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nexus/wiki/concepts/Polanyi-Exchange.md
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---
title: "Polanyi Exchange"
type: concept
tags: ["anthropology", "economy", "exchange", "polanyi", "anthropological-economy"]
last_updated: 2026-04-25
---
## Definition
Polanyi 交换分类——Karl Polanyi 将前工业社会的交换系统分为三种类型:**互惠**reciprocity、**再分配**redistribution和**市场**market三者嵌入不同的社会结构中非市场经济是常态。
## Core Framework
- **互惠Reciprocity**:对称性群体之间的双向给予和回报(家庭、友谊、礼物经济)
- **再分配Redistribution**:中心集权机构收集资源后统一分配(国家税收/公共服务、部落首领的仓库)
- **市场Market**:供给-需求-价格机制调节交换Polanyi 认为在 20 世纪之前极少见)
- **嵌入性Embeddedness**:前工业社会中,经济交换嵌入社会关系、宗教义务和政治结构中
## Key Thinkers
- Karl Polanyi《大转型》作者经济人类学奠基人
- [[Marcel-Mauss]](《礼物》对互惠的早期分析)
- Marshall Sahlins部落社会的互惠分类
## Connections
- [[Anthropologist-Agent]] ← uses_framework ← [[Polanyi-Exchange]]
- [[Gift-Economy]] ← foundational_for ← [[Polanyi-Exchange]]
- [[Cultural-Ecology]] ← shapes ← [[Polanyi-Exchange]]
- [[Functionalism]] ← explains ← [[Polanyi-Exchange]]