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<title data-rh="true">In Defense of Shell Scripts - by Amin Astaneh - Certo Modo</title>
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20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>(cross-posted from </span><a href="https://certomodo.io/best-practices/in-defense-of-shell-scripts.html">certomodo.io</a><span>)</span></p><p>Throughout my career, I’ve been known as the engineer who solves a LOT of problems using shell scripts. With it, I’ve built:</p><ul><li><p><span>a tool that creates and destroys test services at Meta to help new engineers learn how to use the </span><a href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi23-grubic.pdf">company’s planetary-scale CD system</a></p></li><li><p>a parallel distributed shell that integrates with a company’s asset management system to generate the list of hosts to connect to</p></li><li><p>plugins for an ‘Ops API’ that enables an engineer to approve and automatically apply requested infrastructure changes without the need for manual effort</p></li></ul><p>Usually, when I write a shell script and submit it for review, I tend to get either of these responses from my peers:</p><ul><li><p><span>“</span><strong>Wow</strong><span>, this is really neat! This should save us a lot of time.”</span></p></li><li><p><span>“</span><strong>Eww, gross!</strong><span> Why didn’t you use an actual programming language?”</span></p></li></ul><p>Let’s talk about when shell scripts are the more compelling solution.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">When CLI tools are available, and APIs aren’t<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§when-cli-tools-are-available-and-apis-arent" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://certomodo.substack.com/i/142082697/when-cli-tools-are-available-and-apis-arent" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>In some situations, the data sources/services you need to accomplish your task are best accessible using CLI tools. In that case, implement your solution in shell script and just run the CLI tools directly. That will be more efficient than using some kind of system library to execute them and writing all the boilerplate to supply arguments and capture stdout, stderr, and exit codes.</p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">When prototyping<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§when-prototyping" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://certomodo.substack.com/i/142082697/when-prototyping" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p><span>If the 80% solution can be implemented in shell script in an hour using </span><code>curl</code><span> and </span><code>jq</code><span> and the 100% solution can be implemented in Python in 8 hours using </span><code>requests</code><span>, do the shell script version first to validate the idea!</span></p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">When authoring a CLI tool<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§when-authoring-a-cli-tool" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://certomodo.substack.com/i/142082697/when-authoring-a-cli-tool" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p><strong>CLI tools need to be fast!</strong><span> It’s so frustrating to run one where it takes over a second to just load library dependencies (Ruby/Rubygems, I’m looking at you!). The exception to this is if you’re already proficient in compiled languages (eg: Golang, Rust), which are great for building CLI tools.</span></p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">When the shell script solution is significantly smaller<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§when-the-shell-script-solution-is-significantly-smaller" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://certomodo.substack.com/i/142082697/when-the-shell-script-solution-is-significantly-smaller" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>Consider this script that checks to see if my website is up:</p><pre><code><code>curl -o /dev/null -s -w &quot;%{http_code}&quot; https://certomodo.io | grep -q 200</code></code></pre><p>That one line of code is equivalent to this much larger Python script:</p><pre><code><code>import requests
def check_url(url):
try:
response = requests.get(url)
return response.status_code == 200
except requests.RequestException:
return False
url = &quot;https://certomodo.io&quot;
check_url(url))</code></code></pre><p><span>Tiny shell scripts won’t need the QA burden of larger projects such as build, lint, and unit tests (though tools like </span><a href="https://www.shellcheck.net/">shellcheck</a><span> and </span><a href="https://github.com/bats-core/bats-core">bats</a><span> do exist)!</span></p><h3 class="header-anchor-post">Conclusion<div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent"><div class="pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA"><div id="§conclusion" class="pencraft pc-reset header-anchor offset-top"></div><button tabindex="0" type="button" aria-label="Link" data-href="https://certomodo.substack.com/i/142082697/conclusion" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft iconButton-mq_Et5 iconButtonBase-dJGHgN buttonBase-GK1x3M buttonStyle-r7yGCK size_sm-G3LciD priority_secondary-S63h9o"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-link"><path d="M10 13a5 5 0 0 0 7.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 0 0-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"></path><path d="M14 11a5 5 0 0 0-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 0 0 7.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"></path></svg></button></div></div></h3><p>I end this article with the following quote:</p><p><strong>“And who better understands the Unix-nature: he who writes the ten thousand lines, or he who, perceiving the emptiness of the task, gains merit by not coding?”</strong><span> - </span><a href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/unix-koans/ten-thousand.html">Master Foo</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cp8q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf53f56-0298-4d83-aaeb-e2e7e2fadc7e_598x426.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM" class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img 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class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>(cross-posted from <a href=\\\"https://certomodo.io/best-practices/in-defense-of-shell-scripts.html\\\">certomodo.io</a>)</p><p>Throughout my career, I\u2019ve been known as the engineer who solves a LOT of problems using shell scripts. With it, I\u2019ve built:</p><ul><li><p>a tool that creates and destroys test services at Meta to help new engineers learn how to use the <a href=\\\"https://www.usenix.org/system/files/osdi23-grubic.pdf\\\">company\u2019s planetary-scale CD system</a></p></li><li><p>a parallel distributed shell that integrates with a company\u2019s asset management system to generate the list of hosts to connect to</p></li><li><p>plugins for an \u2018Ops API\u2019 that enables an engineer to approve and automatically apply requested infrastructure changes without the need for manual effort</p></li></ul><p>Usually, when I write a shell script and submit it for review, I tend to get either of these responses from my peers:</p><ul><li><p>\u201C<strong>Wow</strong>, this is really neat! This should save us a lot of time.\u201D</p></li><li><p>\u201C<strong>Eww, gross!</strong> Why didn\u2019t you use an actual programming language?\u201D</p></li></ul><p>Let\u2019s talk about when shell scripts are the more compelling solution.</p><h3>When CLI tools are available, and APIs aren\u2019t</h3><p>In some situations, the data sources/services you need to accomplish your task are best accessible using CLI tools. In that case, implement your solution in shell script and just run the CLI tools directly. That will be more efficient than using some kind of system library to execute them and writing all the boilerplate to supply arguments and capture stdout, stderr, and exit codes.</p><h3>When prototyping</h3><p>If the 80% solution can be implemented in shell script in an hour using <code>curl</code> and <code>jq</code> and the 100% solution can be implemented in Python in 8 hours using <code>requests</code>, do the shell script version first to validate the idea!</p><h3>When authoring a CLI tool</h3><p><strong>CLI tools need to be fast!</strong> It\u2019s so frustrating to run one where it takes over a second to just load library dependencies (Ruby/Rubygems, I\u2019m looking at you!). The exception to this is if you\u2019re already proficient in compiled languages (eg: Golang, Rust), which are great for building CLI tools.</p><h3>When the shell script solution is significantly smaller</h3><p>Consider this script that checks to see if my website is up:</p><pre><code><code>curl -o /dev/null -s -w \\\"%{http_code}\\\" https://certomodo.io | grep -q 200</code></code></pre><p>That one line of code is equivalent to this much larger Python script:</p><pre><code><code>import requests\\n\\ndef check_url(url):\\n\\ttry:\\n \\tresponse = requests.get(url)\\n \\treturn response.status_code == 200\\n\\texcept requests.RequestException:\\n \\treturn False\\n\\nurl = \\\"https://certomodo.io\\\"\\ncheck_url(url))</code></code></pre><p>Tiny shell scripts won\u2019t need the QA burden of larger projects such as build, lint, and unit tests (though tools like <a href=\\\"https://www.shellcheck.net/\\\">shellcheck</a> and <a href=\\\"https://github.com/bats-core/bats-core\\\">bats</a> do exist)!</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>I end this article with the following quote:</p><p><strong>\u201CAnd who better understands the Unix-nature: he who writes the ten thousand lines, or he who, perceiving the emptiness of the task, gains merit by not coding?\u201D</strong> - <a href=\\\"http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/unix-koans/ten-thousand.html\\\">Master Foo</a></p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-img\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cp8q!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf53f56-0298-4d83-aaeb-e2e7e2fadc7e_598x426.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" 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