2959 lines
141 KiB
HTML
2959 lines
141 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<meta name="description" content="Read on to learn how to use NGINX to perform various rate limiting operations, including setting up request rates for different locations on HTTP requests.">
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<meta name="keywords" content="rate limit, requests, directive">
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<meta property="og:description" content="Read on to learn how to use NGINX to perform various rate limiting operations, including setting up request rates for different locations on HTTP requests.">
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<meta property="og:site_name" content="dzone.com">
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<meta property="og:title" content="NGINX Rate Limiting">
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<meta property="og:url" content="https://dzone.com/articles/nginx-rate-limiting">
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<meta property="og:image" content="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/storage/article-thumb/6892866-thumb.jpg">
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<meta property="og:type" content="article">
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<meta name="twitter:site" content="@DZoneInc">
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<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/storage/article-thumb/6892866-thumb.jpg">
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<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
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<meta name="twitter:description" content="Read on to learn how to use NGINX to perform various rate limiting operations, including setting up request rates for different locations on HTTP requests.">
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="NGINX Rate Limiting">
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<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
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<meta name="google-site-verification" content="kndbhxcupfEqWmZclhCpB6vlgOs7QSmx2UHAGGnP2mA">
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<meta name="df-verify" content="df0d76632b4543">
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<link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/favicon.png">
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<link rel="image_src" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/storage/article-thumb/6892866-thumb.jpg">
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://dzone.com/articles/nginx-rate-limiting">
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<title>NGINX Rate Limiting</title>
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<link rel="preload" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/font/fontello.woff?11773374" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/icons.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/static/bootstrap/bootstrap.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/article/global.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/header-updated/styles.css">
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<style>
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:root {
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--xs-size: 2px;
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--sm-size: 5px;
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--md-size: 10px;
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--lg-size: 15px;
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--xl-size: 25px;
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--sm-border-size: 8px;
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--sm-font-size: 13px;
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--sm-plus-font-size: 16px;
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--md-font-size: 18px;
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--lg-font-size: 22px;
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--xl-font-size: 26px;
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}
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/* Display Quick-Access Classes */
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.display-none { display: none; }
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.display-block { display: block; }
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.display-inline { display: inline; }
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.display-inline-block { display: inline-block; }
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/* Margin Quick-Access Classes */
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.m-xs { margin: var(--xs-size); }
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.m-sm { margin: var(--sm-size); }
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.m-md { margin: var(--md-size); }
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.m-lg { margin: var(--lg-size); }
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.m-xl { margin: var(--xl-size); }
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.mt-xs, .my-xs { margin-top: var(--xs-size); }
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||
.mr-xs, .mx-xs { margin-right: var(--xs-size); }
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.mb-xs, .my-xs { margin-bottom: var(--xs-size); }
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.ml-xs, .mx-xs { margin-left: var(--xs-size); }
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.mt-sm, .my-sm { margin-top: var(--sm-size); }
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.mr-sm, .mx-sm { margin-right: var(--sm-size); }
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.mb-sm, .my-sm { margin-bottom: var(--sm-size); }
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.ml-sm, .mx-sm { margin-left: var(--sm-size); }
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.mt-md, .my-md { margin-top: var(--md-size); }
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||
.mr-md, .mx-md { margin-right: var(--md-size); }
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.mb-md, .my-md { margin-bottom: var(--md-size); }
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.ml-md, .mx-md { margin-left: var(--md-size); }
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.mt-lg, .my-lg { margin-top: var(--lg-size); }
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.mr-lg, .mx-lg { margin-right: var(--lg-size); }
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.mb-lg, .my-lg { margin-bottom: var(--lg-size); }
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.ml-lg, .mx-lg { margin-left: var(--lg-size); }
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.mt-xl, .my-xl { margin-top: var(--xl-size); }
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.mr-xl, .mx-xl { margin-right: var(--xl-size); }
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.mb-xl, .my-xl { margin-bottom: var(--xl-size); }
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.ml-xl, .mx-xl { margin-left: var(--xl-size); }
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.ml-auto, .mx-auto { margin-left: auto; }
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.mr-auto, .mx-auto { margin-right: auto; }
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.mt-auto, .my-auto { margin-top: auto; }
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.mb-auto, .my-auto { margin-bottom: auto; }
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.my-none, .mt-none { margin-top: 0 !important; }
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||
.mx-none, .mr-none { margin-right: 0 !important; }
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||
.my-none, .mb-none { margin-bottom: 0 !important; }
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||
.mx-none, .ml-none { margin-left: 0 !important; }
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||
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/* Padding Quick-Access Classes */
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||
.p-xs { padding: var(--xs-size); }
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.p-sm { padding: var(--sm-size); }
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.p-md { padding: var(--md-size); }
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.p-lg { padding: var(--lg-size); }
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.p-xl { padding: var(--xl-size); }
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.pt-xs, .py-xs { padding-top: var(--xs-size); }
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.pr-xs, .px-xs { padding-right: var(--xs-size); }
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.pb-xs, .py-xs { padding-bottom: var(--xs-size); }
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.pl-xs, .px-xs { padding-left: var(--xs-size); }
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||
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.pt-sm, .py-sm { padding-top: var(--sm-size); }
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.pr-sm, .px-sm { padding-right: var(--sm-size); }
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||
.pb-sm, .py-sm { padding-bottom: var(--sm-size); }
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.pl-sm, .px-sm { padding-left: var(--sm-size); }
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.pt-md, .py-md { padding-top: var(--md-size); }
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.pr-md, .px-md { padding-right: var(--md-size); }
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.pb-md, .py-md { padding-bottom: var(--md-size); }
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.pl-md, .px-md { padding-left: var(--md-size); }
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.pt-lg, .py-lg { padding-top: var(--lg-size); }
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.pr-lg, .px-lg { padding-right: var(--lg-size); }
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.pb-lg, .py-lg { padding-bottom: var(--lg-size); }
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.pl-lg, .px-lg { padding-left: var(--lg-size); }
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.pt-xl, .py-xl { padding-top: var(--xl-size); }
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.pr-xl, .px-xl { padding-right: var(--xl-size); }
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.pb-xl, .py-xl { padding-bottom: var(--xl-size); }
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.pl-xl, .px-xl { padding-left: var(--xl-size); }
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||
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||
.py-none, .pt-none { padding-top: 0 !important; }
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.px-none, .pr-none { padding-right: 0 !important; }
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||
.py-none, .pb-none { padding-bottom: 0 !important; }
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||
.px-none, .pl-none { padding-left: 0 !important; }
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||
/* Flex Quick-Access Classes */
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||
.flex {
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||
display: flex;
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||
}
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||
.flex-column {
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display: flex;
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flex-direction: column;
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}
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||
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.flex-column-reverse {
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||
display: flex;
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||
flex-direction: column-reverse;
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||
}
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||
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.flex-row {
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||
display: flex;
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||
flex-direction: row;
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||
}
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||
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.flex-row-reverse {
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display: flex;
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flex-direction: row-reverse;
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||
}
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||
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.flex-wrap {
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||
flex-wrap: wrap;
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||
}
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.flex-grow {
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flex-grow: 1;
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}
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.align-center { align-items: center; }
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.align-end { align-items: flex-end; }
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.content-center {
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align-content: center;
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}
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.justify-center { justify-content: center; }
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.justify-start { justify-content: flex-start; }
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.justify-end { justify-content: flex-end; }
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.justify-around { justify-content: space-around; }
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||
.justify-between { justify-content: space-between; }
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||
.justify-evenly { justify-content: space-evenly; }
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||
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.gap-sm { gap: var(--sm-size); }
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||
.gap-md { gap: var(--md-size); }
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||
.gap-lg { gap: var(--lg-size); }
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||
.gap-xl { gap: var(--xl-size); }
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||
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||
/* Display Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.inline-block { display: inline-block; }
|
||
|
||
/* Font Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.font-xl { font-size: var(--xl-font-size); }
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||
.font-lg { font-size: var(--lg-font-size); }
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||
.font-md { font-size: var(--md-font-size); }
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||
.font-sm-plus { font-size: var(--sm-plus-font-size); }
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.font-sm { font-size: var(--sm-font-size); }
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||
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||
.font-strike { text-decoration: line-through; }
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||
.font-underline { text-decoration: underline; }
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||
.font-overline { text-decoration: overline; }
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||
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||
.font-italic { font-style: italic; }
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||
.font-bold { font-weight: bold; }
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||
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||
.font-black { color: #000000; }
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||
.font-white { color: #ffffff; }
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||
.font-gray { color: var(--brand-gray-text); }
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||
.font-danger { color: var(--header-dropdown-button-bg-danger); }
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||
.font-center { text-align: center; }
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||
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||
.no-wrap { white-space: nowrap; }
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||
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||
/* Consistent headings between h and non-h tags */
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||
.heading {
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||
margin-top: 0;
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||
margin-bottom: var(--md-size);
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||
}
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||
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||
.heading.font-xl { line-height: var(--xl-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-lg { line-height: var(--lg-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-md { line-height: var(--md-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-sm-plus { line-height: var(--sm-plus-font-size); }
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||
.heading.font-sm { line-height: var(--sm-font-size); }
|
||
|
||
/* Font Clamp Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.line-clamp,
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||
.line-clamp-2,
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||
.line-clamp-3,
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||
.line-clamp-4,
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||
.line-clamp-5 {
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||
display: -webkit-box;
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||
-webkit-line-clamp: 4;
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||
-webkit-box-orient: vertical;
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||
overflow: hidden;
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||
text-overflow: ellipsis;
|
||
}
|
||
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||
.line-clamp-2 { -webkit-line-clamp: 2 !important; }
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||
.line-clamp-3 { -webkit-line-clamp: 3 !important; }
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||
.line-clamp-4 { -webkit-line-clamp: 4 !important; }
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||
.line-clamp-5 { -webkit-line-clamp: 5 !important; }
|
||
|
||
/* User-Select Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.select-none { user-select: none; }
|
||
|
||
/* Position Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.absolute { position: absolute; }
|
||
.relative { position: relative; }
|
||
.float-left { float: left; }
|
||
.float-right { float: right; }
|
||
|
||
.pos-top { top: 0; }
|
||
.pos-right { right: 0; }
|
||
.pos-bottom { bottom: 0; }
|
||
.pos-left { left: 0; }
|
||
|
||
.va-top { vertical-align: top; }
|
||
.va-middle { vertical-align: middle; }
|
||
.va-bottom { vertical-align: bottom; }
|
||
|
||
/* Transition Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.trans-linear-quick {
|
||
transition: all 0.15s linear;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Background Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.bg-gray { background: #cccccc; }
|
||
.bg-white { background-color: white; }
|
||
.bg-none { background: none; }
|
||
|
||
/* Border Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.border-gray { border: 1px solid #cccccc; }
|
||
.tab-pane.border-gray { border: 1px solid #ddd; }
|
||
.no-border, .border-none { border: none !important; }
|
||
|
||
.bt-none { border-top: none !important; }
|
||
.br-none { border-right: none !important; }
|
||
.bb-none { border-bottom: none !important; }
|
||
.bl-none { border-left: none !important; }
|
||
|
||
/* Border Radius Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
|
||
.round-t-sm, .round-tl-sm { border-top-left-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-t-sm, .round-tr-sm { border-top-right-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-b-sm, .round-bl-sm { border-bottom-left-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-b-sm, .round-br-sm { border-bottom-right-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-sm { border-radius: var(--sm-border-size); }
|
||
.round-fully { border-radius: 50%; }
|
||
|
||
/* Misc Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.haikei {
|
||
position: relative;
|
||
background-image: url('https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/polygon-scatter-haikei-shapes.svg');
|
||
background-repeat: no-repeat;
|
||
background-size: cover;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.haikei:before {
|
||
content: '';
|
||
position:absolute;
|
||
top: 0;
|
||
left: 0;
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
height: 100%;
|
||
background-color: var(--color-event-background);
|
||
z-index: -1;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.margin-auto-center {
|
||
display: block;
|
||
margin-left: auto;
|
||
margin-right: auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.flex-auto-center {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
margin-left: auto;
|
||
margin-right: auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.mw-1100 { max-width: 1100px; }
|
||
.mw-1300 { max-width: 1300px; }
|
||
.full-width { width: 100%; }
|
||
|
||
.h-separator {
|
||
background-color: #cccccc;
|
||
height: 1px;
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
margin: 5px auto;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.no-spacing {
|
||
margin: 0 !important;
|
||
padding: 0 !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.inherit-color { color: inherit; }
|
||
|
||
.inherit-decoration { text-decoration: inherit; }
|
||
|
||
/* Table Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
.table-border-gray tr:not(:last-child) {
|
||
border-bottom: 1px solid #cccccc;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
table.full-width tr td:last-child {
|
||
width:100%;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Animation Quick-Access Classes */
|
||
@keyframes anim-spin {
|
||
0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
|
||
100% { transform: rotate(359deg); }
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.anim-spin {
|
||
display: inline-block;
|
||
animation: anim-spin 2s infinite linear;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.hov-pointer { cursor: pointer; }
|
||
.hov-brighten:hover { filter: brightness(1.2); }
|
||
.hov-darken:hover { filter: brightness(0.95); }
|
||
.hov-underline:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
|
||
|
||
/* Small tweaks related to components when using these styles */
|
||
.nav-tabs {
|
||
border-bottom: none;
|
||
}
|
||
.tab-content > .flex-column.active,
|
||
.tab-content > .flex-row.active {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/* Alpine components with x-cloak should not be visible by default until conditionals kick in */
|
||
[x-cloak] { display: none !important; }
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/alpine-components/modal.css">
|
||
<script defer src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/alpinejs/3.13.2/cdn.min.js"></script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
document.addEventListener('alpine:init', () => {
|
||
Alpine.store('article', {
|
||
id: null,
|
||
engagement: {
|
||
open: false,
|
||
page: 1,
|
||
users: [],
|
||
additional: true,
|
||
loading: false,
|
||
initializing: false,
|
||
unauthorized: false,
|
||
enqueued: null,
|
||
dequeued: null,
|
||
|
||
reset() {
|
||
this.open = false;
|
||
this.page = 1;
|
||
this.users.splice(0);
|
||
this.additional = true;
|
||
this.loading = false;
|
||
this.initializing = false;
|
||
this.enqueued = null;
|
||
this.dequeued = null;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
enqueue(user) {
|
||
this.dequeued = null;
|
||
this.enqueued = user;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
dequeue(user) {
|
||
this.enqueued = null;
|
||
this.dequeued = user;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
add(user) {
|
||
this.users.push(user);
|
||
this.enqueued = null;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
remove(user) {
|
||
const index = this.users.findIndex(u => u.id === user.id);
|
||
|
||
if (index !== -1) {
|
||
this.users.splice(index, 1);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
this.dequeued = null;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
contains(user) {
|
||
return this.users.filter(u => u.id === user.id).length;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
Alpine.effect(() => {
|
||
const store = Alpine.store('article');
|
||
if (!store.engagement.additional && store.engagement.enqueued) {
|
||
if (!store.engagement.contains(store.engagement.enqueued)) {
|
||
store.engagement.add(store.engagement.enqueued);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
Alpine.effect(() => {
|
||
const store = Alpine.store('article');
|
||
if (store.engagement.page && store.engagement.dequeued) {
|
||
store.engagement.remove(store.engagement.dequeued);
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
});
|
||
</script></head>
|
||
<body x-data>
|
||
<div class="skybox skybox-closeBtn dz_skybox" data-gpt-slot="skybox" id="div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-99"></div>
|
||
<header id="ftl-header">
|
||
<div class="header-top">
|
||
<div class="header-container">
|
||
<div class="pull-left logo-container">
|
||
<div class="logo">
|
||
<a class="inner" href="/">
|
||
<picture>
|
||
<source srcset="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz_logo_2021_cropped.webp" type="image/webp">
|
||
<source srcset="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz_logo_2021_cropped.png" type="image/png">
|
||
<img src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz_logo_2021_cropped.png" width="181" height="56" alt="DZone">
|
||
</picture>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="pull-right login-and-search">
|
||
<div id="authenticated-block" class="logged-in">
|
||
<div class="welcome-back">Thanks for visiting DZone today,</div>
|
||
<div id="user-header" class="user-info">
|
||
<button class="user-avatar">
|
||
<span id="header-username" class="username"></span>
|
||
<img id="header-avatar" src="" alt="user avatar">
|
||
</button>
|
||
<div id="user-dropdown" class="browse-user-menu">
|
||
<div class="user-content">
|
||
<a id="header-user-plug" href="#" class="user-description"></a>
|
||
<a id="header-user-edit" href="#" class="edit-profile">Edit Profile</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<ul class="user-actions">
|
||
<li id="first-user-action">
|
||
<a id="header-dropdown-manage-email" href="#">Manage Email Subscriptions</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/articles/how-to-submit-a-post-to-dzone?utm_source=DZone&utm_medium=user_dropdown&utm_campaign=how_to_post">
|
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How to Post to DZone
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="/articles/dzones-article-submission-guidelines">
|
||
Article Submission Guidelines
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="bottom">
|
||
<a href="/users/logout.html" class="sign-out">Sign Out</a>
|
||
<a id="dropdown-view-profile" href="#" class="view-profile">View Profile</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="post-content">
|
||
<button id="post-button" class="post-content--button">
|
||
<span class="post-class">Post</span>
|
||
<i class="icon-plus"></i>
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div id="post-menu" class="posting-links">
|
||
<div class="posting-links-menu">
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<img src="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/images/dz-postarticle.svg" width="15" height="18" style="width: 15px; height: 18px;">
|
||
<a href="/content/article/post.html">Post an Article</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a id="drafts-link" href="#">Manage My Drafts</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="unauthenticated-block">
|
||
<div class="dz-intro">Over 2 million developers have joined DZone.</div>
|
||
<div class="mobile-invisible sign-in-join">
|
||
<a href="/users/login.html">Log In</a>
|
||
<span class="dz-intro-span">/</span>
|
||
<a href="/static/registration.html">Join</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<a class="join-icon" href="/users/login.html" aria-label="User">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide svg-user lucide-user-icon lucide-user">
|
||
<path d="M19 21v-2a4 4 0 0 0-4-4H9a4 4 0 0 0-4 4v2"></path>
|
||
<circle cx="12" cy="7" r="4"></circle>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
document.addEventListener('alpine:init', () => {
|
||
Alpine.data('searchDrawer', () => ({
|
||
open: false,
|
||
query: '',
|
||
minCharsMet: false,
|
||
|
||
toggleVisibility() {
|
||
this.open = !this.open;
|
||
if (this.open) {
|
||
this.$nextTick(() => {
|
||
this.$refs.query.focus();
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
updateSearchValue() {
|
||
if (!this.query || !this.query.length || this.query.length < 3) {
|
||
this.minCharsMet = false;
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
this.minCharsMet = true;
|
||
localStorage.setItem('ls.searchValue', this.query);
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
searchSite() {
|
||
if (this.minCharsMet) {
|
||
window.location = '/search';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}));
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<div class="headerSearch" x-data="searchDrawer()" x-cloak>
|
||
<button class="btn-search dropdown-toggle" x-on:click="toggleVisibility()" aria-label="Search">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide svg-search lucide-search-icon lucide-search">
|
||
<path d="m21 21-4.34-4.34"></path>
|
||
<circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8"></circle>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</button>
|
||
<template x-teleport=".header-container">
|
||
<div id="search-drawer" x-show="open" x-on:click.outside="open = false" x-transition>
|
||
<div class="search-input">
|
||
<input type="text"
|
||
placeholder="Search"
|
||
autofocus="autofocus"
|
||
x-model="query"
|
||
x-ref="query"
|
||
x-on:input.change="updateSearchValue()"
|
||
x-on:keyup.enter="searchSite()"
|
||
>
|
||
<button x-on:click="searchSite()" x-bind:disabled="!minCharsMet">
|
||
<span>Search</span>
|
||
</button>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="search-footer">
|
||
Please enter at least three characters to search
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</template>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div> </div>
|
||
<div class="header-bottom">
|
||
<div class="header-bottom-container">
|
||
<a class="resource-link" href="/refcardz">Refcards</a>
|
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<a class="resource-link" href="/trendreports">Trend Reports</a>
|
||
<div class="resource-link link-menu">
|
||
<a href="/events">Events</a>
|
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<a href="/events/video-library">Video Library</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<nav class="header-menu-bar">
|
||
<div class="header-menu resource-category">
|
||
<a href="/refcardz">Refcards</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator resource-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu resource-category">
|
||
<a href="/trendreports">Trend Reports</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator resource-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu resource-category no-bottom-radius" data-click-activation>
|
||
<p class="menu-label">Events</p>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<div class="header-menu-columns">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/events">View Events</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/events/video-library">Video Library</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu zone-menu" data-click-activation>
|
||
<p class="menu-label">Zones <i class="icon-down-dir icon-closed"></i><i class="icon-right-dir icon-open"></i></p>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<div class="header-menu-columns">
|
||
<div class="header-menu-column-item">
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/culture-and-methodologies">Culture and Methodologies</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/agile">Agile</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/career-development">Career Development</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/methodologies">Methodologies</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/team-management">Team Management</a>
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="header-menu-column-item">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/data-engineering">Data Engineering</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/ai-ml">AI/ML</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/big-data">Big Data</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/data">Data</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/databases">Databases</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/iot">IoT</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-column-item">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/software-design-and-architecture">Software Design and Architecture</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/cloud-architecture">Cloud Architecture</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/containers">Containers</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/integration">Integration</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/microservices">Microservices</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/performance">Performance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/security">Security</a>
|
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</div>
|
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<div class="header-menu-column-item">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/coding">Coding</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/frameworks">Frameworks</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/java">Java</a>
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/javascript">JavaScript</a>
|
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<a class="header-menu-item" href="/languages">Languages</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/tools">Tools</a>
|
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</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-column-item">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/testing-deployment-and-maintenance">Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/deployment">Deployment</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/devops-and-cicd">DevOps and CI/CD</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/maintenance">Maintenance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/monitoring-and-observability">Monitoring and Observability</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/testing-tools-and-frameworks">Testing, Tools, and Frameworks</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-column-item sponsored">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="javascript:void(0)">Partner Zones</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/hubs/build-ai-agents-that-are-ready-for-production/">Build AI Agents That Are Ready for Production</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="1">
|
||
<a href="/culture-and-methodologies">Culture and Methodologies</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/agile">Agile</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/career-development">Career Development</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/methodologies">Methodologies</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/team-management">Team Management</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="2">
|
||
<a href="/data-engineering">Data Engineering</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/ai-ml">AI/ML</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/big-data">Big Data</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/data">Data</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/databases">Databases</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/iot">IoT</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="3">
|
||
<a href="/software-design-and-architecture">Software Design and Architecture</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/cloud-architecture">Cloud Architecture</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/containers">Containers</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/integration">Integration</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/microservices">Microservices</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/performance">Performance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/security">Security</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="4">
|
||
<a href="/coding">Coding</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/frameworks">Frameworks</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/java">Java</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/javascript">JavaScript</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/languages">Languages</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/tools">Tools</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category" tabindex="5">
|
||
<a href="/testing-deployment-and-maintenance">Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/deployment">Deployment</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/devops-and-cicd">DevOps and CI/CD</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/maintenance">Maintenance</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/monitoring-and-observability">Monitoring and Observability</a>
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/testing-tools-and-frameworks">Testing, Tools, and Frameworks</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu parent-category sponsored" tabindex="6">
|
||
<a href="javascript:void(0)">Partner Zones</a>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-items sponsored">
|
||
<a class="header-menu-item" href="/hubs/build-ai-agents-that-are-ready-for-production/">Build AI Agents That Are Ready for Production</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="header-menu-separator parent-category-separator"></div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</header>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
const csrf = {
|
||
parameter: 'TH_CSRF',
|
||
header: 'X-TH-CSRF',
|
||
token: '-8040117732749187441'
|
||
}; // set csrf for auth-status script
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script>
|
||
addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {
|
||
handleRedirects();
|
||
handleMenus();
|
||
handleMobileMenuHeights();
|
||
handleGotoLinks();
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
function isHidden(element) {
|
||
try {
|
||
return window.getComputedStyle(element).display === 'none';
|
||
} catch (_) {
|
||
return false;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function getLink(element) {
|
||
if (element.hasAttribute('data-goto')) {
|
||
return element.getAttribute('data-goto');
|
||
}
|
||
return element.href;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function isLeftClick(event) {
|
||
if (event.altKey || event.shiftKey) {
|
||
return false;
|
||
} else if ('buttons' in event || 'which' in event) {
|
||
return event.buttons === 1 || event.which === 1;
|
||
} else {
|
||
return (event.button === 1 || (event.type === 'click'));
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleRedirects() {
|
||
const redirections = [...document.querySelectorAll('[data-activate-menu]'), ...document.querySelectorAll('[data-click-target]')];
|
||
|
||
redirections.forEach(function(element) {
|
||
const menuSelector = element.getAttribute('data-activate-menu') || element.getAttribute('data-click-target');
|
||
const redirectingElement = document.querySelector(menuSelector);
|
||
if (redirectingElement) {
|
||
element.style.cursor = 'pointer';
|
||
const redirect = function(e) {
|
||
if (redirectingElement.hasAttribute('href') || redirectingElement.hasAttribute('data-goto')) {
|
||
if (redirectingElement.hasAttribute('data-new-window') || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) {
|
||
window.open(getLink(redirectingElement), '_blank');
|
||
} else {
|
||
window.open(getLink(redirectingElement), '_self');
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
const evt = new e.constructor(e.type, e);
|
||
redirectingElement.dispatchEvent(evt);
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
element.addEventListener('mouseup', redirect);
|
||
element.addEventListener('mousedown', (e) => e.preventDefault());
|
||
element.addEventListener('click', (e) => e.preventDefault());
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleMenus() {
|
||
const menuElements = [
|
||
...document.querySelectorAll('.header-menu > a'),
|
||
...document.querySelectorAll('.header-menu > p.menu-label')
|
||
];
|
||
|
||
let scrollYMemory = -1;
|
||
|
||
function scrollToMemory() {
|
||
if (scrollYMemory !== -1) {
|
||
setTimeout(function() {
|
||
window.scrollTo(0, scrollYMemory);
|
||
scrollYMemory = -1;
|
||
}, 10);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function hideMenus() {
|
||
// unfocus menus & items, and set the menus to non-visible.
|
||
menuElements.forEach(function (element) {
|
||
element.blur();
|
||
element.parentElement.blur();
|
||
element.parentElement.classList.remove('menu-opened');
|
||
const menuItems = element.parentElement.querySelector('.header-menu-items');
|
||
if (menuItems) {
|
||
menuItems.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
const wasHidden = document.body.style.overflowY === 'hidden';
|
||
document.body.style.overflowY = 'auto';
|
||
if (wasHidden) {
|
||
scrollToMemory();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function isEventOutsideMenu(e) {
|
||
return e.target.closest && !e.target.closest('.header-menu') && !e.target.closest('[data-activate-menu]');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Handle mobile menu toggling
|
||
menuElements.forEach(function(element) {
|
||
const menu = element.parentElement;
|
||
const headerItems = menu.querySelector('.header-menu-items');
|
||
const menuEntries = headerItems ? headerItems.querySelectorAll('.header-menu-item') : [];
|
||
|
||
const focus = function() {
|
||
menu.focus();
|
||
menu.classList.add('menu-opened');
|
||
if (headerItems) {
|
||
headerItems.style.display = 'block';
|
||
}
|
||
if (menu.classList.contains('zone-menu')) {
|
||
scrollYMemory = window.scrollY;
|
||
document.body.style.overflowY = 'hidden';
|
||
} else {
|
||
scrollYMemory = -1;
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const unfocus = function() {
|
||
menu.blur();
|
||
menu.classList.remove('menu-opened');
|
||
if (headerItems) {
|
||
headerItems.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
const wasHidden = document.body.style.overflowY === 'hidden';
|
||
document.body.style.overflowY = 'auto';
|
||
if (wasHidden) {
|
||
scrollToMemory();
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const toggleMenuVisibility = function(e) {
|
||
if ((e.type === 'click' || e.type === 'mouseup') && !isLeftClick(e)) {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
const hidden = isHidden(headerItems);
|
||
if (menu.hasAttribute('data-click-activation')) { // handle click activated toggling
|
||
if (hidden) {
|
||
hideMenus(); // hide other open menus first
|
||
focus();
|
||
} else {
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
}
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
} else if (hidden) {
|
||
hideMenus(); // hide other open menus first
|
||
focus();
|
||
e.preventDefault(); // prevent 'click' event from firing when menu is hidden
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
element.addEventListener('touchend', toggleMenuVisibility);
|
||
element.addEventListener('mouseup', toggleMenuVisibility);
|
||
|
||
// Add hover events to non-click-activated menus, even though CSS should cover it.
|
||
if (!menu.hasAttribute('data-click-activation')) {
|
||
menu.addEventListener('mouseover', function () {
|
||
hideMenus(); // hide other open menus first
|
||
focus();
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
menu.addEventListener('mouseout', function (e) {
|
||
if (isEventOutsideMenu(e)) {
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Hide menu when child is clicked
|
||
menuEntries.forEach(function(menuEntry) {
|
||
const linkToItem = function(e) {
|
||
if (e.type === 'mousedown' || e.type === 'click') {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
if (e.type === 'mouseup' && !isLeftClick(e)) {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
window.open(getLink(menuEntry), (e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) ? '_blank' : (menuEntry.target || '_self'));
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const linkToMobileItem = function(e) {
|
||
if (e.type === 'touchstart') {
|
||
menuEntry.setAttribute('data-touchmove', false);
|
||
} else if (e.type === 'touchmove') {
|
||
menuEntry.setAttribute('data-touchmove', true);
|
||
} else if (e.type === 'touchend' && (!menuEntry.hasAttribute('data-touchmove') || menuEntry.getAttribute('data-touchmove').toLowerCase() === 'false')) {
|
||
window.open(getLink(menuEntry), (e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) ? '_blank' : (menuEntry.target || '_self'));
|
||
unfocus();
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('mousedown', linkToItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('mouseup', linkToItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('click', linkToItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('touchstart', linkToMobileItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('touchmove', linkToMobileItem);
|
||
menuEntry.addEventListener('touchend', linkToMobileItem);
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
function hideIfNonMenuBounds(e) {
|
||
if (isEventOutsideMenu(e)) {
|
||
hideMenus();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
addEventListener('mousemove', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('touchend', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('mouseup', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('mousedown', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
addEventListener('click', hideIfNonMenuBounds);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleMobileMenuHeights() {
|
||
function setAppHeight() {
|
||
document.documentElement.style.setProperty('--app-height', window.innerHeight + 'px');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
addEventListener('resize', function() {
|
||
setAppHeight();
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
setAppHeight();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function handleGotoLinks() {
|
||
// Add anchor mimicking to elements with data-goto attributes
|
||
// This addresses SEO concerns of linking to noindex pages by allowing JS to handle the URL
|
||
const anchorElements = document.querySelectorAll('*[data-goto]');
|
||
anchorElements.forEach((anchorElement) => {
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mouseover', () => {
|
||
anchorElement.style.cursor = 'pointer';
|
||
anchorElement.style.textDecoration = 'underline';
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mouseout', () => {
|
||
anchorElement.style.cursor = 'unset';
|
||
anchorElement.style.textDecoration = 'unset';
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mouseup', (e) => {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('mousedown', (e) => {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
});
|
||
anchorElement.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
|
||
e.preventDefault();
|
||
const anchorHref = anchorElement.getAttribute('data-goto');
|
||
if (anchorElement.hasAttribute('data-new-window') || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey) {
|
||
window.open(anchorHref, '_blank');
|
||
} else {
|
||
window.open(anchorHref, '_self');
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
</script><script>
|
||
const authenticatedBlock = document.querySelector('#authenticated-block');
|
||
const unauthenticatedBlock = document.querySelector('#unauthenticated-block');
|
||
|
||
let authenticated = {
|
||
isAuthenticated: false,
|
||
isAdmin: false,
|
||
user: {
|
||
id: null,
|
||
name: null,
|
||
url: null,
|
||
profileImage: null,
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
fetch('/services/internal/data/articles-getAuthenticationStatus', {
|
||
headers: {
|
||
'Accept': 'application/json'
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
.then(function (result) {
|
||
return result.json()
|
||
})
|
||
.then(function (result) {
|
||
const res = result.result.data
|
||
if (!res.authenticated) {
|
||
unauthenticatedBlock.classList.add('shown')
|
||
} else {
|
||
authenticated.user.id = res.id;
|
||
authenticated.user.name = res.realName;
|
||
authenticated.user.url = res.profileUrl;
|
||
authenticated.user.profileImage = res.avatar;
|
||
authenticated.user.jobTitle = res.jobTitle;
|
||
authenticated.user.companyName = res.companyName;
|
||
|
||
bindProps('#header-username', null, null, (res.firstName || res.username), null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-avatar', null, res.avatar, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-user-plug', res.profileUrl, null, res.realName, null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-user-edit', '/users/' + res.id + '/edit.html', null, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#header-dropdown-manage-email', '/newsletters/' + res.id + '/manage.html', null, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#dropdown-view-profile', res.profileUrl, null, null, null)
|
||
bindProps('#drafts-link', '/users/' + res.id + '/drafts.html', null, null, null)
|
||
|
||
if (res.isAdmin) {
|
||
// Construct backwards so the #after call places elements in the correct order
|
||
const firstUserAction = document.querySelector('#first-user-action')
|
||
const adminConsoleItem = document.createElement('li')
|
||
const adminConsoleLink = createLink('/dzone/staff/index.html', 'Admin Console')
|
||
adminConsoleItem.appendChild(adminConsoleLink)
|
||
firstUserAction.after(adminConsoleItem)
|
||
|
||
const moderationItem = document.createElement('li')
|
||
const moderationLink = createLink('/moderation/list.html', 'Moderation')
|
||
moderationItem.appendChild(moderationLink)
|
||
firstUserAction.after(moderationItem)
|
||
|
||
const bountyModerationItem = document.createElement('li')
|
||
const bountyModerationLink = createLink('/moderation/bounties', 'Bounty Moderation')
|
||
bountyModerationItem.appendChild(bountyModerationLink)
|
||
firstUserAction.after(bountyModerationItem)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
authenticated.isAuthenticated = res.authenticated;
|
||
authenticated.isAdmin = res.isAdmin;
|
||
|
||
authenticatedBlock.classList.add('shown')
|
||
}
|
||
}).catch(function (result) {
|
||
console.error(result)
|
||
})
|
||
|
||
/**
|
||
* Binds different properties to the selected element.
|
||
*
|
||
* @param selector - Selector to select the element
|
||
* @param href - href attribute value
|
||
* @param src - src attribute value
|
||
* @param innerHTML - innerHTML property value
|
||
* @param innerText - innerText property value
|
||
*/
|
||
function bindProps(selector, href, src, innerHTML, innerText) {
|
||
const element = document.querySelector(selector)
|
||
if (element) {
|
||
if (href) element.href = href
|
||
if (src) element.src = src
|
||
if (innerHTML) element.innerHTML = innerHTML
|
||
if (innerText) element.innerText = innerText
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
/**
|
||
* Creates a new link element.
|
||
*
|
||
* @param href - href attribute value
|
||
* @param innerText - innerText property value
|
||
* @returns {HTMLAnchorElement} The generated link element
|
||
*/
|
||
function createLink(href, innerText) {
|
||
const link = document.createElement('a')
|
||
link.href = href
|
||
link.innerText = innerText
|
||
|
||
return link
|
||
}
|
||
</script><script>
|
||
const userHeader = document.querySelector('#user-header')
|
||
const userDropdown = document.querySelector('#user-dropdown')
|
||
const postDropdown = document.querySelector('#post-button')
|
||
const postMenu = document.querySelector('#post-menu')
|
||
|
||
let userDropdownOpen = false
|
||
let postDropdownOpen = false
|
||
|
||
document.addEventListener('click', function(event) {
|
||
if (postDropdown && postDropdown.contains(event.target)) {
|
||
setUserDropdown(false)
|
||
setPostDropdown(!postDropdownOpen)
|
||
} else if (userHeader && userHeader.contains(event.target)) {
|
||
setPostDropdown(false)
|
||
setUserDropdown(!userDropdownOpen)
|
||
} else {
|
||
setUserDropdown(false)
|
||
setPostDropdown(false)
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
|
||
function setUserDropdown(value) {
|
||
userDropdownOpen = value
|
||
if (userDropdownOpen) {
|
||
if (userDropdown) {
|
||
userDropdown.classList.add('open')
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
if (userDropdown) {
|
||
userDropdown.classList.remove('open')
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function setPostDropdown(value) {
|
||
postDropdownOpen = value
|
||
if (postDropdownOpen) {
|
||
if (postMenu) {
|
||
postMenu.classList.add('open')
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
if (postMenu) {
|
||
postMenu.classList.remove('open')
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</script><script>
|
||
document.addEventListener("alpine:init", () => {
|
||
Alpine.store('global', {
|
||
executeHttp(path, body, method) {
|
||
const options = {
|
||
method: method,
|
||
headers: {
|
||
[csrf.header]: csrf.token
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
if (method !== 'GET') {
|
||
options.body = JSON.stringify(body);
|
||
options.headers = {
|
||
...options.headers,
|
||
'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
|
||
fetch(path, options)
|
||
.then(res => {
|
||
if (!res.ok) {
|
||
reject(res);
|
||
} else {
|
||
resolve(res);
|
||
}
|
||
})
|
||
.catch(err => reject(err));
|
||
});
|
||
},
|
||
getFromService(path) {
|
||
return this.executeHttp(path, null, 'GET');
|
||
},
|
||
postToService(path, body = {}) {
|
||
return this.executeHttp(path, body, 'POST');
|
||
},
|
||
putToService(path, body = {}) {
|
||
return this.executeHttp(path, body, 'PUT');
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/colors.css">
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/article/styles.css">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div id="body-container">
|
||
<div id="announcement-container-outer">
|
||
<div id="announcement-previous">
|
||
<i class="icon-angle-left"></i>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="announcement-next">
|
||
<i class="icon-angle-right"></i>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="announcement-container">
|
||
<div class="announcement announcement-count-1"
|
||
data-position="1">
|
||
<div class="body"><p><strong>Could your team report a vulnerability within 24 hours? </strong>Find out on September 23.</p></div>
|
||
<div class="spacer"></div>
|
||
<a href="https://cvent.me/O32zXR?utm_source=Announcements&utm_medium=DzoneWeb&utm_campaign=QtGroup-0923" target="_blank">
|
||
<button>Assess Your CRA Readiness</button>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" async>
|
||
(function() {
|
||
let announcementPosition = 1;
|
||
let minAnnouncementPosition = -1;
|
||
let maxAnnouncementPosition = -1;
|
||
|
||
const announcementPrevBtn = document.querySelector('#announcement-previous');
|
||
const announcementNextBtn = document.querySelector('#announcement-next');
|
||
|
||
function withAnnouncements(callback) {
|
||
const announcements = document.querySelectorAll('#announcement-container .announcement');
|
||
for (let announcement of announcements) {
|
||
callback(announcement);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function initAnnouncementVars() {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--mobile-announcement-separator-width', '1px');
|
||
withAnnouncements(function(announcement) {
|
||
const pos = parseInt(announcement.getAttribute('data-position'));
|
||
minAnnouncementPosition = minAnnouncementPosition === -1 ? pos : Math.min(minAnnouncementPosition, pos);
|
||
maxAnnouncementPosition = maxAnnouncementPosition === -1 ? pos : Math.max(maxAnnouncementPosition, pos);
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
if (document.querySelector('.announcementBarContainer')) {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--body-top-padding', '0');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (maxAnnouncementPosition <= 0) {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--body-top-padding', '0');
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
sizeToFullWhenOneEntryOnMobile();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function setAnnouncementPosition(position) {
|
||
if (window.outerWidth >= 890) {
|
||
return; // we do not need to change the position, since we can display everything on desktop.
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Make the announcement cyclical
|
||
if (minAnnouncementPosition !== -1 && maxAnnouncementPosition !== -1) {
|
||
if (position > maxAnnouncementPosition) {
|
||
position = minAnnouncementPosition; // overflow to the first announcement
|
||
} else if (position < minAnnouncementPosition) {
|
||
position = maxAnnouncementPosition; // underflow to the last announcement
|
||
}
|
||
announcementPosition = position;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const shownAnnouncements = [];
|
||
|
||
let reverseFlex = false; // should only be true when the first and last items are showing
|
||
|
||
// Now that the position is valid, apply the transforms
|
||
withAnnouncements(function(announcement) {
|
||
const pos = parseInt(announcement.getAttribute('data-position'));
|
||
const isWrapped = position === maxAnnouncementPosition && pos === minAnnouncementPosition; // showing first + last at same time
|
||
const doesNextQualify = window.outerWidth >= 500 && (pos === position + 1 || isWrapped);
|
||
|
||
if (pos === position || doesNextQualify) {
|
||
shownAnnouncements.push(announcement);
|
||
} else {
|
||
announcement.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
announcement.style.opacity = 0.0;
|
||
|
||
if (isWrapped) {
|
||
reverseFlex = true;
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
for (let announcement of shownAnnouncements) {
|
||
announcement.style.display = 'flex';
|
||
announcement.style.opacity = 1.0;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const announcementContainer = document.querySelector('#announcement-container');
|
||
if (announcementContainer) {
|
||
announcementContainer.style.flexDirection = reverseFlex ? 'row-reverse' : 'row';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function resetAnnouncements() {
|
||
announcementPosition = 1;
|
||
const announcementContainer = document.querySelector('#announcement-container');
|
||
if (announcementContainer) {
|
||
announcementContainer.style.flexDirection = 'row';
|
||
}
|
||
withAnnouncements(function(announcement) {
|
||
announcement.style.opacity = 1.0;
|
||
announcement.style.display = 'flex';
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function sizeToFullWhenOneEntryOnMobile() {
|
||
if (maxAnnouncementPosition <= 2 && announcementPrevBtn && announcementNextBtn) {
|
||
announcementPrevBtn.style.display = maxAnnouncementPosition === 2 && window.outerWidth < 500 ? 'flex' : 'none';
|
||
announcementNextBtn.style.display = maxAnnouncementPosition === 2 && window.outerWidth < 500 ? 'flex' : 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
if (maxAnnouncementPosition === 1 && window.outerWidth >= 500 && window.outerWidth < 890) {
|
||
document.querySelector(':root').style.setProperty('--mobile-announcement-separator-width', '0');
|
||
document.querySelector('#announcement-container .announcement').style.maxWidth = '100%';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function resetAnnouncementsOnResize() {
|
||
announcementPosition = 1; // we want to reset the announcement position every resize
|
||
if (window.outerWidth >= 890) { // 4 announcements can be shown (215px * 4) + separator padding
|
||
resetAnnouncements();
|
||
} else { // if we're still on mobile, set the position to normalize things after resize
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition);
|
||
sizeToFullWhenOneEntryOnMobile();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
window.addEventListener('resize', resetAnnouncementsOnResize);
|
||
|
||
initAnnouncementVars();
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition); // sets the min & max positions as well as initializes transforms
|
||
|
||
if (announcementPrevBtn) {
|
||
announcementPrevBtn.onclick = function() {
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition - 1);
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (announcementNextBtn) {
|
||
announcementNextBtn.onclick = function() {
|
||
setAnnouncementPosition(announcementPosition + 1);
|
||
};
|
||
}
|
||
})(); </script>
|
||
<div id="ftl-article" class="trending-article-body">
|
||
<aside class="trending-sidebar" aria-labelledby="related-sidebar-heading">
|
||
<div class="trending">
|
||
<h2 id="related-sidebar-heading">Related</h2>
|
||
<div class="trending-separator"></div>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/queues-dont-absorb-load-they-delay-bankruptcy-1" class="related-link">Why Queues Don’t Fix Scaling Problems</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/how-to-protect-go-applications" class="related-link">Protecting Go Applications: Limiting the Number of Requests and Memory Consumption</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/rate-limiting-strategies-for-efficient-traffic-man" class="related-link">Rate Limiting Strategies for Efficient Traffic Management</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="item">
|
||
<a href="/articles/setting-up-request-rate-limiting-with-nginx-ingres" class="related-link">Setting up Request Rate Limiting With NGINX Ingress</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</aside>
|
||
<div class="container-fluid body trending-article-fluid">
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-md-12">
|
||
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"articleBody": "One of the most useful, but often misunderstood and misconfigured, features of NGINX is rate limiting. It allows you to limit the amount of HTTP requests a user can make in a given period of time. A request can be as simple as a GET request for the homepage of a website or a POST request on a login form. Rate limiting can be used for security purposes, for example, to slow down brute force password guessing attacks. It can help protect against DDoS attacks by limiting the incoming request rate to a value typical for real users, and (with logging) identify the targeted URLs. More generally, it is used to protect upstream application servers from being overwhelmed by too many user requests at the same time. In this blog, we will cover the basics of rate limiting with NGINX as well more advanced configurations. Rate limiting works the same way in NGINX Plus. To learn more about rate limiting with NGINX, register for our live‑webinar. How NGINX Rate Limiting Works NGINX rate limiting uses the leaky bucket algorithm, which is widely used in telecommunications and packet‑switched computer networks to deal with burstiness when bandwidth is limited. The analogy is with a bucket where water is poured in at the top and leaks from the bottom; if the rate at which water is poured in exceeds the rate at which it leaks, the bucket overflows. In terms of request processing, the water represents requests from clients, and the bucket represents a queue where requests wait to be processed according to a first‑in‑first‑out (FIFO) scheduling algorithm. The leaking water represents requests exiting the buffer for processing by the server, and the overflow represents requests that are discarded and never serviced. Configuring Basic Rate Limiting Rate limiting is configured with two main directives, limit_req_zone and limit_req, as in this example: limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=mylimit:10m rate=10r/s; server { location /login/ { limit_req zone=mylimit; proxy_pass http://my_upstream; } } The limit_req_zone directive defines the parameters for rate limiting while enabling rate limiting within the context where it appears (in the example, for all requests to /login/). The limit_req_zone directive is typically defined in the http block, making it available for use in multiple contexts. It takes the following three parameters: Key - Defines the request characteristic against which the limit is applied. In the example, it is the NGINX variable $binary_remote_addr, which holds a binary representation of a client's IP address. This means we are limiting each unique IP address to the request rate defined by the third parameter (we're using this variable because it takes up less space than the string representation of a client IP address, $remote_addr).Zone - Defines the shared memory zone used to store the state of each IP address and how often it has accessed a request‑limited URL. Keeping the information in shared memory means it can be shared among the NGINX worker processes. The definition has two parts: the zone name identified by the zone= keyword, and the size following the colon. State information for about 16,000 IP addresses takes 1 megabyte, so our zone can store about 160,000 addresses. If storage is exhausted when NGINX needs to add a new entry, it removes the oldest entry. If the space freed is still not enough to accommodate the new record, NGINX returns status code 503(TemporarilyUnavailable). Additionally, to prevent memory from being exhausted, every time NGINX creates a new entry it removes up to two entries that have not been used in the previous 60 seconds.Rate - Sets the maximum request rate. In the example, the rate cannot exceed 10 requests per second. NGINX actually tracks requests at millisecond granularity, so this limit corresponds to 1 request every 100 milliseconds. Because we are not allowing for bursts, this means that a request is rejected if it arrives less than 100 milliseconds after the previous permitted one. The limit_req_zone directive sets the parameters for rate limiting and the shared memory zone, but it does not actually limit the request rate. For that, you need to apply the limit to a specific location or server block by including a limit_req directive there. In the example, we are rate limiting requests to /login/. So now each unique IP address is limited to 10 requests per second for /login/ - or more precisely, cannot make a request for that URL within 100 milliseconds of its previous one. Handling Bursts What if we get 2 requests within 100 milliseconds of each other? For the second request, NGINX returns status code 503 to the client. This is probably not what we want because applications tend to be bursty in nature. Instead, we want to buffer any excess requests and service them in a timely manner. This is where we use the burst parameter to limit_req, as in this updated configuration: location /login/ { limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20; proxy_pass http://my_upstream; } The burst parameter defines how many requests a client can make in excess of the rate specified by the zone (with our sample mylimit zone, the rate limit is 10 requests per second, or 1 every 100 milliseconds). A request that arrives sooner than 100 milliseconds after the previous one is put in a queue, and here we are setting the queue size to 20. That means if 21 requests arrive from a given IP address simultaneously, NGINX forwards the first one to the upstream server group immediately and puts the remaining 20 in the queue. It then forwards a queued request every 100 milliseconds and returns 503 to the client only if an incoming request makes the number of queued requests go over 20. Queueing With No Delay A configuration with burst results in a smooth flow of traffic, but is not very practical because it can make your site appear slow. In our example, the 20th packet in the queue waits 2 seconds to be forwarded, at which point a response to it might no longer be useful to the client. To address this situation, add the nodelay parameter along with the burst parameter: location /login/ { limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20 nodelay; proxy_pass http://my_upstream; } With the nodelay parameter, NGINX still allocates slots in the queue according to the burst parameter and imposes the configured rate limit, but not by spacing out the forwarding of queued requests. Instead, when a request arrives \"too soon,\" NGINX forwards it immediately as long as there is a slot available for it in the queue. It marks that slot as \"taken\" and does not free it for use by another request until the appropriate time has passed (in our example, after 100 milliseconds). Suppose, as before, that the 20‑slot queue is empty and 21 requests arrive simultaneously from a given IP address. NGINX forwards all 21 requests immediately and marks the 20 slots in the queue as taken, then frees 1 slot every 100 milliseconds (if there were 25 requests instead, NGINX would immediately forward 21 of them, mark 20 slots as taken and reject 4 requests with status 503). Now suppose that 101 milliseconds after the first set of requests was forwarded another 20 requests arrive simultaneously. Only 1 slot in the queue has been freed, so NGINX forwards 1 request and rejects the other 19 with status 503. If instead 501 milliseconds have passed before the 20 new requests arrive, 5 slots are free so NGINX forwards 5 requests immediately and rejects 15. The effect is equivalent to a rate limit of 10 requests per second. The nodelay option is useful if you want to impose a rate limit without constraining the allowed spacing between requests. Note: For most deployments, we recommend including the burst and nodelay parameters to the limit_req directive. Advanced Configuration Examples By combining basic rate limiting with other NGINX features, you can implement more nuanced traffic limiting. Whitelisting This example shows how to impose a rate limit on requests from anyone who is not on a \"whitelist.\" geo $limit { default 1; 10.0.0.0/8 0; 192.168.0.0/24 0; } map $limit $limit_key { 0 \"\"; 1 $binary_remote_addr; } limit_req_zone $limit_key zone=req_zone:10m rate=5r/s; server { location / { limit_req zone=req_zone burst=10 nodelay; # ... } } This example makes use of both the geo and map directives. The geo block assigns a value of 0 to $limit for IP addresses in the whitelist and 1 for all others. We then use a map to translate those values into a key, such that: If $limit is 0, $limit_key is set to the empty string.If $limit is 1, $limit_key is set to the client's IP address in binary format. Putting the two together, $limit_key is set to an empty string for whitelisted IP addresses, and to the client's IP address otherwise. When the first parameter to the limit_req_zone directory (the key) is an empty string, the limit is not applied, so whitelisted IP addresses (in the 10.0.0.0/8 and 192.168.0.0/24 subnets) are not limited. All other IP addresses are limited to 5 requests per second. The limit_req directive applies the limit to the / location and allows bursts of up to 10 packets over the configured limit with no delay on forwarding Including Multiple limit_req Directives in a Location You can include multiple limit_req directives in a single location. All limits that match a given request are applied, meaning the most restrictive one is used. For example, if more than one directive imposes a delay, the longest delay is used. Similarly, requests are rejected if that is the effect of any directive, even if other directives allow them through. Extending the previous example we can apply a rate limit to IP addresses on the whitelist: http { # ... limit_req_zone $limit_key zone=req_zone:10m rate=5r/s; limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_zone_wl:10m rate=15r/s; server { # ... location / { limit_req zone=req_zone burst=10 nodelay; limit_req zone=req_zone_wl burst=20 nodelay; # ... } } } IP addresses on the whitelist do not match the first rate limit ( req_zone) but do match the second ( req_zone_wl) and so are limited to 15 requests per second. IP addresses not on the whitelist match both rate limits so the more restrictive one applies: 5 requests per second. Configuring Related Features Logging By default, NGINX logs requests that are delayed or dropped due to rate limiting, as in this example: 2015/06/13 04:20:00 [error] 120315#0: *32086 limiting requests, excess: 1.000 by zone \"mylimit\", client: 192.168.1.2, server: nginx.com, request: \"GET / HTTP/1.0\", host: \"nginx.com\" Fields in the log entry include: limitingrequests - Indicator that the log entry records a rate limit.excess - Number of requests per millisecond over the configured rate that this request represents.zone - Zone that defines the imposed rate limit.client - IP address of the client making the request.server - IP address or hostname of the server.request - Actual HTTP request made by the client.host - Value of the Host HTTP header. By default, NGINX logs refused requests at the error level, as shown by [error] in the example above (it logs delayed requests at one level lower, so info by default). To change the logging level, use the limit_req_log_level directive. Here we set refused requests to log at the warn level: location /login/ { limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20 nodelay; limit_req_log_level warn; proxy_pass http://my_upstream; } Error Code Sent to Client By default, NGINX responds with status code 503 when a client exceeds its rate limit. Use the limit_req_status directive to set a different status code ( 444 in this example): location /login/ { limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20 nodelay; limit_req_status 444; } Denying All Requests to a Specific Location If you want to deny all requests for a specific URL, rather than just limiting them, configure a block for it and include the all directive: location /foo.php { deny all; } Conclusion We have covered many features of rate limiting that NGINX and NGINX Plus offer, including setting up request rates for different locations on HTTP requests and configuring additional features to rate limiting such as the burst and nodelay parameters. We have also covered advanced configuration for applying different limits for whitelisted and blacklisted client IP addresses and explained how to log rejected and delayed requests.",
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<h1 class="article-title">NGINX Rate Limiting</h1>
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<p>We take a look at how to use NGINX to set up request rates for different locations on HTTP requests and configure additional features to rate limiting.</p>
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<div class="content-html"><p pid="2">One of the most useful, but often misunderstood and misconfigured, features of NGINX is <em>rate limiting</em>. It allows you to limit the amount of HTTP requests a user can make in a given period of time. A request can be as simple as a <code>GET</code> request for the homepage of a website or a <code>POST</code> request on a login form.</p>
|
||
<p pid="3">Rate limiting can be used for security purposes, for example, to slow down brute force password guessing attacks. It can help <a href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/mitigating-ddos-attacks-with-nginx-and-nginx-plus/" target="_blank">protect against DDoS attacks</a> by limiting the incoming request rate to a value typical for real users, and (with logging) identify the targeted URLs. More generally, it is used to protect upstream application servers from being overwhelmed by too many user requests at the same time.</p>
|
||
<p pid="4">In this blog, we will cover the basics of rate limiting with NGINX as well more advanced configurations. Rate limiting works the same way in NGINX Plus.</p>
|
||
<p pid="40"><em>To learn more about rate limiting with NGINX, register for our <a href="https://www.nginx.com/resources/webinars/rate-limiting-nginx/" target="_blank">live‑webinar</a>.</em></p>
|
||
<h2>How NGINX Rate Limiting Works</h2>
|
||
<p pid="41"><img class="fr-fin fr-dib" src="https://cdn-1.wp.nginx.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/leaky-bucket-featured-image-300x180.jpg" /></p>
|
||
<p pid="5">NGINX rate limiting uses the <em>leaky bucket algorithm</em>, which is widely used in telecommunications and packet‑switched computer networks to deal with burstiness when bandwidth is limited. The analogy is with a bucket where water is poured in at the top and leaks from the bottom; if the rate at which water is poured in exceeds the rate at which it leaks, the bucket overflows. In terms of request processing, the water represents requests from clients, and the bucket represents a queue where requests wait to be processed according to a first‑in‑first‑out (FIFO) scheduling algorithm. The leaking water represents requests exiting the buffer for processing by the server, and the overflow represents requests that are discarded and never serviced.</p>
|
||
<h2>Configuring Basic Rate Limiting</h2>
|
||
<p pid="6">Rate limiting is configured with two main directives, <code>limit_req_zone</code> and <code>limit_req</code>, as in this example:</p>
|
||
<pre><code lang="text/x-java">limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=mylimit:10m rate=10r/s;
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
location /login/ {
|
||
limit_req zone=mylimit;
|
||
|
||
proxy_pass http://my_upstream;
|
||
}
|
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}</code></pre>
|
||
<p pid="7">The <a href="http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_limit_req_module.html#limit_req_zone"><code>limit_req_zone</code></a> directive defines the parameters for rate limiting while enabling rate limiting within the context where it appears (in the example, for all requests to <strong>/login/</strong>).</p>
|
||
<p pid="8">The <code>limit_req_zone</code> directive is typically defined in the <code>http</code> block, making it available for use in multiple contexts. It takes the following three parameters:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><strong>Key</strong> - Defines the request characteristic against which the limit is applied. In the example, it is the NGINX variable <code>$binary_remote_addr</code>, which holds a binary representation of a client's IP address. This means we are limiting each unique IP address to the request rate defined by the third parameter (we're using this variable because it takes up less space than the string representation of a client IP address, <code>$remote_addr</code>).</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Zone</strong> - Defines the shared memory zone used to store the state of each IP address and how often it has accessed a request‑limited URL. Keeping the information in shared memory means it can be shared among the NGINX worker processes. The definition has two parts: the zone name identified by the <code>zone=</code> keyword, and the size following the colon. State information for about 16,000 IP addresses takes 1 megabyte, so our zone can store about 160,000 addresses. If storage is exhausted when NGINX needs to add a new entry, it removes the oldest entry. If the space freed is still not enough to accommodate the new record, NGINX returns status code <code>503(TemporarilyUnavailable)</code>. Additionally, to prevent memory from being exhausted, every time NGINX creates a new entry it removes up to two entries that have not been used in the previous 60 seconds.</li>
|
||
<li><strong>Rate</strong> - Sets the maximum request rate. In the example, the rate cannot exceed 10 requests per second. NGINX actually tracks requests at millisecond granularity, so this limit corresponds to 1 request every 100 milliseconds. Because we are not allowing for bursts, this means that a request is rejected if it arrives less than 100 milliseconds after the previous permitted one.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p pid="9">The <code>limit_req_zone</code> directive sets the parameters for rate limiting and the shared memory zone, but it does not actually limit the request rate. For that, you need to apply the limit to a specific <code>location</code> or <code>server</code> block by including a <code>limit_req</code> directive there. In the example, we are rate limiting requests to <strong>/login/</strong>.</p>
|
||
<p pid="10">So now each unique IP address is limited to 10 requests per second for <strong>/login/</strong> - or more precisely, cannot make a request for that URL within 100 milliseconds of its previous one.</p>
|
||
<h2>Handling Bursts</h2>
|
||
<p pid="11">What if we get 2 requests within 100 milliseconds of each other? For the second request, NGINX returns status code <code>503</code> to the client. This is probably not what we want because applications tend to be bursty in nature. Instead, we want to buffer any excess requests and service them in a timely manner. This is where we use the <code>burst</code> parameter to <code>limit_req</code>, as in this updated configuration:</p>
|
||
<pre><code lang="text/x-java">location /login/ {
|
||
limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20;
|
||
|
||
proxy_pass http://my_upstream;
|
||
}</code></pre>
|
||
<p pid="12">The <code>burst</code> parameter defines how many requests a client can make in excess of the rate specified by the zone (with our sample <strong>mylimit</strong> zone, the rate limit is 10 requests per second, or 1 every 100 milliseconds). A request that arrives sooner than 100 milliseconds after the previous one is put in a queue, and here we are setting the queue size to 20.</p>
|
||
<p pid="13">That means if 21 requests arrive from a given IP address simultaneously, NGINX forwards the first one to the upstream server group immediately and puts the remaining 20 in the queue. It then forwards a queued request every 100 milliseconds and returns <code>503</code> to the client only if an incoming request makes the number of queued requests go over 20.</p>
|
||
<h2>Queueing With No Delay</h2>
|
||
<p pid="14">A configuration with <code>burst</code> results in a smooth flow of traffic, but is not very practical because it can make your site appear slow. In our example, the 20th packet in the queue waits 2 seconds to be forwarded, at which point a response to it might no longer be useful to the client. To address this situation, add the <code>nodelay</code> parameter along with the <code>burst</code> parameter:</p>
|
||
<pre><code lang="text/x-java">location /login/ {
|
||
limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20 nodelay;
|
||
|
||
proxy_pass http://my_upstream;
|
||
}</code></pre>
|
||
<p pid="15">With the <code>nodelay</code> parameter, NGINX still allocates slots in the queue according to the <code>burst</code> parameter and imposes the configured rate limit, but not by spacing out the forwarding of queued requests. Instead, when a request arrives "too soon," NGINX forwards it immediately as long as there is a slot available for it in the queue. It marks that slot as "taken" and does not free it for use by another request until the appropriate time has passed (in our example, after 100 milliseconds).</p>
|
||
<p pid="16">Suppose, as before, that the 20‑slot queue is empty and 21 requests arrive simultaneously from a given IP address. NGINX forwards all 21 requests immediately and marks the 20 slots in the queue as taken, then frees 1 slot every 100 milliseconds (if there were 25 requests instead, NGINX would immediately forward 21 of them, mark 20 slots as taken and reject 4 requests with status <code>503</code>).</p>
|
||
<p pid="17">Now suppose that 101 milliseconds after the first set of requests was forwarded another 20 requests arrive simultaneously. Only 1 slot in the queue has been freed, so NGINX forwards 1 request and rejects the other 19 with status <code>503</code>. If instead 501 milliseconds have passed before the 20 new requests arrive, 5 slots are free so NGINX forwards 5 requests immediately and rejects 15.</p>
|
||
<p pid="18">The effect is equivalent to a rate limit of 10 requests per second. The <code>nodelay</code> option is useful if you want to impose a rate limit without constraining the allowed spacing between requests.</p>
|
||
<p pid="19"><strong>Note:</strong> For most deployments, we recommend including the <code>burst</code> and <code>nodelay</code> parameters to the <code>limit_req</code> directive.</p>
|
||
<h2>Advanced Configuration Examples</h2>
|
||
<p pid="20">By combining basic rate limiting with other NGINX features, you can implement more nuanced traffic limiting.</p>
|
||
<h3>Whitelisting</h3>
|
||
<p pid="21">This example shows how to impose a rate limit on requests from anyone who is not on a "whitelist."</p>
|
||
<pre><code lang="text/x-java">geo $limit {
|
||
default 1;
|
||
10.0.0.0/8 0;
|
||
192.168.0.0/24 0;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
map $limit $limit_key {
|
||
0 "";
|
||
1 $binary_remote_addr;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
limit_req_zone $limit_key zone=req_zone:10m rate=5r/s;
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
location / {
|
||
limit_req zone=req_zone burst=10 nodelay;
|
||
|
||
# ...
|
||
}
|
||
}</code></pre>
|
||
<p pid="23">This example makes use of both the <code>geo</code> and <code>map</code> directives. The <code>geo</code> block assigns a value of <code>0</code> to <code>$limit</code> for IP addresses in the whitelist and <code>1</code> for all others. We then use a map to translate those values into a key, such that:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>If <code>$limit</code> is <code>0</code>, <code>$limit_key</code> is set to the empty string.</li>
|
||
<li>If <code>$limit</code> is <code>1</code>, <code>$limit_key</code> is set to the client's IP address in binary format.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p pid="25">Putting the two together, <code>$limit_key</code> is set to an empty string for whitelisted IP addresses, and to the client's IP address otherwise. When the first parameter to the <code>limit_req_zone</code> directory (the key) is an empty string, the limit is not applied, so whitelisted IP addresses (in the 10.0.0.0/8 and 192.168.0.0/24 subnets) are not limited. All other IP addresses are limited to 5 requests per second.</p>
|
||
<p pid="26">The <code>limit_req</code> directive applies the limit to the <code>/</code><span id="_tmp_pre_5"> </span> location and allows bursts of up to 10 packets over the configured limit with no delay on forwarding</p>
|
||
<h3>Including Multiple <code>limit_req</code> Directives in a Location</h3>
|
||
<p pid="27">You can include multiple <code>limit_req</code> directives in a single location. All limits that match a given request are applied, meaning the most restrictive one is used. For example, if more than one directive imposes a delay, the longest delay is used. Similarly, requests are rejected if that is the effect of any directive, even if other directives allow them through.</p>
|
||
<p pid="28">Extending the previous example we can apply a rate limit to IP addresses on the whitelist:</p>
|
||
<pre><code lang="text/x-java">http {
|
||
# ...
|
||
|
||
limit_req_zone $limit_key zone=req_zone:10m rate=5r/s;
|
||
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_zone_wl:10m rate=15r/s;
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
# ...
|
||
location / {
|
||
limit_req zone=req_zone burst=10 nodelay;
|
||
limit_req zone=req_zone_wl burst=20 nodelay;
|
||
# ...
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}</code></pre>
|
||
<p pid="29">IP addresses on the whitelist do not match the first rate limit ( <strong>req_zone</strong>) but do match the second ( <strong>req_zone_wl</strong>) and so are limited to 15 requests per second. IP addresses not on the whitelist match both rate limits so the more restrictive one applies: 5 requests per second.</p>
|
||
<h2>Configuring Related Features</h2>
|
||
<h3>Logging</h3>
|
||
<p pid="30">By default, NGINX logs requests that are delayed or dropped due to rate limiting, as in this example:</p>
|
||
<pre><code lang="text/plain">2015/06/13 04:20:00 [error] 120315#0: *32086 limiting requests, excess: 1.000 by zone "mylimit", client: 192.168.1.2, server: nginx.com, request: "GET / HTTP/1.0", host: "nginx.com"</code></pre>
|
||
<p pid="31">Fields in the log entry include:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>limitingrequests</code> - Indicator that the log entry records a rate limit.</li>
|
||
<li><code>excess</code> - Number of requests per millisecond over the configured rate that this request represents.</li>
|
||
<li><code>zone</code> - Zone that defines the imposed rate limit.</li>
|
||
<li><code>client</code> - IP address of the client making the request.</li>
|
||
<li><code>server</code> - IP address or hostname of the server.</li>
|
||
<li><code>request</code> - Actual HTTP request made by the client.</li>
|
||
<li><code>host</code> - Value of the <code>Host</code> HTTP header.</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p pid="33">By default, NGINX logs refused requests at the <code>error</code> level, as shown by <code>[error]</code> in the example above (it logs delayed requests at one level lower, so <code>info</code> by default). To change the logging level, use the <a href="http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_limit_req_module.html#limit_req_log_level"><code>limit_req_log_level</code></a> directive. Here we set refused requests to log at the <code>warn</code> level:</p>
|
||
<pre><code lang="text/x-java">location /login/ {
|
||
limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20 nodelay;
|
||
limit_req_log_level warn;
|
||
|
||
proxy_pass http://my_upstream;
|
||
}</code></pre>
|
||
<h3>Error Code Sent to Client</h3>
|
||
<p pid="34">By default, NGINX responds with status code <code>503</code> when a client exceeds its rate limit. Use the <a href="http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_limit_req_module.html#limit_req_status"><code>limit_req_status</code></a> directive to set a different status code ( <code>444</code> in this example):</p>
|
||
<pre><code lang="text/x-java">location /login/ {
|
||
limit_req zone=mylimit burst=20 nodelay;
|
||
limit_req_status 444;
|
||
}</code></pre>
|
||
<h3>Denying All Requests to a Specific Location</h3>
|
||
<p pid="35">If you want to deny all requests for a specific URL, rather than just limiting them, configure a block for it and include the <code>all</code> directive:</p>
|
||
<pre><code lang="text/x-java">location /foo.php {
|
||
deny all;
|
||
}</code></pre>
|
||
<h2 pid="39">Conclusion</h2>
|
||
<p pid="36">We have covered many features of rate limiting that NGINX and NGINX Plus offer, including setting up request rates for different locations on HTTP requests and configuring additional features to rate limiting such as the <code>burst</code> and <code>nodelay</code> parameters. We have also covered advanced configuration for applying different limits for whitelisted and blacklisted client IP addresses and explained how to log rejected and delayed requests.</p></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div id="bottom-bumper-container"></div>
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<div class="article-tag-pill-container">
|
||
<span class="article-tag-pill">rate limit</span>
|
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<span class="article-tag-pill">Requests</span>
|
||
<span class="article-tag-pill">Directive (programming)</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
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<div class="attribution">
|
||
<p>Published at DZone with permission of <span>Amir Rawdat</span>.
|
||
<span>
|
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<a href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/rate-limiting-nginx/" target="_blank">See the original article here.
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<i class="icon-link-ext-alt"></i>
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<li class="item">
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<a href="/articles/queues-dont-absorb-load-they-delay-bankruptcy-1" class="goto-link related-link">Why Queues Don’t Fix Scaling Problems</a>
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<a href="/articles/how-to-protect-go-applications" class="goto-link related-link">Protecting Go Applications: Limiting the Number of Requests and Memory Consumption</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="item">
|
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<a href="/articles/rate-limiting-strategies-for-efficient-traffic-man" class="goto-link related-link">Rate Limiting Strategies for Efficient Traffic Management</a>
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</li>
|
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<li class="item">
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<a href="/articles/setting-up-request-rate-limiting-with-nginx-ingres" class="goto-link related-link">Setting up Request Rate Limiting With NGINX Ingress</a>
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|
||
height: min(450px, 90vw);
|
||
scrollbar-width: thin;
|
||
overflow: auto;
|
||
overscroll-behavior: contain;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .loading-screen,
|
||
.engagement-modal .content .center-screen {
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
justify-content: center;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
height: 100%;
|
||
font-size: 18px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .content .center-screen a {
|
||
color: var(--acc-ffffff-blue-1);
|
||
font-weight: bold;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .loading-screen i {
|
||
font-size: 24px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .media-left,
|
||
.engagement-modal .media-right {
|
||
display: table-cell;
|
||
vertical-align: top;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .media-left {
|
||
padding-right: 10px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .media-right {
|
||
padding-left: 10px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .media a {
|
||
color: black;
|
||
font-size: 16px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .avatar {
|
||
border-radius: 50%;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .footer {
|
||
margin: 20px 0 0;
|
||
display: flex;
|
||
justify-content: center;
|
||
align-items: center;
|
||
background-color: unset !important;
|
||
border-top: none !important;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .footer .btn {
|
||
border: 1px solid transparent;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .footer .btn-primary {
|
||
color: #fff;
|
||
border-color: #2e6da4;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .footer button {
|
||
background-color: var(--acc-ffffff-blue-2);
|
||
padding: 6px 12px;
|
||
border-radius: 4px;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .footer button:hover {
|
||
filter: brightness(1.2);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
@keyframes anim-spin {
|
||
0% {
|
||
transform: rotate(0deg);
|
||
}
|
||
100% {
|
||
transform: rotate(359deg);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
.engagement-modal .anim-spin {
|
||
display: inline-block;
|
||
animation: anim-spin 2s infinite linear;
|
||
}</style>
|
||
<script>document.addEventListener('alpine:init', () => {
|
||
Alpine.data('engagementModal', (nodeId) => ({
|
||
|
||
nodeId: null,
|
||
|
||
init() {
|
||
this.nodeId = nodeId;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
open() {
|
||
this.updateStore();
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.open = true;
|
||
if (this.$store.article.engagement.page === 1 && !this.$store.article.engagement.unauthorized) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.initializing = true;
|
||
this.fetchEngagements();
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
close() {
|
||
if (this.$store.article.engagement.open) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.open = false;
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
updateStore() {
|
||
if (this.nodeId !== this.$store.article.id) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.reset();
|
||
this.$store.article.id = this.nodeId;
|
||
}
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
fetchEngagements() {
|
||
if (this.$store.article.engagement.loading || !this.$store.article.engagement.additional) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.loading = true;
|
||
this.$store.global.getFromService('/services/nodes/' + this.$store.article.id + '/engagements?page=' + this.$store.article.engagement.page)
|
||
.then(res => {
|
||
res.json().then(data => {
|
||
for (let user of data.engagements) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.users.push(user);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.additional = data.additional;
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.page++;
|
||
});
|
||
})
|
||
.catch(err => {
|
||
err.json().then(data => {
|
||
if (data.error?.code === 4011) {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.unauthorized = true;
|
||
} else {
|
||
this.$store.modal_engagement_error.open();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
})
|
||
.finally(() => {
|
||
// Allow the loader to gracefully exit
|
||
setTimeout(() => {
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.loading = false;
|
||
this.$store.article.engagement.initializing = false;
|
||
}, 200);
|
||
});
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
formatJobData(user) {
|
||
if (user.profile.jobTitle && user.profile.companyName) {
|
||
return user.profile.jobTitle + ', ' + user.profile.companyName;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (user.profile.jobTitle) {
|
||
return user.profile.jobTitle;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (user.profile.companyName) {
|
||
return user.profile.companyName;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return null;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
isDataUnavailable() {
|
||
return !this.$store.article.engagement.initializing && !this.$store.article.engagement.users.length;
|
||
},
|
||
|
||
isFooterShowing() {
|
||
return !this.$store.article.engagement.initializing
|
||
&& this.$store.article.engagement.additional
|
||
&& this.$store.article.engagement.page > 1;
|
||
}
|
||
}));
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<div class="alpine-overlay" x-cloak x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error._open">
|
||
<div id="modal_engagement_error"
|
||
class="alpine-modal"
|
||
role="dialog"
|
||
tabindex="-1"
|
||
x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error._open"
|
||
x-on:click.self="$store.modal_engagement_error.dismissible && $store.modal_engagement_error.close()"
|
||
x-cloak
|
||
x-transition
|
||
>
|
||
<div class="dz-style modal-inner centered relative">
|
||
<button x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.closeable"
|
||
class="btn-close"
|
||
x-on:click="$store.modal_engagement_error.close()"
|
||
aria-label="Close">
|
||
</button>
|
||
|
||
<div x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.title" class="modal-header p-sm mt-sm mb-md">
|
||
<div class="title " x-text="$store.modal_engagement_error.title"></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="modal-content py-md px-lg" x-bind:class="{ 'has-top-border': $store.modal_engagement_error.title }">
|
||
<p x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.bodyText" class="my-none" x-text="$store.modal_engagement_error.bodyText"></p>
|
||
<p>The likes didn't load as expected. Please refresh the page and try again.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div x-show="$store.modal_engagement_error.options.length" class="modal-footer p-sm">
|
||
<template x-for="option in $store.modal_engagement_error.options">
|
||
<button x-show="option.canDisplay" x-text="option.text"
|
||
type="button"
|
||
x-bind:id="'button_modal_engagement_error_' + option.index"
|
||
x-bind:class="option.classList"
|
||
x-on:click="option.onClick"
|
||
x-bind:disabled="option.isDisabled"
|
||
></button>
|
||
</template>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
document.addEventListener("alpine:init", () => {
|
||
Alpine.store("modal_engagement_error", {
|
||
_open: false,
|
||
title: "Oops! Something Went Wrong",
|
||
bodyText: null,
|
||
options: [{"action":"dismiss","text":"Close"}],
|
||
closeable: true,
|
||
dismissible: true,
|
||
open(data) {
|
||
if (data) {
|
||
if (data.title) {
|
||
this.title = data.title;
|
||
}
|
||
if (data.bodyText) {
|
||
this.bodyText = data.bodyText;
|
||
}
|
||
if (data.options) {
|
||
this.options = data.options;
|
||
}
|
||
if (data.dismissAfterMs) {
|
||
setTimeout(() => this._open = false, data.dismissAfterMs);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
this.updateOptions();
|
||
this._open = true;
|
||
},
|
||
close() {
|
||
// Manually click the buttons in which should run on dismiss.
|
||
// This is to keep the context. Calling this[option.action]() will not work.
|
||
for (let option of this.options) {
|
||
if (option.runOnDismiss) {
|
||
const element = document.querySelector('#button_modal_engagement_error_' + option.index);
|
||
element.click();
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
this._open = false;
|
||
},
|
||
updateOptions() {
|
||
const btnStyle = this.options.length === 2 ? ' btn-default' : '';
|
||
this.options = this.options.map((o, idx) => ({
|
||
...o,
|
||
index: idx,
|
||
classList: o.classList ? o.classList : (idx === 0 ? "btn btn-primary hov-brighten" : "btn hov-underline" + btnStyle),
|
||
onClick: function() {
|
||
if (o.action !== "dismiss") {
|
||
this[o.action]();
|
||
}
|
||
this.$store["modal_engagement_error"].close();
|
||
},
|
||
isDisabled: function() {
|
||
return Object.hasOwn(o, 'disabled') && this[o.disabled]();
|
||
},
|
||
canDisplay: function() {
|
||
return !Object.hasOwn(o, 'condition') || this[o.condition]();
|
||
}
|
||
}));
|
||
},
|
||
init() {
|
||
this.updateOptions();
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/ftl/footer/styles.css">
|
||
|
||
<div id="ftl-footer">
|
||
<div class="container-fluid footerOuter" style="padding-bottom: 90px;">
|
||
<div class="row">
|
||
<div class="col-md-12">
|
||
<div class="container">
|
||
<div class="row footer">
|
||
<div class="col-md-12 footerWidget">
|
||
<div class="row footerContainer footer">
|
||
<div class="left col-xs-12 col-sm-7">
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 social-media-icons footer-mobile">
|
||
<ul class="icons-only">
|
||
<li class="rss-icon" id="rss-footer-1">
|
||
<a href="/pages/feeds" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-4 h-4 mt-1.75 fill-current" aria-label="Follow our RSS feeds">
|
||
<title>RSS</title>
|
||
<path d="M19.199 24C19.199 13.467 10.533 4.8 0 4.8V0c13.165 0 24 10.835 24 24h-4.801zM3.291 17.415c1.814 0 3.293 1.479 3.293 3.295 0 1.813-1.485 3.29-3.301 3.29C1.47 24 0 22.526 0 20.71s1.475-3.294 3.291-3.295zM15.909 24h-4.665c0-6.169-5.075-11.245-11.244-11.245V8.09c8.727 0 15.909 7.184 15.909 15.91z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="twitter-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://twitter.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on X">
|
||
<title>X</title>
|
||
<path d="M14.234 10.162 22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532.929 1.329 7.754 11.09h-3.182z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="facebook-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook">
|
||
<title>Facebook</title>
|
||
<path d="M9.101 23.691v-7.98H6.627v-3.667h2.474v-1.58c0-4.085 1.848-5.978 5.858-5.978.401 0 .955.042 1.468.103a8.68 8.68 0 0 1 1.141.195v3.325a8.623 8.623 0 0 0-.653-.036 26.805 26.805 0 0 0-.733-.009c-.707 0-1.259.096-1.675.309a1.686 1.686 0 0 0-.679.622c-.258.42-.374.995-.374 1.752v1.297h3.919l-.386 2.103-.287 1.564h-3.246v8.245C19.396 23.238 24 18.179 24 12.044c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.628 3.874 10.35 9.101 11.647Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="linkedin-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/dzone/" target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg viewBox="0 0 24 25" fill="none" aria-label="Follow us on LinkedIn">
|
||
<path d="M6.20062 21.2143H1.84688V7.194H6.20062V21.2143ZM4.02141 5.2815C2.62922 5.2815 1.5 4.12838 1.5 2.73619C1.5 2.06747 1.76565 1.42614 2.2385 0.953285C2.71136 0.48043 3.35269 0.214783 4.02141 0.214783C4.69012 0.214783 5.33145 0.48043 5.80431 0.953285C6.27716 1.42614 6.54281 2.06747 6.54281 2.73619C6.54281 4.12838 5.413 5.2815 4.02141 5.2815ZM22.4953 21.2143H18.1509V14.3893C18.1509 12.7628 18.1181 10.6768 15.8873 10.6768C13.6237 10.6768 13.2769 12.444 13.2769 14.2721V21.2143H8.92781V7.194H13.1034V9.1065H13.1644C13.7456 8.00494 15.1655 6.84244 17.2838 6.84244C21.69 6.84244 22.5 9.744 22.5 13.5128V21.2143H22.4953Z" fill="currentColor"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="top-section col-xs-12">
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">ABOUT US</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/about" rel="noreferrer noopener">About DZone</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#d4a7a1a4a4bba6a094b0aebbbab1fab7bbb9" rel="noreferrer noopener">Support and feedback</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/dzone-community-research">Community research</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">ADVERTISE</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="https://advertise.dzone.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advertise with DZone</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="bottom-section col-xs-12">
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">CONTRIBUTE ON DZONE</p>
|
||
<ul class="bottom-top-list link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="/articles/dzones-article-submission-guidelines">Article Submission Guidelines</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/contribute" rel="noreferrer noopener">Become a Contributor</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/pages/core" rel="noreferrer noopener">Core Program</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="/writers-zone" rel="noreferrer noopener">Visit the Writers' Zone</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p class="section-header">LEGAL</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li><a href="https://technologyadvice.com/terms-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Terms of Service</a></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://technologyadvice.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Privacy Policy</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
|
||
<p class="section-header">CONTACT US</p>
|
||
<ul class="link-group">
|
||
<li>3343 Perimeter Hill Drive</li>
|
||
<li>Suite 215</li>
|
||
<li>Nashville, TN 37211</li>
|
||
<li><a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#c9babcb9b9a6bbbd89adb3a6a7ace7aaa6a4" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f0838580809f8284b0948a9f9e95de939f9d">[email protected]</span></a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="right col-xs-12 col-sm-5">
|
||
|
||
<p class="connect-text">Let's be friends:</p>
|
||
<div class="col-xs-12 social-media-icons footer-wide">
|
||
<ul class="icons-only">
|
||
<li class="rss-icon" id="rss-footer-1">
|
||
<a href="/pages/feeds" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow our RSS feeds">
|
||
<title>RSS</title>
|
||
<path d="M19.199 24C19.199 13.467 10.533 4.8 0 4.8V0c13.165 0 24 10.835 24 24h-4.801zM3.291 17.415c1.814 0 3.293 1.479 3.293 3.295 0 1.813-1.485 3.29-3.301 3.29C1.47 24 0 22.526 0 20.71s1.475-3.294 3.291-3.295zM15.909 24h-4.665c0-6.169-5.075-11.245-11.244-11.245V8.09c8.727 0 15.909 7.184 15.909 15.91z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="twitter-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://twitter.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on X">
|
||
<title>X</title>
|
||
<path d="M14.234 10.162 22.977 0h-2.072l-7.591 8.824L7.251 0H.258l9.168 13.343L.258 24H2.33l8.016-9.318L16.749 24h6.993zm-2.837 3.299-.929-1.329L3.076 1.56h3.182l5.965 8.532.929 1.329 7.754 11.09h-3.182z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="facebook-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/DZoneInc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook">
|
||
<title>Facebook</title>
|
||
<path d="M9.101 23.691v-7.98H6.627v-3.667h2.474v-1.58c0-4.085 1.848-5.978 5.858-5.978.401 0 .955.042 1.468.103a8.68 8.68 0 0 1 1.141.195v3.325a8.623 8.623 0 0 0-.653-.036 26.805 26.805 0 0 0-.733-.009c-.707 0-1.259.096-1.675.309a1.686 1.686 0 0 0-.679.622c-.258.42-.374.995-.374 1.752v1.297h3.919l-.386 2.103-.287 1.564h-3.246v8.245C19.396 23.238 24 18.179 24 12.044c0-6.627-5.373-12-12-12s-12 5.373-12 12c0 5.628 3.874 10.35 9.101 11.647Z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="linkedin-icon">
|
||
<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/dzone/" target="_blank"
|
||
rel="noreferrer noopener">
|
||
<svg viewBox="0 0 24 25" fill="none" aria-label="Follow us on LinkedIn">
|
||
<path d="M6.20062 21.2143H1.84688V7.194H6.20062V21.2143ZM4.02141 5.2815C2.62922 5.2815 1.5 4.12838 1.5 2.73619C1.5 2.06747 1.76565 1.42614 2.2385 0.953285C2.71136 0.48043 3.35269 0.214783 4.02141 0.214783C4.69012 0.214783 5.33145 0.48043 5.80431 0.953285C6.27716 1.42614 6.54281 2.06747 6.54281 2.73619C6.54281 4.12838 5.413 5.2815 4.02141 5.2815ZM22.4953 21.2143H18.1509V14.3893C18.1509 12.7628 18.1181 10.6768 15.8873 10.6768C13.6237 10.6768 13.2769 12.444 13.2769 14.2721V21.2143H8.92781V7.194H13.1034V9.1065H13.1644C13.7456 8.00494 15.1655 6.84244 17.2838 6.84244C21.69 6.84244 22.5 9.744 22.5 13.5128V21.2143H22.4953Z" fill="currentColor"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script>
|
||
const articleId = 1761320;
|
||
const likes = 2;
|
||
const assetDomain = 'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com';
|
||
const codemirrorVars = {
|
||
modeURI: 'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/mode/',
|
||
requiredScripts: [
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/lib/codemirror.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/addon/mode/overlay.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/addon/mode/multiplex.js',
|
||
'https://dz2cdn1.dzone.com/themes/dz20/lib/codemirror/mode/meta.js'
|
||
]
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const gptTags = {
|
||
'zone': '',
|
||
'topicTag': 'rate limit,requests,directive',
|
||
'company': '',
|
||
'siteSection': 'Zones',
|
||
'articleCategory': 'tutorial',
|
||
'nodeID': '1761320',
|
||
'authorID': '3090940',
|
||
'publishYear': '2017',
|
||
'publishMonth': '10',
|
||
'jobRole': '',
|
||
'companySize': '',
|
||
'env': 'prod'
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
const minCommentChar = 10;
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script async>const width = window.innerWidth;
|
||
|
||
const metadata = {
|
||
'top': {
|
||
'position': 'top',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_article_billboard_new',
|
||
},
|
||
'sponsorLogo': {
|
||
'position': 'zoneHomepage',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_homepage_sponsor_logo',
|
||
'refreshable': false
|
||
},
|
||
'sidebar1': {
|
||
'position': 'sidebar',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_article_halfpage_new',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'topBumper': {
|
||
'position': 'top',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_bumper_text_ad',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'bottomBumper': {
|
||
'position': 'bottom',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_bumper_text_ad',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'bottom': {
|
||
'position': 'bottom',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_article_bottom',
|
||
},
|
||
'bottomStickyFooter': {
|
||
'position': 'sticky',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_sticky_footer_leaderboard',
|
||
},
|
||
'partner': {
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_partner_resource_link',
|
||
},
|
||
'branded': {
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_branded_content',
|
||
'refreshable': false
|
||
},
|
||
'topicBillboard': {
|
||
'position': ['top', 'zoneHomepage'],
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_topic_billboard',
|
||
},
|
||
'listPageSidebar': {
|
||
'position': 'sidebar',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_list_page_sidebar',
|
||
'minWidthToShow': 1024
|
||
},
|
||
'topListPageLeaderboard2': {
|
||
'position': ['top', 'zoneList'],
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_list_page_leaderboard_2',
|
||
},
|
||
'bottomListPageLeaderboard2': {
|
||
'position': ['bottom', 'zoneList'],
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_list_page_leaderboard_2',
|
||
},
|
||
'homepageLeaderboard': {
|
||
'position': 'top',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_homepage_leaderboard',
|
||
},
|
||
'homepageLeaderboard2': {
|
||
'position': 'bottom',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_homepage_leaderboard_2',
|
||
},
|
||
'skybox': {
|
||
'position': 'above nav',
|
||
'slot': 'dz_skybox',
|
||
'refreshable': false
|
||
},
|
||
'inline': {
|
||
'position': 'inline',
|
||
'slot': 'dz2_inline-article-display',
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
var campaign = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("adTargeting_campaign");
|
||
|
||
window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] };
|
||
|
||
if (campaign) {
|
||
window.googletag.cmd.push(function() {
|
||
window.googletag.setConfig({ targeting: { campaign }});
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
let lastHeader = null;
|
||
|
||
const topContainer = document.querySelector('#top-bumper-container');
|
||
const bottomContainer = document.querySelector('#bottom-bumper-container');
|
||
|
||
function GAM_getPersistentValue(key) {
|
||
const stored = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key));
|
||
|
||
if (!stored) {
|
||
return null;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const { value, expiration } = stored;
|
||
|
||
if (expiration && Date.now() >= expiration) {
|
||
localStorage.removeItem(key);
|
||
return null;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
return value;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_setPersistentValue(key, value, expiration) {
|
||
// 5 minutes from now
|
||
if (!expiration) {
|
||
expiration = Date.now() + 300000;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const storedValue = JSON.stringify({
|
||
value: value,
|
||
expiration: expiration
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
localStorage.setItem(key, storedValue);
|
||
|
||
return value;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_synchronousRequest(params) {
|
||
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
|
||
xhr.open('GET', params.url, false);
|
||
xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/json");
|
||
|
||
if (typeof params.auth_header !== "undefined") {
|
||
xhr.setRequestHeader("Authorization", params.auth_header);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
xhr.send(null);
|
||
if (xhr.status === 200) {
|
||
return xhr.responseText;
|
||
} else {
|
||
throw new Error('Request failed: ' + xhr.statusText);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_fetch_data(params) {
|
||
let stored_data = GAM_getPersistentValue(params.storage_key);
|
||
|
||
if (stored_data === null) {
|
||
try {
|
||
const response = GAM_synchronousRequest(params);
|
||
const data = JSON.parse(response);
|
||
|
||
// Store and expire after 30 minutes
|
||
return GAM_setPersistentValue(params.storage_key, data, Date.now() + 1800000);
|
||
} catch (error) {
|
||
console.error('Could not get ' + params.storage_key + ' data: ' + error);
|
||
return null;
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
return stored_data;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function GAM_setUpSixSenseTargeting() {
|
||
let meData = GAM_fetch_data({
|
||
url: "https://link.technologyadvice.com/_me",
|
||
storage_key: "ta_me_data"
|
||
});
|
||
let sixSenseData = GAM_fetch_data({
|
||
url: "https://epsilon.6sense.com/v3/company/details",
|
||
auth_header: "Token d20a1b0e892442270cbc4cb6801c0160d28af04c",
|
||
storage_key: "ta_6s_data"
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
function meDataIncludes(i) {
|
||
return meData.tags.includes(i);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (typeof meData !== "undefined" && meData !== null) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("visitor_id", meData.vid);
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("user_agent", meData.user_agent);
|
||
|
||
var tags_mapping = {
|
||
"is_datacenter": ["site.is-datacenter"],
|
||
"is_suspected_bot": ["site.suspected-bad-bot", "site.bad-bot"],
|
||
"is_ta_user": ["site.is-ta-user"],
|
||
"is_crawler": ["site.user-agent-blocked"],
|
||
"is_ad_blocked": ["site.is-ad-blocked"],
|
||
};
|
||
|
||
for (var key in tags_mapping) {
|
||
if (tags_mapping[key].some(meDataIncludes)) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting(key, 'true');
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (typeof sixSenseData !== "undefined" && sixSenseData !== null) {
|
||
var segment_ids = [];
|
||
if (sixSenseData.segments && sixSenseData.segments.ids && sixSenseData.segments.ids.length) {
|
||
sixSenseData.segments.ids.forEach(function (v) {
|
||
segment_ids.push(v.toString());
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
if (typeof segment_ids !== "undefined" && segment_ids.length > 0) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("segment_ids_6si", segment_ids);
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (width >= 1024 && (topContainer || bottomContainer)) {
|
||
// Dynamically create bumper ad slots for non-mobile devices.
|
||
// Prevents ugly dividers being rendered on empty ad slots (mobile)
|
||
const topBumper = document.createElement('div');
|
||
topBumper.id = 'div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-3';
|
||
topBumper.classList.add('article-bumper', 'article-bumper-top', 'dz2_bumper_text_ad');
|
||
topBumper.setAttribute('data-gpt-slot', 'topBumper');
|
||
|
||
topContainer.appendChild(topBumper);
|
||
|
||
const bottomBumper = document.createElement('div');
|
||
bottomBumper.id = 'div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-4';
|
||
bottomBumper.classList.add('article-bumper', 'article-bumper-bottom', 'dz2_bumper_text_ad');
|
||
bottomBumper.setAttribute('data-gpt-slot', 'bottomBumper');
|
||
|
||
bottomContainer.appendChild(bottomBumper);
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if (gptTags.zone) {
|
||
gptTags.zone = gptTags.zone.replaceAll(/[\s/]/g, '_')
|
||
.replaceAll(/[^a-zA-Z0-9_]/g, '')
|
||
.toLowerCase();
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
makeAds();
|
||
|
||
function handleSkybox() {
|
||
const skybox = document.querySelector('div.skybox');
|
||
if (skybox) {
|
||
document.body.classList.add('skybox-auto-collapse');
|
||
// observe classlist changes for offsetting sticky ads
|
||
const observer = new MutationObserver((mutations) => {
|
||
mutations.forEach((mutation) => {
|
||
if (mutation.type === 'attributes' && mutation.attributeName === 'class') {
|
||
let offset = 0;
|
||
if (!document.body.classList.contains('skybox-closed') && (
|
||
document.body.classList.contains('ccad-skybox-manualcollapse')
|
||
|| document.body.classList.contains('ccad-skybox-manualexpand')
|
||
)) {
|
||
offset = skybox.getBoundingClientRect().height;
|
||
}
|
||
let eligibleAds = [
|
||
{ element: document.querySelector('.content-right-images'), offset: 108 },
|
||
{ element: document.querySelector('.trending-sidebar'), offset: 88 },
|
||
{ element: document.querySelector('.trending'), offset: 88 }
|
||
];
|
||
for (let ad of eligibleAds) {
|
||
if (ad.element) {
|
||
ad.element.style.top = (ad.offset + offset) + 'px';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
observer.observe(document.body, { attributes: true });
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function isHeaderEligible(header) {
|
||
const range = document.createRange();
|
||
range.setStartAfter(lastHeader);
|
||
range.setEndBefore(header);
|
||
|
||
return range.toString().trim().length >= 600;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function placeInlineAds() {
|
||
const excludedContent = document.querySelectorAll('#ftl-article.branded-content, #ftl-article.sponsored');
|
||
|
||
if (excludedContent.length > 0) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
const headers = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.content-html h2')).splice(1);
|
||
|
||
let globalIndex = 12;
|
||
|
||
for (let i = 0; i < headers.length; i++) {
|
||
if (!lastHeader || isHeaderEligible(headers[i])) {
|
||
const element = document.createElement('div');
|
||
element.id = 'div-gpt-ad-1435246566686-' + globalIndex;
|
||
element.classList.add('inline-display', 'dz2_inline-article-display');
|
||
element.setAttribute('data-gpt-slot', 'inline');
|
||
headers[i].before(element);
|
||
lastHeader = element;
|
||
globalIndex++;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
function makeAds() {
|
||
handleSkybox();
|
||
placeInlineAds();
|
||
|
||
const script = document.createElement('script');
|
||
script.src = 'https://i6ByW9Zmz4ncxhHkb.ay.delivery/manager/i6ByW9Zmz4ncxhHkb';
|
||
script.type = 'text/javascript';
|
||
script.referrerPolicy = 'no-referrer-when-downgrade';
|
||
|
||
document.head.appendChild(script);
|
||
|
||
window.googletag.cmd.push(function() {
|
||
const containers = document.querySelectorAll('div[data-gpt-slot]');
|
||
|
||
for (let container of containers) {
|
||
const div = container.getAttribute('data-gpt-slot');
|
||
const meta = metadata[div];
|
||
|
||
if (meta.minWidthToShow && width < meta.minWidthToShow) {
|
||
continue;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting('hostname', window.location.hostname);
|
||
|
||
Object.keys(gptTags).forEach(function(key) {
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting(key, gptTags[key]);
|
||
});
|
||
|
||
window.googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', (event) => {
|
||
window.requestAnimationFrame(() => {
|
||
var slotId = event.slot.getSlotElementId();
|
||
|
||
if (!slotId.includes('__ayManagerEnv__')) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var className = slotId.split('__ayManagerEnv__')[0];
|
||
var slotName = className.replace('dz2_', '').replace('dz_', '').replace(/_\d+$/, '');
|
||
var unitName = meta.slot.replace('dz2_', '').replace('dz_', '').replace(/_\d+$/, '');
|
||
|
||
if (slotName !== unitName) {
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
var elem = document.getElementById(slotId);
|
||
|
||
if (!elem) {
|
||
console.warn('Ad element missing', slotId);
|
||
return;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
// Ad unit did not fill, collapse slot
|
||
if (event.isEmpty && elem.parentElement) {
|
||
elem.parentElement.style.display = 'none';
|
||
}
|
||
});
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
GAM_setUpSixSenseTargeting();
|
||
});
|
||
}
|
||
</script>
|
||
<script async>// InMobi Choice. Consent Manager Tag v3.0 (for TCF 2.2)
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