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---
title: "Investment Analysis (NPV & IRR)"
type: concept
tags: ["finance", "investment", "npv", "irr"]
last_updated: 2026-04-30
---
## Definition
投资分析是通过量化方法评估投资项目的可行性和盈利能力的财务决策框架,核心指标包括 NPV净现值、IRR内部收益率和投资回收期Payback Period
## Core Metrics
### NPV (Net Present Value)
```
NPV = -初始投资 + Σ(第i期现金流 / (1 + 贴现率)^i)
```
- **正值**:项目创造价值,值得投资
- **负值**:项目摧毁价值,不建议投资
- **零值**:项目盈亏平衡
### IRR (Internal Rate of Return)
使 NPV = 0 的贴现率 r
```
Σ(第i期现金流 / (1 + r)^i) - 初始投资 = 0
```
- **IRR > 贴现率**:项目可行
- **IRR < 贴现率**:项目不可行
- IRR 通过数值求解(如 `scipy.optimize.fsolve`)获得
### Payback Period
累计现金流首次超过初始投资的时间(以年为单位):
```
Payback = (n - 1) + (初始投资 - 累计现金流_{n-1}) / 第n期现金流
```
### ROI
```
ROI = (Σ现金流 - 初始投资) / 初始投资 × 100%
```
## Decision Matrix
| NPV | IRR | Payback | 风险评分 | 建议 |
|-----|-----|---------|---------|------|
| >0 | >贴现率 | <3年 | <3 | STRONG BUY |
| >0 | >贴现率 | 任意 | ≥3 | CONDITIONAL BUY |
| ≤0 或 IRR ≤ 贴现率 | — | — | — | DO NOT INVEST |
## Target Returns
- 平均 ROI**25%+**
- Payback Period**<3年**
- 风险评分:**<3**
## Implementation
参见 [[support-finance-tracker]] 中 `InvestmentAnalyzer` Python 类的实现,包含 NPV、IRR、Payback Period 和 ROI 的完整计算逻辑。
## Related Concepts
- [[Cash Flow Forecasting]]:投资分析的现金流输入依赖预测数据
- [[Budget Variance Analysis]]:项目执行层面的财务监控