85 lines
2.7 KiB
Markdown
85 lines
2.7 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: "blackbox_exporter"
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type: entity
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aliases: [Blackbox Exporter, Prometheus Blackbox Exporter]
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tags: [monitoring, probing, http, tls, prometheus, network]
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date: 2025-11-11
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---
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# blackbox_exporter
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## Overview
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blackbox_exporter 是 Prometheus 官方的黑盒探测 exporter，允许通过 HTTP、HTTPS、DNS、TCP、ICMP 等协议探测端点的可用性和响应质量。它不依赖目标系统的内部指标，而是从外部视角模拟真实请求，检测服务是否可达、响应是否正常、TLS 证书是否即将到期。
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## Key Characteristics
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- **黑盒探测**：不依赖目标内部指标，从外部检测服务健康状态
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- **多协议支持**：HTTP、HTTPS、DNS、TCP、ICMP、SSH
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- **TLS 证书监控**：检测证书到期时间，支持提前告警
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- **Prometheus 集成**：通过 `probe_success`、`probe_duration_seconds` 等指标暴露探测结果
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## Key Metrics
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| 指标 | 说明 | 用例 |
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|------|------|------|
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| `probe_success` | 探测是否成功（0/1） | HTTP 可用性告警 |
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| `probe_duration_seconds` | 探测耗时（秒） | 响应时间告警 |
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| `probe_http_status_code` | HTTP 响应码 | 4xx/5xx 检测 |
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| `probe_ssl_earliest_cert_expiry` | TLS 证书最早到期时间（Unix 时间戳） | 证书到期告警 |
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| `probe_dns_lookup_duration_seconds` | DNS 解析耗时 | DNS 健康检测 |
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## Prometheus scrape_config
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```yaml
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- job_name: 'blackbox_http'
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metrics_path: /probe # 关键：不是 /metrics，而是 /probe
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params:
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module: [http_2xx] # 使用 http_2xx 模块
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static_configs:
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- targets:
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- "https://pq2435887bh.vicp.fun"
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- "http://shenwei-nas.vip.cpolar.cn"
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relabel_configs:
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- source_labels: [__address__]
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target_label: __param_target
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- target_label: __address__
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replacement: blackbox:9115 # 指向 blackbox_exporter
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```
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## Home Server Deployment
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```yaml
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# docker-compose.yml 片段
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blackbox:
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image: prom/blackbox-exporter:latest
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container_name: blackbox
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restart: always
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ports:
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- "9115:9115"
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```
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## Key Alerts (PromQL)
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```yaml
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# HTTP 探测失败告警
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- alert: HTTPProbeFailed
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expr: probe_success == 0
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for: 2m
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labels:
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severity: critical
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# TLS 证书即将到期（14天）
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- alert: TLSCertExpiring
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expr: probe_ssl_earliest_cert_expiry - time() < 86400 * 14
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for: 1h
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labels:
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severity: warning
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```
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## Related Sources
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- [[家庭监控方案-prometheus-grafana-node-exporter-cadvisor-blackbox]]
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## Related Entities
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- [[Prometheus]] — 数据消费者
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- [[Uptime Kuma]] — 互补的合成监控工具
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## Related Concepts
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- [[Exporter]] — Prometheus 生态组件
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- [[合成监控]]（Synthetic Monitoring）— 黑盒探测的核心应用场景
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- [[System Monitoring]] — 应用领域
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