1571 lines
59 KiB
HTML
1571 lines
59 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html dir='ltr' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml' xmlns:b='http://www.google.com/2005/gml/b' xmlns:data='http://www.google.com/2005/gml/data' xmlns:expr='http://www.google.com/2005/gml/expr'>
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<head>
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<link href='https://www.blogger.com/static/v1/widgets/4165133002-widget_css_bundle.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'/>
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<meta content='text/html; charset=UTF-8' http-equiv='Content-Type'/>
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<meta content='blogger' name='generator'/>
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<link href='https://sysadvent.blogspot.com/favicon.ico' rel='icon' type='image/x-icon'/>
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<link href='https://sysadvent.blogspot.com/2021/12/day-20-to-deploy-or-not-to-deploy-that.html' rel='canonical'/>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="sysadvent - Atom" href="https://sysadvent.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default" />
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="sysadvent - RSS" href="https://sysadvent.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default?alt=rss" />
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="sysadvent - Atom" href="https://sysadvent.blogspot.com/feeds/3478019044132222807/comments/default" />
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<meta content='https://sysadvent.blogspot.com/2021/12/day-20-to-deploy-or-not-to-deploy-that.html' property='og:url'/>
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<meta content='Day 20 - To Deploy or Not to Deploy? That is the question.' property='og:title'/>
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<meta content=' By: Jessica DeVita ( @ubergeekgirl ) Edited by: Jennifer Davis ( @sigje ) Deployment Decision-Making during the holidays amid...' property='og:description'/>
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<title>
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sysadvent: Day 20 - To Deploy or Not to Deploy? That is the question.
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</title>
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<style type='text/css'>@font-face{font-family:'Allerta';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/allerta/v19/TwMO-IAHRlkbx940YnYXSCiN9uc.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}@font-face{font-family:'Arimo';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/arimo/v36/P5sfzZCDf9_T_3cV7NCUECyoxNk37cxcDRrBdwcoaaQwpBQ.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0460-052F,U+1C80-1C8A,U+20B4,U+2DE0-2DFF,U+A640-A69F,U+FE2E-FE2F;}@font-face{font-family:'Arimo';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/arimo/v36/P5sfzZCDf9_T_3cV7NCUECyoxNk37cxcBBrBdwcoaaQwpBQ.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0301,U+0400-045F,U+0490-0491,U+04B0-04B1,U+2116;}@font-face{font-family:'Arimo';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/arimo/v36/P5sfzZCDf9_T_3cV7NCUECyoxNk37cxcDBrBdwcoaaQwpBQ.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+1F00-1FFF;}@font-face{font-family:'Arimo';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/arimo/v36/P5sfzZCDf9_T_3cV7NCUECyoxNk37cxcAxrBdwcoaaQwpBQ.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0370-0377,U+037A-037F,U+0384-038A,U+038C,U+038E-03A1,U+03A3-03FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Arimo';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/arimo/v36/P5sfzZCDf9_T_3cV7NCUECyoxNk37cxcAhrBdwcoaaQwpBQ.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0307-0308,U+0590-05FF,U+200C-2010,U+20AA,U+25CC,U+FB1D-FB4F;}@font-face{font-family:'Arimo';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/arimo/v36/P5sfzZCDf9_T_3cV7NCUECyoxNk37cxcDxrBdwcoaaQwpBQ.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0102-0103,U+0110-0111,U+0128-0129,U+0168-0169,U+01A0-01A1,U+01AF-01B0,U+0300-0301,U+0303-0304,U+0308-0309,U+0323,U+0329,U+1EA0-1EF9,U+20AB;}@font-face{font-family:'Arimo';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/arimo/v36/P5sfzZCDf9_T_3cV7NCUECyoxNk37cxcDhrBdwcoaaQwpBQ.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0100-02BA,U+02BD-02C5,U+02C7-02CC,U+02CE-02D7,U+02DD-02FF,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+1D00-1DBF,U+1E00-1E9F,U+1EF2-1EFF,U+2020,U+20A0-20AB,U+20AD-20C0,U+2113,U+2C60-2C7F,U+A720-A7FF;}@font-face{font-family:'Arimo';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(//fonts.gstatic.com/s/arimo/v36/P5sfzZCDf9_T_3cV7NCUECyoxNk37cxcABrBdwcoaaQw.woff2)format('woff2');unicode-range:U+0000-00FF,U+0131,U+0152-0153,U+02BB-02BC,U+02C6,U+02DA,U+02DC,U+0304,U+0308,U+0329,U+2000-206F,U+20AC,U+2122,U+2191,U+2193,U+2212,U+2215,U+FEFF,U+FFFD;}</style>
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<style id='page-skin-1' type='text/css'><!--
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/*
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-----------------------------------------------
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Blogger Template Style
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Name: Minima
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Designer: Douglas Bowman
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URL: www.stopdesign.com
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Date: 26 Feb 2004
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Updated by: Blogger Team
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----------------------------------------------- */
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/* Variable definitions
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====================
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<Variable name="bgcolor" description="Page Background Color"
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type="color" default="#fff">
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<Variable name="textcolor" description="Text Color"
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type="color" default="#333">
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<Variable name="linkcolor" description="Link Color"
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type="color" default="#58a">
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<Variable name="pagetitlecolor" description="Blog Title Color"
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type="color" default="#666">
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<Variable name="descriptioncolor" description="Blog Description Color"
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type="color" default="#999">
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<Variable name="titlecolor" description="Post Title Color"
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type="color" default="#c60">
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<Variable name="bordercolor" description="Border Color"
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type="color" default="#ccc">
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<Variable name="sidebarcolor" description="Sidebar Title Color"
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type="color" default="#999">
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<Variable name="sidebartextcolor" description="Sidebar Text Color"
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type="color" default="#666">
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<Variable name="visitedlinkcolor" description="Visited Link Color"
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type="color" default="#999">
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<Variable name="bodyfont" description="Text Font"
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type="font" default="normal normal 100% Georgia, Serif">
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<Variable name="headerfont" description="Sidebar Title Font"
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type="font"
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default="normal normal 78% 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,Arial,Verdana,Sans-serif">
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<Variable name="pagetitlefont" description="Blog Title Font"
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type="font"
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default="normal normal 200% Georgia, Serif">
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<Variable name="descriptionfont" description="Blog Description Font"
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type="font"
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default="normal normal 78% 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, Sans-serif">
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<Variable name="postfooterfont" description="Post Footer Font"
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type="font"
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default="normal normal 78% 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, Sans-serif">
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<Variable name="startSide" description="Side where text starts in blog language"
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type="automatic" default="left">
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<Variable name="endSide" description="Side where text ends in blog language"
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type="automatic" default="right">
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*/
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/* Use this with templates/template-twocol.html */
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body {
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background:#ffffff;
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margin:0;
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color:#333333;
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font:x-small Georgia Serif;
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font-size/* */:/**/small;
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font-size: /**/small;
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text-align: center;
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}
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a:link {
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color:#5588aa;
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text-decoration:none;
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}
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a:visited {
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color:#999999;
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text-decoration:none;
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}
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a:hover {
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color:#cc6600;
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text-decoration:underline;
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}
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a img {
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border-width:0;
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}
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/* Header
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-----------------------------------------------
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*/
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#header-wrapper {
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width:760px;
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margin:0 auto 10px;
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/*border:1px solid #cccccc;*/
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}
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#header-inner {
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background-position: center;
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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}
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#header {
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margin: 5px;
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/*border: 1px solid #cccccc;*/
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text-align: center;
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color:#666666;
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}
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#header h1 {
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margin:5px 5px 0;
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padding:15px 20px .25em;
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line-height:1.2em;
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text-transform:uppercase;
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letter-spacing:.2em;
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font: normal normal 200% Georgia, Serif;
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}
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#header a {
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color:#666666;
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text-decoration:none;
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}
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#header a:hover {
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color:#666666;
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}
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#header .description {
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margin:0 5px 5px;
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padding:0 20px 15px;
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max-width:800px;
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text-transform:uppercase;
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letter-spacing:.2em;
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line-height: 1.4em;
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font: normal normal 78% 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, Sans-serif;
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color: #999999;
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}
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#header img {
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margin-left: auto;
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margin-right: auto;
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}
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/* Outer-Wrapper
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----------------------------------------------- */
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#outer-wrapper {
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width: 760px;
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margin:0 auto;
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padding:10px;
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text-align:left;
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font: normal normal 100% Arimo;
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}
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#main-wrapper {
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width: 510px;
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float: left;
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word-wrap: break-word; /* fix for long text breaking sidebar float in IE */
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overflow: hidden; /* fix for long non-text content breaking IE sidebar float */
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}
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#sidebar-wrapper {
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width: 220px;
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float: right;
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word-wrap: break-word; /* fix for long text breaking sidebar float in IE */
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overflow: hidden; /* fix for long non-text content breaking IE sidebar float */
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}
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/* Headings
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----------------------------------------------- */
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h2 {
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margin:1.5em 0 .75em;
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font:normal normal 130% Allerta;
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line-height: 1.4em;
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text-transform:uppercase;
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letter-spacing:.2em;
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color:#999999;
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}
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/* Posts
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-----------------------------------------------
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*/
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h2.date-header {
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margin:1.5em 0 .5em;
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}
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.post {
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margin:.5em 0 1.5em;
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border-bottom:1px dotted #cccccc;
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padding-bottom:1.5em;
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}
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.post h3 {
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margin:.25em 0 0;
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padding:0 0 4px;
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font-size:140%;
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font-weight:normal;
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line-height:1.4em;
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color:#cc6600;
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}
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.post h3 a, .post h3 a:visited, .post h3 strong {
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display:block;
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text-decoration:none;
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color:#cc6600;
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font-weight:normal;
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}
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.post h3 strong, .post h3 a:hover {
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color:#333333;
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}
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.post-body {
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margin:0 0 .75em;
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line-height:1.6em;
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}
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.post-body blockquote {
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line-height:1.3em;
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}
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.post-footer {
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margin: .75em 0;
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color:#999999;
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text-transform:uppercase;
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letter-spacing:.1em;
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font: normal normal 78% 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, Sans-serif;
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line-height: 1.4em;
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}
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.comment-link {
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margin-left:.6em;
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}
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.post img {
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padding:4px;
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border:1px solid #cccccc;
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}
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.post blockquote {
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margin:1em 20px;
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}
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.post blockquote p {
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margin:.75em 0;
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}
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.post pre {
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overflow: auto;
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padding-left: 5px;
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padding-right: 5px;
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border: 1px solid #CCCCFF !important;
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}
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.post pre a {
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text-decoration: underline;
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}
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/* Comments
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----------------------------------------------- */
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#comments h4 {
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margin:1em 0;
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|
font-weight: bold;
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line-height: 1.4em;
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text-transform:uppercase;
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letter-spacing:.2em;
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color: #999999;
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}
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#comments-block {
|
|
margin:1em 0 1.5em;
|
|
line-height:1.6em;
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|
}
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|
#comments-block .comment-author {
|
|
margin:.5em 0;
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|
}
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|
#comments-block .comment-body {
|
|
margin:.25em 0 0;
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|
}
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|
#comments-block .comment-footer {
|
|
margin:-.25em 0 2em;
|
|
line-height: 1.4em;
|
|
text-transform:uppercase;
|
|
letter-spacing:.1em;
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|
}
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|
#comments-block .comment-body p {
|
|
margin:0 0 .75em;
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|
}
|
|
.deleted-comment {
|
|
font-style:italic;
|
|
color:gray;
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|
}
|
|
#blog-pager-newer-link {
|
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float: left;
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}
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|
#blog-pager-older-link {
|
|
float: right;
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|
}
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|
#blog-pager {
|
|
text-align: center;
|
|
}
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|
.feed-links {
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|
clear: both;
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|
line-height: 2.5em;
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}
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|
/* Sidebar Content
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----------------------------------------------- */
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.sidebar {
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|
color: #666666;
|
|
line-height: 1.5em;
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}
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.sidebar ul {
|
|
list-style:none;
|
|
margin:0 0 0;
|
|
padding:0 0 0;
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}
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|
.sidebar li {
|
|
margin:0;
|
|
padding-top:0;
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|
padding-right:0;
|
|
padding-bottom:.25em;
|
|
padding-left:15px;
|
|
text-indent:-15px;
|
|
line-height:1.5em;
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|
}
|
|
.sidebar .widget, .main .widget {
|
|
border-bottom:1px dotted #cccccc;
|
|
margin:0 0 1.5em;
|
|
padding:0 0 1.5em;
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|
}
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|
.main .Blog {
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border-bottom-width: 0;
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}
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/* Profile
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|
----------------------------------------------- */
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.profile-img {
|
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float: left;
|
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margin-top: 0;
|
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margin-right: 5px;
|
|
margin-bottom: 5px;
|
|
margin-left: 0;
|
|
padding: 4px;
|
|
border: 1px solid #cccccc;
|
|
}
|
|
.profile-data {
|
|
margin:0;
|
|
text-transform:uppercase;
|
|
letter-spacing:.1em;
|
|
font: normal normal 78% 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, Sans-serif;
|
|
color: #999999;
|
|
font-weight: bold;
|
|
line-height: 1.6em;
|
|
}
|
|
.profile-datablock {
|
|
margin:.5em 0 .5em;
|
|
}
|
|
.profile-textblock {
|
|
margin: 0.5em 0;
|
|
line-height: 1.6em;
|
|
}
|
|
.profile-link {
|
|
font: normal normal 78% 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, Arial, Verdana, Sans-serif;
|
|
text-transform: uppercase;
|
|
letter-spacing: .1em;
|
|
}
|
|
/* Footer
|
|
----------------------------------------------- */
|
|
#footer {
|
|
width:760px;
|
|
clear:both;
|
|
margin:0 auto;
|
|
padding-top:15px;
|
|
line-height: 1.6em;
|
|
text-transform:uppercase;
|
|
letter-spacing:.1em;
|
|
text-align: center;
|
|
}
|
|
@media only screen and (max-width:480px) {
|
|
a:link {
|
|
color: #d12a39;
|
|
}
|
|
.mobile-link-button {
|
|
background-color: #d12a39;
|
|
}
|
|
.mobile-link-button a:link, .mobile-link-button a:visited {
|
|
color: #ffffff;
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
--></style>
|
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<link href='https://www.blogger.com/dyncss/3615332969083650973/authorization.css?zx=24cd04b2-38ff-45f4-a3f0-f0a07f75ec8f' media='none' onload='if(media!='all')media='all'' rel='stylesheet'/><noscript><link href='https://www.blogger.com/dyncss/3615332969083650973/authorization.css?zx=24cd04b2-38ff-45f4-a3f0-f0a07f75ec8f' rel='stylesheet'/></noscript>
|
|
<meta name='google-adsense-platform-account' content='ca-host-pub-1556223355139109'/>
|
|
<meta name='google-adsense-platform-domain' content='blogspot.com'/>
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|
|
|
<!-- data-ad-client=ca-pub-6194074709963145 -->
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</head>
|
|
<body>
|
|
<div class='navbar section' id='navbar'><div class='widget Navbar' data-version='1' id='Navbar1'><script type="text/javascript">
|
|
function setAttributeOnload(object, attribute, val) {
|
|
if(window.addEventListener) {
|
|
window.addEventListener('load',
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|
function(){ object[attribute] = val; }, false);
|
|
} else {
|
|
window.attachEvent('onload', function(){ object[attribute] = val; });
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|
}
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|
}
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|
</script>
|
|
<div id="navbar-iframe-container"></div>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://apis.google.com/js/platform.js"></script>
|
|
<script type="text/javascript">
|
|
gapi.load("gapi.iframes:gapi.iframes.style.bubble", function() {
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if (gapi.iframes && gapi.iframes.getContext) {
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gapi.iframes.getContext().openChild({
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url: 'https://www.blogger.com/navbar/3615332969083650973?po\x3d3478019044132222807\x26origin\x3dhttps://sysadvent.blogspot.com',
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where: document.getElementById("navbar-iframe-container"),
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id: "navbar-iframe"
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});
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}
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});
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</script><script type="text/javascript">
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(function() {
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December 20, 2021
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</span>
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</h2>
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<div class="date-posts">
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<div class='post-outer'>
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<div class='post hentry'>
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<a name='3478019044132222807'></a>
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<h3 class='post-title entry-title'>
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<a href='https://sysadvent.blogspot.com/2021/12/day-20-to-deploy-or-not-to-deploy-that.html'>
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Day 20 - To Deploy or Not to Deploy? That is the question.
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</a>
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</h3>
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<div class='post-header-line-1'></div>
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<div class='post-body entry-content'>
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<p>
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By: Jessica DeVita (<a href="https://twitter.com/ubergeekgirl">@ubergeekgirl</a>)<br />
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Edited by: Jennifer Davis (<a href="https://twitter.com/sigje">@sigje</a>)
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</p>
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<p>
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Deployment Decision-Making during the holidays amid the COVID19 Pandemic
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>A sneak peek into my forthcoming MSc. thesis in Human Factors and Systems
|
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Safety, Lund University</em>.
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</p>
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<p>
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Web services that millions of us depend on for work and entertainment require
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vast compute resources (servers, nodes, networking) and interdependent software
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services, each configured in specialized ways. The experts who work on these
|
|
distributed systems are under <em>enormous</em> pressure to deploy new features,
|
|
<em>and</em> keep the services running, so deployment decisions are happening
|
|
hundreds or thousands of times every day. While automated testing and deployment
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|
pipelines allow for frequent production changes, an engineer making a change
|
|
wants confidence that the automated testing system is working. However,
|
|
automating the testing pipeline makes the test-and-release process more opaque
|
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to the engineer, making it difficult to troubleshoot.
|
|
</p>
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<p>
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|
</p>
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<p>
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When an incident occurs, the decisions preceding the event may be brought under
|
|
a microscope, often concluding that “human error” was the cause. As society
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|
increasingly relies on web services, it is imperative to understand the
|
|
tradeoffs and considerations engineers face when they decide to deploy a change
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into production. The themes uncovered through this research underscore the
|
|
complexity of engineering work in production environments and highlight the role
|
|
of relationships with co-workers and management on deployment decision-making.
|
|
</p>
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<h2>There’s No Place Like Production</h2>
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|
<p>
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Many deployments are uneventful and proceed without issues, but unforeseen
|
|
permissions issues, network latency, sudden increases in demand, and security
|
|
vulnerabilities may only manifest in production.<em> </em>When asked to describe
|
|
a recent deployment decision, engineers reported intense feelings of uncertainty
|
|
as they could not predict how their change would interact with changes elsewhere
|
|
in the system. More automation isn’t always the solution, as one engineer
|
|
explains:
|
|
</p>
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|
<p>
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|
<em>“I can’t promise that when it goes out to the entire production fleet
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that the timing won’t be wrong. It’s a giant Rube Goldberg of a race condition.
|
|
It feels like a technical answer to a human problem. I’ve seen people set up
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|
Jenkins jobs with locks that prevent other jobs from running until it’s
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|
complete. How often does it blow up in your face and fail to release the lock?
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|
If a change is significant enough to worry about, there should be a human
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shepherding it. Know each other’s names. Just talk to each other; it’s not that
|
|
hard.”</em>
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</p>
|
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<h2>Decision-making Under Pressure</h2>
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|
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<p>
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|
<em>“The effects of an action can be totally different, if performed too
|
|
early or too late. But the right time is not clock time: it depends upon the
|
|
precise state of the process evolution”</em> (De Keyser, 1990).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
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|
Some engineers were under pressure to deploy fixes and features before the
|
|
holidays, while other engineers were constrained by a "<em>code freeze</em>",
|
|
when during certain times of the year, they “<em>can’t make significant
|
|
production changes that aren’t trivial or that fix something</em>”. One engineer
|
|
felt that they could continue to deploy to their test and staging environments
|
|
but warned, “... <em>a lot of things in a staging environment waiting to go out
|
|
can compound the risk of the deployments.”</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Responding to an incident or outage at any time of the year is challenging, but
|
|
even more so because of <em>“oddities that happen around holidays”</em> and
|
|
additional pressures from management, customers, and the engineers themselves.
|
|
Pairing or working together was often done as a means to increase confidence in
|
|
decision making. Pairing resulted in joint decisions, as engineers described
|
|
actions and decisions with “we”. <em>“So that was a late night. When I hit
|
|
something like that, it involves a lot more point-by-point communications with
|
|
my counterpart. For example,”I'm going to try this, do you agree this is a good
|
|
thing? What are we going to type in?”</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Engineers often grappled with "<em>clock time</em>" and reported that they made
|
|
certain sacrifices to “<em>buy more time</em>” to make further decisions. An
|
|
engineer expressed that a change <em>“couldn’t be decided under pressure in the
|
|
moment”</em> so they implemented a temporary measure.<em> </em>Fully aware of
|
|
the potential for their change to trigger new and different problems, engineers
|
|
wondered what they could do <em>“without making it worse”</em>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
When triaging unexpected complications, engineers sometimes <em>“went down
|
|
rabbit holes”</em>, exemplifying a cognitive fixation known as a “failure to
|
|
revise” (Woods & Cook, 1999). Additionally, having pertinent knowledge does not
|
|
guarantee that engineers can apply it in a given situation. For example, one
|
|
engineer recounted their experience during an incident on Christmas Eve:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>“...what happens to all of these volumes in the meantime? And so then
|
|
we're just thinking of the possible problems, and then [my co-worker] suggested
|
|
resizing it. And I said, ‘Oh, can you do that to a root volume?’ ‘Cause I hadn't
|
|
done that before. I know you can do it to other volumes, but not the
|
|
root.’”</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Incidents were even <em>more</em> surprising in systems that rarely fail. For
|
|
one engineer working on a safety critical system, responding to an incident was
|
|
like a <em>“third level of panic”</em>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h3>Safety Practices</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The ability to roll back a deployment was a critically important capability that
|
|
for one engineer was only possible because they had “<em>proper safety practices
|
|
in place”.</em> However, rollbacks were not guaranteed to work, as another
|
|
engineer explained:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>“It was a fairly catastrophic failure because the previous migration
|
|
with a typo had partially applied and not rolled back properly when it failed.
|
|
The update statement failed, but the migration tool didn’t record that it had
|
|
attempted the migration, because it had failed. It did not roll back the
|
|
addition, which I believed it would have done automatically”.</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h3>Sleep Matters</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
One engineer described how they felt that being woken up several times during
|
|
the night was a direct cause of taking down production during their on-call
|
|
shift:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>“I didn't directly connect that what I had done to try to fix the page
|
|
was what had caused the outage because of a specific symptom I was seeing… I
|
|
think if I had more sleep it would have gotten fixed sooner”. </em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Despite needing <em>“moral support”</em>, engineers didn’t want to wake up their
|
|
co-workers in different time zones: <em>“You don't just have the stress of the
|
|
company on your shoulders. You've got the stress of paying attention to what
|
|
you're doing and the stress of having to do this late at night.”</em> This was
|
|
echoed in another engineer’s reluctance to page co-workers at night as they
|
|
“<em>thought they could try one more thing, but it’s hard to be self-aware in
|
|
the middle of the night when things are broken, we’re stressed and tired”.</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Engineers also talked about the impacts of a lack of sleep on their
|
|
effectiveness at work as <em>“not operating on all cylinders”</em>, and no
|
|
different than having 3 or 4 drinks: “<em>It could happen in the middle of the
|
|
night when you're already tired and a little delirious. It's a form of
|
|
intoxication in my book.</em>”
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h3>Blame Culture</h3>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>“What's the mean time to innocence? How quickly can you show that it's not a
|
|
problem with your system?”</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Some engineers described feeling that management was blameful after incidents
|
|
and untruthful about priorities. For example, an engineer described the
|
|
aftermath of a difficult database migration: <em>“Upper management was not
|
|
straightforward with us. We compromised our technical integrity and our
|
|
standards for ourselves because we were told we had to”.</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Another engineer described a blameful culture during post-incident review
|
|
meetings:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>“It is a very nerve-wracking and fraught experience to be asked to come
|
|
to a meeting with the directors and explain what happened and why your product
|
|
broke. And because this is an interwoven system, everybody's dependent on us and
|
|
if something happens, then it’s like ‘you need to explain what happened because
|
|
it hurt us.”</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Engineers described their errors as <em>"honest mistakes'' </em>as they made
|
|
sense of these events after the fact. Some felt a strong sense of personal
|
|
failure, and that their actions were the cause of the incident, as this engineer
|
|
describes:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>“We are supposed to follow a blameless process, but a lot of the time
|
|
people self-blame. You can't really shut it down that much because frankly they
|
|
are very causal events. I'm not the only one who can't really let go of it. I
|
|
know it was because of what I did.”</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Not all engineers felt they could take <em>“interpersonal risks”</em> or admit a
|
|
lack of knowledge without fear of <em>“being seen as incompetent”</em>.
|
|
Synthesizing theories of psychological safety with this study’s findings, it
|
|
seems clear that environments of psychological safety may increase engineers’
|
|
confidence in decision making (Edmondson, 2002).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2>What Would They Change?</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Engineers were asked “If you could wave a magic wand, what would you change
|
|
about your current environment that would help you feel more confident or safe
|
|
in your day-to-day deployment decisions?
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
In addition to <em>“faster CI and pre-deployments”, </em>engineers overarchingly
|
|
spoke about needing better testing. One participant wanted a better way to test
|
|
front-end code end-to-end, <em>"I return to this space every few years and am a
|
|
bit surprised that this still is so hard to get right”. </em>In another mention
|
|
of improved testing, an engineer wanted “<em>integration tests that exercise the
|
|
subject component along with the graph of dependencies (other components,
|
|
databases, etc.), using only public APIs. I.e., no "direct to database"
|
|
fixtures, no mocking”.</em>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2>Wrapping Up</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Everything about engineers’ work was made more difficult in the face of a global
|
|
pandemic. In the “before times” engineers could <em>"swivel their chair</em>” to
|
|
get a <em>"second set of eyes" </em>on from co-workers before deploying. While
|
|
some engineers in the study had sophisticated deployment automation, others
|
|
spoke of manual workarounds with heroic scripts written ‘on the fly’ to repair
|
|
the system when it failed. Engineers grappled with the complexities of
|
|
automation, and the risk and uncertainty associated with decisions to deploy.
|
|
Most engineers using tools to automate and manage configurations did
|
|
<em>not</em> experience relief in their workload. They had to maintain skills in
|
|
manual interventions when the automation did not work as expected or when they
|
|
could not discern the machine’s state. Such experiences highlight the continued
|
|
relevance of Lisanne Bainbridge’s (1983) research on the Ironies of Automation
|
|
which found that “the more advanced a control system is, the more crucial the
|
|
role of the operator”.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
This study revealed that deployment decisions <em>cannot</em> be understood
|
|
independently from the social systems, rituals, and organizational structures in
|
|
which they occurred (Pettersen, McDonald, & Engen, 2010). So when a deployment
|
|
decision results in an incident or outage, instead of blaming the engineer,
|
|
consider the words of James Reason (1990) who said “<em>...operators tend to be
|
|
the inheritors of system defects…adding the final garnish to a lethal brew whose
|
|
ingredients have already been long in the cooking”.</em> Engineers may bring
|
|
their previous experiences to deployment decisions, but the tools and conditions
|
|
of their work environment, historical events, power structures, and hierarchy
|
|
are what <em>“enables and sets the stage for all human action.”</em> (Dekker &
|
|
Nyce, 2014, p. 47).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
____
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
This is an excerpt from Jessica’s forthcoming thesis. If you’re interested in
|
|
learning more about this deployment decision-making study or would like to
|
|
explore future research opportunities, send Jessica a message on <a href="twitter.com/ubergeekgirl">Twitter</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>References</strong>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Bainbridge, L. (1983). IRONIES OF AUTOMATION. In G. Johannsen & J. E.
|
|
Rijnsdorp (Eds.), <em>Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man–Machine
|
|
Systems</em> (pp. 129–135). Pergamon.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
De Keyser, V. (1990). Temporal decision making in complex environments.
|
|
<em>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B,
|
|
Biological Sciences</em>, 327(1241), 569–576.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Dekker, S. W. A., & Nyce, J. M. (2014). There is safety in power, or power
|
|
in safety. <em>Safety Science</em>, 67, 44–49.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Edmondson, A. C. (2002). <em>Managing the risk of learning: Psychological
|
|
safety in work teams</em>. Citeseer.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Pettersen, K. A., McDonald, N., & Engen, O. A. (2010). Rethinking the role
|
|
of social theory in socio-technical analysis: a critical realist approach to
|
|
aircraft maintenance. <em>Cognition, Technology & Work</em>, 12(3), 181–191.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Reason, J. (1990). <em>Human Error</em> (pp. 173–216). Cambridge University
|
|
Press.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Woods, D. D., & Cook, R. I. (1999). Perspectives on Human Error: Hindsight
|
|
Bias and Local Rationality. In <em>In F. Durso (Ed.) Handbook of Applied
|
|
Cognitive Psychology</em>. Retrieved 9 June 2021 from
|
|
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.474.3161
|
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</p>
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