469 lines
203 KiB
HTML
469 lines
203 KiB
HTML
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Or is it? Let's take a look at delayed replication and how we used it to recover from accidental label deletion.<!--]--><!----></p><img data-nuxt-img srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,c_lfill/v1749683349/Blog/Hero%20Images/mathew-schwartz-397471-unsplash.jpg 1x, https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,c_lfill/v1749683349/Blog/Hero%20Images/mathew-schwartz-397471-unsplash.jpg 2x" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt fetch-priority="high" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto,c_lfill/v1749683349/Blog/Hero%20Images/mathew-schwartz-397471-unsplash.jpg" data-v-43df3cc1></div><div class="information" data-v-43df3cc1><!--[--><div class="author" data-v-43df3cc1><img data-nuxt-img srcset="https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/v1749683343/Blog/Author%20Headshots/abrandl-headshot.jpg 1x, https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/v1749683343/Blog/Author%20Headshots/abrandl-headshot.jpg 2x" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Andreas Brandl" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/f_auto,q_auto/v1749683343/Blog/Author%20Headshots/abrandl-headshot.jpg" data-v-43df3cc1><a href="/blog/authors/andreas-brandl/" data-ga-name="Andreas Brandl link" data-ga-location="hero" data-v-43df3cc1><span class="slp-text-body1" data-v-64ad2128 data-v-43df3cc1><!--[-->Andreas Brandl<!--]--><!----></span></a></div><!--]--><div class="tags" data-v-43df3cc1><!--[--><a class="pill" href="/blog/tags/inside-gitlab/" data-ga-name="inside gitlab" data-ga-location="hero" data-v-43df3cc1><p class="slp-text-body3" data-v-64ad2128 data-v-43df3cc1><!--[-->inside GitLab<!--]--><!----></p></a><a class="pill" href="/blog/tags/open-source/" data-ga-name="open source" data-ga-location="hero" data-v-43df3cc1><p class="slp-text-body3" data-v-64ad2128 data-v-43df3cc1><!--[-->open source<!--]--><!----></p></a><!--]--></div></div></div><!--]--></div><div class="slp-container" data-v-e594efe8><!--[--><div class="wrapper" data-v-612f8e63><div class="content" data-v-612f8e63><!--[--><div class="body" data-v-9c71bc40><div data-v-9c71bc40><p><!--[-->The <a href="https://handbook.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/infrastructure/" rel><!--[-->infrastructure team<!--]--></a> at GitLab is responsible for the operation of <a href="https://gitlab.com/" rel><!--[-->GitLab.com<!--]--></a>, the largest GitLab instance in existence: With about 3 million users and nearly 7 million projects, it is one of the largest single-tenancy, open source SaaS sites on the internet. The PostgreSQL database system is a critical part of the infrastructure that powers GitLab.com and we employ various strategies to provide resiliency against all kinds of data-loss-inducing disasters. Those are highly unlikely of course, but we are well prepared with backup and replication mechanisms to recover from these scenarios.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->It's a misconception to think of replication as a means to back up a database (<a href="#summing-up"><!--[-->see below<!--]--></a>). However, in this post, we're going to explore the power of delayed replication to recover data after an accidental deletion: On <a href="https://gitlab.com" rel><!--[-->GitLab.com<!--]--></a>, a user <a href="https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-infra/production/issues/509" rel><!--[-->deleted a label<!--]--></a> for the <a href="https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/" rel><!--[--><code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->gitlab-ce<!--]--></code><!--]--></a> project, thereby also losing the label's association with merge requests and issues.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->With a delayed replica in place, we were able to recover and restore that data in under 90 minutes. We'll look into that process and how delayed replication helped to achieve this.<!--]--></p><h3 id="point-in-time-recovery-with-postgresql" class=""><a class="header-anchor" href="#point-in-time-recovery-with-postgresql" data-ga-name="header-anchor" data-ga-location="prose-heading"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12.2426 3.75736C11.4615 2.97631 10.1952 2.97631 9.41416 3.75736L7.99995 5.17157C7.60942 5.56209 6.97626 5.56209 6.58573 5.17157C6.19521 4.78105 6.19521 4.14788 6.58573 3.75736L7.99995 2.34314C9.56205 0.781046 12.0947 0.781046 13.6568 2.34314C15.2189 3.90524 15.2189 6.4379 13.6568 8L12.2426 9.41421C11.8521 9.80473 11.2189 9.80473 10.8284 9.41421C10.4379 9.02369 10.4379 8.39052 10.8284 8L12.2426 6.58578C13.0236 5.80473 13.0236 4.5384 12.2426 3.75736Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M10.5355 5.4645C10.926 5.85502 10.926 6.48819 10.5355 6.87871L6.87863 10.5356C6.4881 10.9261 5.85494 10.9261 5.46441 10.5356C5.07389 10.145 5.07389 9.51188 5.46441 9.12135L9.12127 5.4645C9.51179 5.07397 10.145 5.07397 10.5355 5.4645Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M3.75742 9.41422C2.97637 10.1953 2.97637 11.4616 3.75742 12.2426C4.53847 13.0237 5.8048 13.0237 6.58584 12.2426L8.00006 10.8284C8.39058 10.4379 9.02375 10.4379 9.41427 10.8284C9.8048 11.219 9.8048 11.8521 9.41427 12.2426L8.00006 13.6569C6.43796 15.219 3.9053 15.219 2.3432 13.6569C0.781107 12.0948 0.781107 9.56211 2.3432 8.00001L3.75742 6.5858C4.14794 6.19527 4.78111 6.19527 5.17163 6.5858C5.56216 6.97632 5.56215 7.60948 5.17163 8.00001L3.75742 9.41422Z" fill="#333333"></path></svg></a><!--[--><!--[-->Point-in-time recovery with PostgreSQL<!--]--><!--]--></h3><p><!--[-->PostgreSQL comes with a built-in feature to recover the state of a database to a certain point in time. This is called <em><!--[--><a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/continuous-archiving.html" rel><!--[-->Point-in-Time Recovery<!--]--></a><!--]--></em> (PITR), which leverages the same mechanics that are used to keep a replica up to date: Starting from a consistent snapshot of the whole database cluster (a <em><!--[-->basebackup<!--]--></em>), we apply the sequence of changes to the database state until a certain point in time has been reached.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->In order to use this feature for a cold backup, we regularly take a basebackup of the database and store this in the <em><!--[-->archive<!--]--></em> (at GitLab, we keep the archive in <a href="https://cloud.google.com/storage/" rel><!--[-->Google Cloud Storage<!--]--></a>). Additionally, we keep track of changes to the database state by archiving the <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/wal-intro.html" rel><!--[--><em><!--[-->write-ahead log<!--]--></em><!--]--></a> (WAL). With that in place, we can perform PITR to recover from a disaster: Start with a snapshot that was taken before the disaster happened and apply changes from the WAL archive until right before the disastrous event.<!--]--></p><h3 id="what-is-delayed-replication" class=""><a class="header-anchor" href="#what-is-delayed-replication" data-ga-name="header-anchor" data-ga-location="prose-heading"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12.2426 3.75736C11.4615 2.97631 10.1952 2.97631 9.41416 3.75736L7.99995 5.17157C7.60942 5.56209 6.97626 5.56209 6.58573 5.17157C6.19521 4.78105 6.19521 4.14788 6.58573 3.75736L7.99995 2.34314C9.56205 0.781046 12.0947 0.781046 13.6568 2.34314C15.2189 3.90524 15.2189 6.4379 13.6568 8L12.2426 9.41421C11.8521 9.80473 11.2189 9.80473 10.8284 9.41421C10.4379 9.02369 10.4379 8.39052 10.8284 8L12.2426 6.58578C13.0236 5.80473 13.0236 4.5384 12.2426 3.75736Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M10.5355 5.4645C10.926 5.85502 10.926 6.48819 10.5355 6.87871L6.87863 10.5356C6.4881 10.9261 5.85494 10.9261 5.46441 10.5356C5.07389 10.145 5.07389 9.51188 5.46441 9.12135L9.12127 5.4645C9.51179 5.07397 10.145 5.07397 10.5355 5.4645Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M3.75742 9.41422C2.97637 10.1953 2.97637 11.4616 3.75742 12.2426C4.53847 13.0237 5.8048 13.0237 6.58584 12.2426L8.00006 10.8284C8.39058 10.4379 9.02375 10.4379 9.41427 10.8284C9.8048 11.219 9.8048 11.8521 9.41427 12.2426L8.00006 13.6569C6.43796 15.219 3.9053 15.219 2.3432 13.6569C0.781107 12.0948 0.781107 9.56211 2.3432 8.00001L3.75742 6.5858C4.14794 6.19527 4.78111 6.19527 5.17163 6.5858C5.56216 6.97632 5.56215 7.60948 5.17163 8.00001L3.75742 9.41422Z" fill="#333333"></path></svg></a><!--[--><!--[-->What is delayed replication?<!--]--><!--]--></h3><p><!--[--><em><!--[-->Delayed replication<!--]--></em> is the idea of applying time-delayed changes from the WAL. That is, a transaction that is committed at physical time <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->X<!--]--></code> is only going to be visible on a replica with delay <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->d<!--]--></code> at time <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->X + d<!--]--></code>.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->For PostgreSQL, there are two ways of setting up a physical replica of the database: <em><!--[-->Archive recovery<!--]--></em> and <em><!--[-->streaming replication<!--]--></em>. <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/archive-recovery-settings.html" rel><!--[-->Archive recovery<!--]--></a> essentially works like PITR but in a continuous way: We keep retrieving changes from the WAL archive and apply them to the replica state in a continuous fashion. On the other hand, <a href="https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Streaming_Replication" rel><!--[-->streaming replication<!--]--></a> directly retrieves the WAL stream from an upstream database host. We prefer archive recovery for delayed replication because it is simpler to manage and delivers an adequate level of performance to keep up with the production cluster.<!--]--></p><h3 id="how-to-set-up-delayed-archive-recovery" class=""><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-set-up-delayed-archive-recovery" data-ga-name="header-anchor" data-ga-location="prose-heading"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12.2426 3.75736C11.4615 2.97631 10.1952 2.97631 9.41416 3.75736L7.99995 5.17157C7.60942 5.56209 6.97626 5.56209 6.58573 5.17157C6.19521 4.78105 6.19521 4.14788 6.58573 3.75736L7.99995 2.34314C9.56205 0.781046 12.0947 0.781046 13.6568 2.34314C15.2189 3.90524 15.2189 6.4379 13.6568 8L12.2426 9.41421C11.8521 9.80473 11.2189 9.80473 10.8284 9.41421C10.4379 9.02369 10.4379 8.39052 10.8284 8L12.2426 6.58578C13.0236 5.80473 13.0236 4.5384 12.2426 3.75736Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M10.5355 5.4645C10.926 5.85502 10.926 6.48819 10.5355 6.87871L6.87863 10.5356C6.4881 10.9261 5.85494 10.9261 5.46441 10.5356C5.07389 10.145 5.07389 9.51188 5.46441 9.12135L9.12127 5.4645C9.51179 5.07397 10.145 5.07397 10.5355 5.4645Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M3.75742 9.41422C2.97637 10.1953 2.97637 11.4616 3.75742 12.2426C4.53847 13.0237 5.8048 13.0237 6.58584 12.2426L8.00006 10.8284C8.39058 10.4379 9.02375 10.4379 9.41427 10.8284C9.8048 11.219 9.8048 11.8521 9.41427 12.2426L8.00006 13.6569C6.43796 15.219 3.9053 15.219 2.3432 13.6569C0.781107 12.0948 0.781107 9.56211 2.3432 8.00001L3.75742 6.5858C4.14794 6.19527 4.78111 6.19527 5.17163 6.5858C5.56216 6.97632 5.56215 7.60948 5.17163 8.00001L3.75742 9.41422Z" fill="#333333"></path></svg></a><!--[--><!--[-->How to set up delayed archive recovery<!--]--><!--]--></h3><p><!--[-->Configuration of <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/recovery-config.html" rel><!--[-->recovery options<!--]--></a> mostly go into <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery.conf<!--]--></code>. Here's an example:<!--]--></p><div class="code-block" meta data-v-588d8b59><button class="copy-btn" type="button" data-v-588d8b59>Copy</button><pre class="language-text" data-v-588d8b59> <!--[--><code>standby_mode = 'on'
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restore_command = '/usr/bin/envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env /opt/wal-e/bin/wal-e wal-fetch -p 4 "%f" "%p"'
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recovery_min_apply_delay = '8h'
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recovery_target_timeline = 'latest'
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</code><!--]-->
|
||
</pre></div><p><!--[-->With these settings in place, we have configured a delayed replica with archive recovery. It uses <a href="https://github.com/wal-e/wal-e" rel><!--[-->wal-e<!--]--></a> to retrieve WAL segments (<code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->restore_command<!--]--></code>) from the archive and delays application of changes by eight hours (<code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery_min_apply_delay<!--]--></code>). The replica is going to follow any timeline switches present in the archive, e.g. caused by a failover in the cluster (<code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery_target_timeline<!--]--></code>).<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->It is possible to configure streaming replication with a delay using <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery_min_apply_delay<!--]--></code>. However, there are a few pitfalls regarding replication slots, hot standby feedback, and others that one needs to be aware of. In our case, we avoid them by replicating from the WAL archive instead of using streaming replication.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->It is worth noting that <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery_min_apply_delay<!--]--></code> was only introduced in PostgreSQL 9.4. However, in previous versions, a delayed replica is typically implemented with a combination of <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/functions-admin.html" rel><!--[-->recovery management functions<!--]--></a> (<code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->pg_xlog_replay_pause(), pg_xlog_replay_resume()<!--]--></code>) or by withholding WAL segments from the archive for the duration of the delay.<!--]--></p><h3 id="how-does-postgresql-implement-it" class=""><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-does-postgresql-implement-it" data-ga-name="header-anchor" data-ga-location="prose-heading"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12.2426 3.75736C11.4615 2.97631 10.1952 2.97631 9.41416 3.75736L7.99995 5.17157C7.60942 5.56209 6.97626 5.56209 6.58573 5.17157C6.19521 4.78105 6.19521 4.14788 6.58573 3.75736L7.99995 2.34314C9.56205 0.781046 12.0947 0.781046 13.6568 2.34314C15.2189 3.90524 15.2189 6.4379 13.6568 8L12.2426 9.41421C11.8521 9.80473 11.2189 9.80473 10.8284 9.41421C10.4379 9.02369 10.4379 8.39052 10.8284 8L12.2426 6.58578C13.0236 5.80473 13.0236 4.5384 12.2426 3.75736Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M10.5355 5.4645C10.926 5.85502 10.926 6.48819 10.5355 6.87871L6.87863 10.5356C6.4881 10.9261 5.85494 10.9261 5.46441 10.5356C5.07389 10.145 5.07389 9.51188 5.46441 9.12135L9.12127 5.4645C9.51179 5.07397 10.145 5.07397 10.5355 5.4645Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M3.75742 9.41422C2.97637 10.1953 2.97637 11.4616 3.75742 12.2426C4.53847 13.0237 5.8048 13.0237 6.58584 12.2426L8.00006 10.8284C8.39058 10.4379 9.02375 10.4379 9.41427 10.8284C9.8048 11.219 9.8048 11.8521 9.41427 12.2426L8.00006 13.6569C6.43796 15.219 3.9053 15.219 2.3432 13.6569C0.781107 12.0948 0.781107 9.56211 2.3432 8.00001L3.75742 6.5858C4.14794 6.19527 4.78111 6.19527 5.17163 6.5858C5.56216 6.97632 5.56215 7.60948 5.17163 8.00001L3.75742 9.41422Z" fill="#333333"></path></svg></a><!--[--><!--[-->How does PostgreSQL implement it?<!--]--><!--]--></h3><p><!--[-->It is particularly interesting to see how PostgreSQL implements delayed recovery. So let's look at <a href="https://gitlab.com/postgres/postgres/blob/c24dcd0cfd949bdf245814c4c2b3df828ee7db36/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c#L6124" rel><!--[--><code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recoveryApplyDelay(XlogReaderState)<!--]--></code><!--]--></a> below. It is called from the <a href="https://gitlab.com/postgres/postgres/blob/c24dcd0cfd949bdf245814c4c2b3df828ee7db36/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c#L7196" rel><!--[-->main redo apply loop<!--]--></a> for each record read from WAL.<!--]--></p><div class="code-block" meta style="" data-v-588d8b59><button class="copy-btn" type="button" data-v-588d8b59>Copy</button><pre class="language-c shiki shiki-themes github-light" data-v-588d8b59> <!--[--><code><span class="line" line="1"><span class="sD7c4">static</span><span class="sD7c4"> bool
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="2"><span class="s7eDp">recoveryApplyDelay</span><span class="sgsFI">(XLogReaderState </span><span class="sD7c4">*</span><span class="sqxcx">record</span><span class="sgsFI">)
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="3"><span class="sgsFI">{
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="4"><span class="sgsFI"> uint8 xact_info;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="5"><span class="sgsFI"> TimestampTz xtime;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="6"><span class="sD7c4"> long</span><span class="sgsFI"> secs;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="7"><span class="sD7c4"> int</span><span class="sgsFI"> microsecs;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="8"><span emptylineplaceholder="true">
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="9"><span class="sAwPA"> /* nothing to do if no delay configured */
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="10"><span class="sD7c4"> if</span><span class="sgsFI"> (recovery_min_apply_delay </span><span class="sD7c4"><=</span><span class="sYu0t"> 0</span><span class="sgsFI">)
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="11"><span class="sD7c4"> return</span><span class="sYu0t"> false</span><span class="sgsFI">;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="12"><span emptylineplaceholder="true">
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="13"><span class="sAwPA"> /* no delay is applied on a database not yet consistent */
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="14"><span class="sD7c4"> if</span><span class="sgsFI"> (</span><span class="sD7c4">!</span><span class="sgsFI">reachedConsistency)
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="15"><span class="sD7c4"> return</span><span class="sYu0t"> false</span><span class="sgsFI">;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="16"><span emptylineplaceholder="true">
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="17"><span class="sAwPA"> /*
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="18"><span class="sAwPA"> * Is it a COMMIT record?
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="19"><span class="sAwPA"> *
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="20"><span class="sAwPA"> * We deliberately choose not to delay aborts since they have no effect on
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="21"><span class="sAwPA"> * MVCC. We already allow replay of records that don't have a timestamp,
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="22"><span class="sAwPA"> * so there is already opportunity for issues caused by early conflicts on
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="23"><span class="sAwPA"> * standbys.
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="24"><span class="sAwPA"> */
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="25"><span class="sD7c4"> if</span><span class="sgsFI"> (</span><span class="s7eDp">XLogRecGetRmid</span><span class="sgsFI">(record) </span><span class="sD7c4">!=</span><span class="sgsFI"> RM_XACT_ID)
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="26"><span class="sD7c4"> return</span><span class="sYu0t"> false</span><span class="sgsFI">;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="27"><span emptylineplaceholder="true">
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="28"><span class="sgsFI"> xact_info </span><span class="sD7c4">=</span><span class="s7eDp"> XLogRecGetInfo</span><span class="sgsFI">(record) </span><span class="sD7c4">&</span><span class="sgsFI"> XLOG_XACT_OPMASK;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="29"><span emptylineplaceholder="true">
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="30"><span class="sD7c4"> if</span><span class="sgsFI"> (xact_info </span><span class="sD7c4">!=</span><span class="sgsFI"> XLOG_XACT_COMMIT </span><span class="sD7c4">&&
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="31"><span class="sgsFI"> xact_info </span><span class="sD7c4">!=</span><span class="sgsFI"> XLOG_XACT_COMMIT_PREPARED)
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="32"><span class="sD7c4"> return</span><span class="sYu0t"> false</span><span class="sgsFI">;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="33"><span emptylineplaceholder="true">
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="34"><span class="sD7c4"> if</span><span class="sgsFI"> (</span><span class="sD7c4">!</span><span class="s7eDp">getRecordTimestamp</span><span class="sgsFI">(record, </span><span class="sD7c4">&</span><span class="sgsFI">xtime))
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="35"><span class="sD7c4"> return</span><span class="sYu0t"> false</span><span class="sgsFI">;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="36"><span emptylineplaceholder="true">
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="37"><span class="sgsFI"> recoveryDelayUntilTime </span><span class="sD7c4">=
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="38"><span class="s7eDp"> TimestampTzPlusMilliseconds</span><span class="sgsFI">(xtime, recovery_min_apply_delay);
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="39"><span emptylineplaceholder="true">
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="40"><span class="sAwPA"> /*
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="41"><span class="sAwPA"> * Exit without arming the latch if it's already past time to apply this
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="42"><span class="sAwPA"> * record
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="43"><span class="sAwPA"> */
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="44"><span class="s7eDp"> TimestampDifference</span><span class="sgsFI">(</span><span class="s7eDp">GetCurrentTimestamp</span><span class="sgsFI">(), recoveryDelayUntilTime,
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="45"><span class="sD7c4"> &</span><span class="sgsFI">secs, </span><span class="sD7c4">&</span><span class="sgsFI">microsecs);
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="46"><span class="sD7c4"> if</span><span class="sgsFI"> (secs </span><span class="sD7c4"><=</span><span class="sYu0t"> 0</span><span class="sD7c4"> &&</span><span class="sgsFI"> microsecs </span><span class="sD7c4"><=</span><span class="sYu0t"> 0</span><span class="sgsFI">)
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="47"><span class="sD7c4"> return</span><span class="sYu0t"> false</span><span class="sgsFI">;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="48"><span emptylineplaceholder="true">
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="49"><span class="sD7c4"> while</span><span class="sgsFI"> (</span><span class="sYu0t">true</span><span class="sgsFI">)
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="50"><span class="sgsFI"> {
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="51"><span class="sAwPA"> // Shortened:
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="52"><span class="sAwPA"> // Use WaitLatch until we reached recoveryDelayUntilTime
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="53"><span class="sAwPA"> // and then
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="54"><span class="sD7c4"> break</span><span class="sgsFI">;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="55"><span class="sgsFI"> }
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="56"><span class="sD7c4"> return</span><span class="sYu0t"> true</span><span class="sgsFI">;
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="57"><span class="sgsFI">}
|
||
</span></span></code><!--]-->
|
||
</pre></div><p><!--[-->The takeaway here is that the delay is based on the physical time that was recorded with the commit timestamp of the transaction (<code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->xtime<!--]--></code>). We can also see that the delay is only applied to commit records but not to other types of records: Any data changes are directly applied but the corresponding commit is delayed, so these changes only become visible after the configured delay.<!--]--></p><h3 id="how-to-use-a-delayed-replica-to-recover-data" class=""><a class="header-anchor" href="#how-to-use-a-delayed-replica-to-recover-data" data-ga-name="header-anchor" data-ga-location="prose-heading"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12.2426 3.75736C11.4615 2.97631 10.1952 2.97631 9.41416 3.75736L7.99995 5.17157C7.60942 5.56209 6.97626 5.56209 6.58573 5.17157C6.19521 4.78105 6.19521 4.14788 6.58573 3.75736L7.99995 2.34314C9.56205 0.781046 12.0947 0.781046 13.6568 2.34314C15.2189 3.90524 15.2189 6.4379 13.6568 8L12.2426 9.41421C11.8521 9.80473 11.2189 9.80473 10.8284 9.41421C10.4379 9.02369 10.4379 8.39052 10.8284 8L12.2426 6.58578C13.0236 5.80473 13.0236 4.5384 12.2426 3.75736Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M10.5355 5.4645C10.926 5.85502 10.926 6.48819 10.5355 6.87871L6.87863 10.5356C6.4881 10.9261 5.85494 10.9261 5.46441 10.5356C5.07389 10.145 5.07389 9.51188 5.46441 9.12135L9.12127 5.4645C9.51179 5.07397 10.145 5.07397 10.5355 5.4645Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M3.75742 9.41422C2.97637 10.1953 2.97637 11.4616 3.75742 12.2426C4.53847 13.0237 5.8048 13.0237 6.58584 12.2426L8.00006 10.8284C8.39058 10.4379 9.02375 10.4379 9.41427 10.8284C9.8048 11.219 9.8048 11.8521 9.41427 12.2426L8.00006 13.6569C6.43796 15.219 3.9053 15.219 2.3432 13.6569C0.781107 12.0948 0.781107 9.56211 2.3432 8.00001L3.75742 6.5858C4.14794 6.19527 4.78111 6.19527 5.17163 6.5858C5.56216 6.97632 5.56215 7.60948 5.17163 8.00001L3.75742 9.41422Z" fill="#333333"></path></svg></a><!--[--><!--[-->How to use a delayed replica to recover data<!--]--><!--]--></h3><p><!--[-->Let's say we have a production database cluster and a replica with eight hours of delay. How do we use this to recover data? Let's look at how this worked in the case of the <a href="https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-infra/production/issues/509" rel><!--[-->accidental label deletion<!--]--></a>.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->As soon as we were aware of the incident, we <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/functions-admin.html" rel><!--[-->paused archive recovery<!--]--></a> on the delayed replica:<!--]--></p><div class="code-block" meta style="" data-v-588d8b59><button class="copy-btn" type="button" data-v-588d8b59>Copy</button><pre class="language-sql shiki shiki-themes github-light" data-v-588d8b59> <!--[--><code><span class="line" line="1"><span class="sD7c4">SELECT</span><span class="sgsFI"> pg_xlog_replay_pause();
|
||
</span></span></code><!--]-->
|
||
</pre></div><p><!--[-->Pausing the replica eliminated the risk of the replica replaying the <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->DELETE<!--]--></code> query. This is useful if you need more time to investigate.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->The recovery approach is to let the delayed replica catch up until right before the point the <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->DELETE<!--]--></code> query occurred. In our case we knew roughly the physical time of the <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->DELETE<!--]--></code> query. We removed <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery_min_apply_delay<!--]--></code> and added <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery_target_time<!--]--></code> to <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery.conf<!--]--></code>. This effectively lets the replica catch up as fast as possible (no delay) until a certain point in time:<!--]--></p><div class="code-block" meta data-v-588d8b59><button class="copy-btn" type="button" data-v-588d8b59>Copy</button><pre class="language-text" data-v-588d8b59> <!--[--><code>recovery_target_time = '2018-10-12 09:25:00+00'
|
||
</code><!--]-->
|
||
</pre></div><p><!--[-->When operating with physical timestamps, it's worth adding a little margin for error. Obviously, the bigger the margin, the bigger the data loss. On the other hand, if the replica recovers beyond the actual incident timestamp it also replays the <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->DELETE<!--]--></code> query and we would have to start over (or worse: use a cold backup to perform PITR).<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->After restarting the delayed Postgres instance, we saw a lot of WAL segments being replayed until the target transaction time was reached. In order to get a sense of the progress during this phase, we can use this query:<!--]--></p><div class="code-block" meta style="" data-v-588d8b59><button class="copy-btn" type="button" data-v-588d8b59>Copy</button><pre class="language-sql shiki shiki-themes github-light" data-v-588d8b59> <!--[--><code><span class="line" line="1"><span class="sD7c4">SELECT
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="2"><span class="sAwPA"> -- current location in WAL
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="3"><span class="sgsFI"> pg_last_xlog_replay_location(),
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="4"><span class="sAwPA"> -- current transaction timestamp (state of the replica)
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="5"><span class="sgsFI"> pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp(),
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="6"><span class="sAwPA"> -- current physical time
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="7"><span class="sD7c4"> now</span><span class="sgsFI">(),
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="8"><span class="sAwPA"> -- the amount of time still to be applied until recovery_target_time has been reached
|
||
</span></span><span class="line" line="9"><span class="sYBdl"> '2018-10-12 09:25:00+00'</span><span class="sgsFI">::</span><span class="sD7c4">timestamptz</span><span class="sD7c4"> -</span><span class="sgsFI"> pg_last_xact_replay_timestamp() </span><span class="sD7c4">as</span><span class="sD7c4"> delay</span><span class="sgsFI">;
|
||
</span></span></code><!--]-->
|
||
</pre></div><p><!--[-->We know recovery is complete when the replay timestamp does not change any more. We can consider setting a <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/recovery-target-settings.html" rel><!--[--><code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery_target_action<!--]--></code><!--]--></a> in order to shut down, promote or pause the instance once replay has completed (the default is to pause).<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->The database is now in the state preceding the disastrous query. We can start to export data or otherwise make use of the database. In our case, we exported information about the label that was deleted and its association with issues and merge requests and imported that data into our production database. In other cases with more severe data loss, it can be favorable to promote the replica and continue to use it as a primary. However this means that we lose any data that was entered into the database after the point in time we recovered to.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->A more precise alternative to using physical timestamps for targeted recovery is using transaction ids. It is good practice to log transaction ids for e.g. DDL statements (like <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->DROP TABLE<!--]--></code>) using <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->log_statements = 'ddl'<!--]--></code>. If we had a transaction id at hand, we could have used <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery_target_xid<!--]--></code> instead in order to replay to the transaction that preceded the <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->DELETE<!--]--></code> query.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->For the delayed replica, the way back to normal is simple: Revert changes to <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->recovery.conf<!--]--></code> and restart Postgres. After a while, the replica is going to show a delay of eight hours again – ready for any future disasters.<!--]--></p><h3 id="benefits-for-recovery" class=""><a class="header-anchor" href="#benefits-for-recovery" data-ga-name="header-anchor" data-ga-location="prose-heading"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12.2426 3.75736C11.4615 2.97631 10.1952 2.97631 9.41416 3.75736L7.99995 5.17157C7.60942 5.56209 6.97626 5.56209 6.58573 5.17157C6.19521 4.78105 6.19521 4.14788 6.58573 3.75736L7.99995 2.34314C9.56205 0.781046 12.0947 0.781046 13.6568 2.34314C15.2189 3.90524 15.2189 6.4379 13.6568 8L12.2426 9.41421C11.8521 9.80473 11.2189 9.80473 10.8284 9.41421C10.4379 9.02369 10.4379 8.39052 10.8284 8L12.2426 6.58578C13.0236 5.80473 13.0236 4.5384 12.2426 3.75736Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M10.5355 5.4645C10.926 5.85502 10.926 6.48819 10.5355 6.87871L6.87863 10.5356C6.4881 10.9261 5.85494 10.9261 5.46441 10.5356C5.07389 10.145 5.07389 9.51188 5.46441 9.12135L9.12127 5.4645C9.51179 5.07397 10.145 5.07397 10.5355 5.4645Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M3.75742 9.41422C2.97637 10.1953 2.97637 11.4616 3.75742 12.2426C4.53847 13.0237 5.8048 13.0237 6.58584 12.2426L8.00006 10.8284C8.39058 10.4379 9.02375 10.4379 9.41427 10.8284C9.8048 11.219 9.8048 11.8521 9.41427 12.2426L8.00006 13.6569C6.43796 15.219 3.9053 15.219 2.3432 13.6569C0.781107 12.0948 0.781107 9.56211 2.3432 8.00001L3.75742 6.5858C4.14794 6.19527 4.78111 6.19527 5.17163 6.5858C5.56216 6.97632 5.56215 7.60948 5.17163 8.00001L3.75742 9.41422Z" fill="#333333"></path></svg></a><!--[--><!--[-->Benefits for recovery<!--]--><!--]--></h3><p><!--[-->The major benefit from a delayed replica over using a cold backup is that it eliminates the step of restoring a full snapshot from the archive. This can easily take hours, depending on network and storage speeds. In our case, it takes roughly five hours to retrieve the full ~2TB basebackup from the archive. In addition to that, we would have to apply 24 hours' worth of WAL in order to recover to the desired state (in the worst case).<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->With a delayed replica in place, we get two benefits over a cold backup:<!--]--></p><ol><!--[--><li><!--[-->No need to retrieve a full basebackup from the archive and<!--]--></li><li><!--[-->we have a <em><!--[-->fixed<!--]--></em> window of eight hours' worth of WAL that needs to be replayed to catch up.<!--]--></li><!--]--></ol><p><!--[-->In addition to that, we continuously test our ability to perform PITR from the WAL archive and would quickly realize WAL archive corruption or other WAL-related problems by monitoring the lag of the delayed replica.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->In our example case, completing recovery took 50 minutes and translated to a recovery rate of 110 GB worth of WAL per hour (the archive was still on <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/s3/" rel><!--[-->AWS S3<!--]--></a> at that time). The incident was mitigated and data recovered and restored 90 minutes after work was started.<!--]--></p><h3 id="summing-up-where-delayed-replication-can-be-useful-and-where-its-not" class=""><a class="header-anchor" href="#summing-up-where-delayed-replication-can-be-useful-and-where-its-not" data-ga-name="header-anchor" data-ga-location="prose-heading"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12.2426 3.75736C11.4615 2.97631 10.1952 2.97631 9.41416 3.75736L7.99995 5.17157C7.60942 5.56209 6.97626 5.56209 6.58573 5.17157C6.19521 4.78105 6.19521 4.14788 6.58573 3.75736L7.99995 2.34314C9.56205 0.781046 12.0947 0.781046 13.6568 2.34314C15.2189 3.90524 15.2189 6.4379 13.6568 8L12.2426 9.41421C11.8521 9.80473 11.2189 9.80473 10.8284 9.41421C10.4379 9.02369 10.4379 8.39052 10.8284 8L12.2426 6.58578C13.0236 5.80473 13.0236 4.5384 12.2426 3.75736Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M10.5355 5.4645C10.926 5.85502 10.926 6.48819 10.5355 6.87871L6.87863 10.5356C6.4881 10.9261 5.85494 10.9261 5.46441 10.5356C5.07389 10.145 5.07389 9.51188 5.46441 9.12135L9.12127 5.4645C9.51179 5.07397 10.145 5.07397 10.5355 5.4645Z" fill="#333333"></path><path d="M3.75742 9.41422C2.97637 10.1953 2.97637 11.4616 3.75742 12.2426C4.53847 13.0237 5.8048 13.0237 6.58584 12.2426L8.00006 10.8284C8.39058 10.4379 9.02375 10.4379 9.41427 10.8284C9.8048 11.219 9.8048 11.8521 9.41427 12.2426L8.00006 13.6569C6.43796 15.219 3.9053 15.219 2.3432 13.6569C0.781107 12.0948 0.781107 9.56211 2.3432 8.00001L3.75742 6.5858C4.14794 6.19527 4.78111 6.19527 5.17163 6.5858C5.56216 6.97632 5.56215 7.60948 5.17163 8.00001L3.75742 9.41422Z" fill="#333333"></path></svg></a><!--[--><!--[-->Summing up: Where delayed replication can be useful (and where it's not)<!--]--><!--]--></h3><p><!--[-->Delayed replication can be used as a first resort to recover from accidental data loss and lends itself perfectly to situations where the loss-inducing event is noticed within the configured delay.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->Let's be clear though: <em><!--[-->Replication is not a backup mechanism<!--]--></em>.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->Backup and replication are two mechanisms with distinct purposes: A <em><!--[-->cold backup<!--]--></em> is useful to recover from a disaster, for example an accidental <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->DELETE<!--]--></code> or <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->DROP TABLE<!--]--></code> event. In this case, we utilize a backup from cold storage to restore an earlier state of a table or the whole database. On the other hand, a <code class="code" data-v-84382b13><!--[-->DROP TABLE<!--]--></code> query replicates nearly instantly to all replicas in a running cluster – hence normal replication on its own is not useful to recover from this scenario. Instead, the purpose of <em><!--[-->replication<!--]--></em> is mostly to guard database availability against failures of individual database servers and to distribute load.<!--]--></p><p><!--[-->Even with a delayed replica in place, there are situations where we really want a cold backup that is stored in a safe place: data center failures, silent corruption, or other events that aren't visible right away, are prime candidates to rely on cold backups. 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