42 lines
262 KiB
HTML
42 lines
262 KiB
HTML
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</script><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Google Cloud" href="https://cloudblog.withgoogle.com/products/devops-sre/rss"><title>SRE at Google: Defining SLOs for services with dependencies | Google Cloud Blog</title><meta name="description" content="Learn how to define and manage SLOs for services with dependencies, each of which may have their own SLOs."><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"><meta property="og:title" content="SRE at Google: Defining SLOs for services with dependencies | Google Cloud Blog"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:url" content="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/defining-slos-for-services-with-dependencies-cre-life-lessons"><meta property="og:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/15_-_Google_Cloud_2fKuG6b.max-2600x2600.jpg"><meta property="og:description" content="Learn how to define and manage SLOs for services with dependencies, each of 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nRhiJb-fmcmS-oXtfBe"><h1 class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-ibL1re"><div class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-ibL1re"><span class="FewWi"></span>Defining SLOs for services with dependencies—CRE life lessons</div></h1></div></div><div class="nRhiJb-fmcmS-oXtfBe dEogG">May 7, 2018</div></div></section><div class="EKklye"><div class="nRhiJb-DARUcf ZWw7T"><div class="npzWPc"><div class="dzoHJ"><div class="nRhiJb-DX2B6 nRhiJb-DX2B6-OWXEXe-h30Snd"><div class="nRhiJb-j5y3u"><ul class="nRhiJb-Qijihe phRaUe" role="list"><li class="hpHPGf"><a class="nRhiJb-ARYxNe" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet?text=Defining%20SLOs%20for%20services%20with%20dependencies—CRE%20life%20lessons%20@googlecloud&url=https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/defining-slos-for-services-with-dependencies-cre-life-lessons" track-name="x"track-type="social share"track-metadata-eventdetail="x.com/intent/tweet?text=Defining SLOs for services with dependencies—CRE life 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class="nRhiJb-ARYxNe" href="mailto:?subject=Defining%20SLOs%20for%20services%20with%20dependencies—CRE%20life%20lessons&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20on%20the%20Cloud%20Blog:%0A%0ADefining%20SLOs%20for%20services%20with%20dependencies—CRE%20life%20lessons%0A%0ALearn%20how%20to%20define%20and%20manage%20SLOs%20for%20services%20with%20dependencies,%20each%20of%20which%20may%20have%20their%20own%20SLOs.%0A%0Ahttps://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/defining-slos-for-services-with-dependencies-cre-life-lessons" track-name="email"track-type="social share"track-metadata-eventdetail="mailto:?subject=Defining SLOs for services with dependencies—CRE life lessons&body=Check%20out%20this%20article%20on%20the%20Cloud%20Blog:%0A%0ADefining SLOs for services with dependencies—CRE life lessons%0A%0ALearn how to define and manage SLOs for services with dependencies, each of which may have their own 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class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-II5mzb kWSSdd"><h5 class="cHE8Ub Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-qWD73c">Cody Smith</h5><p class="nRhiJb-qJTHM khCp7b">Site Reliability Engineer</p></div></section></div></section><div class="nRhiJb-DARUcf"><div class="nRhiJb-ObfsIf nRhiJb-DbgRPb-wNfPc-ma6Yeb nRhiJb-DbgRPb-qWD73c-cGMI2b"><div class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-ibL1re dzoHJ"></div><div class="OYL9D nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-OiUrBf" jsname="tx2NYc"><section class="Wy08Ac nRhiJb-qJTHM-OWXEXe-hJDwNd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><div jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md" jscontroller="M0Q3Qb" data-is-cws-richtext="true" class=" "><p>In a <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/availability-part-deux-cre-life-lessons" target="_blank">previous episode</a> of <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/cre-life-lessons" target="_blank">CRE Life Lessons</a>, we discussed how service level objectives (SLOs) are an important tool for defining and measuring the reliability of your service. There’s also a whole <a href="https://sre.google/sre-book/service-level-objectives/" target="_blank">chapter in the SRE book</a> about this topic. In this episode, we discuss how to define and manage SLOs for services with dependencies, each of which may (or may not!) have their own SLOs.</p><p>Any non-trivial service has dependencies. Some dependencies are direct: service A makes a Remote Procedure Call to service B, so A depends on B. Others are indirect: if B in turn depends on C and D, then A also depends on C and D, in addition to B. Still others are structurally implicit: a service may run in a particular <a href="https://cloud.google.com/">Google Cloud Platform </a>(GCP) zone or region, or depend on DNS or some other form of <a href="https://www.nginx.com/blog/service-discovery-in-a-microservices-architecture/" target="_blank">service discovery.</a></p><p>To make things more complicated, not all dependencies have the same impact. Outages for "hard" dependencies imply that your service is out as well. Outages for "soft" dependencies should have no impact on your service if they were designed appropriately. A common example is best-effort logging/tracing to an external monitoring system. Other dependencies are somewhere in between; for example, a failure in a caching layer might result in degraded latency performance, which may or may not be out of SLO.</p><p>Take a moment to think about one of your services. Do you have a list of its dependencies, and what impact they have? Do the dependencies have SLOs that cover your specific needs?</p><p>Given all this, how can you as a service owner define SLOs and be confident about meeting them? Consider the following complexities:</p><p></p><ul>
|
||
<li>Some of your dependencies may not even have SLOs, or their SLOs may not capture how you're using them.</li>
|
||
<li>The effect of a dependency's SLO on your service isn't always straightforward. In addition to the "hard" vs "soft" vs "degraded" impact discussed above, your code may complicate the effect of a dependency's SLOs on your service. For example, you have a 10s timeout on an RPC, but its SLO is based on serving a response within 30s. Or, your code does retries, and its impact on your service depends on the effectiveness of those retries (e.g., if the dependency fails 0.1% of all requests, does your retry have a 0.1% chance of failing or is there something about your request that means it is more than 0.1% likely to fail again?).</li>
|
||
<li>How to combine SLOs of multiple dependencies depends on the correlation between them. At the extremes, if all of your dependencies are always unavailable at the same time, then theoretically your unavailability is based on the max(), i.e., the dependency with the longest unavailability. If they are unavailable at distinct times, then theoretically your unavailability is the sum() of the unavailability of each dependency. The reality is likely somewhere in between.</li>
|
||
<li>Services usually do better than their SLOs (and usually much better than their service level agreements), so using them to estimate your downtime is often too conservative.</li>
|
||
</ul><p>
|
||
At this point you may want to throw up your hands and give up on determining an achievable SLO for your service entirely. Don't despair! The way out of this thorny mess is to go back to the basics of how to define a good SLO. Instead of determining your SLO bottom-up ("What can my service achieve based on all of my dependencies?"), go top down: "What SLO do my customers need to be happy?" Use that as your SLO.</p><h3>Risky business</h3>
|
||
You may find that you can consistently meet that SLO with the availability you get from your dependencies (minus your own home-grown sources of unavailability). Great! Your users are happy. If not, you have some work to do. Either way, the top-down approach of setting your SLO doesn't mean you should ignore the risks that dependencies pose to it. CRE tech lead Matt Brown gave a great talk at SRECon18 Americas about prioritizing risk (<a href="https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/conference/protected-files/srecon18americas_slides_brown.pdf" target="_blank">slides</a>), including a <a href="https://goo.gl/bnsPj7" target="_blank">risk analysis spreadsheet</a> that you can use to help identify, communicate, and prioritize the top risks to your error budget (the talk expands on <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp/know-thy-enemy-how-to-prioritize-and-communicate-risks-cre-life-lessons" target="_blank">a previous CRE Life Lessons blog post</a>).<p></p><p>Some of the main sources of risk to your SLO will of course come from your dependencies. When modeling the risk from a dependency, you can use its published SLO, or choose to use observed/historical performance instead: SLOs tend to be conservative, so using them will likely overestimate the actual risk. In some cases, if a dependency doesn't have a published SLO and you don't have historical data, you'll have to use your best guess. When modeling risk, also keep in mind the difficulties described above about mapping a dependency's SLO onto yours. If you're using the <a href="https://goo.gl/bnsPj7" target="_blank">spreadsheet</a>, you can try out different values (for example, the published SLO for a dependency versus the observed performance) and see the effect they have on your projected SLO performance.<sup>1</sup></p><p>Remember that you're making these estimates as a tool for prioritization; they don't have to be perfectly accurate, and your estimates won't result in any guarantees. However, the process should give you a better understanding of whether you're likely to consistently meet your SLO, and if not, what the biggest sources of risk to your error budget are. It also encourages you to document your assumptions, where they can be discussed and critiqued. From there, you can do a pragmatic cost/benefit analysis to decide which risks to mitigate.</p><p>For dependencies, mitigation might mean:<br></p><ul>
|
||
<li>Trying to remove it from your critical path</li>
|
||
<li>Making it more reliable; e.g., running multiple copies and failing over between them</li>
|
||
<li>Automating manual failover processes</li>
|
||
<li>Replacing it with a more reliable alternative</li>
|
||
<li>Sharding it so that the scope of failure is reduced</li>
|
||
<li>Adding retries</li>
|
||
<li>Increasing (or decreasing, sometimes it is better to fail fast and retry!) RPC timeouts</li>
|
||
<li>Adding caching and using stale data instead of live data</li>
|
||
<li>Adding graceful degradation using partial responses</li>
|
||
<li>Asking for an SLO that better meets your needs</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
There may be very little you can do to mitigate unavailability from a critical infrastructure dependency, or it might be prohibitively expensive. Instead, mitigate other sources of error budget burn, freeing up error budget so you can absorb outages from the dependency.<p></p><p>A series of earlier CRE Life Lessons posts (<a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp/consequences-of-slo-violations-cre-life-lessons">1</a>, <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp/an-example-escalation-policy-cre-life-lessons" target="_blank">2</a>, <a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp/applying-the-escalation-policy-cre-life-lessons" target="_blank">3</a>) discussed consequences and escalations for SLO violations, as a way to <a href="https://sre.google/sre-book/embracing-risk/" target="_blank">balance velocity and risk</a>; an example of a consequence might be to temporarily block new releases when the error budget is spent. If an outage was caused by one of your service's dependencies, should the consequences still apply? After all, it's not your fault, right?!? The answer is "yes"—the SLO is your proxy for your users' happiness, and users don't care whose "fault" it is. If a particular dependency causes frequent violations to your SLO, you need to mitigate the risk from it, or mitigate other risks to free up more error budget. As always, you can be pragmatic about how and when to enforce consequences for SLO violations, but if you're regularly making exceptions, especially for the same cause, that's a sign that you should consider lowering your SLOs, or increasing the time/effort you are putting into improving reliability.</p><p>In summary, every non-trivial service has dependencies, probably many of them. When choosing an SLO for your service, don't think about your dependencies and what SLO you can achieve—instead, think about your users, and what level of service they need to be happy. Once you have an SLO, your dependencies represent sources of risk, but they're not the only sources. Analyze all of the sources of risk together to predict whether you'll be able to consistently meet your SLO and prioritize which risks to mitigate.</p><hr><p><sup>1. If you're interested, <a href="https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=3096459" target="_blank">The Calculus of Service Availability</a> has more in-depth discussion about modeling risks from dependencies, and strategies for mitigating them.</sup></p></div></section><section class="nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-uQSCkd nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b"><div class="u2M0Kb"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/sre-fundamentals-slis-slas-and-slos" class="w7DBpd" track-name="sre fundamentals: slis slas and slos"track-type="articlefeedblock"track-metadata-eventdetail="cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/sre-fundamentals-slis-slas-and-slos"><div class="odmDff "><div class="exDIId"><div class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-qWD73c nRhiJb-BFbNVe-r8s4j-bMElCd EQ9W8e nRhiJb-fmcmS-oXtfBe" track-name="google cloud"track-type="tag">Google Cloud</div><h5 class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc qPW6X nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-II5mzb">SRE fundamentals: SLIs, SLAs and SLOs</h5><p class="nRhiJb-qJTHM MQpQf">A big part of SRE is establishing and monitoring service-level metrics like SLOs, SLAs and SLIs. This post gives you an overview of what each of these acronyms are, what they mean, and how to use them.</p><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed gh5m8">By Jay Judkowitz • 5-minute read</p></div><div class="OzOXWb"><section class="PBkdHd "><img class=" YwUks" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/15_-_Google_Cloud_2fKuG6b.max-900x900.jpg" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/15_-_Google_Cloud_2fKuG6b.max-900x900.jpg" loading="lazy"/></section></div></div></a></div></section><section class="kcBhad"><section class="Fabbec"><span class="WrMNjb">Posted in</span><ul class="FzXI4e"><li class="I4B51b"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp" track-metadata-position="body"track-metadata-eventdetail="cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp"track-metadata-module="tag list"track-metadata-module_headline="posted in">Google Cloud</a></li><li class="I4B51b"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre" track-metadata-position="body"track-metadata-eventdetail="cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre"track-metadata-module="tag list"track-metadata-module_headline="posted in">DevOps & SRE</a></li></ul></section></section></div></div></div></div></div><section class="nRhiJb-DARUcf " track-metadata-module="related articles" track-metadata-module_headline="related articles"><div class="nRhiJb-DbgRPb-c5RTEf-ma6Yeb nRhiJb-DbgRPb-wNfPc-cGMI2b"><h5 class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-wNfPc nRhiJb-DbgRPb-II5mzb-cGMI2b">Related articles</h5><section class="m9cUGf HGev3 nJD2Qe nRhiJb-ObfsIf"><div class=" QaGyvd nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-c5RTEf nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-qWD73c-V2iZpe"><div class="mA0uBe"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/inside-google-cloud/whats-new-google-cloud" class="lD2oe" track-name="what’s new with google cloud"track-type="card"track-metadata-eventdetail="cloud.google.com/blog/topics/inside-google-cloud/whats-new-google-cloud"><div class="AhkbS "><div class="hqnDEf"><section class="PBkdHd "><img class=" D5RK8d" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/whats_new_2026_CfhxFWX.max-700x700.jpg" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/whats_new_2026_CfhxFWX.max-700x700.jpg" loading="lazy"/></section></div><div class="JUOx5b"><div class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-qWD73c nRhiJb-DbgRPb-c5RTEf-ma6Yeb nRhiJb-BFbNVe-r8s4j-bMElCd FI6Gl nRhiJb-fmcmS-oXtfBe" track-name="inside google cloud"track-type="tag">Inside Google Cloud</div><h3 class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc HGFKtc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-wNfPc">What’s new with Google Cloud</h3><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed dTIXyb nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb">By Google Cloud Content & Editorial • 39-minute read</p></div></div></a></div></div><div class=" QaGyvd nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-c5RTEf nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-qWD73c-V2iZpe"><div class="mA0uBe"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/ai-machine-learning/what-google-cloud-announced-in-ai-this-month" class="lD2oe" track-name="what google cloud announced in ai this month"track-type="card"track-metadata-eventdetail="cloud.google.com/blog/products/ai-machine-learning/what-google-cloud-announced-in-ai-this-month"><div class="AhkbS "><div class="hqnDEf"><section class="PBkdHd "><img class=" D5RK8d" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/google_ai_this_month.max-700x700.jpg" alt="https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/google_ai_this_month.max-700x700.jpg" loading="lazy"/></section></div><div class="JUOx5b"><div class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-qWD73c nRhiJb-DbgRPb-c5RTEf-ma6Yeb nRhiJb-BFbNVe-r8s4j-bMElCd FI6Gl nRhiJb-fmcmS-oXtfBe" track-name="ai & machine learning"track-type="tag">AI & Machine Learning</div><h3 class="Qwf2Db-MnozTc HGFKtc Qwf2Db-MnozTc-OWXEXe-MnozTc-wNfPc">What Google Cloud announced in AI this month</h3><p class="nRhiJb-cHYyed dTIXyb nRhiJb-DbgRPb-R6PoUb-ma6Yeb">By Andrea Morange • 27-minute read</p></div></div></a></div></div><div class=" QaGyvd nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-c5RTEf nRhiJb-kR0ZEf-OWXEXe-GV1x9e-qWD73c-V2iZpe"><div class="mA0uBe"><a href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/ai-machine-learning/what-google-cloud-announced-in-ai-this-month-2025" class="lD2oe" track-name="what google cloud announced in ai this month - 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manage SLOs for services with dependencies, each of which may have their own SLOs.",[1525723200],"https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/15_-_Google_Cloud_2fKuG6b.max-2600x2600.jpg","https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/defining-slos-for-services-with-dependencies-cre-life-lessons",[1529047035,871352000],"blog.articlepage",null,"/api/w_v2/pages/36659/","defining-slos-for-services-with-dependencies-cre-life-lessons",36659],[["Robert van Gent","Customer Reliability Engineer"],["Cody Smith","Site Reliability Engineer"]],[null,"\u003cscript type\u003d\"application/ld+json\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"BlogPosting\",\"@id\":\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/defining-slos-for-services-with-dependencies-cre-life-lessons\",\"headline\":\"SRE at Google: Defining SLOs for services with dependencies\",\"description\":\"Learn how to define and manage SLOs for services with dependencies, each of which may have their own SLOs.\",\"image\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/15_-_Google_Cloud_2fKuG6b.max-2600x2600.jpg\",\"author\":[{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Robert van Gent\",\"url\":\"\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Cody Smith\",\"url\":\"\"}],\"datePublished\":\"2018-05-07\",\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Google Cloud\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://www.gstatic.com/cgc/google-cloud-logo.svg\"}},\"url\":\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/defining-slos-for-services-with-dependencies-cre-life-lessons\",\"keywords\":[\"Google Cloud\",\"DevOps \\u0026 SRE\"],\"timeRequired\":\"PT6M\"}\u003c/script\u003e"],["Defining SLOs for services with dependencies—CRE life lessons"],null,null,[[null,null,[null,[null,"\u003cp\u003eIn a \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/availability-part-deux-cre-life-lessons\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eprevious episode\u003c/a\u003e of \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/cre-life-lessons\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eCRE Life Lessons\u003c/a\u003e, we discussed how service level objectives (SLOs) are an important tool for defining and measuring the reliability of your service. There’s also a whole \u003ca href\u003d\"https://sre.google/sre-book/service-level-objectives/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003echapter in the SRE book\u003c/a\u003e about this topic. In this episode, we discuss how to define and manage SLOs for services with dependencies, each of which may (or may not!) have their own SLOs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAny non-trivial service has dependencies. Some dependencies are direct: service A makes a Remote Procedure Call to service B, so A depends on B. Others are indirect: if B in turn depends on C and D, then A also depends on C and D, in addition to B. Still others are structurally implicit: a service may run in a particular \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/\"\u003eGoogle Cloud Platform \u003c/a\u003e(GCP) zone or region, or depend on DNS or some other form of \u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.nginx.com/blog/service-discovery-in-a-microservices-architecture/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eservice discovery.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo make things more complicated, not all dependencies have the same impact. Outages for \"hard\" dependencies imply that your service is out as well. Outages for \"soft\" dependencies should have no impact on your service if they were designed appropriately. A common example is best-effort logging/tracing to an external monitoring system. Other dependencies are somewhere in between; for example, a failure in a caching layer might result in degraded latency performance, which may or may not be out of SLO.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTake a moment to think about one of your services. Do you have a list of its dependencies, and what impact they have? Do the dependencies have SLOs that cover your specific needs?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven all this, how can you as a service owner define SLOs and be confident about meeting them? Consider the following complexities:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSome of your dependencies may not even have SLOs, or their SLOs may not capture how you're using them.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe effect of a dependency's SLO on your service isn't always straightforward. In addition to the \"hard\" vs \"soft\" vs \"degraded\" impact discussed above, your code may complicate the effect of a dependency's SLOs on your service. For example, you have a 10s timeout on an RPC, but its SLO is based on serving a response within 30s. Or, your code does retries, and its impact on your service depends on the effectiveness of those retries (e.g., if the dependency fails 0.1% of all requests, does your retry have a 0.1% chance of failing or is there something about your request that means it is more than 0.1% likely to fail again?).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHow to combine SLOs of multiple dependencies depends on the correlation between them. At the extremes, if all of your dependencies are always unavailable at the same time, then theoretically your unavailability is based on the max(), i.e., the dependency with the longest unavailability. If they are unavailable at distinct times, then theoretically your unavailability is the sum() of the unavailability of each dependency. The reality is likely somewhere in between.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eServices usually do better than their SLOs (and usually much better than their service level agreements), so using them to estimate your downtime is often too conservative.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\nAt this point you may want to throw up your hands and give up on determining an achievable SLO for your service entirely. Don't despair! The way out of this thorny mess is to go back to the basics of how to define a good SLO. Instead of determining your SLO bottom-up (\"What can my service achieve based on all of my dependencies?\"), go top down: \"What SLO do my customers need to be happy?\" Use that as your SLO.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eRisky business\u003c/h3\u003e\nYou may find that you can consistently meet that SLO with the availability you get from your dependencies (minus your own home-grown sources of unavailability). Great! Your users are happy. If not, you have some work to do. Either way, the top-down approach of setting your SLO doesn't mean you should ignore the risks that dependencies pose to it. CRE tech lead Matt Brown gave a great talk at SRECon18 Americas about prioritizing risk (\u003ca href\u003d\"https://www.usenix.org/sites/default/files/conference/protected-files/srecon18americas_slides_brown.pdf\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eslides\u003c/a\u003e), including a \u003ca href\u003d\"https://goo.gl/bnsPj7\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003erisk analysis spreadsheet\u003c/a\u003e that you can use to help identify, communicate, and prioritize the top risks to your error budget (the talk expands on \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp/know-thy-enemy-how-to-prioritize-and-communicate-risks-cre-life-lessons\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ea previous CRE Life Lessons blog post\u003c/a\u003e).\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome of the main sources of risk to your SLO will of course come from your dependencies. When modeling the risk from a dependency, you can use its published SLO, or choose to use observed/historical performance instead: SLOs tend to be conservative, so using them will likely overestimate the actual risk. In some cases, if a dependency doesn't have a published SLO and you don't have historical data, you'll have to use your best guess. When modeling risk, also keep in mind the difficulties described above about mapping a dependency's SLO onto yours. If you're using the \u003ca href\u003d\"https://goo.gl/bnsPj7\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003espreadsheet\u003c/a\u003e, you can try out different values (for example, the published SLO for a dependency versus the observed performance) and see the effect they have on your projected SLO performance.\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRemember that you're making these estimates as a tool for prioritization; they don't have to be perfectly accurate, and your estimates won't result in any guarantees. However, the process should give you a better understanding of whether you're likely to consistently meet your SLO, and if not, what the biggest sources of risk to your error budget are. It also encourages you to document your assumptions, where they can be discussed and critiqued. From there, you can do a pragmatic cost/benefit analysis to decide which risks to mitigate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor dependencies, mitigation might mean:\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTrying to remove it from your critical path\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaking it more reliable; e.g., running multiple copies and failing over between them\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAutomating manual failover processes\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReplacing it with a more reliable alternative\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharding it so that the scope of failure is reduced\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdding retries\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIncreasing (or decreasing, sometimes it is better to fail fast and retry!) RPC timeouts\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdding caching and using stale data instead of live data\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdding graceful degradation using partial responses\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsking for an SLO that better meets your needs\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\nThere may be very little you can do to mitigate unavailability from a critical infrastructure dependency, or it might be prohibitively expensive. Instead, mitigate other sources of error budget burn, freeing up error budget so you can absorb outages from the dependency.\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA series of earlier CRE Life Lessons posts (\u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp/consequences-of-slo-violations-cre-life-lessons\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp/an-example-escalation-policy-cre-life-lessons\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp/applying-the-escalation-policy-cre-life-lessons\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003e3\u003c/a\u003e) discussed consequences and escalations for SLO violations, as a way to \u003ca href\u003d\"https://sre.google/sre-book/embracing-risk/\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003ebalance velocity and risk\u003c/a\u003e; an example of a consequence might be to temporarily block new releases when the error budget is spent. If an outage was caused by one of your service's dependencies, should the consequences still apply? After all, it's not your fault, right?!? The answer is \"yes\"—the SLO is your proxy for your users' happiness, and users don't care whose \"fault\" it is. If a particular dependency causes frequent violations to your SLO, you need to mitigate the risk from it, or mitigate other risks to free up more error budget. As always, you can be pragmatic about how and when to enforce consequences for SLO violations, but if you're regularly making exceptions, especially for the same cause, that's a sign that you should consider lowering your SLOs, or increasing the time/effort you are putting into improving reliability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, every non-trivial service has dependencies, probably many of them. When choosing an SLO for your service, don't think about your dependencies and what SLO you can achieve—instead, think about your users, and what level of service they need to be happy. Once you have an SLO, your dependencies represent sources of risk, but they're not the only sources. Analyze all of the sources of risk together to predict whether you'll be able to consistently meet your SLO and prioritize which risks to mitigate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003chr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1. If you're interested, \u003ca href\u003d\"https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id\u003d3096459\" target\u003d\"_blank\"\u003eThe Calculus of Service Availability\u003c/a\u003e has more in-depth discussion about modeling risks from dependencies, and strategies for mitigating them.\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"]]],[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,[["Google Cloud","SRE fundamentals: SLIs, SLAs and SLOs","A big part of SRE is establishing and monitoring service-level metrics like SLOs, SLAs and SLIs. This post gives you an overview of what each of these acronyms are, what they mean, and how to use them.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/15_-_Google_Cloud_2fKuG6b.max-900x900.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/15_-_Google_Cloud_2fKuG6b.max-500x500.jpg 410w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/15_-_Google_Cloud_2fKuG6b.max-900x900.jpg 820w"," 410px, 820px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/15_-_Google_Cloud_2fKuG6b.max-900x900.jpg"],null,5,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/devops-sre/sre-fundamentals-slis-slas-and-slos",null,1,[["Jay Judkowitz","Senior Product Manager"],["Mark Carter","Group Product Manager"]],null,"37509"]]]],[["Inside Google Cloud","What’s new with Google Cloud","Find our newest updates, announcements, resources, events, learning opportunities, and more in one handy location.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/whats_new_2026_CfhxFWX.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/whats_new_2026_CfhxFWX.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/whats_new_2026_CfhxFWX.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/whats_new_2026_CfhxFWX.max-700x700.jpg"],null,39,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/inside-google-cloud/whats-new-google-cloud",null,1,[["Google Cloud Content \u0026 Editorial "]],null,"42034"],["AI \u0026 Machine Learning","What Google Cloud announced in AI this month","Learn about the latest announcements, innovations, and guides when it comes to Google Cloud AI.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/google_ai_this_month.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/google_ai_this_month.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/google_ai_this_month.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/google_ai_this_month.max-700x700.jpg"],null,27,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/ai-machine-learning/what-google-cloud-announced-in-ai-this-month",null,1,[["Andrea Morange","Editor, Google Cloud"]],null,"56017"],["AI \u0026 Machine Learning","What Google Cloud announced in AI this month - 2025","Learn about the latest announcements, innovations, and guides when it comes to Google Cloud AI.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/monthly_ai_news.max-700x700.png","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/monthly_ai_news.max-400x400.png 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/monthly_ai_news.max-700x700.png 648w"," 324px, 648px","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/monthly_ai_news.max-700x700.png"],null,43,null,"https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/ai-machine-learning/what-google-cloud-announced-in-ai-this-month-2025",null,1,[["Andrea Morange","Editor, Google Cloud"]],null,"58236"],["Inside Google Cloud","What’s new with Google Cloud - 2025","Find our newest updates, announcements, resources, events, learning opportunities, and more in one handy location.",["https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/whts_new_2025_5V6FQkI.max-700x700.jpg","https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/whts_new_2025_5V6FQkI.max-400x400.jpg 324w, https://storage.googleapis.com/gweb-cloudblog-publish/images/whts_new_2025_5V6FQkI.max-700x700.jpg 648w"," 324px, 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