</span></h3><div class="mt-2"><a class="prc-Link-Link-9ZwDx" data-component="Link" data-muted="true" href="/kamalmarhubi/shell-workshop/forks" data-discover="true"><svg data-component="Octicon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path></svg><span><strong>99</strong></span><span> forks</span></a></div><div class="mt-2"><a class="prc-Link-Link-9ZwDx" data-component="Link" data-muted="true" href="/contact/report-content?content_url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkamalmarhubi%2Fshell-workshop&report=kamalmarhubi+%28user%29" data-discover="true"><span>Report repository</span></a></div></div><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>Releases</span></h2><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div></div><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>Packages</span></h2><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div></div><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>Used by</span></h2><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div></div><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>Contributors</span></h2><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div></div><div class="SidebarSection-module__sidebarSection__e8jFN"><h2 class="SidebarSection-module__sectionHeading__TG36m prc-Heading-Heading-MtWFE" data-variant="small" data-component="Heading"><span>Languages</span></h2><div class="prc-SkeletonText-SkeletonText--DvUT prc-Skeleton-SkeletonBox-e93nW" style="width:100%" data-text-skeleton-size="bodyMedium" data-component="SkeletonText"></div></div></div><!--/&--></div><div class="prc-PageLayout-VerticalDivider-9QRmK prc-PageLayout-PaneVerticalDivider-le57g" data-component="PageLayout.VerticalDivider" data-variant-narrow="none" data-variant-regular="none" data-position="end" style="--spacing:var(--spacing-none)"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ScrollMarksContainer-module__scrollMarksContainer__Eu7uU" id="find-result-marks-container"></div><div class="d-none"></div><div class="d-none"></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> </div>
|
||
</react-app>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</turbo-frame>
|
||
|
||
</main>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<footer class="footer f6 color-fg-muted color-border-subtle tmp-pt-7 tmp-pb-6 p-responsive" role="contentinfo" >
|
||
<h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center flex-column-reverse flex-lg-row flex-wrap flex-lg-nowrap">
|
||
<div class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-shrink-0 mx-2">
|
||
<a aria-label="GitHub Homepage" class="footer-octicon mr-2" href="https://github.com">
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github">
|
||
<path d="M10.226 17.284c-2.965-.36-5.054-2.493-5.054-5.256 0-1.123.404-2.336 1.078-3.144-.292-.741-.247-2.314.09-2.965.898-.112 2.111.36 2.83 1.01.853-.269 1.752-.404 2.853-.404 1.1 0 1.999.135 2.807.382.696-.629 1.932-1.1 2.83-.988.315.606.36 2.179.067 2.942.72.854 1.101 2 1.101 3.167 0 2.763-2.089 4.852-5.098 5.234.763.494 1.28 1.572 1.28 2.807v2.336c0 .674.561 1.056 1.235.786 4.066-1.55 7.255-5.615 7.255-10.646C23.5 6.188 18.334 1 11.978 1 5.62 1 .5 6.188.5 12.545c0 4.986 3.167 9.12 7.435 10.669.606.225 1.19-.18 1.19-.786V20.63a2.9 2.9 0 0 1-1.078.224c-1.483 0-2.359-.808-2.987-2.313-.247-.607-.517-.966-1.034-1.033-.27-.023-.359-.135-.359-.27 0-.27.45-.471.898-.471.652 0 1.213.404 1.797 1.235.45.651.921.943 1.483.943.561 0 .92-.202 1.437-.719.382-.381.674-.718.944-.943"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span>
|
||
© 2026 GitHub, Inc.
|
||
</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<nav aria-label="Footer">
|
||
<h3 class="sr-only" id="sr-footer-heading">Footer navigation</h3>
|
||
|
||
<ul class="list-style-none d-flex flex-justify-center flex-wrap mb-2 mb-lg-0" aria-labelledby="sr-footer-heading">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="mx-2">
|
||
<a data-analytics-event="{"category":"Footer","action":"go to Terms","label":"text:terms"}" href="https://docs.github.com/site-policy/github-terms/github-terms-of-service" data-view-component="true" class="Link--secondary Link">Terms</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="mx-2">
|
||
<a data-analytics-event="{"category":"Footer","action":"go to privacy","label":"text:privacy"}" href="https://docs.github.com/site-policy/privacy-policies/github-privacy-statement" data-view-component="true" class="Link--secondary Link">Privacy</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="mx-2">
|
||
<a data-analytics-event="{"category":"Footer","action":"go to security","label":"text:security"}" href="https://github.com/security" data-view-component="true" class="Link--secondary Link">Security</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="mx-2">
|
||
<a data-analytics-event="{"category":"Footer","action":"go to status","label":"text:status"}" href="https://www.githubstatus.com/" data-view-component="true" class="Link--secondary Link">Status</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="mx-2">
|
||
<a data-analytics-event="{"category":"Footer","action":"go to community","label":"text:community"}" href="https://github.community/" data-view-component="true" class="Link--secondary Link">Community</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="mx-2">
|
||
<a data-analytics-event="{"category":"Footer","action":"go to docs","label":"text:docs"}" href="https://docs.github.com/" data-view-component="true" class="Link--secondary Link">Docs</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="mx-2">
|
||
<a data-analytics-event="{"category":"Footer","action":"go to contact","label":"text:contact"}" href="https://support.github.com?tags=dotcom-footer" data-view-component="true" class="Link--secondary Link">Contact</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="mx-2" >
|
||
<cookie-consent-link>
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="Link--secondary underline-on-hover border-0 p-0 color-bg-transparent"
|
||
data-action="click:cookie-consent-link#showConsentManagement"
|
||
data-analytics-event="{"location":"footer","action":"cookies","context":"subfooter","tag":"link","label":"cookies_link_subfooter_footer"}"
|
||
>
|
||
Manage cookies
|
||
</button>
|
||
</cookie-consent-link>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="mx-2">
|
||
<cookie-consent-link>
|
||
<button
|
||
type="button"
|
||
class="Link--secondary underline-on-hover border-0 p-0 color-bg-transparent text-left"
|
||
data-action="click:cookie-consent-link#showConsentManagement"
|
||
data-analytics-event="{"location":"footer","action":"dont_share_info","context":"subfooter","tag":"link","label":"dont_share_info_link_subfooter_footer"}"
|
||
>
|
||
Do not share my personal information
|
||
</button>
|
||
</cookie-consent-link>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</footer>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<ghcc-consent id="ghcc" class="position-fixed bottom-0 left-0" style="z-index: 999999"
|
||
data-locale="en"
|
||
data-initial-cookie-consent-allowed=""
|
||
data-cookie-consent-required="false"
|
||
></ghcc-consent>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden>
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert">
|
||
<path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
<button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error">
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
|
||
<path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</button>
|
||
You can’t perform that action at this time.
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<template id="site-details-dialog">
|
||
<details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open>
|
||
<summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary>
|
||
<details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal">
|
||
<button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog>
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
|
||
<path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</button>
|
||
<div class="octocat-spinner tmp-my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div>
|
||
</details-dialog>
|
||
</details>
|
||
</template>
|
||
|
||
<div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;">
|
||
<div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;">
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button">
|
||
<div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0">
|
||
<clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w">
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2 tmp-m-2">
|
||
<path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2 tmp-m-2">
|
||
<path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</clipboard-copy>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</template>
|
||
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned">
|
||
<div class="zeroclipboard-container">
|
||
<clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w">
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon">
|
||
<path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
<svg aria-hidden="true" data-component="Octicon" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none">
|
||
<path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</clipboard-copy>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</template>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div>
|
||
<div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|
||
|