3599 lines
193 KiB
HTML
3599 lines
193 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html class="cls-fix-enabled" lang="en">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta name="pageKey" content="d_flagship2_pulse_read">
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<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large, noarchive">
|
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<meta name="bingbot" content="max-image-preview:large, archive">
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<!----><!----> <meta name="locale" content="en_US">
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<!----> <meta id="config" data-app-version="0.0.5050" data-call-tree-id="AAZbPf/g5QRgM4e0Dt1Hhg==" data-multiproduct-name="article-ssr-frontend" data-service-name="article-ssr-frontend" data-browser-id="80d82a4d-e5b3-4bf6-8620-f9b8a7d8edd8" data-is-bot="false" data-enable-page-view-heartbeat-tracking data-page-instance="urn:li:page:d_flagship2_pulse_read;+0GTmquqQKeA3Do/clWv1g==" data-theme="light" data-disable-jsbeacon-pagekey-suffix="false" data-member-id="0" data-logout-url="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/logout?session_full_logout=true&csrfToken=ajax%3A8628745144001084410" data-should-use-full-url-in-pve-path="true" data-dna-member-lix-treatment="enabled" data-human-member-lix-treatment="enabled" data-dfp-member-lix-treatment="control" data-sync-apfc-headers-lix-treatment="control" data-sync-apfc-cb-lix-treatment="control" data-recaptcha-v3-integration-lix-value="control" data-network-interceptor-lix-value="control" data-is-epd-audit-event-enabled="false" data-is-feed-sponsored-tracking-kill-switch-enabled="false" data-sequence-auto-redirect-before-request-enabled="false">
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reliability-works-aaron-blohowiak">
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<!----><!---->
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<!---->
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<!---->
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<meta property="al:android:url" content="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reliability-works-aaron-blohowiak">
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<meta property="al:android:package" content="com.linkedin.android">
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||
<meta property="al:android:app_name" content="LinkedIn">
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||
<meta property="al:ios:url" content="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reliability-works-aaron-blohowiak">
|
||
<meta property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="288429040">
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<meta property="al:ios:app_name" content="LinkedIn">
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|
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<!---->
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<link rel="icon" href="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca">
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|
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<script>
|
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function getDfd() {let yFn,nFn;const p=new Promise(function(y, n){yFn=y;nFn=n;});p.resolve=yFn;p.reject=nFn;return p;}
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||
window.lazyloader = getDfd();
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||
window.tracking = getDfd();
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||
window.impressionTracking = getDfd();
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||
window.ingraphTracking = getDfd();
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||
window.appDetection = getDfd();
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window.pemTracking = getDfd();
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window.appRedirectCompleted = getDfd();
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</script>
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<!---->
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<title>Reliability That Works</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/cdylijqrbb93xk0piba8g442j">
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<meta name="description" content="TL:DR; Prefer investing in recovery instead of prevention. Not every reliability strategy is fit for every situation.">
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<meta property="og:title" content="Reliability That Works">
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<meta property="og:description" content="TL:DR; Prefer investing in recovery instead of prevention. Not every reliability strategy is fit for every situation.">
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<meta property="og:image" content="https://static.licdn.com/scds/common/u/images/email/artdeco/logos/96/linkedin-bug-color.png">
|
||
<meta property="og:type" content="article">
|
||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reliability-works-aaron-blohowiak">
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|
||
<!---->
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||
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
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||
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@LinkedInEditors">
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||
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Reliability That Works">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="TL:DR; Prefer investing in recovery instead of prevention. Not every reliability strategy is fit for every situation.">
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static.licdn.com/scds/common/u/images/email/artdeco/logos/96/linkedin-bug-color.png">
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<meta name="appId">
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<meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by">
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<meta name="twitter:data1" content="Aaron Blohowiak">
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<meta name="twitter:label2" content="Reading time">
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<meta name="twitter:data2" content="9 min read">
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<meta name="clientSideIngraphs" content="1" data-gauge-metric-endpoint="/pulse/api/ingraphs/gauge" data-counter-metric-endpoint="/pulse/api/ingraphs/counter">
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<!---->
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<script type="application/ld+json">
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{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"TL:DR; Prefer investing in recovery instead of prevention. Not every reliability strategy is fit for every situation.","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reliability-works-aaron-blohowiak","publisher":null,"name":"Reliability That Works","commentCount":8,"interactionStatistic":[{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"http://schema.org/LikeAction","userInteractionCount":45},{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"http://schema.org/CommentAction","userInteractionCount":8}],"datePublished":"2018-10-09T15:19:19.000+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reliability-works-aaron-blohowiak","isAccessibleForFree":true,"dateModified":"2021-02-08T23:41:44.000+00:00","author":{"@type":"Person","image":"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/C5603AQG_xohV2C4rbw/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/0/1596489630378?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=dO8Cq3p-K_n4c6QY3R5uBZ9-6eqd0tmEzPpS_nFneO0","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/FollowAction","name":"Followers","userInteractionCount":1561},"name":"Aaron Blohowiak","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/aaronblohowiak"}}
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</script>
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<!----> </head>
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<body dir="ltr">
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<!----><!----><!---->
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||
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<div class="guest-upsells">
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|
||
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||
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||
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<form class="google-auth base-google-auth" action="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login-submit" method="post">
|
||
<input name="loginCsrfParam" value="80d82a4d-e5b3-4bf6-8620-f9b8a7d8edd8" type="hidden">
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||
<input name="session_redirect" value="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reliability-works-aaron-blohowiak" type="hidden">
|
||
<input name="trk" value="pulse-article_google-one-tap-submit" type="hidden">
|
||
<div class="google-one-tap__module hidden fixed flex flex-col items-center top-[70px] right-[20px] z-[9999]">
|
||
<div class="google-auth__tnc-container hidden relative top-2 bg-color-background-container-tint pl-2 pr-1 pt-2 pb-3 w-[375px] rounded-md shadow-2xl">
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<p class="text-md font-bold text-color-text">
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Agree & Join LinkedIn
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</p>
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<p class="linkedin-tc__text text-color-text-low-emphasis text-xs pb-2 !text-sm !text-color-text" data-impression-id="pulse-article_one-tap-skip-tc-text">
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||
By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s <a href="/legal/user-agreement?trk=linkedin-tc_auth-button_user-agreement" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="linkedin-tc_auth-button_user-agreement" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">User Agreement</a>, <a href="/legal/privacy-policy?trk=linkedin-tc_auth-button_privacy-policy" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="linkedin-tc_auth-button_privacy-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">Privacy Policy</a>, and <a href="/legal/cookie-policy?trk=linkedin-tc_auth-button_cookie-policy" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="linkedin-tc_auth-button_cookie-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">Cookie Policy</a>.
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||
</p>
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||
|
||
</div>
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||
<div data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_google-one-tap" id="google-one-tap__container"></div>
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||
</div>
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||
|
||
<div class="loader loader--full-screen">
|
||
<div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden">
|
||
<icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--large fill-currentColor h-[60px] min-h-[60px] w-[60px] min-w-[60px]"></icon>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</form>
|
||
<script data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/29rdkxlvag0d3cpj96fiilbju" data-module-id="google-gsi-lib" data-track-latency></script>
|
||
<code id="isLinkedInAppWebView" style="display: none"><!--false--></code>
|
||
<code id="shouldRemoveUndefinedValues" style="display: none"><!--false--></code>
|
||
<code id="useDirectGoogleGsiLoad" style="display: none"><!--false--></code>
|
||
<code id="isItpSupportEnabled" style="display: none"><!--false--></code>
|
||
<code id="tncFlow" style="display: none"><!--"control"--></code>
|
||
<code id="isGoogleAuthButtonLocaleSupportEnabled" style="display: none"><!--true--></code>
|
||
<code id="gsiLocale" style="display: none"><!--"en_US"--></code>
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||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="contextual-sign-in-modal base-contextual-sign-in-modal" data-impression-id="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal" data-cool-off-enabled data-show-on-page-load>
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||
<!---->
|
||
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||
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||
<div class>
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||
<!---->
|
||
<div id="base-contextual-sign-in-modal" class="modal modal--contextual-sign-in modal--contextual-sign-in-v2 modal--contextual-sign-in-v2--stacked" data-outlet="base-contextual-sign-in-modal">
|
||
<!----> <div class="modal__overlay flex items-center bg-color-background-scrim justify-center fixed bottom-0 left-0 right-0 top-0 opacity-0 invisible pointer-events-none z-[1000] transition-[opacity] ease-[cubic-bezier(0.25,0.1,0.25,1.0)] duration-[0.17s]
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||
py-4
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||
" aria-hidden="true">
|
||
<section aria-modal="true" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="base-contextual-sign-in-modal-modal-header" tabindex="-1" class="max-h-full modal__wrapper overflow-auto p-0 bg-color-surface max-w-[1128px] min-h-[160px] relative scale-[0.25] shadow-sm shadow-color-border-faint transition-[transform] ease-[cubic-bezier(0.25,0.1,0.25,1.0)] duration-[0.33s] focus:outline-0
|
||
|
||
w-[1128px] mamabear:w-[744px] babybear:w-[360px]
|
||
|
||
rounded-md">
|
||
|
||
<button class="modal__dismiss btn-tertiary h-[40px] w-[40px] p-0 rounded-full indent-0
|
||
contextual-sign-in-modal__modal-dismiss absolute right-0 m-[20px] cursor-pointer" aria-label="Dismiss" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_modal_dismiss">
|
||
<icon class="contextual-sign-in-modal__modal-dismiss-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/gs508lg3t2o81tq7pmcgn6m2"></icon>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="modal__main w-full">
|
||
|
||
<div class="flex overflow-hidden contextual-sign-in-modal__layout--stacked">
|
||
<div class="contextual-sign-in-modal__left-content">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<img class="inline-block relative hue-web-entity__image
|
||
|
||
w-8 h-8
|
||
contextual-sign-in-modal__img mx-auto" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/5k9cgtx8rhoyqkcxfoncu1svl" data-ghost-classes="bg-color-entity-ghost-background" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9l8dv1r8a09nem281grvopn9l" alt>
|
||
|
||
<h2 class="contextual-sign-in-modal__context-screen-title font-sans text-lg text-color-text mt-2 mb-1 text-center" id="base-contextual-sign-in-modal-modal-header">
|
||
Sign in to view more content
|
||
</h2>
|
||
<div class="contextual-sign-in-modal__divider left-right-divider"></div>
|
||
<p class="contextual-sign-in-modal__subtitle mt-1 mb-2 babybear:mx-0 text-center font-sans text-xs text-color-text-low-emphasis">
|
||
<!----> <span>Create your free account or sign in to continue your search</span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="contextual-sign-in-modal__right-content">
|
||
<div class="contextual-sign-in-modal__google-sign-in-primary w-full">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="google-auth-button">
|
||
<!----> <div class="google-auth-button__placeholder mx-auto
|
||
" data-theme="filled_blue" data-logo-alignment="center" data-locale="en_US" role="button" aria-label="Continue with google"></div>
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<code id="i18n_sign_in_form_show_text" style="display: none"><!--"Show"--></code>
|
||
<code id="i18n_sign_in_form_show_label" style="display: none"><!--"Show your LinkedIn password"--></code>
|
||
<code id="i18n_sign_in_form_hide_text" style="display: none"><!--"Hide"--></code>
|
||
<code id="i18n_sign_in_form_hide_label" style="display: none"><!--"Hide your LinkedIn password"--></code>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<code id="i18n_username_error_empty" style="display: none"><!--"Please enter an email address or phone number"--></code>
|
||
|
||
<code id="i18n_username_error_too_long" style="display: none"><!--"Email or phone number must be between 3 to 128 characters"--></code>
|
||
<code id="i18n_username_error_too_short" style="display: none"><!--"Email or phone number must be between 3 to 128 characters"--></code>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<code id="i18n_password_error_empty" style="display: none"><!--"Please enter a password"--></code>
|
||
|
||
<code id="i18n_password_error_too_short" style="display: none"><!--"The password you provided must have at least 6 characters"--></code>
|
||
|
||
<code id="i18n_password_error_too_long" style="display: none"><!--"The password you provided must have at most 400 characters"--></code>
|
||
|
||
<!----> <form data-id="sign-in-form" action="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login-submit" method="post" novalidate class="contextual-sign-in-modal__sign-in-form mb-1 hidden">
|
||
<input name="loginCsrfParam" value="80d82a4d-e5b3-4bf6-8620-f9b8a7d8edd8" type="hidden">
|
||
|
||
<div class="flex flex-col">
|
||
|
||
<div class="mt-1.5" data-js-module-id="guest-input">
|
||
<div class="flex flex-col">
|
||
<label class="input-label mb-1" for="csm-v2_session_key">
|
||
Email or phone
|
||
</label>
|
||
<div class="text-input flex">
|
||
<input class="text-color-text font-sans text-md outline-0 bg-color-transparent w-full" autocomplete="username" id="csm-v2_session_key" name="session_key" required data-tracking-control-name="csm-v2_sign-in-session-key" data-tracking-client-ingraph type="text">
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p class="input-helper mt-1.5" for="csm-v2_session_key" role="alert" data-js-module-id="guest-input__message"></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="mt-1.5" data-js-module-id="guest-input">
|
||
<div class="flex flex-col">
|
||
<label class="input-label mb-1" for="csm-v2_session_password">
|
||
Password
|
||
</label>
|
||
<div class="text-input flex">
|
||
<input class="text-color-text font-sans text-md outline-0 bg-color-transparent w-full" autocomplete="current-password" id="csm-v2_session_password" name="session_password" required data-tracking-control-name="csm-v2_sign-in-password" data-tracking-client-ingraph type="password">
|
||
|
||
<button aria-live="assertive" aria-relevant="text" data-id="sign-in-form__password-visibility-toggle" class="font-sans text-md font-bold text-color-action z-10 ml-[12px] hover:cursor-pointer" aria-label="Show your LinkedIn password" data-tracking-control-name="csm-v2_sign-in-password-visibility-toggle-btn" type="button">Show</button>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p class="input-helper mt-1.5" for="csm-v2_session_password" role="alert" data-js-module-id="guest-input__message"></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<input name="session_redirect" value="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/reliability-works-aaron-blohowiak" type="hidden">
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
|
||
<div data-id="sign-in-form__footer" class="flex justify-between
|
||
sign-in-form__footer--full-width">
|
||
<a data-id="sign-in-form__forgot-password" class="font-sans text-md font-bold link leading-regular
|
||
sign-in-form__forgot-password--full-width" href="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/request-password-reset?trk=csm-v2_forgot_password" data-tracking-control-name="csm-v2_forgot_password" data-tracking-will-navigate>Forgot password?</a>
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<input name="trk" value="csm-v2_sign-in-submit" type="hidden">
|
||
<button class="btn-md btn-primary flex-shrink-0 cursor-pointer
|
||
sign-in-form__submit-btn--full-width" data-id="sign-in-form__submit-btn" data-tracking-control-name="csm-v2_sign-in-submit-btn" data-tracking-client-ingraph data-tracking-litms type="submit">
|
||
Sign in
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<!----> </form>
|
||
<!----><!---->
|
||
|
||
<button class="contextual-sign-in-modal__sign-in-with-email-cta my-2 btn-sm btn-secondary min-h-[40px] w-full flex align-center justify-center" data-tracking-control-name="sign-in-with-email-cta">
|
||
<icon class="inline-block align-middle h-[24px] w-[24px] mr-0.5" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9w7euj0n5gnk6np2akf853sm3"></icon>
|
||
<span class="self-center">Sign in with Email</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div class="contextual-sign-in-modal__divider left-right-divider">
|
||
<p class="contextual-sign-in-modal__divider-text font-sans text-sm text-color-text px-2">
|
||
or
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="contextual-sign-in-modal__google-sign-in-secondary contextual-sign-in-modal__google-sign-in-secondary--hidden">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="google-auth-button">
|
||
<!----> <div class="google-auth-button__placeholder mx-auto
|
||
google-auth-button__placeholder--black-border" data-theme="outline" data-logo-alignment="center" data-locale="en_US" role="button" aria-label="Continue with google"></div>
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<p class="contextual-sign-in-modal__join-now m-auto font-sans text-md text-center text-color-text my-2">
|
||
New to LinkedIn? <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fpulse%2Freliability-works-aaron-blohowiak%2F&trk=pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_join-link" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_join-link" data-tracking-will-navigate="true" class="contextual-sign-in-modal__join-link">Join now</a>
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<p class="linkedin-tc__text text-color-text-low-emphasis text-xs pb-2 contextual-sign-in-modal__terms-and-conditions m-auto w-full" data-impression-id="linkedin-tc__button-skip-tc-text">
|
||
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<h1 class="pulse-title text-display-md text-color-text lg:text-display-lg font-bold w-11/12">Reliability That Works</h1>
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Aaron Blohowiak
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Aaron Blohowiak
|
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</h3>
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<!---->
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<!---->
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||
<div class="body-text text-color-text-low-emphasis base-main-card__metadata">
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||
Published Oct 9, 2018
|
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</div>
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</section>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
<!----> <div class="article-main__content max-w-[744px]"><p><em>TL:DR; Prefer investing in recovery instead of prevention.</em></p>
|
||
<p>Not every reliability strategy is fit for every situation. In this brief doc, I propose a conceptual framework for thinking and talking about errors and what we can do to minimize them. Since every error can be minimized in a number of ways, we should figure out which minimization strategies are appropriate in which circumstances.</p>
|
||
<p>There are three sources of error:</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>Environment</strong>: Something out of our control happened (ie: hardware failure, external dependency crash, undersea cable cut, DDOS, user inputs.)</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Growth</strong>. Additional users or increased engagement, accumulation of data over time</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Self</strong>. Changes to production performed by its operators (that’s you and me.)</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>There are four strategies to deal with errors:</p>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li><strong>Prevention</strong>. Stop errors from happening.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Robustness</strong>: When errors happen, they have no perceptible effect.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Isolation: </strong>When errors happen, they are contained to a subset of functionality and/or users.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Recovery</strong>: When errors happen, we can restore the system to a state where users can no longer perceive error.</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<h2>Does Preventing Errors Work?</h2>
|
||
<p>Not nearly as well as people think. Environmental errors, by definition are out of our control. We don’t want to <em>prevent</em> growth. So two <em>classes</em> of errors aren’t preventable. This leaves Self-induced errors. You can spend a lot of time and money trying to prevent errors, but most businesses don’t have the appetite to spend enough to prevent them all. At some point an error will be introduced.</p>
|
||
<p>“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Really? That’s only true if you get sick every 16 days. Or if the cure doesn’t work. I’m not saying you should avoid writing unit tests -- do that (please!) just don’t think that will prevent all errors.</p>
|
||
<p>What about integration testing and “full” coverage?</p>
|
||
<p>If you imagine that pieces of code are nodes and their potential interactions are edges, it is easy to see how adding nodes leads to an exponential increase in the number of edges. Since errors can arise from any interaction, the cost of error prevention is exponential to the investment in the development of the system. Even if you follow all the best refactoring processes and achieve very high test coverage, you’re bound to miss something. “Testing shows the presence, not the absence of bugs.” - Edsger W. Dijkstra</p>
|
||
<p>Prevention techniques only catch the kinds of errors you can imagine. Even <em>if</em> you get it all right, you are still vulnerable to the class of errors that are essentially “the code worked exactly as designed, but it turns out that wasn’t what we wanted.”</p>
|
||
<h2>Minimization, not Prevention</h2>
|
||
<p>Since the introduction of errors is inevitable, we should instead minimize their impact, scope and duration -- the “cost” of errors. Reducing the cost of errors when making changes (but being unrestrained in the potential benefit) leads to confidence, speed, focus, and less suffering. That’s great! Let’s do it.</p>
|
||
<h2>Does robustness work?</h2>
|
||
<p>Kind of. Robustness is accomplished through isolation and redundancy. Common tactics to achieve robustness include retries, alternate computations (fallbacks, stale data, etc,) and excess capacity. Robustness can be cheaper and more effective than prevention, but some systems will inevitably be “critical” and have no viable alternative.</p>
|
||
<p>Growth can break your system by overwhelming it. This can come from adding users, increased engagement or the accumulation of data over time. So, being overprovisioned is a form of robustness to these potential error triggers. Capacity planning can help with user growth and increased engagement (frequently as simple as a simple linear projection,) but accumulation of data over time is a tricky one.</p>
|
||
<p>For environmental and self-induced errors, robustness is achieved by <em>handling</em> the failure of a subcomponent. This is effectively linear to the count of kinds of components and ways they can break. Not bad. In practice, this can be expensive because it means you have to have an alternate ready for just-in-time use.</p>
|
||
<p>You also then have the task of ensuring your alternative <em>also works</em>. We’ve seen cases where the robustness worked when the error rate was small, but was more computationally expensive than the happy path. Uh oh. The robustness <em>itself</em> led to a substantial cascading failure when the original error would have been less impactful.</p>
|
||
<h2>Does isolation work?</h2>
|
||
<p>Pretty good. Isolation does what it promises - contains the error to a subset of functionality and/or users. This means you’ll still have errors, just not as many as you would have had without the isolation. The economics are nice because the complexity scales with the number of “failure domains” (units of isolation,) <em>not</em> the number of components nor the ways they can fail. Network isolation is a pretty orthogonal technique that works “by default” so violations of isolation have to be intentional and potentially forced through a gatekeeper.</p>
|
||
<p>Isolation works only as well as the changes are contained within the failure domain. For environmental causes of error, this is pretty easily accomplished by aligning the logical isolation with physical segmentation (ie: regions, availability zones, etc.) If you use isolation to contain Environmental errors, you should also use it to contain Self-induced errors.</p>
|
||
<p>Deploy your code, config and operational data changes one failure domain at a time. If you have regional isolation but then do global deploys, you’re missing out on a potentially huge availability win. Canaries and rolling deploys without network isolation up and down the stack still pose a big threat -- we’ve had cases where one bad node in a canary took down an entire region. By similar reasoning, feature flags don’t accomplish isolation, though they can expedite recovery. Retries can mask many errors and make these tactics “usually safe”. Using stickiness prevents retries from taking down the sibling cluster, but only network isolation protects callers and callees.</p>
|
||
<p><a href="https://engineering.rei.com/site-reliability/hystrix-circuit-breakers.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Circuit breakers</a> and throttles are also forms of isolation. They can be helpful, but they can also cause more harm than the errors they are containing if their opening causes traffic that would have been healthy to now error. Tuning can help, but there is no perfect setting. These forms of isolation are particularly useful for ensuring that breaks in “non-critical” functionality don’t take down the whole system.</p>
|
||
<h2>Does recovery work?</h2>
|
||
<p>It has to. Without <em>some kind</em> of recovery, you’d be stuck with any error that slips through. Making it a strategy means investing in making your recovery quicker. You can do this through a range of tactics including rolling back to last known good state (reversibility), rolling forward (hotpatching,) evacuation, and sometimes you just have to improvise. Since at some point an error <em>will</em> occur, getting good at recovery is imperative. Isolation and fast recovery techniques approach robustness, which (for your users) is indistinguishable from prevention. I’m a big fan.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Rolling Back</strong>. Thankfully, the trend towards continuous delivery has also carried along with it an investment in quick rollbacks. Unfortunately, much of this investment has been for code changes, and not config or operational data. Bad config and bad data are also major contributors to errors. Bad data can be particularly hard to track down -- you have to invest in creating observability here. If you have a long and complex data processing pipeline with multiple levels of caching, your recovery time can really suffer. Since prevention <em>doesn’t work</em>, we should invest in being able to recover from bad data. There’s one popular social networking service that has a big red button and can roll back all code and config to a snapshot from the previous morning as an “ultimate remediation.” Awesome.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Rolling forward</strong>. At least one large company has a policy of not rolling back and encouraging operators and developers to “fight forward” and push out <em>new</em> fixes as quickly as possible. Sometimes you have to do this if there isn’t a way to roll back. In general, it is much worse than rolling back because it requires <em>development while prod is on fire</em>. In the attempt to get a fix out quickly, the quality of “fixes” is frequently <em>lower</em> than the quality that led to the error! When I’ve seen this in the past, the first attempt at a fix usually isn’t the last. Sometimes the fix is worse than the original error. <a href="https://lorinhochstein.wordpress.com/2017/06/24/a-conjecture-on-why-reliable-systems-fail/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Lorin’s Law</a> states that most big outages are a result of trying to remediate some smaller problem. Eek!</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Evacuation</strong>. With isolation and staggered changes the door opens to be able to use failover/evacuation tactics, <em>even before you’ve diagnosed the problem</em>. You still have to fight the fire, but at least you can do it <em>after</em> evacuating the building. Being able to support evacuation does require excess capacity (for the math on that, check <a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1mE80byUHpNUAm7E7O0jKVLPdHzC-i7R-v3yBEcXWOzQ/edit#slide=id.g40724767ce_0_182" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">my presentation</a> from Velocity NYC ‘18.) Since environmental factors may bring down your datacenter or region, the investment in evacuation makes sense from a “disaster recovery” perspective. If you are going to have <em>some</em> DR story/tooling, it makes sense to invest in it enough to make it an <em>operational response</em> so you can benefit from it on an ongoing basis. Yes, evacuation is a “big hammer”. If you use it enough you’ll grow strong and adept with it, like a blacksmith.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Improvisation</strong>. In the worst of times, figuring out why prod is on fire can be challenging. From the <a href="https://snafucatchers.github.io/#2_1_About_the_SNAFUcatchers_consortium_and_the_STELLA_meeting" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">SNAFU report</a> we know that a great deal of time is spent <em>coming up with theories</em>. This is a form of improvisation. It is also why dashboards and metrics aren’t sufficient, but I digress… The point is, some outages require rolling up your sleeves and interacting with the system as it runs. This is painful and dangerous. Hopefully, you can practice and learn how to do this <em>before you have to</em>. Investing in the capability for humans to adapt is necessary to minimize the duration of your most complicated outages.</p>
|
||
<p>Eventually, you will have to manually intervene. Creating “escape hatches” and “access panels” for a human to use their amazing brain is dangerous, but necessary. Two heads are better than one, so use the buddy system. I have more than a few stories where my improv pair saved my bacon. This is <em>not</em> a case where more is better -- don’t let it be a committee or you will be too slow and act based on fear.</p>
|
||
<p>Incident management and response may also be part of improvisation, but that’s way out of scope for this document.</p>
|
||
<h2>How do we know our stuff works?</h2>
|
||
<p>No matter which strategies and tactics you employ, you should make sure they work.</p>
|
||
<p>The only way to know that things work is to see them work. As time goes on, the odds of what we’ve seen before still being true go down because things change. So if we want to maintain confidence in our system’s ability to reduce errors, we must <em>witness</em> the minimization on a regular basis.</p>
|
||
<p>This creates a very interesting dynamic whereby trying to prevent errors leads to MORE errors being realized because you are unprepared for recovery. So instead of trying to prevent errors, optimize for a relatively frequent occurrence of low-impact errors. “<a href="https://web.mit.edu/2.75/resources/random/How%20Complex%20Systems%20Fail.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">Failure free operations require experience with failure</a>.” For infrequently occurring errors, this means we need to <em>induce</em> them. While this was part of the reasoning behind Chaos Monkey and other Chaos Engineering practices, I believe it also extends to things like “if you aren’t pushing bad code once in a while, you aren’t moving fast enough.” It is also reminiscent of “<a href="https://martinfowler.com/bliki/FrequencyReducesDifficulty.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">if it hurts, do it more often</a>.”</p>
|
||
<h2>In Conclusion</h2>
|
||
<p>Once you know that the worst thing that could happen isn’t so bad, the feeling is quite liberating. Being able to recover quickly creates an asymmetry between error and success; errors are bounded but success is unbounded. This asymmetry frees you, and encourages you to try as many things as possible. In other words, the confidence and freedom to innovate leads to an increased pace of change.</p>
|
||
<p>If working on this kind of stuff is up your alley, come join us!</p>
|
||
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<iframe class="center" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true" src="about:blank" height="307" width="744" data-li-src="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/api/edit/embed?embed=%257B%2522type%2522%253A%2522link%2522%252C%2522title%2522%253A%257B%2522localized%2522%253A%257B%2522en_US%2522%253A%2522Product%2520Reliability%2520Engineer%252C%2520Global%2520Customer%2520Service%2522%257D%257D%252C%2522description%2522%253A%257B%2522localized%2522%253A%257B%2522en_US%2522%253A%2522A%2520great%2520workplace%2520combines%2520exceptional%2520colleagues%2520and%2520hard%2520problems.%2522%257D%257D%252C%2522provider%2522%253A%257B%2522url%2522%253A%2522http%253A%252F%252Fjobs.netflix.com%2522%257D%252C%2522request%2522%253A%257B%2522originalUrl%2522%253A%2522https%253A%252F%252Fjobs.netflix.com%252Fjobs%252F866466%2522%252C%2522finalUrl%2522%253A%2522https%253A%252F%252Fjobs.netflix.com%252Fjobs%252F866466%2522%257D%252C%2522images%2522%253A%255B%257B%2522url%2522%253A%2522https%253A%252F%252Fjobs.netflix.com%252Fstatic%252Fimages%252Fnetflix_social_image.png%2522%252C%2522width%2522%253A600%252C%2522height%2522%253A600%257D%255D%252C%2522data%2522%253A%257B%2522com.linkedin.treasury.Link%2522%253A%257B%2522url%2522%253A%2522https%253A%252F%252Fjobs.netflix.com%252Fjobs%252F866466%2522%252C%2522html%2522%253A%2522A%2520great%2520workplace%2520combines%2520exceptional%2520colleagues%2520and%2520hard%2520problems.%2522%252C%2522width%2522%253A-1%252C%2522height%2522%253A-1%257D%257D%257D&signature=AaMDU2SNCBgoyDMDZ3EqvdRmqthL"></iframe>
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|
||
<p><br></p>
|
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||
</div>
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|
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<!----> <div class="x-social-activity social-details x-social-activity-left flex flex-wrap w-full max-w-x-article-width-small justify-between lg:max-w-x-article-width">
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<div class="reactions-menu flex flex-row relative items-center justify-center select-none [-webkit-user-select:none] pointer-events-auto w-fit" data-feed-control="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_like-toggle_reactions-cta">
|
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<a class="reactions-menu__link text-color-text social-action-bar__button relative h-6 cursor-pointer w-full" href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fpulse%2Freliability-works-aaron-blohowiak%2F&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_like-toggle_like-cta" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_like-toggle_reactions-cta" data-parent-urn="urn:li:ingestedContent:7045398356449372390" data-tracking-will-navigate>
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|
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<span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Like</span>
|
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|
||
<template id="selected-reaction">
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|
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<span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Celebrate</span>
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<span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Insightful</span>
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|
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|
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|
||
Comment
|
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<span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">Facebook</span>
|
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|
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</li>
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<li role="presentation">
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|
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|
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<span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">X</span>
|
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|
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|
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|
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</ul>
|
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<button aria-expanded="false" class="social-share__button social-share__button-square
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<span class="social-share__button-text-square
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|
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">
|
||
Share
|
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</span>
|
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|
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<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fpulse%2Freliability-works-aaron-blohowiak%2F&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_likes-count_social-actions-reactions" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_likes-count_social-actions-reactions" data-tracking-will-navigate class="flex items-center font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis !no-underline visited:text-color-text-low-emphasis my-1" aria-label="45 Reactions" data-test-id="social-actions__reactions" data-id="social-actions__reactions" data-num-reactions="45" data-singular="%numReactions%" data-plural="%numReactions%" tabindex="0">
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|
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<img alt data-reaction-type="LIKE" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/bn39hirwzjqj18ej1fkz55671" height="16px" width="16px">
|
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<span aria-hidden="true" class="font-normal ml-0.5" data-test-id="social-actions__reaction-count">
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45
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</a>
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<code id="social-actions__reaction-image-APPRECIATION" style="display: none"><!--"https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/cyfai5zw4nrqhyyhl0p7so58v"--></code>
|
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<!----><!----> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-EMPATHY" style="display: none"><!--"https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/asiqslyf4ooq7ggllg4fyo4o2"--></code>
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|
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<!----> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-INTEREST" style="display: none"><!--"https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/a0e8rff6djeoq8iympcysuqfu"--></code>
|
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<code id="social-actions__reaction-image-LIKE" style="display: none"><!--"https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/bn39hirwzjqj18ej1fkz55671"--></code>
|
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<code id="social-actions__reaction-image-MAYBE" style="display: none"><!--"https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/cryzkreqrh52ja5bc6njlrupa"--></code>
|
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<code id="social-actions__reaction-image-PRAISE" style="display: none"><!--"https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/2tzoeodxy0zug4455msr0oq0v"--></code>
|
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<!----><!---->
|
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<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fpulse%2Freliability-works-aaron-blohowiak%2F&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_likes-count_social-actions-comments" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_likes-count_social-actions-comments" data-tracking-will-navigate class="flex items-center font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis !no-underline visited:text-color-text-low-emphasis
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before:middot
|
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my-1" data-test-id="social-actions__comments" data-id="social-actions__comments" data-num-comments="8" data-singular="%numComments% Comment" data-plural="%numComments% Comments">
|
||
|
||
8 Comments
|
||
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|
||
|
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<!----> </div>
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<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-harvieux?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_comments-action_comment_actor-image" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_comments-action_comment_actor-image" data-tracking-will-navigate>
|
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rounded-[50%]
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w-4 h-4
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|
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|
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</a>
|
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|
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<div class="w-full min-w-0">
|
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<div class="comment__body ml-0.5 mb-1 pt-1 pr-1.5 pb-1 pl-1.5 rounded-[8px] rounded-tl-none relative">
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<div class="comment__header flex flex-col">
|
||
<a class="text-sm link-styled no-underline leading-open comment__author truncate pr-6" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-harvieux?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_comments-action_comment_actor-name" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_comments-action_comment_actor-name" data-tracking-will-navigate>
|
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Eric Harvieux
|
||
</a>
|
||
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|
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7y
|
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</span>
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</li>
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|
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<!----> </div>
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|
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</div>
|
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|
||
<div class="attributed-text-segment-list__container relative mt-1 mb-1.5 babybear:mt-0 babybear:mb-0.5">
|
||
<p class="attributed-text-segment-list__content text-color-text !text-sm whitespace-pre-wrap break-words
|
||
comment__text babybear:mt-0.5" dir="ltr">I think this is a great summary of error-handling strategies, but I don't think the TL;DR is what I get from it. Having skills, tools, and policies to recover are great, but I'm concerned "preferring" it to other methods plays into a /reactive/ approach to operations and doesn't reduce toil for the people holding the pagers.</p>
|
||
<!----> </div>
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2 Reactions
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3 Reactions
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</section>
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<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ankeetpresswala?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_comments-action_comment_actor-image" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_x-social-details_comments-action_comment_actor-image" data-tracking-will-navigate>
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<img class="inline-block relative hue-web-entity__image
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rounded-[50%]
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w-4 h-4
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bg-color-entity-ghost-background" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9c8pery4andzj6ohjkjp54ma2" data-ghost-classes="bg-color-entity-ghost-background" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9c8pery4andzj6ohjkjp54ma2" alt="Ankeet P., graphic">
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</a>
|
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</div>
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<div class="comment__body ml-0.5 mb-1 pt-1 pr-1.5 pb-1 pl-1.5 rounded-[8px] rounded-tl-none relative">
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|
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Ankeet P.
|
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</a>
|
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<!---->
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<span class="text-xs text-color-text-low-emphasis comment__duration-since absolute right-6 top-1 inline-block">
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comment__text babybear:mt-0.5" dir="ltr">Love how this ties together high-level concepts with implementation. Interested in hearing more about error-cost, e.g. do you calculate it across teams and normalize, or do different sets of services have independent definitions of impact?</p>
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comment__text babybear:mt-0.5" dir="ltr">Interesting way of thinking about this problem! Maybe we can think of all of these approaches and their value functions, and given a "cost budget" pick the best blend of the 4. If I understood the article correctly, you're not advocating for focusing _just_ on recovery, but that it should play a bigger role than it does today in most companies, right?</p>
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7mo
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|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__media flex-shrink-0 mr-0.5 overflow-hidden relative rounded-md
|
||
h-[54px] w-[95px]">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<img class="lazy-load base-aside-card__media-element w-[100px] h-full object-cover" data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5612AQENbazxtPpkHg/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/B56ZeBUAcgHEAI-/0/1750221196960?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=kkvAXTn7aibDucTiWvzyfCZn2f0CQhUBKI_TD8fXtlM" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9l8dv1r8a09nem281grvopn9l" alt>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__info self-center pl-1 flex flex-col flex-1">
|
||
<h3 class="base-aside-card__title font-sans text-md font-bold text-color-text relative">
|
||
|
||
Undo To Rescue
|
||
|
||
<!----> </h3>
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__metadata font-sans text-sm leading-open font-regular text-color-text-low-emphasis">
|
||
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
Pankaj Garg
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
1y
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
<!----><!---->
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="articles-content-card__list-item mt-3">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/memento-mori-map-we-dont-draw-kevin-dunn-gffdc" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="full-link" data-tracking-will-navigate class="base-card relative w-full hover:no-underline focus:no-underline
|
||
base-card--link
|
||
outline-offset-[4px] base-aside-card flex my-1.5
|
||
|
||
base-aside-card--link
|
||
aside-article-card">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__media flex-shrink-0 mr-0.5 overflow-hidden relative rounded-md
|
||
h-[54px] w-[95px]">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<img class="lazy-load base-aside-card__media-element w-[100px] h-full object-cover" data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5612AQHGSCGlc6JwEg/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/B56Z_rmyWfKMAU-/0/1786364244636?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=ccyvKJ7-VkthE8CBbGArzH1CFcTDXOJd2BmAkNwPjNw" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9l8dv1r8a09nem281grvopn9l" alt>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__info self-center pl-1 flex flex-col flex-1">
|
||
<h3 class="base-aside-card__title font-sans text-md font-bold text-color-text relative">
|
||
|
||
Memento Mori: The Map We Don't Draw
|
||
|
||
<!----> </h3>
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__metadata font-sans text-sm leading-open font-regular text-color-text-low-emphasis">
|
||
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
Kevin Dunn
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
1mo
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
<!----><!---->
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="articles-content-card__list-item mt-3">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/48-hour-test-could-your-team-answer-questions-fast-michael-johnson-eviye" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="full-link" data-tracking-will-navigate class="base-card relative w-full hover:no-underline focus:no-underline
|
||
base-card--link
|
||
outline-offset-[4px] base-aside-card flex my-1.5
|
||
|
||
base-aside-card--link
|
||
aside-article-card">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__media flex-shrink-0 mr-0.5 overflow-hidden relative rounded-md
|
||
h-[54px] w-[95px]">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<img class="lazy-load base-aside-card__media-element w-[100px] h-full object-cover" data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E12AQEoJ7LMAwEtIg/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/B4EZwKpq4kIkAI-/0/1769705224510?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=xf5gP6njdSFQWM6-K9ettuCJmhWjkRMYx35YXBHceJY" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9l8dv1r8a09nem281grvopn9l" alt>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__info self-center pl-1 flex flex-col flex-1">
|
||
<h3 class="base-aside-card__title font-sans text-md font-bold text-color-text relative">
|
||
|
||
The 48-Hour Test: Could Your Team Answer These Questions Fast?
|
||
|
||
<!----> </h3>
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__metadata font-sans text-sm leading-open font-regular text-color-text-low-emphasis">
|
||
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
Michael Johnson
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
7mo
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
<!----><!---->
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="articles-content-card__list-item mt-3">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/whats-use-airbag-doesnt-open-accident-janagoudar-jana-s-qu1rc" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="full-link" data-tracking-will-navigate class="base-card relative w-full hover:no-underline focus:no-underline
|
||
base-card--link
|
||
outline-offset-[4px] base-aside-card flex my-1.5
|
||
|
||
base-aside-card--link
|
||
aside-article-card">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__media flex-shrink-0 mr-0.5 overflow-hidden relative rounded-md
|
||
h-[54px] w-[95px]">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<img class="lazy-load base-aside-card__media-element w-[100px] h-full object-cover" data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5612AQFGDgDPwoqTiA/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/B56Zki1wlxJ4AI-/0/1757226143533?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=8Y5d1ZrCd3OIPUCwNtgQeIT81rcEkyxxZB-Otnvr4Ao" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9l8dv1r8a09nem281grvopn9l" alt>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__info self-center pl-1 flex flex-col flex-1">
|
||
<h3 class="base-aside-card__title font-sans text-md font-bold text-color-text relative">
|
||
|
||
🚨 What's the Use of an Airbag if It Doesn't Open in an Accident?
|
||
|
||
<!----> </h3>
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__metadata font-sans text-sm leading-open font-regular text-color-text-low-emphasis">
|
||
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
Janagoudar (Jana) S
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
1y
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
<!----><!---->
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="articles-content-card__list-item mt-3">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/sla-nobody-read-until-mattered-uptime-incident-what-attupurathu-fjbve" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="full-link" data-tracking-will-navigate class="base-card relative w-full hover:no-underline focus:no-underline
|
||
base-card--link
|
||
outline-offset-[4px] base-aside-card flex my-1.5
|
||
|
||
base-aside-card--link
|
||
aside-article-card">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__media flex-shrink-0 mr-0.5 overflow-hidden relative rounded-md
|
||
h-[54px] w-[95px]">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<img class="lazy-load base-aside-card__media-element w-[100px] h-full object-cover" data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E12AQGO0Gzq1RcPzA/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/B4EZ.dXRw9J0AU-/0/1785051560807?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=oePuyZNAibkHl3McVegRLQ4kCeTm_7mF9i8Opi_rgkI" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9l8dv1r8a09nem281grvopn9l" alt>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__info self-center pl-1 flex flex-col flex-1">
|
||
<h3 class="base-aside-card__title font-sans text-md font-bold text-color-text relative">
|
||
|
||
The SLA Nobody Read Until It Mattered: Uptime, Incident Response, and What Procurement Actually Checks
|
||
|
||
<!----> </h3>
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__metadata font-sans text-sm leading-open font-regular text-color-text-low-emphasis">
|
||
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
Jayashankar Attupurathu
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
3w
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
<!----><!---->
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="articles-content-card__list-item mt-3">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/convergence-window-ben-visser-0lyie" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="full-link" data-tracking-will-navigate class="base-card relative w-full hover:no-underline focus:no-underline
|
||
base-card--link
|
||
outline-offset-[4px] base-aside-card flex my-1.5
|
||
|
||
base-aside-card--link
|
||
aside-article-card">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__media flex-shrink-0 mr-0.5 overflow-hidden relative rounded-md
|
||
h-[54px] w-[95px]">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<img class="lazy-load base-aside-card__media-element w-[100px] h-full object-cover" data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E12AQHZDD0MYKlAjw/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/B4EZ1I4m2NHgAI-/0/1775044296167?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=nJIckF6NPnh1xIu_LQ54fgqkfRD0pM4dI1oXmoLAi-U" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9l8dv1r8a09nem281grvopn9l" alt>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__info self-center pl-1 flex flex-col flex-1">
|
||
<h3 class="base-aside-card__title font-sans text-md font-bold text-color-text relative">
|
||
|
||
The Convergence Window
|
||
|
||
<!----> </h3>
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__metadata font-sans text-sm leading-open font-regular text-color-text-low-emphasis">
|
||
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
Ben Visser
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
5mo
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
<!----><!---->
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="articles-content-card__list-item mt-3">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/dangerous-gap-between-dr-drills-real-outages-ehson-golandaz-llckf" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="full-link" data-tracking-will-navigate class="base-card relative w-full hover:no-underline focus:no-underline
|
||
base-card--link
|
||
outline-offset-[4px] base-aside-card flex my-1.5
|
||
|
||
base-aside-card--link
|
||
aside-article-card">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__media flex-shrink-0 mr-0.5 overflow-hidden relative rounded-md
|
||
h-[54px] w-[95px]">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<img class="lazy-load base-aside-card__media-element w-[100px] h-full object-cover" data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4D12AQE4jQUjSt0S8A/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/B4DZ6hoSKbH8AU-/0/1780828158569?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=T0YuWR8ZF2BL6VVZd5OONDzufxqhN-Wl2Xdzarjr2_M" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9l8dv1r8a09nem281grvopn9l" alt>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__info self-center pl-1 flex flex-col flex-1">
|
||
<h3 class="base-aside-card__title font-sans text-md font-bold text-color-text relative">
|
||
|
||
The Dangerous Gap Between DR Drills and Real Outages
|
||
|
||
<!----> </h3>
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<div class="base-aside-card__metadata font-sans text-sm leading-open font-regular text-color-text-low-emphasis">
|
||
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
Ehson Golandaz
|
||
</span>
|
||
<span class="base-aside-card__metadata-item">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
3mo
|
||
|
||
</span>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<!----> </div>
|
||
<!----><!---->
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<button class="show-more-less__button show-more-less__more-button show-more-less-button
|
||
" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Show more about what others also viewed" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_show_more">
|
||
Show more
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|
||
<a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://www.linkedin.com/psettings/guest-controls?trk=d_flagship2_pulse_read_footer-guest-controls" data-tracking-control-name="d_flagship2_pulse_read_footer-guest-controls" data-tracking-will-navigate>
|
||
|
||
Guest Controls
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto">
|
||
<a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/professional-community-policies?trk=d_flagship2_pulse_read_footer-community-guide" data-tracking-control-name="d_flagship2_pulse_read_footer-community-guide" data-tracking-will-navigate>
|
||
|
||
Community Guidelines
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
|
||
<li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="collapsible-dropdown collapsible-dropdown--footer collapsible-dropdown--up flex items-center relative hyphens-auto language-selector z-2">
|
||
<!---->
|
||
<ul class="collapsible-dropdown__list hidden container-raised absolute w-auto overflow-y-auto flex-col items-stretch z-[9999] bottom-[100%] top-auto" role="menu" tabindex="-1">
|
||
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="العربية (Arabic)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ar_AE" data-locale="ar_AE" role="menuitem" lang="ar_AE">
|
||
العربية (Arabic)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="বাংলা (Bangla)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-bn_IN" data-locale="bn_IN" role="menuitem" lang="bn_IN">
|
||
বাংলা (Bangla)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Čeština (Czech)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-cs_CZ" data-locale="cs_CZ" role="menuitem" lang="cs_CZ">
|
||
Čeština (Czech)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Dansk (Danish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-da_DK" data-locale="da_DK" role="menuitem" lang="da_DK">
|
||
Dansk (Danish)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Deutsch (German)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-de_DE" data-locale="de_DE" role="menuitem" lang="de_DE">
|
||
Deutsch (German)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Ελληνικά (Greek)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-el_GR" data-locale="el_GR" role="menuitem" lang="el_GR">
|
||
Ελληνικά (Greek)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="English (English) selected" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link--selected" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-en_US" data-locale="en_US" role="menuitem" lang="en_US">
|
||
<strong>English (English)</strong>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Español (Spanish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-es_ES" data-locale="es_ES" role="menuitem" lang="es_ES">
|
||
Español (Spanish)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="فارسی (Persian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-fa_IR" data-locale="fa_IR" role="menuitem" lang="fa_IR">
|
||
فارسی (Persian)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Suomi (Finnish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-fi_FI" data-locale="fi_FI" role="menuitem" lang="fi_FI">
|
||
Suomi (Finnish)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Français (French)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-fr_FR" data-locale="fr_FR" role="menuitem" lang="fr_FR">
|
||
Français (French)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="हिंदी (Hindi)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-hi_IN" data-locale="hi_IN" role="menuitem" lang="hi_IN">
|
||
हिंदी (Hindi)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Magyar (Hungarian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-hu_HU" data-locale="hu_HU" role="menuitem" lang="hu_HU">
|
||
Magyar (Hungarian)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-in_ID" data-locale="in_ID" role="menuitem" lang="in_ID">
|
||
Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Italiano (Italian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-it_IT" data-locale="it_IT" role="menuitem" lang="it_IT">
|
||
Italiano (Italian)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="עברית (Hebrew)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-iw_IL" data-locale="iw_IL" role="menuitem" lang="iw_IL">
|
||
עברית (Hebrew)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="日本語 (Japanese)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ja_JP" data-locale="ja_JP" role="menuitem" lang="ja_JP">
|
||
日本語 (Japanese)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="한국어 (Korean)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ko_KR" data-locale="ko_KR" role="menuitem" lang="ko_KR">
|
||
한국어 (Korean)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="मराठी (Marathi)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-mr_IN" data-locale="mr_IN" role="menuitem" lang="mr_IN">
|
||
मराठी (Marathi)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Bahasa Malaysia (Malay)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ms_MY" data-locale="ms_MY" role="menuitem" lang="ms_MY">
|
||
Bahasa Malaysia (Malay)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Nederlands (Dutch)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-nl_NL" data-locale="nl_NL" role="menuitem" lang="nl_NL">
|
||
Nederlands (Dutch)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Norsk (Norwegian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-no_NO" data-locale="no_NO" role="menuitem" lang="no_NO">
|
||
Norsk (Norwegian)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-pa_IN" data-locale="pa_IN" role="menuitem" lang="pa_IN">
|
||
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Polski (Polish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-pl_PL" data-locale="pl_PL" role="menuitem" lang="pl_PL">
|
||
Polski (Polish)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Português (Portuguese)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-pt_BR" data-locale="pt_BR" role="menuitem" lang="pt_BR">
|
||
Português (Portuguese)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Română (Romanian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ro_RO" data-locale="ro_RO" role="menuitem" lang="ro_RO">
|
||
Română (Romanian)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Русский (Russian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ru_RU" data-locale="ru_RU" role="menuitem" lang="ru_RU">
|
||
Русский (Russian)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Svenska (Swedish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-sv_SE" data-locale="sv_SE" role="menuitem" lang="sv_SE">
|
||
Svenska (Swedish)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="తెలుగు (Telugu)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-te_IN" data-locale="te_IN" role="menuitem" lang="te_IN">
|
||
తెలుగు (Telugu)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="ภาษาไทย (Thai)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-th_TH" data-locale="th_TH" role="menuitem" lang="th_TH">
|
||
ภาษาไทย (Thai)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Tagalog (Tagalog)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-tl_PH" data-locale="tl_PH" role="menuitem" lang="tl_PH">
|
||
Tagalog (Tagalog)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Türkçe (Turkish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-tr_TR" data-locale="tr_TR" role="menuitem" lang="tr_TR">
|
||
Türkçe (Turkish)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Українська (Ukrainian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-uk_UA" data-locale="uk_UA" role="menuitem" lang="uk_UA">
|
||
Українська (Ukrainian)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-vi_VN" data-locale="vi_VN" role="menuitem" lang="vi_VN">
|
||
Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese)
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified))" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-zh_CN" data-locale="zh_CN" role="menuitem" lang="zh_CN">
|
||
简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified))
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">
|
||
<!-- Adding aria-label to both the li and the button because screen reader focus goes to button on desktop and li on mobile-->
|
||
<button aria-label="正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional))" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark
|
||
language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-zh_TW" data-locale="zh_TW" role="menuitem" lang="zh_TW">
|
||
正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional))
|
||
</button>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<!---->
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<button class="language-selector__button select-none relative pr-2 font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-low-emphasis hover:text-color-link-hover hover:cursor-pointer focus:text-color-link-focus focus:outline-dotted focus:outline-1" aria-expanded="false" data-tracking-control-name="footer-lang-dropdown_trigger">
|
||
<span class="language-selector__label-text mr-0.5 break-words">
|
||
Language
|
||
</span>
|
||
<icon class="language-selector__label-chevron w-2 h-2 absolute top-0 right-0" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/cyolgscd0imw2ldqppkrb84vo"></icon>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<!----> </footer>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="toasts" class="toasts fixed z-8 babybear:right-4 mamabear:right-4 papabear:min-h-[96px] invisible
|
||
top:auto bottom-4 left-4 papabear:w-[400px]
|
||
toasts--bottom" type="bottom">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<template id="toast-template">
|
||
<div class="toast container-raised flex
|
||
toast--bottom
|
||
transition ease-accelerate duration-xxslow
|
||
" data-id="toast">
|
||
<div class="toast__message flex flex-1 babybear:items-center mamabear:items-center papabear:items-start py-2 px-1.5" data-id="toast__message" role="alert" tabindex="-1">
|
||
<div class="toast__message-content-container" data-id="toast__message-content-container">
|
||
<p class="toast__message-content font-sans text-sm opacity-90 inline babybear:self-center mamabear:self-center papabear:self-start" data-id="toast__message-content"></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<button class="toast__dismiss-btn cursor-pointer babybear:self-center mamabear:self-center papabear:self-start pt-3 pb-2 papabear:py-2 pl-0.5 pr-0" data-id="toast__dismiss-btn" aria-label="Close">
|
||
<svg width="24" height="24" class="fill-color-icon"><path d="M13 4.32 9.31 8 13 11.69 11.69 13 8 9.31 4.31 13 3 11.69 6.69 8 3 4.31 4.31 3 8 6.69 11.68 3Z"></path></svg>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</template>
|
||
<template id="toast-icon-caution">
|
||
<icon class="text-color-icon-caution toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/bk9xca6x9l1fga1tbzame3i3l"></icon>
|
||
</template>
|
||
<template id="toast-icon-error">
|
||
<icon class="text-color-icon-negative toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/8c0098stai8lcqypn95r47dew"></icon>
|
||
</template>
|
||
<template id="toast-icon-gdpr">
|
||
<icon class="text-color-icon-neutral toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/a9phzx7id2abubo45lgookfd"></icon>
|
||
</template>
|
||
<template id="toast-icon-notify">
|
||
<icon class="text-color-icon-neutral toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/4xg53nt8deu1y7tb1t3km8tfh"></icon>
|
||
</template>
|
||
<template id="toast-icon-success">
|
||
<icon class="text-color-icon-positive toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9zhm3eh2dq7vh2muo8xnfikxh"></icon>
|
||
</template>
|
||
<template id="toast-cta">
|
||
<a class="toast__cta cta-link font-medium ml-0.5 text-sm text-inherit inline" target="_blank"></a>
|
||
</template>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<script src="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/dtrv9swzghlxpyzfyk2gsgbur" async></script>
|
||
<!---->
|
||
|
||
<script src="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/7t9tmk2nhc9brs266st08xe1t" async defer></script>
|
||
<script data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/985sqoiudwdfnuemt74raqc27" data-module-id="media-player"></script>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<!----><!---->
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|